Compounds > edaravone
Page last updated: 2024-12-05

edaravone

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Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that has been approved for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and acute ischemic stroke. It is synthesized through a multi-step process involving the reaction of 3-hydroxy-2-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one with 2-chloro-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide. Edaravone acts by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are known to damage cells and contribute to the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Its mechanism of action involves the reduction of oxidative stress and the protection of neuronal cells from damage. Edaravone has been shown to slow the progression of ALS in clinical trials and has also been investigated for its potential benefits in other neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. The study of edaravone is important due to the lack of effective treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, and its potential to provide a therapeutic option for patients with these conditions. Further research is ongoing to explore its efficacy and safety in different patient populations and to investigate its potential in combination therapies.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID4021
CHEMBL ID290916
CHEBI ID31530
SCHEMBL ID4704
MeSH IDM0046983

Synonyms (219)

Synonym
AC-4745
MLS001146878
HMS3266F04
BRD-K35458079-001-04-2
nsc-2629
nsc2629
3h-pyrazol-3-one, 2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-
smr000059020
nsc-26139
nsc26139
DIVK1C_002026
DIVK1C_001018
KBIO1_001018
mci-186
radicut
AE-641/00371017 ,
5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3h-pyrazol-3-one
SPECTRUM_000267
CDS1_000986 ,
(mci-186)
tocris-0786
NCGC00022665-02
BIO2_000448
BIO1_001416
BIO1_000927
BIO1_000438
BIO2_000928
SPECTRUM5_001217
BCBCMAP01_000127
BSPBIO_001235
edaravone ,
BSPBIO_002601
IDI1_002203
IDI1_001018
NCGC00022665-04
inchi=1/c10h10n2o/c1-8-7-10(13)12(11-8)9-5-3-2-4-6-9/h2-6h,7h2,1h
brn 0609575
1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone-5
ci developer 1
1-fenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-on [czech]
hsdb 4102
norantipyrine
ai3-03557
einecs 201-891-0
ccris 512
norphenazone
methylphenylpyrazolone
developer z
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one
3h-pyrazol-3-one,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-
2-pyrazolin-5-one, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-
1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone
nci-c03952
89-25-8
5-pyrazolone, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-
c.i. developer 1
1-phenyl-3-methylpyrazolone
wln: t5nmv dhj br& e1
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one, 99%
radicut (tn)
edaravone (usan/jp17/inn)
D01552
radicava (tn)
NCGC00022665-05
NCGC00164015-01
NCGC00022665-06
MLS000069602 ,
KBIO2_003315
KBIOSS_000747
KBIO3_001029
KBIO2_003143
KBIOGR_001502
KBIO3_001030
KBIO2_000747
KBIO3_001821
KBIO2_005711
MAYBRIDGE1_005738
KBIOGR_000575
KBIO2_000575
KBIOSS_000575
KBIO2_005883
SPBIO_001508
NINDS_001018
SPECTRUM4_001091
SPECTRUM3_000971
SPECTRUM2_001574
SPECTRUM1503635
NCGC00018218-01
radicava
2,4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3h-pyrazol-3-one
1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-oxo-2-pyrazoline
3-methyl-1-phenylpyrazol-5-one
phenylmethylpyrazolone
phenyl methyl pyrazolone
CHEBI:31530 ,
STK201315
HMS1990M17
CHEMBL290916
colorex pmp
jarocol pmp
AKOS000313817
HMS557M18
MLS002415675
HMS503K17
HMS1362M17
HMS1792M17
M0687 ,
monopyrazolone
5-methyl-2-phenyl-4h-pyrazol-3-one
A843105
5-methyl-2-phenyl-1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one;3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one
NCGC00018218-08
NCGC00018218-05
NCGC00018218-04
NCGC00018218-02
NCGC00018218-03
NCGC00018218-07
NCGC00018218-06
edaravone [usan:inn]
s798v6yjrp ,
unii-s798v6yjrp
1-fenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-on
ec 201-891-0
dtxcid201130
NCGC00256515-01
cas-89-25-8
dtxsid9021130 ,
tox21_302819
tox21_112077
NCGC00259296-01
tox21_201747
BCP9000635
nsc-758622
pharmakon1600-01503635
nsc758622
HMS2234M19
CCG-39352
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one
BCPP000246
FT-0608243
AM20060748
S1326
CS-1832
HY-B0099
5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3-pyrazolone
1-phenyl-3-methyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one
3-methyl-1-phenyl-1h-pyrazol-5(4h)-one
5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-pyrazol-3-one
2,4-dihydro-2-phenyl-5-methyl-3h-pyrazol-3-one
SCHEMBL4704
tox21_112077_1
NCGC00018218-10
3-methyl-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1h-pyrazol-5-one
4E-901
norphenazone [mi]
phenazone impurity a [ep impurity]
edaravone [who-dd]
edaravone [hsdb]
phenyl methyl pyrazolone [inci]
edaravone [mart.]
edaravone [usan]
edaravone [inn]
edaravone [orange book]
edaravone [jan]
Z50145861
5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3h-pyrazol-3-one #
2 4-dihydro-5-methyl-2-phenyl-3h-pyrazol-3-one
MLS006011753
Q-200386
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (mci-186)
HMS3403M17
AB00375776_15
OPERA_ID_1057
AB00375776_14
mfcd00003138
F0391-0021
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one, purum, >=98.0% (nt)
sr-01000000135
SR-01000000135-2
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazoline-5-one, saj special grade
HMS3654L15
phenazone impurity a, european pharmacopoeia (ep) reference standard
5-methyl-2-phenyl-2,4-dihydro-3h-pyrazol-3-one (edaravone)
SR-01000000135-3
SR-01000000135-5
SBI-0051836.P002
NCGC00018218-17
bdbm50200541
SW148216-2
DB12243
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5one
Q335099
edaravone (mci-186)
HMS3675L05
BCP26336
HMS3411L05
BRD-K35458079-001-23-2
BRD-K35458079-001-12-5
SB19128
HMS3884A11
3 methyl 1 phenyl 2 pyrazolin 5 one
1 phenyl 3 methyl 5 pyrazolone
mci186
D86209
(edaravone)
3-?methyl-?1-?phenyl-?2-?pyrazolin-?5-?one
mci-186; edaravone
EN300-16234
gtpl11994
edaravone (mart.)
edaravona
1-phenyl-3-methyl-delta3-pyrazol-5-one
phenazone impurity a (ep impurity)
edaravonum
n-desmethylantipyrine
3-methyl-1-phenyl-2h-pyrazolin-5-one
radicava ors
3-pyrazolin-5-one, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-
n07xx14

Research Excerpts

Overview

Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that is approved for motor neuron disease and acute ischemic stroke. It has been shown to inhibit motor neuron death in animal models by reducing oxidative stress & it has shown efficacy in a small subset of people with ALS.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Edaravone (EDR) is a free radical scavenger that is approved for motor neuron disease and acute ischemic stroke."( Preclinical validation of a novel oral Edaravone formulation for treatment of frontotemporal dementia.
Bobrovskaya, L; Kelliny, S; Xiong, J; Zhou, XF, 2021)		1.61
"Edaravone, is a free-radical scavenger, it has been shown to inhibit motor neuron death in animal models by reducing oxidative stress & it has shown efficacy in a small subset of people with ALS."( Efficacy and Safety of Edaravone in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Indian Population.
Gupta, S; Singal, A; Soni, R; Tomar, S, 2022)		1.75
"Edaravone dexborneol is a novel neuroprotective agent consisting of edaravone and borneol."( Edaravone dexborneol protects cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury through activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in mice.
Dong, Y; Gao, Y; Hu, M; Lv, P; Xu, J; Xu, L; Zhang, J, 2022)		2.89
"Edaravone is a promising treatment for ischemic stroke patients, with a more favorable time window. "( Edaravone for acute ischemic stroke - Systematic review with meta-analysis.
Afreixo, V; Fidalgo, M; Gregório, H; Gregório, T; Magalhães, P; Ricardo Pires, J; Viseu, I, 2022)		3.61
"Edaravone (ED) is a neuroprotective drug with beneficial effects against several disorders due to its prominent antioxidant activity. "( Edaravone alleviates methotrexate-induced testicular injury in rats: Implications on inflammation, steroidogenesis, and Akt/p53 signaling.
Arafa, EA; Hassanein, EHM; Hussein, RM; Mohamed, WR, 2023)		3.8
"Edaravone is a mitochondrially targeted drug with a suggested capability to modify the course of diverse neurological diseases. "( Experimental Treatment with Edaravone in a Mouse Model of Spinocerebellar Ataxia 1.
Benediktova, S; Cendelin, J; Jedlicka, J; Jelinkova, D; Kapl, S; Kuncova, J; Purkartova, Z; Sucha, M; Tichanek, F; Tuma, J, 2023)		2.65
"Edaravone is an anti-stroke medication that may have nitric oxide (NO) modulating properties. "( Acute and Sub-chronic Anticonvulsant Effects of Edaravone on Seizure Induced by Pentylenetetrazole or Electroshock in Mice, Nitric Oxide Involvement.
Dastgheib, M; Moezi, L; Oftadehgan, S; Pirsalami, F; Purkhosrow, A; Sattarinezhad, E, 2023)		2.61
"Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger having antioxidant effect."( The protective effect of edaravone on memory impairment induced by chronic sleep deprivation.
Al Mosabih, HS; Alzoubi, KH; Mahasneh, AF, 2019)		1.54
"The edaravone is a new antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenger, which is the novel scavenger for clinical use, mainly for nervous system diseases."( Clinical observation in edaravone treatment for acute cerebral infarction.
Gao, G; Sun, C; Sun, Z; Xu, Q; Zhao, M, 2019)		1.3
"Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that has a promising role in combating many acute lung injuries. "( Edaravone attenuates lung injury in a hind limb ischemia-reperfusion rat model: A histological, immunohistochemical and biochemical study.
Aboregela, AM; Kassab, AA; Shalaby, AM, 2020)		3.44
"Edaravone Dexborneol is a novel neuroprotective agent that comprised edaravone and (+)-borneol, a food additive with an anti-inflammatory effect in animal ischaemic stroke models. "( Safety and efficacy of Edaravone Dexborneol versus edaravone for patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, multiple-dose, active-controlled clinical trial.
Chen, H; Gao, X; Gao, Z; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Zhao, X; Zhou, J, 2019)		2.27
"Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that has a neuroprotective effect against memory impairment in several experimental models."( Edaravone protects from memory impairment induced by chronic L-methionine administration.
Aburashed, ZO; Alzoubi, KH; Mayyas, F, 2020)		2.72
"Edaravone is a free-radical scavenger with relatively favorable properties of brain penetration. "( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		2.25
"Edaravone is a synthetic antioxidant that specifically targets oxidative damage interacting with lipid radicals in the cell."( Edaravone May Prevent Ferroptosis in ALS.
Blagojević, D; Miletić, S; Nikolić-Kokić, A; Oreščanin-Dušić, Z; Spasić, MB; Spasić, S; Stević, Z, 2020)		2.72
"Edaravone (EDA) is an effective free radical scavenger that has been used clinically for the treatment of postischemic neuronal injury."( Edaravone alleviates cell apoptosis and mitochondrial injury in ischemia-reperfusion-induced kidney injury via the JAK/STAT pathway.
Bai, L; Bai, X; Guo, Z; Luo, D; Ren, X; Wang, D; Wang, Q; Yang, J; Zhang, E; Zhao, X, 2020)		2.72
"Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that has been recently approved for treatment of Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) to delay functional decline. "( Evaluation of clinical outcome and safety profile of edaravone in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a 72-week single-center experience.
Al-Hashel, JY; Ismail, II; Kamel, WA; Massoud, F, 2021)		2.31
"Edaravone is a potent free-radical scavenger that has been in the market for more than 30 years. "( Drug Repurposing: Promises of Edaravone Target Drug in Traumatic Brain Injury.
Ashekyan, O; Habashy, KJ; Hamade, E; Ismail, H; Issa, H; Jourdi, H; Kobeissy, F; Mondello, S; Nasrallah, L; Sabra, M; Shakkour, Z; Zibara, K, 2021)		2.35
"Edaravone is a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent that is used in the clinic. "( Anticonvulsive effects of edaravone on penicillin-induced focal onset seizure model in the conscious rats.
Aygun, H; Kurt, S, 2021)		2.36
"Edaravone is a powerful free radical scavenger used for the treatment of ischemia/reperfusion diseases due to its anti-oxidative stress and anti-inflammatory properties."( Effect of edaravone on pregnant mice and their developing fetuses subjected to placental ischemia.
Abe, K; Atallah, M; Yamashita, T, 2021)		1.75
"Edaravone is a new antioxidant and hydroxyl radical scavenger. "( Clinical effects and safety of edaravone in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, C; Chen, S; Chen, Y; Hong, L; Li, M; Lin, L, 2021)		2.35
"Edaravone is an antioxidant and oxygen radical scavenger that can inhibit lipid peroxidation during the scavenging of oxygen free radicals."( Safety and efficacy of edaravone for patients with acute stroke: A protocol for randomized clinical trial.
Cheng, X; Dou, Z; Jiao, G; Shan, H, 2021)		1.65
"Edaravone (EDR) is a well-recognized lipophilic free radical scavenger for diseases including neurodegenerative disease, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. "( Lipid-based nanosystem of edaravone: development, optimization, characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.
Garg, S; Kathawala, K; Parikh, A; Tan, CC; Zhou, XF, 2017)		2.2
"Edaravone is a strong free radical scavenger most used for treating acute ischemic stroke. "( Edaravone ameliorates compression-induced damage in rat nucleus pulposus cells.
Hu, HZ; Hu, YQ; Lin, H; Liu, JX; Ma, X; Pu, FF; Shao, ZW; Wang, BC; Zhao, L, 2017)		3.34
"Edaravone is a new type of oxygen free radical scavenger and able to attenuate various brain damage including hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). "( Edaravone attenuates neuronal apoptosis in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage rat model via suppression of TRAIL signaling pathway.
Fu, R; Huang, Y; Lei, J; Li, C; Li, H; Luo, S; Mo, Z; Zhang, L, 2018)		3.37
"Edaravone is an antioxidant free-radical scavenger approved by the FDA in 2017 for the treatment of ALS."( Edaravone in the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: efficacy and access to therapy - a roundtable discussion.
Agnese, W; Brooks, BR; Jorgenson, JA; Newhouse, BJ; Shefner, JM, 2018)		2.64
"Edaravone is a strong antioxidant that prevents oxidative stress from inducing motor neuron death in ALS patients."( Edaravone: a new hope for deadly amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Bhandari, R; Kuhad, A, 2018)		2.64
"Edaravone is an oxygen free radical scavenger that is widely used to treat ischemic injury to the nervous system. "( Edaravone inhibits autophagy after neuronal oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery injury.
Chen, J; Ding, Q; Fan, J; Gu, J; Tang, P; Wang, Q; Yin, G; Yin, J; Zhou, Z, 2019)		3.4
"Edaravone is a well-known commercial drug used in the treatment of strokes and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)."( Edaravone acts as a potential therapeutic drug against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in male albino rats by downregulating cyclooxygenase-II.
Liu, LM; Lu, Y; Wang, N; Wang, WP, 2019)		2.68
"Edaravone is a free radical scavenger, with a neuroprotective effect against cognitive impairment in several animal models."( Edaravone prevents memory impairment in an animal model of post-traumatic distress.
Al-Qudah, MA; Alfaqih, MA; Alzoubi, KH; Shatnawi, A, 2019)		2.68
"Edaravone is a powerful free radical scavenger used in clinical treatment for cerebral ischemic stroke."( Edaravone prevents neurotoxicity of mutant L166P DJ-1 in Parkinson's disease.
Li, B; Xu, Z; Yu, D, 2013)		2.55
"Edaravone is a free radical scavenger that protects the adjacent cortex during cerebral infarction. "( Effects of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on photochemically induced cerebral infarction in a rat hemiplegic model.
Harada, K; Ikeda, S; Kamikawa, Y; Ohwatashi, A, 2013)		2.22
"Edaravone is a promising treatment for stroke."( Edaravone improves functional and structural outcomes in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review.
Egan, K; Macleod, M; Mead, G; Sena, E; Wu, S, 2014)		2.57
"Edaravone is a free radical scavenger, and borneol has shown anti-inflammatory effect."( The synergetic effect of edaravone and borneol in the rat model of ischemic stroke.
Gao, LY; Hua, Y; Liao, GY; Luo, CX; Sun, WX; Tang, Y; Wu, HY; Yang, SB; Zhang, ZP; Zhou, QG; Zhu, DY, 2014)		1.43
"Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger that exerts antioxidant effects."( Edaravone injection ameliorates cognitive deficits in rat model of Alzheimer's disease.
Li, F; Li, J; Liu, X; Wang, Q; Yang, R, 2015)		2.58
"Edaravone is a free radical scavenger with brain protection properties and is recommended by "The Japanese Guidelines for the Management of Stroke 2009" for administration to adult patients, in whom it has been shown to improve neurological deficits after cerebral infarction. "( Efficacy, safety, and outcomes in 17 pediatric cases treated with the free radical scavenger edaravone.
Aihara, Y; Kawamata, T; Nakamoto, H; Okada, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2015)		2.08
"Edaravone is a neuroprotective agent with a potent free radical scavenging and antioxidant actions. "( Protective role of edaravone against cisplatin-induced ototoxicity in an auditory cell line.
Chang, J; Choi, J; Im, GJ; Jung, HH; Kim, HJ; Kim, JH; Lee, HM; Lee, S; Park, SK; Ryu, SH, 2015)		2.19
"Edaravone (EDA) is a potent free radical scavenger that has been clinically shown to reduce the neuronal injury after cerebral ischemia."( Protective effect of edaravone against manganese-induced toxicity in cultured rat astrocytes.
Apaydin, M; Erbas, O; Evren, V; Khalilnezhad, A; Taskiran, D, 2015)		1.46
"Edaravone is a newly developed clinical medicine for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction. "( Protective effect of Edaravone against hypoxia-induced cytotoxicity in osteoblasts MC3T3-E1 cells.
Cao, B; Chai, C; Zhao, S, 2015)		2.18
"Edaravone is a potent free radical scavenger, which has been clinically used to treat the neuronal damage following acute ischemic stroke."( Edaravone suppresses degradation of type II collagen.
Han, J; Huang, C; Liao, G; Zhang, G; Zou, B, 2016)		2.6
"Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger that exerts neuroprotective effects by inhibiting endothelial injury and by ameliorating neuronal damage in brain ischemia. "( Edaravone injection reverses learning and memory deficits in a rat model of vascular dementia.
Ge, X; Li, W; Li, X; Liang, X; Lu, F; Qin, L; Yao, Y; Yu, Q; Zhang, J; Zhao, D, 2017)		3.34
"Edaravone (Eda) is a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and has been demonstrated to be beneficial for patients with acute ischemic stroke. "( Edaravone protects against MPP+ -induced cytotoxicity in rat primary cultured astrocytes via inhibition of mitochondrial apoptotic pathway.
Chen, H; Ding, JH; Hu, G; Wang, S, 2008)		3.23
"Edaravone (MCI-186) is a newly developed antioxidative radical scavenger for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction, exerting neuroprotective effects against ischemic insult. "( Neuroprotective effects of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on the rat hippocampus after pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus.
Abe, T; Anan, M; Fujiki, M; Kamida, T; Kobayashi, H; Ooba, H, 2009)		2.09
"Edaravone is a free-radical scavenger, an agent being widely used for cerebral ischemia in Japan. "( Treatment with edaravone, initiated at symptom onset, slows motor decline and decreases SOD1 deposition in ALS mice.
Ito, H; Kaneko, S; Kusaka, H; Nakano, S; Ohnishi, S; Wate, R; Zhang, J, 2008)		2.14
"Edaravone is a lipophilic drug with multiple mechanisms of action. "( The lipophilic multifunctional antioxidant edaravone (radicut) improves behavior following embolic strokes in rabbits: a combination therapy study with tissue plasminogen activator.
Lapchak, PA; Zivin, JA, 2009)		2.06
"Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger that is clinically employed in patients with acute cerebral infarction, but has not previously been used to treat traumatic brain injury (TBI). "( The novel free radical scavenger, edaravone, increases neural stem cell number around the area of damage following rat traumatic brain injury.
Hashimoto, S; Ito, H; Itoh, T; Nishida, S; Satou, T; Tsubaki, M, 2009)		2.07
"Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger used clinically in patients with acute cerebral infarction; however, it has not been assessed in traumatic brain injury (TBI). "( Edaravone protects against apoptotic neuronal cell death and improves cerebral function after traumatic brain injury in rats.
Hashimoto, S; Imano, M; Ito, H; Itoh, T; Nishida, S; Satou, T; Tsubaki, M, 2010)		3.25
"Edaravone is a newly developed radical scavenging agent that has been widely used for protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in patients with cerebral infarction. "( Effect of edaravone on ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat urinary bladder--changes in smooth muscle cell phenotype and contractile function.
Hanai, T; Matsumoto, S; Shimizu, N; Sugimoto, K; Uemura, H, 2010)		2.21
"Edaravone is a free-radical scavenger that has been widely used for acute ischaemic stroke in Japan. "( Does functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke patients correlate with the amount of free-radical scavenger treatment? A retrospective study of edaravone therapy.
Katayama, M; Shimizu, H; Unno, Y, 2010)		2
"Edaravone (Radicut) is a free radical scavenger marketed in Japan by Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corp. "( A critical assessment of edaravone acute ischemic stroke efficacy trials: is edaravone an effective neuroprotective therapy?
Lapchak, PA, 2010)		2.11
"Edaravone (MCI-186) is a potent free radical scavenger used clinically to treat acute brain infarction. "( Edaravone, a novel antidote against lung injury and pulmonary fibrosis induced by paraquat?
Qian, X; Sun, H; Yang, L; Zhi, Q, 2011)		3.25
"Edaravone is a brain-penetrant free radical scavenger that is known to ameliorate postischemic neuronal dysfunction. "( Edaravone and carnosic acid synergistically enhance the expression of nerve growth factor in human astrocytes under hypoxia/reoxygenation.
Hayakari, R; Imaizumi, T; Ishikawa, A; Itoh, K; Kosaka, K; Matsumiya, T; Metoki, N; Mimura, J; Ota, K; Satoh, K; Tanji, K; Yoshida, H, 2011)		3.25
"Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger that is clinically employed in patients with acute cerebral infarction. "( Treatment with edaravone attenuates ischemic brain injury and inhibits neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult rats after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Chen, X; Gao, M; Lei, S; Li, L; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, Y; Lu, H; Wang, N; Zhang, P; Zheng, J, 2012)		2.17
"Edaravone is a neuroprotective agent that has been widely used in China, and several studies have suggested that it may be beneficial in acute ischaemic stroke."( Edaravone for acute ischaemic stroke.
Feng, S; Li, J; Li, W; Liu, M; Wu, B; Yang, Q; Yuan, W; Zhang, S, 2011)		2.53
"Edaravone is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals."( Protective effects of edaravone on experimental spinal cord injury in rats.
Altaş, M; Aras, M; Oran, I; Ozgiray, E; Oztürk, OH; Serarslan, Y; Söğüt, S; Yurtseven, T; Zileli, M, 2011)		1.41
"Edaravone is a novel free radical scavenger currently used to reduce cerebral damages after acute cerebral infarction."( Effects of edaravone on amyloid-β precursor protein processing in SY5Y-APP695 cells.
Liu, C; Shen, YE; Wang, Y; Yu, GC; Zhang, LM; Zhang, ZY, 2013)		1.5
"Edaravone is a synthetic radical scavenger that has been used in acute stroke."( A radical scavenger, edaravone, protects canine kidneys from ischemia-reperfusion injury after 72 hours of cold preservation and autotransplantation.
Fujita, M; Furukawa, H; Jin, MB; Nakayama, M; Shimamura, T; Suzuki, T; Tahara, M; Taniguchi, M; Todo, S, 2005)		1.37
"Edaravone is a newly developed radical scavenging agent that has been used for protection against I/R injury in patients with cerebral infarction."( Edaravone protects against ischemia/reperfusion-induced functional and biochemical changes in rat urinary bladder.
Hanai, T; Levin, RM; Matsumoto, S; Shimizu, N; Sugiyama, T; Uemura, H; Yoshioka, N, 2005)		2.49
"Edaravone (MCI-186) is a novel synthetic free radical scavenger intended to have neuroprotective effect against ischemic insult. "( Does edaravone (MCI- 186) act as an antioxidant and a neuroprotector in experimental traumatic brain injury?
Aruga, T; Dohi, K; Hiratsuka, K; Nakamachi, T; Nakamura, S; Ohtaki, H; Satoh, K; Shioda, S; Yofu, S; Yoshikawa, T, 2007)		2.3
"Edaravone is a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and is quite successful in patients with acute cerebral ischemia, and several organ-protective effects have been reported. "( Edaravone mimics sphingosine-1-phosphate-induced endothelial barrier enhancement in human microvascular endothelial cells.
Goda, N; Kataoka, N; Makino, H; Omori, K; Sarai, K; Shikata, K; Shikata, Y; Wada, J; Watanabe, N, 2007)		3.23
"Edaravone is a potent scavenger of hydroxyl radicals and attenuates oxidative damage-related neurodegenerative diseases. "( The radical scavenger edaravone counteracts diabetes in multiple low-dose streptozotocin-treated mice.
Ago, Y; Fukudome, D; Kawasaki, T; Matsuda, M; Matsuda, T, 2008)		2.1

Effects

Edaravone has a remarkable protective effect on acute liver injury caused by oxygen radicals through attenuating the membrane lipid peroxidation, but also inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. Edarvone has an inhibitory effect on lipid perOxidation by scavenging free radicals and prevents vascular endothelial cell injury.

Edaravone has been widely used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. It has been approved by the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) but not by the European Medicines Agency (EMA)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Edaravone (ED) has a protective effect on IRI."( Effect of Edaravone on MicroRNA Expression in Exosomes after Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.
Fei, Y; Huang, G; Shao, J; Sun, H; Wang, L; Yang, J; Zheng, C; Zou, S, 2022)		1.85
"Edaravone has a remarkable protective effect on acute liver injury caused by oxygen radicals through not only attenuating the membrane lipid peroxidation, but also inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. "( A free radical scavenger, edaravone, attenuates steatosis and cell death via reducing inflammatory cytokine production in rat acute liver injury.
Ishii, H; Kameyama, K; Kitamura, K; Kurita, S; Nakamoto, N; Saito, H; Saito, Y; Tada, S, 2003)		2.06
"Edaravone has an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and prevents vascular endothelial cell injury. "( Neuroprotection of edaravone on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.
Ishida, A; Nakajima, W; Takada, G; Yasuoka, N, 2004)		2.09
"Edaravone has an anti-inflammatory effect in experimental models of various organ injuries. "( Edaravone prevents iNOS expression by inhibiting its promoter transactivation and mRNA stability in cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes.
Habara, K; Ito, S; Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Tsuji, K; Yamada, M; Yoshida, H, 2008)		3.23
"Edaravone (ED) has a protective effect on IRI."( Effect of Edaravone on MicroRNA Expression in Exosomes after Hepatic Ischemia-reperfusion Injury.
Fei, Y; Huang, G; Shao, J; Sun, H; Wang, L; Yang, J; Zheng, C; Zou, S, 2022)		1.85
"Edaravone has been widely used in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. "( Neuroprotection of Oral Edaravone on Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.
Luo, HY; Parikh, A; Xiong, YX; Ye, QY; Zhao, LQ; Zhou, XF, 2022)		2.47
"Edaravone has been demonstrated in previous studies to reduce neurologic deficits in stroke patients."( Edaravone for acute ischemic stroke - Systematic review with meta-analysis.
Afreixo, V; Fidalgo, M; Gregório, H; Gregório, T; Magalhães, P; Ricardo Pires, J; Viseu, I, 2022)		2.89
"Edaravone has been approved by the US Food and Drug Association (FDA) but not by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and further studies testing oral formulations are currently conducted."( Clinical studies in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Dorst, J; Genge, A, 2022)		1.44
"Edaravone has been shown to slow the rate of motor function deterioration experienced by patients with ALS. "( Oral Edaravone - Introducing a Flexible Treatment Option for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Aoki, M; Couratier, P; Genge, A; Jackson, CE; Lunetta, C; Nelson, S; Pattee, GL; Salah, A; Sobue, G; Wymer, J; Yoshino, H, )		2.09
"Edaravone has showed its neuroprotective effects after ischemia stroke, but its effects and possible mechanisms after ICH are poorly understood."( Edaravone Administration Confers Neuroprotection after Experimental Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Rats via NLRP3 Suppression.
Geng, J; Jiang, Y; Miao, H; Tang, J; Zhang, B; Zhu, G, 2020)		2.72
"Edaravone has preventive effects on myocardial injury following ischemia and reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction."( The efficacy of edaravone (radicut), a free radical scavenger, for cardiovascular disease.
Kikuchi, K; Morioka, M; Murai, Y; Takeshige, N; Tanaka, E; Tancharoen, S; Yoshitomi, M, 2013)		1.46
"Edaravone has been used in patients with acute ischemic stroke in Japan for over 10 years but does not have marketing authorization in Europe or America. "( Edaravone improves functional and structural outcomes in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia: a systematic review.
Egan, K; Macleod, M; Mead, G; Sena, E; Wu, S, 2014)		3.29
"Edaravone has been shown to have a neuroprotective effect."( Edaravone protected PC12 cells against MPP(+)-cytoxicity via inhibiting oxidative stress and up-regulating heme oxygenase-1 expression.
Bai, B; Chen, J; Cheng, B; Guo, Y; Ji, B; Li, C; Pan, Y, 2014)		2.57
"Edaravone has recently been approved as a new therapeutic option for ALS in Japan."( Novel therapies in development that inhibit motor neuron hyperexcitability in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
Kiernan, MC; Noto, Y; Shibuya, K; Vucic, S, 2016)		1.16
"Edaravone has protective effects on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats."( [Protective effects of edaravone on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats].
Huang, HY; Xu, QP; Zhang, G, 2008)		2.1
"Edaravone has been shown to reduce oxidative stress, edema, infarct volume, inflammation and apoptosis following ischemic injury of the brain in the adult as well as decrease free radical production in the neonatal brain following hypoxic-ischemic insult."( Antioxidants and neuroprotection in the adult and developing central nervous system.
Kaur, C; Ling, EA, 2008)		1.07
"Edaravone has been reported to have a radioprotective effect at high concentrations. "( Edaravone, a known free radical scavenger, enhances X-ray-induced apoptosis at low concentrations.
Enomoto, A; Hosoi, Y; Igaki, H; Katsumura, Y; Matsumoto, Y; Miyagawa, K; Morita, A; Nakagawa, K; Sasano, N; Shiraishi, K, 2010)		3.25
"Edaravone has been recognized as a potential protective agent for cardiovascular diseases. "( A hypothesis: Edaravone exert cardioprotection partly via modulation of adiponectin.
Jia, M; Pei, H; Sun, L; Zheng, X; Zhou, H, 2012)		2.18
"Edaravone has a remarkable protective effect on acute liver injury caused by oxygen radicals through not only attenuating the membrane lipid peroxidation, but also inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines. "( A free radical scavenger, edaravone, attenuates steatosis and cell death via reducing inflammatory cytokine production in rat acute liver injury.
Ishii, H; Kameyama, K; Kitamura, K; Kurita, S; Nakamoto, N; Saito, H; Saito, Y; Tada, S, 2003)		2.06
"Edaravone has potent free radical quenching and antioxidant actions. "( Free radical scavenger, edaravone, in stroke with internal carotid artery occlusion.
Arihiro, S; Fujii, K; Ibayashi, S; Iida, M; Kamouchi, M; Nakane, H; Okada, Y; Toyoda, K, 2004)		2.07
"Edaravone has an inhibitory effect on lipid peroxidation by scavenging free radicals and prevents vascular endothelial cell injury. "( Neuroprotection of edaravone on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats.
Ishida, A; Nakajima, W; Takada, G; Yasuoka, N, 2004)		2.09
"Edaravone has been used for protection against I/R injury in patients with cerebral infarction."( Edaravone protects against lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat.
Horikawa, S; Ito, K; Ozasa, H, 2005)		2.49
"Edaravone has been reported to inhibit lipid peroxidation in cerebral ischemia models."( Neuroprotection and enhanced recovery with edaravone after acute spinal cord injury in rats.
Iwashita, Y; Kuno, S; Nakamura, T; Ohta, S; Takada, H, 2005)		1.31
"Edaravone has an anti-inflammatory effect in experimental models of various organ injuries. "( Edaravone prevents iNOS expression by inhibiting its promoter transactivation and mRNA stability in cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes.
Habara, K; Ito, S; Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Tsuji, K; Yamada, M; Yoshida, H, 2008)		3.23
"Edaravone has preventive effects on myocardial injury following ischemia and reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction."( Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a novel free radical scavenger, for treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Chayama, K; Higashi, Y; Jitsuiki, D; Yoshizumi, M, 2006)		2.5

Actions

Edaravone (Edv) can inhibit tissue damage, cause cerebral edema, and delay neuronal death caused by acute cerebral infarction. It may inhibit the induction of iNOS gene expression at the steps of its promoter transactivation in a nuclear factor-kappaB-independent manner.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Edaravone (Edv) can inhibit tissue damage, cause cerebral edema, and delay neuronal death caused by acute cerebral infarction. "( Edaravone-Loaded Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Enhance Neuroprotection in the Rat Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke.
Li, F; Liang, J; Shi, Y; Zhao, L, 2020)		3.44
"Edaravone may inhibit the number of apoptotic neuronal cells and 8-OHdG expression within 48 h after HI insult."( Edaravone inhibits DNA peroxidation and neuronal cell death in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy model rat.
Goto, Y; Itoh, M; Miyazawa, T; Nonoyama, S; Takizawa, Y, 2009)		2.52
"Edaravone blocked the increase in 3-nitrotyrosine immunoreactivity and the activation of astrocytes, but it did not affect the activation of microglia."( Protective effect of the radical scavenger edaravone against methamphetamine-induced dopaminergic neurotoxicity in mouse striatum.
Ago, Y; Baba, A; Ishihara, K; Itoh, S; Kawasaki, T; Matsuda, T; Nakamura, S, 2006)		1.32
"Edaravone may inhibit the induction of iNOS gene expression at steps of promoter transactivation and mRNA stabilization in cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes."( Edaravone prevents iNOS expression by inhibiting its promoter transactivation and mRNA stability in cytokine-stimulated hepatocytes.
Habara, K; Ito, S; Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Tsuji, K; Yamada, M; Yoshida, H, 2008)		2.51
"Edaravone may inhibit the induction of iNOS gene expression at the steps of its promoter transactivation in a nuclear factor-kappaB-independent manner and mRNA stabilization in RAW264 cells."( Edaravone inhibits the induction of iNOS gene expression at transcriptional and posttranscriptional steps in murine macrophages.
Habara, K; Ito, S; Kaibori, M; Kamiyama, Y; Kwon, AH; Nishizawa, M; Okumura, T; Yamada, M; Yoshida, H, 2008)		2.51

Treatment

Edaravone treatment was associated with improved chances of 90-day good (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.06-1.67) and excellent functional outcomes. Treatment could significantly reduce lung permeability, decrease tissue pro-apoptosis protein (cleaved-caspase3) and inflammation (IL-1β)

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Edaravone treatment ameliorated EAE severity and attenuated inflammation in the SC of the EAE mice, as verified by histological analysis."( Edaravone attenuates disease severity of experimental auto-immune encephalomyelitis and increases gene expression of Nrf2 and HO-1.
Hrnčíř, T; Hroudová, J; Kübra Öztürk, H; Kučera, T; Kutinová Canová, N; Ľupták, M; Michaličková, D; Šíma, M; Slanař, O, 2022)		2.89
"With edaravone treatment, subjects in both the FVC24 ≥80%p and the FVC24 <80%p subgroups experienced a reduction in ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) score loss vs placebo subjects through week 48. "( Edaravone efficacy in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with reduced forced vital capacity: Post-hoc analysis of Study 19 (MCI186-19) [clinical trial NCT01492686].
Apple, S; Brooks, BR; Heiman-Patterson, T; Liu, S; Wiedau-Pazos, M; Zhang, J, 2022)		2.68
"Edaravone treatment was associated with improved chances of 90-day good (OR=1.31, 95% CI 1.06-1.67) and excellent (OR=1.26, 95% CI 1.04-1.54) functional outcomes."( Edaravone for acute ischemic stroke - Systematic review with meta-analysis.
Afreixo, V; Fidalgo, M; Gregório, H; Gregório, T; Magalhães, P; Ricardo Pires, J; Viseu, I, 2022)		2.89
"Edaravone treatment in ALS patients diagnosed with "definite ALS" or "probable ALS" showed slowing of disease progression, regardless of baseline urate level. "( Associations between the ALSFRS-R score and urate levels during 12 months of edaravone treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Post hoc analysis of ALSFRS-R scores in clinical studies MCI186-16, MCI186-17, and MCI186-19.
Kano, O; Nagano, Y; Nelson, S; Takahashi, F; Ushirogawa, Y; Yoneoka, T, 2022)		2.39
"Edaravone treatment reduced differential VWMD protein expression of the UPR, phagosome regulation, ubiquitination, autophagy, ER stress, senescence, and TCA cycle pathways."( Edaravone and mitochondrial transfer as potential therapeutics for vanishing white matter disease astrocyte dysfunction.
Carroll, L; Chung, J; Maksour, S; Newbery, M; Ng, NS; Ooi, L; Touffu, A; Wu, Y; Zaw, T, 2023)		3.07
"Edaravone treatment could significantly reduce lung permeability, decrease tissue pro-apoptosis protein (cleaved-caspase3) and inflammation (IL-1β). "( [Edaravone has a protective role in a mouse model of pulmonary oxygen toxicity].
Bao, XC; Fang, YQ; Ma, J; Wang, FF, 2020)		2.91
"Edaravone pretreatment suppressed epileptiform activity by reducing the mean spike frequency and the behavior scores in ECoG recording."( Anticonvulsive effects of edaravone on penicillin-induced focal onset seizure model in the conscious rats.
Aygun, H; Kurt, S, 2021)		1.64
"Edaravone pretreatment ameliorated propofol-induced proliferation inhibition, neuroapoptosis, and neural inflammation by activating the mBDNF/TrkB/PI3K pathway."( Edaravone Alleviated Propofol-Induced Neurotoxicity in Developing Hippocampus by mBDNF/TrkB/PI3K Pathway.
Duan, H; Hu, B; Pan, M; Yang, Y; Yi, J, 2021)		3.51
"Edaravone treatment normalized altered biochemical markers compared with the untreated control."( Edaravone acts as a potential therapeutic drug against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy in male albino rats by downregulating cyclooxygenase-II.
Liu, LM; Lu, Y; Wang, N; Wang, WP, 2019)		2.68
"Edaravone treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB disruption."( The Role of Oxidative Stress in Microvascular Disturbances after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Fumoto, T; Katagai, T; Li, Y; Naraoka, M; Ohkuma, H; Shimamura, N, 2019)		1.24
"Edaravone treatment improved the rats' body weight (p < 0.01) and feed intake levels (p < 0.05), improved the histological scores and alleviated the fibrosis of pancreas samples (p < 0.05), as well as markedly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in pancreatic tissue (p < 0.01 for both). "( Protective effects of edaravone on experimental chronic pancreatitis induced by dibutyltin dichloride in rats.
Dong, Y; Hu, DM; Li, LY; Wang, SF; Zhou, CH; Zhu, XY, )		1.89
"The edaravone-treated animals also exhibited higher rCBF in the contralateral hemisphere compared with that seen in -vehicle-treated animals."( Edaravone increases regional cerebral blood flow after traumatic brain injury in mice.
Aruga, T; Dohi, K; Kiriyama, K; Miyamoto, K; Nakano, H; Ohtaki, H; Shioda, S; Song, D; Tsumuraya, T, 2013)		2.31
"In Edaravone-treated group, 500 µmol/L Edaravone was prophylactically added to the medium for 30 minutes before the insult."( [The study of the protective effect and its mechanism of Edaravone to neurons with hydrogen peroxide stimulated].
Cai, WH; Cheng, G; Fan, J; Li, QQ; Li, YM; Long, H; Tang, J; Yin, GY; Zhang, N, 2013)		1.15
"Edaravone-treated group were 0.90% ± 0.07%, 1.10% ± 0.08%, 3.50% ± 1.90%, 12.60% ± 1.10%, which were lower than H₂O₂-treated group (F = 362.7, P < 0.01)."( [The study of the protective effect and its mechanism of Edaravone to neurons with hydrogen peroxide stimulated].
Cai, WH; Cheng, G; Fan, J; Li, QQ; Li, YM; Long, H; Tang, J; Yin, GY; Zhang, N, 2013)		1.36
"Edaravone treatment also decreased the postischemic hemorrhage volumes (53.4 mm(3) in edaravone-treated rats vs 176.4 mm(3) in controls)."( Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, attenuates cerebral infarction and hemorrhagic infarction in rats with hyperglycemia.
Johshita, H; Miyazaki, H; Okamura, K; Shiokawa, Y; Tsubokawa, T, 2014)		2.57
"Edaravone treatment (3mg/kg, i.p."( A radical scavenger edaravone inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-9 upregulation and blood-brain barrier breakdown in a mouse model of prolonged cerebral hypoperfusion.
Arai, K; Liang, AC; Maki, T; Miyamoto, N; Pham, LD, 2014)		1.45
"Edaravone treatment at 3 mg/kg significantly reduced apomorphine-induced rotational behavior (P < 0.01), improved the spontaneous behavior, prevented the decrease in the levels of TH-positive cells, Nissl bodies and GSH, and inhibited the increase in the levels of MDA (P < 0.05) in SN of rats with 6-OHDA-induced PD."( Edaravone protects neurons in the rat substantia nigra against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress damage.
Li, M; Liu, X; Shao, R; Yang, G, 2014)		2.57
"The edaravone-treated animals demonstrated an increased number of engrafted donor hepatocytes in the liver. "( Effects of edaravone, a radical scavenger, on hepatocyte transplantation.
Fox, IJ; Hayashi, C; Hiramatsu, N; Horiguchi, A; Ito, M; Ito, R; Murakumo, A; Yamamoto, N, 2014)		1.35
"Edaravone treatment attenuated neuronal apoptosis as compared with the poisoning group (P < 0.01)."( Edaravone attenuates brain damage in rats after acute CO poisoning through inhibiting apoptosis and oxidative stress.
Bi, MJ; Bi, WK; Guo, YL; Kang, H; Li, Q; Yan, le J, 2016)		2.6
"Edaravone treatment increased plasma uric acid, suggesting that it is an effective scavenger of peroxynitrite."( Increased oxidative stress in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and the effect of edaravone administration.
Miyazaki, Y; Nagase, M; Yamamoto, Y; Yoshino, H, 2016)		1.38
"Edaravone-pretreated BMSCs, control-released edaravone, and BMSCs were respectively transplanted into a rat AMI model."( Edaravone promotes activation of resident cardiac stem cells by transplanted mesenchymal stem cells in a rat myocardial infarction model.
Gu, TX; Li-Ling, J; Qi, X; Sun, XJ; Wang, C; Wang, XB; Zhang, GW, 2016)		2.6
"Edaravone was treated twice via tail vein; after MCA occlusion and after reperfusion."( A free radical scavenger edaravone suppresses systemic inflammatory responses in a rat transient focal ischemia model.
Arai, K; Fujiwara, N; Lee, BJ; Lo, EH; Mandeville, ET; Pham, LD; Som, AT, 2016)		1.46
"Edaravone (18 mg/kg) treatment did not prevent hyperlocomotion in the mania model induced with ketamine in rats, but lithium chloride (47.5 mg/kg, i.p., positive control) did prevent hyperlocomotion."( The effects of edaravone in ketamine-induced model of mania in rats.
Altun, İK; Alver, A; Arslan, FC; Gedikli, Ö; İnce, İ; Özkorumak, E; Tiryaki, A; Yıldırım, M, 2016)		1.51
"Edaravone pretreatment reduced markedly the productions of ROS-HR and MDA and increased the activities of GSH-PX and SOD. "( Pretreatment with edaravone reduces lung mitochondrial damage in an infant rabbit ischemia-reperfusion model.
Chen, D; Chen, Y; Gu, H; Qiu, W; Zheng, L; Zhou, J, 2008)		2.12
"Edaravone pretreatment reduces the IR-induced lung mitochondrial damage in infant rabbits."( Pretreatment with edaravone reduces lung mitochondrial damage in an infant rabbit ischemia-reperfusion model.
Chen, D; Chen, Y; Gu, H; Qiu, W; Zheng, L; Zhou, J, 2008)		2.12
"Edaravone treatment significantly reduced the lesion volume and improved the neurological score."( Mechanistic insight into neurotoxicity of tissue plasminogen activator-induced thrombolysis products in a rat intraluminal middle cerebral artery occlusion model.
Fujii, M; Fujisawa, H; Gondo, T; Izuma, H; Kajiwara, K; Kato, S; Nomura, S; Oka, F; Suzuki, M; Uozumi, K, 2009)		1.07
"Edaravone treatment shifted the %FAC(initial)–%FAC(final) relationship downward (P < 0.0001), indicating that edaravone inhibited progression of LV dilation."( Development of cardiac dysfunction induced by repetitive transient myocardial ischemia is inhibited by edaravone in conscious rats.
Imai, K; Kawamoto, T; Miyamoto, Y; Neishi, Y; Okura, H; Toyota, E; Yoshida, K, 2009)		1.29
"The edaravone-treated SC group demonstrated less severe apoptosis than the untreated SC group."( [Effects of edaravone on IRE1 mRNA expression and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of rats with status convulsivus].
Deng, XL; Jiao, Y; Li, GQ, 2009)		1.21
"Edaravone treatment significantly reduced the elevated malondialdehyde levels in rat lungs after acute pancreatitis, suggesting an important role for free radicals in acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury."( Protective effects of the free radical scavenger edaravone on acute pancreatitis-associated lung injury.
Cai, ZY; Deng, XM; Hou, J; Hu, JY; Liu, SQ; Mao, YF; Ni, X; Yang, T; Zhu, XY, 2010)		1.34
"The edaravone pretreatment group received edaravone by intraperitoneal injection once daily three days before convulsion induction."( [Protection of edaravone on neurons and its effects on the expression of interleukin-lbeta in juvenile rat hippocampus following status convulsion].
Li, GQ; Wang, HP, 2010)		1.19
"The edaravone pretreatment group showed less severe neuronal changes compared with the SC group under the microscopes."( [Protection of edaravone on neurons and its effects on the expression of interleukin-lbeta in juvenile rat hippocampus following status convulsion].
Li, GQ; Wang, HP, 2010)		1.19
"Edaravone pretreatment may decrease the IL-1beta expression and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus. "( [Protection of edaravone on neurons and its effects on the expression of interleukin-lbeta in juvenile rat hippocampus following status convulsion].
Li, GQ; Wang, HP, 2010)		2.16
"Edaravone treatment for up to 14 days suppresses the progression of disuse muscle atrophy and improves leg locomotor function to a greater extent than shorter-term treatment in acute stroke patients. "( Effects of edaravone on muscle atrophy and locomotor function in patients with ischemic stroke: a randomized controlled pilot study.
Higashi, Y; Kondo, H; Metoki, N; Moriwaki, H; Naritomi, H; Nishimura, H; Oda, T; Oe, H; Saito, K; Tanahashi, N; Tanaka, K; Terayama, Y; Yamamoto, Y; Yuasa, H, 2010)		2.19
"Edaravone-treated male rats showed significantly better performance in the landing foot-splay test."( Feasibility study for functional test battery of SOD transgenic rat (H46R) and evaluation of edaravone, a free radical scavenger.
Aoki, M; Itoyama, Y; Mizuno, H; Suzuki, N; Warita, H; Yuki, S, 2011)		1.31
"Edaravone treatment may aid in preventing photoreceptor cell death after RD by suppressing ROS-induced photoreceptor damage."( Edaravone, an ROS scavenger, ameliorates photoreceptor cell death after experimental retinal detachment.
Miller, JW; Murakami, Y; Roh, MI; Thanos, A; Vavvas, DG, 2011)		2.53
"Edaravone treatment reduced the volume of the infarct and improved neurological deficits during the subacute period, especially in the small-vessel occlusion strokes."( Free radical scavenger, edaravone, reduces the lesion size of lacunar infarction in human brain ischemic stroke.
Nakase, T; Suzuki, A; Yoshioka, S, 2011)		2.12
"Edaravone treatment significantly decreased hippocampal CA3 neuron loss, reduced oxidative stress, and decreased neuronal programmed cell death compared to vehicle treatment."( Free-radical scavenger edaravone treatment confers neuroprotection against traumatic brain injury in rats.
Chen, J; Gao, YQ; Jiang, ZL; Li, X; Li, YC; Shi, H; Vosler, PS; Wang, GH, 2011)		1.4
"Edaravone treatment significantly inhibited both lipid and DNA oxidative damage 72h after ischemia, and decreased neuronal damage."( Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, attenuates behavioral deficits following transient forebrain ischemia by inhibiting oxidative damage in gerbils.
Hirooka, K; Itano, T; Kawai, N; Keep, RF; Liu, Y; Lu, F; Miyamoto, O; Nakamura, T; Okabe, N; Shiraga, F; Tamiya, T; Toyoshima, T, 2012)		2.54
"Edaravone-treated DCM rats showed better cardiac function compared with those of the vehicle-treated rats."( Beneficial effects of edaravone, a novel antioxidant, in rats with dilated cardiomyopathy.
Arozal, W; Arumugam, S; Giridharan, VV; Harima, M; Kodama, M; Nagata, M; Nakamura, T; Palaniyandi, SS; Sari, FR; Soetikno, V; Suzuki, K; Thandavarayan, RA; Veeraveedu, PT; Watanabe, K, 2012)		1.41
"Edaravone treatment significantly reduced messenger RNA expressions of cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in aneurysm walls (MMP-2: 1.1 ± 0.5 in group LD, 0.6 ± 0.1 in group HD, and 2.3 ± 0.4 in group C; P < .001; MMP-9: 1.2 ± 0.1 in group LD, 0.2 ± 0.6 in group HD, and 2.4 ± 0.2 in group C; P < .001)."( Free-radical scavenger edaravone inhibits both formation and development of abdominal aortic aneurysm in rats.
Hasegawa, T; Morimoto, K; Morimoto, N; Okada, K; Okita, Y; Tanaka, A; Wulan, B; Yu, J, 2012)		1.41
"Edaravone or taurine treatment prevented significantly the decreased body, testicular, and epididymal weight induced by diabetes."( Antioxidant treatment with edaravone or taurine ameliorates diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction in the rat.
Dimitriadis, F; Koukos, S; Saito, M; Satoh, K; Shimizu, S; Sofikitis, N; Takenaka, A; Tsounapi, P, 2012)		1.4
"Edaravone treatment significantly elevated cell viability, reduced apoptotic rate, attenuated oxidative stress and improved mitochondrial membrane potential in N2a/Swe.Δ9 cells."( Protective effect of edaravone against Alzheimer's disease-relevant insults in neuroblastoma N2a cells.
Gong, K; Gong, Y; Ma, T; Tang, P; Yan, Y; Zhang, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, N, 2012)		1.42
"Edaravone treatment also reduced mucosal MPO activity, mucosal tissue lipid peroxidate level and serum IL-6 level."( The free radical scavenger edaravone suppresses experimental dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in rats.
Andoh, A; Araki, Y; Fujiyama, Y, 2003)		1.34
"Edaravone treatment improved the response to the level observed in nonirradiated control vessels."( Normalization by edaravone, a free radical scavenger, of irradiation-reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression.
Gando, S; Hattori, Y; Jesmin, S; Kemmotsu, O; Matsuda, N; Sakuraya, F; Zhang, XH, 2003)		1.38
"Edaravone+tPA-treated group: Edaravone (3 mg/kg, i.v.) was given every 1.5 hours instead of saline and tPA injection as above."( Extension of ischemic therapeutic time window by a free radical scavenger, Edaravone, reperfused with tPA in rat brain.
Abe, K; Hayashi, T; Horiuchi, S; Kato, S; Nagano, I; Omori, N; Sato, K; Zhang, W, 2004)		1.28
"Edaravone treatment decreased the neutrophil infiltration, the lipid membrane peroxidation, and the expression of proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 mRNA in the lungs after intestinal I/R compared to the I/R-treated rat lungs without edaravone treatment."( Edaravone protects against lung injury induced by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat.
Horikawa, S; Ito, K; Ozasa, H, 2005)		2.49
"Edaravone-treated animals showed significantly improved neurological outcome."( Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of edaravone following transient focal ischemia in rats.
Amemiya, S; Inaba, T; Kamiya, T; Katayama, Y; Kato, K; Nito, C; Shimazaki, K; Ueda, M, 2005)		1.31
"Edaravone treatment (10mg/kg i.p.) for 3 days suppressed endothelial apoptosis, as evaluated by chromatin staining of en face specimens at 24h, by approximately 40%."( Potent free radical scavenger, edaravone, suppresses oxidative stress-induced endothelial damage and early atherosclerosis.
Akishita, M; Eto, M; Hasegawa, H; Kozaki, K; Nagai, K; Toba, K; Xi, H; Yu, W, 2007)		1.35
"Edaravone treatment induces significant reduction of free radical precursors and their metabolites compared with controls in burn rats. "( The therapeutic efficacy of edaravone in extensively burned rats.
Koizumi, T; Sakaki, S; Shimazaki, S; Tanaka, H, 2006)		2.07
"Edaravone treatment immediately or 2 hours after ICH also ameliorated neurologic deficits (P<0.05)."( Edaravone attenuates brain edema and neurologic deficits in a rat model of acute intracerebral hemorrhage.
Itano, T; Keep, RF; Kuroda, Y; Miyamoto, O; Nagao, S; Nakamura, T; Tamiya, T; Xi, G; Yamashita, S; Zhang, X, 2008)		2.51
"Pretreatment with edaravone may reduce the level of autophagy in neurons subjected to OGD/R injury."( Edaravone inhibits autophagy after neuronal oxygen-glucose deprivation/recovery injury.
Chen, J; Ding, Q; Fan, J; Gu, J; Tang, P; Wang, Q; Yin, G; Yin, J; Zhou, Z, 2019)		2.29
"Treatment with edaravone significantly improved STZ-induced cognitive damage as evaluated in Morris water maze and step-down tests and markedly restored changes in malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) adducts, hydroxyl radical (OH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and protein carbonyl (PC) levels."( Neuroprotective effects of edaravone on cognitive deficit, oxidative stress and tau hyperphosphorylation induced by intracerebroventricular streptozotocin in rats.
Chi, L; Yu, G; Zhang, L; Zhang, W; Zhang, Y; Zhou, S; Zhu, J, 2013)		1.03
"Pretreatment with edaravone significantly inhibited hypoxia-induced oxidative stress formation and sFlt-1 expression in trophoblasts."( Edaravone inhibits hypoxia-induced trophoblast-soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 expression: a possible therapeutic approach to preeclampsia.
Han, L; Liu, XX; Luo, QQ; Yan, T; Zhao, Y; Zheng, YF; Zou, L, 2014)		2.17
"Treatment with edaravone significantly increased the number of NSPCs and newly generated neurons in the subgranular zone (p < .05)."( Pre- and posttreatment with edaravone protects CA1 hippocampus and enhances neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus after transient global cerebral ischemia in rats.
Chen, X; Gao, M; He, X; Lei, S; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, Y; Lu, H; Qi, C; Wang, N; Wang, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, P; Zheng, J, 2014)		1.04
"Pretreatment with edaravone, dexamethasone, or L-NMMA attenuated the hyperpermeability and inhibited the cytokine-induced reduction of VE-cadherin expression on immunofluorescence staining."( Inhibitory Effects of Edaravone, a Free Radical Scavenger, on Cytokine-induced Hyperpermeability of Human Pulmonary Microvascular Endothelial Cells:A Comparison with Dexamethasone and Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibitor.
Fujii, Y; Morishima, T; Nosaka, N; Saito, Y; Tsuge, M; Tsukahara, H; Yamada, M; Yamashita, N; Yashiro, M, 2015)		1.06
"Treatment with edaravone significantly ameliorated the clinical severity of EAE, and a reduced infiltration of lymphocytes was observed based on a histological analysis."( Edaravone, a free radical scavenger, ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Kinoshita, M; Kumanogoh, A; Kusunoki, S; Miyamoto, K; Moriya, M; Nakatsuji, Y; Okuno, T; Sakoda, S, 2008)		2.13
"Pretreatment with edaravone significantly improved motor dysfunction and reduced the lesion volume to about 63% of the control (p < 0.05)."( Edaravone (MCI-186) scavenges reactive oxygen species and ameliorates tissue damage in the murine spinal cord injury model.
Aoyama, T; Hida, K; Iwasaki, Y; Kuroda, S; Seki, T; Shichinohe, H; Yano, S, 2008)		2.11
"Treatment with edaravone prevented partially but significantly the decreased body and penile weight induced by diabetes. "( Edaravone ameliorates diabetes-induced dysfunction of NO-induced relaxation in corpus cavernosum smooth muscle in the rat.
Dimitriadis, F; Inoue, S; Kinoshita, Y; Ohmasa, F; Saito, M; Satoh, K; Shimizu, S; Shomori, K; Tsounapi, P, 2011)		2.16
"Treatment with edaravone reduced fibrosis in mice with bleomycin-induced SSc and in TSK/+ mice. "( The specific free radical scavenger edaravone suppresses fibrosis in the bleomycin-induced and tight skin mouse models of systemic sclerosis.
Asano, Y; Iwata, Y; Kadono, T; Ogawa, A; Ogawa, F; Sato, S; Shimizu, K; Takenaka, M; Yanaba, K; Yoshizaki, A, 2011)		1
"Treatment with edaravone (3 and 10 mg/kg) significantly diminished the cerebral infarct, oedema volume and improved functional recovery of neurological deficits."( Edaravone offers neuroprotection in a diabetic stroke model via inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress.
Sharma, SS; Srinivasan, K, 2012)		2.16
"Treatment with edaravone not only mitigated cerebral infarct size (P<0.05) and neurological defects (P<0.05), but also decreased cell proliferation and neural progenitor cells in the ischemic ipsilateral SVZ (P<0.05)."( Treatment with edaravone attenuates ischemic brain injury and inhibits neurogenesis in the subventricular zone of adult rats after focal cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury.
Chen, X; Gao, M; Lei, S; Li, L; Li, W; Li, X; Liu, Y; Lu, H; Wang, N; Zhang, P; Zheng, J, 2012)		1.07
"For treatment with edaravone, edaravone was given daily to the animals from the day before irradiation at an intrapenetreal dose of 10 mg/kg twice a day."( Normalization by edaravone, a free radical scavenger, of irradiation-reduced endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression.
Gando, S; Hattori, Y; Jesmin, S; Kemmotsu, O; Matsuda, N; Sakuraya, F; Zhang, XH, 2003)		0.98
"Pretreatment with edaravone can prevent occurrence of cerebral hyperperfusion after CEA."( Pretreatment with the free radical scavenger edaravone prevents cerebral hyperperfusion after carotid endarterectomy.
Endo, H; Fukuda, T; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, M; Ogasawara, K; Ogawa, A, 2004)		0.92
"Pretreatment with edaravone scavenged the SN38-produced reactive oxygen species, and inhibited the SN38-induced activation of NF-kB."( The radical scavenger edaravone enhances the anti-tumor effects of CPT-11 in murine colon cancer by increasing apoptosis via inhibition of NF-kappaB.
Handa, O; Higashihara, H; Ishikawa, T; Kokura, S; Naito, Y; Nakabe, N; Sakamoto, N; Takagi, T; Yoshida, N; Yoshikawa, T, 2005)		0.97
"Pretreatment with edaravone can prevent development of cognitive impairment after CEA."( Effects of the free radical scavenger, edaravone, on the development of postoperative cognitive impairment in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy.
Endo, H; Fukuda, T; Inoue, T; Kobayashi, M; Ogasawara, K; Ogawa, A; Terasaki, K; Yamadate, K; Yoshida, K, 2005)		0.93
"Pretreatment with edaravone (1 and 3 mg/kg i.p.) significantly reduced the neurotoxicity in the SNc but not striatum."( Edaravone (3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one), a radical scavenger, prevents 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in the substantia nigra but not the striatum.
Ago, Y; Baba, A; Ishihara, K; Kawasaki, T; Matsuda, T, 2007)		2.11
"Pretreatment with edaravone but not post-treatment dose-dependently improved the response to high K+ but not the massive dopamine increase during ischemia."( Improvement of postischemic dopaminergic dysfunction by edaravone, a free radical scavenger.
Akiyama, Y; Miwa, S, 2007)		0.91

Toxicity

Edaravone Dexborneol was safe and well tolerated at all doses, although no significant improvement in functional outcomes was observed at 90 days. Edarav one combined with alteplase seems to be safe and effective for AIS patients' short term outcomes.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" No adverse events were observed."( Stroke in a child safely treated with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and edaravone, a free radical scavenger.
Baba, H; Hashizume, M; Kuwashiro, T; Lee, S; Nagata, H; Nanishi, E; Sugimori, H, 2012)		0.6
"Edaravone was safe and well tolerated in the volunteers and displayed linear increases in the C(max) and AUC(τ) values."( Phase I clinical study of edaravone in healthy Chinese volunteers: safety and pharmacokinetics of single or multiple intravenous infusions.
Gong, X; Li, H; Li, T; Meng, L; Ou, N; Ruan, J; Wang, Y; Xu, K; Zhang, H, 2012)		2.12
" Edaravone effectively protected against CNS-OT and the adverse effects of PFC."( Perfluorocarbon-facilitated CNS oxygen toxicity in rats: reversal by edaravone.
Cai, Z; Li, R; Liu, S; Ni, X; Quock, RM; Sun, X; Xu, W; Zhang, R, 2012)		1.52
" Safety parameters included adverse events, severe adverse events, physical examinations, local reactions at infusion site, ECG, clinical chemistry and hematology, modified Total Neuropathy Score and CT scans."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: new formulation and dosing regimen.
Dippel, DW; Ford, GA; Kaste, M; Murayama, S; Tatlisumak, T; Walters, MR, 2013)		0.39
" The number of treatment emergent adverse events that occurred was 109, most of which were transient, mild or moderate."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: new formulation and dosing regimen.
Dippel, DW; Ford, GA; Kaste, M; Murayama, S; Tatlisumak, T; Walters, MR, 2013)		0.39
" Adverse events amounted to 88."( Confirmatory double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of efficacy and safety of edaravone (MCI-186) in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients.
Abe, K; Akimoto, M; Aoki, M; Doyu, M; Hamada, C; Itoyama, Y; Kondo, K; Sobue, G; Tsuji, S; Yoneoka, T; Yoshino, H, 2014)		0.62
" Previous studies have reported an increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress in the toxic mechanism of VPA."( Edaravone ameliorates the adverse effects of valproic acid toxicity in small intestine.
Alev, B; Emekli-Alturfan, E; Koc-Ozturk, L; Oktay, S; Tunali, S; Tunali-Akbay, T; Yanardag, R; Yarat, A, 2015)		1.86
" The aim of the present study was to assess the toxic effects of subacute exposure of Mn by measuring weight gain, motor performance, and biochemical parameters (complex I activity, lipid peroxides, and protein carbonyls) in brain mitochondria in rats."( Protection by Edaravone, a Radical Scavenger, against Manganese-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rats.
Apaydin, M; Erbas, O; Taskiran, D, 2016)		0.79
" Treatment-emergent adverse events were reported in 58 (84%) patients receiving edaravone and 57 (84%) patients receiving placebo."( Safety and efficacy of edaravone in well defined patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.
, 2017)		0.99
" Endpoints included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), including AEs leading to discontinuation, serious adverse events (SAEs), and deaths."( A safety analysis of edaravone (MCI-186) during the first six cycles (24 weeks) of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) therapy from the double-blind period in three randomized, placebo-controlled studies.
Ishizaki, K; Kalin, A; Kim, A; Medina-Paraiso, E; Saita, T; Wasaki, M; Zhang, Y, 2017)		0.77
"Our results indicate that oral delivery of NEF holds a promise as a safe and effective therapeutic agent for AD."( Self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion of edaravone: part II: in vivo assessment of efficacy against behavior deficits and safety in Alzheimer's disease model.
Cao, X; Chen, C; Garg, S; Kathawala, K; Li, J; Parikh, A; Shan, Z; Wang, YJ; Zhou, XF, 2018)		0.75
" Measure of safety was the frequency of investigated adverse events and serious adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of edaravone in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
He, J; Li, X; Luo, L; Song, Z; Zeng, Y, 2019)		0.82
" No differences in the frequency of adverse events (odds ratio [OR] = 1."( Efficacy and safety of edaravone in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
He, J; Li, X; Luo, L; Song, Z; Zeng, Y, 2019)		0.82
"Intravenous edaravone is efficacious in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients, with no severe adverse effects."( Efficacy and safety of edaravone in treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-a systematic review and meta-analysis.
He, J; Li, X; Luo, L; Song, Z; Zeng, Y, 2019)		1.2
" Moreover, using C+P did not lead to any serious adverse effects when compared to the treatment group."( Low dose concomitant treatment with chlorpromazine and promethazine is safe in acute ischemic stroke.
Chandra, A; Cheng, Z; Ding, Y; Du, H; Geng, X; Tong, Y; Zhu, H, 2019)		0.51
"While the addition of low dose chlorpromazine and promethazine to standard of care for acute ischemic stroke did not have any significant improvement in functional outcomes, there were no serious adverse effects."( Low dose concomitant treatment with chlorpromazine and promethazine is safe in acute ischemic stroke.
Chandra, A; Cheng, Z; Ding, Y; Du, H; Geng, X; Tong, Y; Zhu, H, 2019)		0.51
" EDA was found to ameliorate autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto thyroiditis), which is a frequent side effect observed after treatment of cancer patients with monoclonal antibodies targeting the immune checkpoint PD-1."( Potential use of edaravone to reduce specific side effects of chemo-, radio- and immuno-therapy of cancers.
Bailly, C, 2019)		0.85
" The safety outcome included any adverse event during 90 days after treatment."( Safety and efficacy of Edaravone Dexborneol versus edaravone for patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, multiple-dose, active-controlled clinical trial.
Chen, H; Gao, X; Gao, Z; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Zhao, X; Zhou, J, 2019)		0.82
" No significant difference in severe adverse events was found among the four groups (p=0."( Safety and efficacy of Edaravone Dexborneol versus edaravone for patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, multiple-dose, active-controlled clinical trial.
Chen, H; Gao, X; Gao, Z; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Zhao, X; Zhou, J, 2019)		0.82
"Compared with edaravone alone, Edaravone Dexborneol was safe and well tolerated at all doses, although no significant improvement in functional outcomes was observed at 90days."( Safety and efficacy of Edaravone Dexborneol versus edaravone for patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a phase II, multicentre, randomised, double-blind, multiple-dose, active-controlled clinical trial.
Chen, H; Gao, X; Gao, Z; Wang, A; Wang, Y; Xu, J; Zhao, X; Zhou, J, 2019)		1.19
" Adverse effects and the need of a special catheter for infusion were rare."( Logistics and safety of edaravone treatment for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: experience in Argentina.
Bendersky, M; Quarracino, C; Rey, R; Rodríguez, GE, 2021)		0.93
" While several trials in the last 8 years have reported the favourable long-term functional outcomes, a few reports indicated edaravone to be associated with an increase in adverse events."( Efficacy and safety of edaravone for acute intracerebral haemorrhage: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Feng, L; Gao, Y; Guo, S; Jiang, P; Li, T; Liang, N; Yang, Q; Zhang, C, 2020)		1.07
" The incidence of adverse events will be assessed for safety evaluation."( Efficacy and safety of edaravone for acute intracerebral haemorrhage: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Feng, L; Gao, Y; Guo, S; Jiang, P; Li, T; Liang, N; Yang, Q; Zhang, C, 2020)		0.87
" Safety evaluation was conducted according to the incidence of adverse events."( Clinical effects and safety of edaravone in treatment of acute ischaemic stroke: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Chen, C; Chen, S; Chen, Y; Hong, L; Li, M; Lin, L, 2021)		0.91
" The oral edaravone formulations were safe and tolerable under the assessed conditions."( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Drug-Drug Interactions of an Oral Suspension of Edaravone in Healthy Adults.
Akimoto, M; Kato, Y; Kondo, K; Matsuda, H; Matsuda, M; Nakamaru, Y; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2021)		1.24
" Conclusions: Edaravone combined with alteplase seems to be safe and effective for AIS patients' short term outcomes."( Safety and efficacy of edaravone combined with alteplase for patients with acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Guo, Y; Hu, R; Lin, Y; Tang, Q; Tang, Y; Wang, X; Yang, J, 2021)		1.29
" Potential adverse effects were observed in 30 cases (16%), most notably infections at infusion sites and allergic reactions."( Safety and Effectiveness of Long-term Intravenous Administration of Edaravone for Treatment of Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
Cordts, I; Dorst, J; Grosskreutz, J; Günther, K; Günther, R; Hagenacker, T; Hermann, A; Koch, B; Koch, JC; Kohl, Z; Lingor, P; Löscher, WN; Ludolph, AC; Maier, A; Meyer, T; Michels, S; Petri, S; Prudlo, J; Ruckes, C; Sarikidi, A; Spittel, S; Steinbach, R; Witzel, S; Wolf, J, 2022)		0.96
" Safety endpoints was include the incidence of adverse drug reactions."( Efficacy and Safety of Edaravone in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Indian Population.
Gupta, S; Singal, A; Soni, R; Tomar, S, 2022)		1.03
"6%) of subjects receiving Edaravone therapy reported with adverse side-effects."( Efficacy and Safety of Edaravone in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients in Indian Population.
Gupta, S; Singal, A; Soni, R; Tomar, S, 2022)		1.33
"Edaravone usage data were collected, and adverse events (AEs) were identified from a postmarketing safety database from August 8, 2017 through August 7, 2020 (cutoff date)."( Analysis of the US Safety Data for Edaravone (Radicava
Apple, S; Bower, L; Brooks, BR; Genge, A; Ji, M; Kalin, A; Oskarsson, B, 2022)		2.44
" The most common treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) at week 48 were fall (22."( Oral edaravone demonstrated a favorable safety profile in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after 48 weeks of treatment.
Aoki, M; Apple, S; Bidani, S; Couratier, P; Genge, A; Hirai, M; Jackson, CE; Kalin, A; Lunetta, C; Pattee, GL; Petri, S; Sakata, T; Salah, A; Selness, D; Sobue, G; Wamil, A; Yoshino, H, 2023)		1.42
"Edaravone improves survival rates of ALS patients at 18, 24, and 30 months with no adverse effects."( Safety and efficacy of edaravone in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Elhady, MM; Eshag, MME; Fathallah, AH; Hagrass, AI; Kamal, I; Nourelden, AZ; Tawfik, AG; Zaazouee, MS, 2023)		2.66

Pharmacokinetics

Data from 3 Phase I clinical studies were used to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profiles of a single dose of edaravone oral suspension. Two methods were successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study and a pharmacokinetics study of edravone and taurine in healthy Chinese volunteers.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"01) by verapamil (80 mg three times daily for 2 days prior to antipyrine administration and 2 days following) while half-life was increased from 13."( The effect of verapamil on antipyrine pharmacokinetics and metabolism in man.
Bach, D; Blevins, R; Edwards, DJ; Kerner, N; Rubenfire, M, 1986)		0.27
" The first three months of life were characterised by a steady decrease in the apparent volume of distribution (aVd) and half-life (t0."( Effect of age on the pharmacokinetics of antipyrine in calves.
Janus, K; Suszycka, J, 1996)		0.29
" The plasma elimination half-life of antipyrine was significantly elevated by 23% at 11 weeks postinfection (p."( Effect of experimental fasciolosis on antipyrine metabolism and clearance in water buffaloes.
Bayón, JE; Ferre, I; González-Gallego, J; Jiang, SX; Mao, XZ, 2000)		0.31
"The aim was to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and the effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats.
Gao, C; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, L; Xue, M, 2010)		0.84
" The detection method was successfully applied to compare the pharmacokinetic interaction and brain distribution kinetics of puerarin and edaravone using in-situ microdialysis sampling in rats after intravenous administration and co-administration with a single dose."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between puerarin and edaravone, and effect of borneol on the brain distribution kinetics of puerarin in rats.
Gao, C; Li, X; Li, Y; Wang, L; Xue, M, 2010)		0.82
" The validated methods were successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetic interaction of taurine and edaravone in rats after independent intravenous administration and co-administration with a single dose."( LC-MS/MS methods for the determination of edaravone and/or taurine in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Bian, TT; Du, Q; Jiang, SS; Li, Y; Li, YJ; Tang, DQ; Wu, XW; Zheng, XX, 2014)		0.88
" The present work was primarily undertaken to provide a comprehensive clinical pharmacokinetic summary of the two approved ALS therapeutics."( Two Decades-Long Journey from Riluzole to Edaravone: Revisiting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Only Two Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Therapeutics.
Babu, RJ; Dash, RP; Srinivas, NR, 2018)		0.75
" This study aimed to establish a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to fit the PK profile of edaravone after a single sublingual (SL) dose of a novel edaravone tablet and single IV infusion of injectable edaravone in healthy Chinese volunteers participating in a bioavailability study."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.04
" Two methods were successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study and a pharmacokinetic study of edaravone and taurine in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous infusion of single or compound injection."( Two high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of edaravone and taurine in human plasma: Application to drug-drug interaction and pharmacokinetic studies.
Ding, L; Li, L; Su, Y; Xu, L; Zhao, S, 2020)		0.99
"Two studies were conducted to assess the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and tolerability of edaravone in Japanese subjects with mild to moderate hepatic impairment or normal hepatic functioning (study 1), and in white subjects with severe hepatic impairment compared to subjects with normal hepatic functioning (study 2)."( Open-label, Single-dose Studies of the Pharmacokinetics of Edaravone in Subjects with Mild, Moderate, or Severe Hepatic Impairment Compared to Subjects with Normal Hepatic Functioning.
Akimoto, M; Greis, T; Kakubari, M; Kondo, K; Nakamaru, Y; Todorovic, V; Yoshida, K, 2020)		1.02
" An oral suspension of edaravone has been developed, but the food effect on its pharmacokinetic profile has not been evaluated."( Food Effect Study to Assess the Impact on Edaravone Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Participants.
Akimoto, M; Hirai, M; Kato, Y; Matsuda, H; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2022)		1.3
"Data from 3 Phase I clinical studies were used to evaluate the effect of food on the pharmacokinetic profiles of a single dose of edaravone oral suspension."( Food Effect Study to Assess the Impact on Edaravone Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Participants.
Akimoto, M; Hirai, M; Kato, Y; Matsuda, H; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2022)		1.19
"The pharmacokinetic interactions between XNJ and EDA were studied by GC-MS in rats, and the inhibition of XNJ and (-)-borneol on UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGTs) were assayed by LC-MS/MS in vitro."( Herb-drug interaction of Xingnaojing injection and Edaravone via pharmacokinetics, mixed inhibition of UGTs, and molecular docking.
Gao, Y; Li, H; Li, Z; Liang, C; Liu, Z; Peng, P; Qi, D; Yang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2023)		1.16
"(-)-Borneol modulates the pharmacokinetic behavior of edaravone via mixed inhibition of UGT2B7 and UGT1A6."( Herb-drug interaction of Xingnaojing injection and Edaravone via pharmacokinetics, mixed inhibition of UGTs, and molecular docking.
Gao, Y; Li, H; Li, Z; Liang, C; Liu, Z; Peng, P; Qi, D; Yang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2023)		1.41

Compound-Compound Interactions

The addition of Shenxiong glucose injection combined with edaravone injection can improve platelet aggregation and reduce inflammation by affecting P-selectin, D-dimer, and FIB.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The efficacy of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) therapy combined with intravenous edaravone (free radical scavenger) administration was prospectively investigated in patients with acute embolic stroke involving the anterior cerebral circulation."( Hyperbaric oxygen combined with intravenous edaravone for treatment of acute embolic stroke: a pilot clinical trial.
Imai, K; Izumoto, H; Kunieda, T; Mori, T; Takabatake, N; Watanabe, M, 2006)		0.83
"To investigate the effects of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction (ACI) in rats."( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats.
Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.98
" After grouping, rats in the treatment groups were treated with edaravone combined with phenecyclidine."( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats.
Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		0.97
"Penehyclidine combined with edaravone has a better clinical treatment effect on ACI rats, which can significantly reduce the levels of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and HMGB1 and the NDS score, so it is worthy of popularization in clinical application."( Curative efficacy of penehyclidine combined with edaravone on acute cerebral infarction and their effects on serum TNF-α and NDS score in rats.
Chen, Y; Zhao, Y, 2018)		1.03
" Here we analyzed the clinical outcomes of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients treated with human urinary kallidinogenase (HUK) or edaravone (Eda) combined with butylphthalide (NBP)."( Human urinary kallidinogenase or edaravone combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Jiang, M; Lu, S; Lyu, Y; Nie, T; Qian, Y; Tang, B, 2019)		1
"Human urinary kallidinogenase combined with NBP can enhance AIS patients' long-term independency rate, and the effectiveness of HUK combined therapy is better than Eda."( Human urinary kallidinogenase or edaravone combined with butylphthalide in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke.
Jiang, M; Lu, S; Lyu, Y; Nie, T; Qian, Y; Tang, B, 2019)		0.8
" Two methods were successfully applied to a drug-drug interaction study and a pharmacokinetic study of edaravone and taurine in healthy Chinese volunteers after intravenous infusion of single or compound injection."( Two high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for determination of edaravone and taurine in human plasma: Application to drug-drug interaction and pharmacokinetic studies.
Ding, L; Li, L; Su, Y; Xu, L; Zhao, S, 2020)		0.99
"There involved a total of 118 patients with acute cerebral infarction from November 2017 to May 2019 in our hospital were randomly divided into 2 groups: the observation group (59 patients were treated with intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase combined with edaravone) and the control group (59 patients were treated with intravenous thrombolysis of alteplase)."( Effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase combined with edaravone on cerebral hemodynamics and T lymphocyte level in patients with acute cerebral infarction.
Guo, SF; Li, XX; Liu, SH; Pang, SL; Zhuang, SJ, 2020)		0.98
" Therefore, 2 phase 1 studies of oral formulations of edaravone in healthy subjects examined the pharmacokinetics (PK), safety, racial differences, and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and investigated the dose of the oral formulation considered to be bioequivalent to the approved dose of the IV formulation."( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Drug-Drug Interactions of an Oral Suspension of Edaravone in Healthy Adults.
Akimoto, M; Kato, Y; Kondo, K; Matsuda, H; Matsuda, M; Nakamaru, Y; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2021)		1.09
"03%) patients received edaravone combined with alteplase treatment."( Safety and efficacy of edaravone combined with alteplase for patients with acute ischemic stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Guo, Y; Hu, R; Lin, Y; Tang, Q; Tang, Y; Wang, X; Yang, J, 2021)		1.24
" In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effects of edaravone combined with dexamethasone on smoke-induced inhalational lung injury."( Edaravone combined with dexamethasone exhibits synergic effects on attenuating smoke-induced inhalation lung injury in rats.
Chen, K; Guo, H; He, J; Li, H; Liu, J; Xiao, K; Yang, R; Yang, W, 2021)		2.3
"To investigate the clinical efficacy and safety of Shenxiong glucose injection combined with edaravone in the treatment of acute large-area cerebral infarction."( A Single-Center Clinical Study to Evaluate Shenxiong Glucose Injection Combined with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Large-Area Cerebral Infarction.
Huang, P; Li, Z; Luo, J; Rong, X; Xu, X; Zeng, T, 2021)		1.06
"In addition to the routine basic treatment of acute large-area cerebral infarction, the addition of Shenxiong glucose injection combined with edaravone injection can improve platelet aggregation and reduce inflammation by affecting P-selectin, D-dimer, and FIB."( A Single-Center Clinical Study to Evaluate Shenxiong Glucose Injection Combined with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Large-Area Cerebral Infarction.
Huang, P; Li, Z; Luo, J; Rong, X; Xu, X; Zeng, T, 2021)		1.05
"Several studies have investigated the efficacy of human urinary kallidinogenase (HUK) combined with edaravone (Eda) in acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients."( Human urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone in treating acute ischemic stroke patients: A meta-analysis.
Chen, LQ; Guan, B; Li, Y; Ming, Q; Yang, DX; Yu, D, 2021)		1.1
"HUK combined with Eda provides potential clinical benefits as a treatment for AIS."( Human urinary kallidinogenase combined with edaravone in treating acute ischemic stroke patients: A meta-analysis.
Chen, LQ; Guan, B; Li, Y; Ming, Q; Yang, DX; Yu, D, 2021)		0.88
"This paper aimed to study the application value of Internet of Things (IoT) edge computing algorithm-based ultrasound-guided erector spinae plane block combined with edaravone anesthesia in thoracoscopic lobectomy."( Internet of Things-Based Ultrasound-Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Combined with Edaravone Anesthesia in Thoracoscopic Lobectomy.
Li, L; Liu, C; Wang, X; Zhou, X, 2021)		1.04
"The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of edaravone combined with oxiracetam on neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral infarction (CI) and to explore the potential molecular mechanism."( Effects of edaravone combined with Oxiracetam on neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral infarction through targeting SIRT1/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
Cui, XP; Lin, H; Mu, JS; Ye, JX; Ye, S; Zhou, H, 2022)		1.35
" After modeling, the rats in sham-operation group and model group were intraperitoneally injected with normal saline, and those in treatment group were administered with edaravone and oxiracetam solutions via intraperitoneal injection."( Effects of edaravone combined with Oxiracetam on neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral infarction through targeting SIRT1/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
Cui, XP; Lin, H; Mu, JS; Ye, JX; Ye, S; Zhou, H, 2022)		1.31
"Edaravone combined with oxiracetam can inhibit the neuronal apoptosis in CI rats by regulating the SIRT1/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby exerting a neuroprotective effect."( Effects of edaravone combined with Oxiracetam on neuronal apoptosis in rats with cerebral infarction through targeting SIRT1/NF-κB inflammatory pathway.
Cui, XP; Lin, H; Mu, JS; Ye, JX; Ye, S; Zhou, H, 2022)		2.55
"Edaravone combined with anticoagulant therapy is a reliable method to enhance ADL and reduce the inflammatory response of ACI patients."( Effect of Edaravone Combined with Anticoagulant Therapy on the Serum hs-CRP, IL-6, and TNF-
Ma, C; Ma, L; Sun, C; Sun, Y, 2022)		2.57
"For investigating an influence on butylphthalide sodium chloride injection combined with edaravone dexborneol on neurological function and serum inflammatory factor levels in sufferers having acute ischemic stroke, 120 sufferers having acute ischemic stroke from September 2020 to September 2021 are chosen for the study subjects."( Effects of Butylphthalide Sodium Chloride Injection Combined with Edaravone Dexborneol on Neurological Function and Serum Inflammatory Factor Levels in Sufferers Having Acute Ischemic Stroke.
Li, K; Lu, X; Yao, S; Zhang, Q, 2022)		1.18
"Eighty-one patients with T2DM combined with CS who attended our hospital and received rehabilitation treatment from March 2020 to May 2021 were enrolled to a prospective nonrandomized controlled analysis."( Significance of Edaravone Combined with Emotion Management Model in Promoting the Recovery Process and Improving Negative Psychology in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Stroke.
Lu, X; Lv, X, 2022)		1.07
"The EDA combined with emotion management model can effectively promote the recovery process of patients with type II T2DM combined with CS, while improving their negative psychology and enhancing their self-management ability, which has high potential for clinical application."( Significance of Edaravone Combined with Emotion Management Model in Promoting the Recovery Process and Improving Negative Psychology in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined with Stroke.
Lu, X; Lv, X, 2022)		1.07
"This study observed the effects of edaravone combined with Dl-3-N-butylphthalide (NBP) on the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), and its therapeutic effect in patients with acute cerebral infarction (ACI)."( The effect of edaravone combined with DL-3-N-butylphthalide on the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-10, neuron-specific enolase and effect in patients with acute cerebral infarction.
Shen, QQ; Tong, XW; Wang, W; Wu, H, 2022)		1.36
"This study will provide a comprehensive analysis of the current clinical evidence on the application of blood-activating herbs combined with EDA in the treatment of AIS."( Efficacy and safety of blood-activating herbs combined with edaravone in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.
Jin, H; Su, Z; Sun, W; Yang, Z; Yu, Z; Zhang, S; Zhao, D, 2022)		0.96
" At present, little is known about the pharmacokinetics and potential mechanism of XNJ combined with EDA."( Herb-drug interaction of Xingnaojing injection and Edaravone via pharmacokinetics, mixed inhibition of UGTs, and molecular docking.
Gao, Y; Li, H; Li, Z; Liang, C; Liu, Z; Peng, P; Qi, D; Yang, Z; Zhang, Q, 2023)		1.16
"The study aimed to explore the roles of alprostadil combined with edaravone in inflammation, oxidative stress and Pulmonary function in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic shock (HS)."( Effects of Alprostadil Combined with Edaravone on Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Pulmonary Function in Patients with Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock.
Bao, W; Luo, D; Pan, Q; Wang, L; Zhao, W, 2022)		1.23
" Whether it can provide better outcomes when combined with edaravone injection (ERI) for the treatment of acute cerebral infarction is not well determined."( Edaravone combined with Shuxuening versus edaravone alone in the treatment of acute cerebral infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li, LD; Shi, SF; Zhou, Y, 2023)		2.6
"To investigate the efficacy of butylphthalide combined with edaravone in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke and the effect on serum inflammatory factors."( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors.
Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)		1.41
" The control group was treated with edaravone injection, while the experimental group was treated with butylphthalide combined with edaravone."( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors.
Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)		1.44
"The treatment of acute ischemic stroke with butylphthalide combined with edaravone has positive significance in improving blood circulation regulation and serum inflammatory factor levels and is reliable and worthy of clinical promotion."( Efficacy of Butylphthalide in Combination with Edaravone in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke and the Effect on Serum Inflammatory Factors.
Hong, Z; Li, S; Li, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Xie, S, 2023)		1.4

Bioavailability

The PK profiles after a single SL dose or IV infusion of edaravone 30 mg can be well described by a 3-compartment linear disposition model. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxypropyl-sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-SBE-βCD) on the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of edravone. Mathematical modeling determined that equivalent exposures in plasma with the approved dose of the IV edarvone formulation, as reported previously, could be achieved when the oral edarivone formulation w.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" On the other hand, bioavailability of oral mucosal, rectal and oral administration was about 100, 63."( A novel administration route of edaravone--II: mucosal absorption of edaravone from edaravone/hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin complex solution including L-cysteine and sodium hydrogen sulfite.
Ishii, F; Mizuno, K; Sato, T, 2010)		0.64
" We have probably wasted too much time on agents like antioxidant vitamins instead of focusing on more disease specific, target-directed, highly bioavailable antioxidants."( Antioxidant therapy: current status and future prospects.
Firuzi, O; Miri, R; Saso, L; Tavakkoli, M, 2011)		0.37
"These results support the critical role of NO in the microcirculation and suggest that free-radical scavenging increases the bioavailability of NO in the microcirculation via eNOS upregulation."( Effect of a free radical scavenger on nitric oxide release in microvessels.
Sakamoto, K; Totani, N; Yamamoto, J; Yamanishi, H; Yamashita, T, 2013)		0.39
"The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of hydroxypropyl-sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-SBE-βCD) on the bioavailability and intestinal absorption of edaravone, and identify its mechanism of action."( Hydroxypropyl-sulfobutyl-β-cyclodextrin improves the oral bioavailability of edaravone by modulating drug efflux pump of enterocytes.
Guo, M; Lu, Y; Lu, YP; Ren, Y; Rong, WT; Tao, Q; Yu, SQ, 2014)		0.83
" Most importantly, 3d possessed a very high absolute bioavailability and was rapidly distributed in brain tissue to keep high plasma drug concentration for the treatment of ischemic strokes."( Discovery of 3-n-butyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one as a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent.
Lan, Z; Lei, M; Li, J; Liang, Z; Xu, W; Xu, X; Zhang, X; Zhao, C, 2015)		0.42
"Edaravone (EDR), a strong free radical scavenger, is known for its promising therapeutic potential in oxidative stress (OS) associated diseases, however poor oral bioavailability is the major obstacle in its potential use."( Development of a novel oral delivery system of edaravone for enhancing bioavailability.
Garg, S; Kathawala, K; Parikh, A; Tan, CC; Zhou, XF, 2016)		2.13
" However, its oral use is restricted due to poor oral bioavailability (BA)."( Lipid-based nanosystem of edaravone: development, optimization, characterization and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.
Garg, S; Kathawala, K; Parikh, A; Tan, CC; Zhou, XF, 2017)		0.76
" Pharmacokinetic experiments performed with rats and beagles showed that the absolute bioavailability of EDR solution and enteric-coated pellets following oral administration were 33."( Gastric retention pellets of edaravone with enhanced oral bioavailability: Absorption mechanism, development, and in vitro/in vivo evaluation.
Cheng, Y; Guan, S; Hu, M; Huang, W; Li, Q; Mo, J; Ou, Z; Wang, J; Yang, J; Zhang, ZJ, 2018)		0.77
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
" This study aimed to establish a pharmacokinetic (PK) model to fit the PK profile of edaravone after a single sublingual (SL) dose of a novel edaravone tablet and single IV infusion of injectable edaravone in healthy Chinese volunteers participating in a bioavailability study."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.04
"The PK profiles after a single SL dose or IV infusion of edaravone 30 mg can be well described by a 3-compartment linear disposition model, on which a first-order absorption model with a lag time and a parameter for bioavailability was incorporated to fit the absorption phase of the SL dose."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.06
" Here, we developed macrophage-derived exosomes (Exo) containing Edv (Exo + Edv) to improve the bioavailability of Edv and enhance the neuroprotective effects in a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (PMCAO)."( Edaravone-Loaded Macrophage-Derived Exosomes Enhance Neuroprotection in the Rat Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion Model of Stroke.
Li, F; Liang, J; Shi, Y; Zhao, L, 2020)		2
" Mathematical modeling determined that equivalent exposures in plasma with the approved dose of the IV edaravone formulation, as reported previously, could be achieved when the oral edaravone formulation was administered at a dose of  ≈100 mg, with an absolute bioavailability of ≈60%."( Evaluation of Pharmacokinetics, Safety, and Drug-Drug Interactions of an Oral Suspension of Edaravone in Healthy Adults.
Akimoto, M; Kato, Y; Kondo, K; Matsuda, H; Matsuda, M; Nakamaru, Y; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2021)		1.06
" Although EDV promotes ischemic recovery by inhibiting the generation of ROS, its poor safety and bioavailability limit its clinical applications."( A novel brain targeted plasma exosomes enhance the neuroprotective efficacy of edaravone in ischemic stroke.
Guo, L; Li, F; Pan, J; Shi, Y; Zhao, L, 2021)		0.85
" Highly bioavailable form of novel edaravone formulation developed using self-nanomicellizing solid dispersion strategy which showed up to 16."( Neuroprotection of Oral Edaravone on Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats.
Luo, HY; Parikh, A; Xiong, YX; Ye, QY; Zhao, LQ; Zhou, XF, 2022)		1.31
" This randomized, open-label, two-way crossover, single-dose phase 1 study compared the relative bioavailability of a newly developed edaravone oral suspension when administered orally and via a nasogastric tube (NGT) as a model of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube administration in healthy adult subjects."( Edaravone Administered Orally and Via Nasogastric Tube in Healthy Adults: A Comparative Bioavailability Phase 1 Study.
Hirai, M; Kato, Y; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H; Ueda, M; Yokota, S, 2023)		2.56
" However, poor water solubility, low stability, and bioavailability in aqueous media are major EDV drawbacks."( Enhancing the Neuroprotection Potential of Edaravone in Transient Global Ischemia Treatment with Glutathione- (GSH-) Conjugated Poly(methacrylic acid) Nanogel as a Promising Carrier for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery.
Bijani, S; Danafar, H; Hosseini, MJ; Islambulchilar, Z; Kalantari-Hesari, A; Mozafari, F; Ramazani, A; Rashidzadeh, H; Zare-Molaei, F, 2023)		1.17

Dosage Studied

The protective effect of edaravone showed the dose-response was at the same level as that of dimethylthiourea. Edarvone and Scutellarin effectively suppressed the inflammatory responses in activated microglia. The model is expected to be useful for predicting the concentration-time profiles of edravone following different dosing regimens.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" Unknown additional peaks were detected in urine after NORA dosing but not after HMA or OHA administration."( The pharmacokinetics of antipyrine and three of its metabolites in the rabbit: intravenous administration of pure metabolites.
Abul-Hajj, Y; Awni, WM; St Peter, JV, 1991)		0.28
" Mefloquine (750 mg) had no significant effect on salivary kinetics of antipyrine or on the metabolic clearance of antipyrine to its three main metabolites, 3-hydroxymethylantipyrine, 4-hydroxyantipyrine and norantipyrine, when antipyrine was administered either 2 h or 2 weeks after dosing with mefloquine."( The pharmacokinetics of mefloquine in man: lack of effect of mefloquine on antipyrine metabolism.
Back, DJ; Breckenridge, AM; Howells, RE; Rivière, JH, 1985)		0.27
" Seven-day-old rat pups were subjected to a modified Levine procedure, then given either vehicle or MCI-186 (at one of three dosage levels: 3, 6, or 9 mg/kg), and the extent of brain damage was evaluated either 24 h or 7 days later."( Effect of the free radical scavenger, 3-methyl-1-phenyl-2-pyrazolin-5-one (MCI-186), on hypoxia-ischemia-induced brain injury in neonatal rats.
Ikeda, T; Ikenoue, T; Kaneko, M; Sameshima, H; Xia, YX, 2002)		0.31
" In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of edaravone, a newly synthesized free radical scavenger, in its clinical dosage on an experimental model of acute liver injury in rats."( A free radical scavenger, edaravone, attenuates steatosis and cell death via reducing inflammatory cytokine production in rat acute liver injury.
Ishii, H; Kameyama, K; Kitamura, K; Kurita, S; Nakamoto, N; Saito, H; Saito, Y; Tada, S, 2003)		0.88
" The protective effect of edaravone showed the dose-response was at the same level as that of dimethylthiourea."( Radical scavenger edaravone developed for clinical use ameliorates ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat kidney.
Doi, K; Fujita, T; Nakao, A; Noiri, E; Suzuki, Y, 2004)		0.96
" Data from the permanent MCAO model and an embolic stroke model suggested a bell shaped dose-response curve."( Free radical trapping as a therapeutic approach to neuroprotection in stroke: experimental and clinical studies with NXY-059 and free radical scavengers.
Ashwood, T; Green, AR, 2005)		0.33
" Edaravone might be a hopeful therapeutic option for PD, although the high therapeutic dosage remains to be solved for the clinical application."( Neuroprotective effects of edaravone-administration on 6-OHDA-treated dopaminergic neurons.
Agari, T; Baba, T; Date, I; Jing, M; Kameda, M; Leung, H; Matsui, T; Miyoshi, Y; Morimoto, T; Muraoka, K; Shingo, T; Tajiri, N; Uozumi, T; Wang, F; Yasuhara, T; Yuan, WJ, 2008)		1.55
" However, the optimal total dosage of edaravone has not been established."( Does functional outcome in acute ischaemic stroke patients correlate with the amount of free-radical scavenger treatment? A retrospective study of edaravone therapy.
Katayama, M; Shimizu, H; Unno, Y, 2010)		0.83
"In a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial we studied two dosing regimens, each in a cohort of 18 patients."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: new formulation and dosing regimen.
Dippel, DW; Ford, GA; Kaste, M; Murayama, S; Tatlisumak, T; Walters, MR, 2013)		0.39
" Both doses of the new formulation and dosing regimen were well tolerated."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: new formulation and dosing regimen.
Dippel, DW; Ford, GA; Kaste, M; Murayama, S; Tatlisumak, T; Walters, MR, 2013)		0.39
"The primary objective of the present study, safety and tolerability of the new formulation and dosing regimen, was achieved."( Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in patients with acute ischemic stroke: new formulation and dosing regimen.
Dippel, DW; Ford, GA; Kaste, M; Murayama, S; Tatlisumak, T; Walters, MR, 2013)		0.39
" The effect of higher dosage of Edaravone on circulating MMP-9 concentration and subsequent hemorrhagic transformation should be investigated."( Effects of edaravone, a free radical scavenger, on circulating levels of MMP-9 and hemorrhagic transformation in patients with intravenous thrombolysis using low-dose alteplase.
Atsumi, C; Hagiwara, Y; Hasegawa, Y; Imai, T; Mizukami, H; Tsuruoka, A, )		0.8
"In vivo, both Edaravone and Scutellarin markedly reduced the infarct cerebral tissue area with the latter drug being more effective with the dosage used; furthermore, when used in combination the reduction was more substantial."( Anti-inflammatory effects of Edaravone and Scutellarin in activated microglia in experimentally induced ischemia injury in rats and in BV-2 microglia.
Ling, EA; Rangarajan, P; Wu, C; Yuan, Y; Zha, H, 2014)		1.05
"The results suggest that Edaravone and Scutellarin effectively suppressed the inflammatory responses in activated microglia, with Scutellarin being more efficacious within the dosage range used."( Anti-inflammatory effects of Edaravone and Scutellarin in activated microglia in experimentally induced ischemia injury in rats and in BV-2 microglia.
Ling, EA; Rangarajan, P; Wu, C; Yuan, Y; Zha, H, 2014)		1
" We investigated the protective effects of an antioxidant substance, edaravone, and its slow-release dosage form, edaravone solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), in steady noise-exposed guinea pigs."( Solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with edaravone for inner ear protection after noise exposure.
Gao, G; Jiang, P; Liu, Y; Sun, JJ; Zhou, CH, 2015)		0.92
" However, its dosage and effects have not yet been established in children."( Efficacy, safety, and outcomes in 17 pediatric cases treated with the free radical scavenger edaravone.
Aihara, Y; Kawamata, T; Nakamoto, H; Okada, Y; Yamaguchi, K, 2015)		0.64
" Oral liquid dosage form is the most preferred delivery method in paediatric, geriatric and specialised therapies."( Development of a novel oral delivery system of edaravone for enhancing bioavailability.
Garg, S; Kathawala, K; Parikh, A; Tan, CC; Zhou, XF, 2016)		0.69
" Questions regarding whether the dosing regimen could be simplified or improved, the duration of the effects, and the timing of the potential treatment to different stages of disease remain to be answered."( What can we learn from the edaravone development program for ALS?
Maragakis, NJ, 2017)		0.75
" Based on this review, the following key highlights were deduced: (i) as a result of both presystemic metabolism and polymorphic hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) metabolism, the oral drug riluzole exhibited more inter-subject variability than that of intravenous edaravone; (ii) using various parameters for comparison, including the published intravenous data for riluzole, it was apparent that edaravone was achieving the desired systemic concentrations to possibly drive the local brain concentrations for its efficacy in ALS patients with lesser variability than riluzole; (iii) using scientific conjectures, it was deduced that the availability of intravenous riluzole may not be beneficial in therapy due to its fast systemic clearance; (iv) on the contrary, however, there appeared to be an opportunity for the development of an oral dosage form of edaravone, which may potentially benefit the therapy option for ALS patients by avoiding hospitalization costs; and (v) because of the existence of pharmaco-resistance for the brain entry in ALS patients, it appeared prudent to consider combination strategies of edaravone and/or riluzole with suitable P-glycoprotein efflux-blocking drugs to gain more favorable outcomes in ALS patients."( Two Decades-Long Journey from Riluzole to Edaravone: Revisiting the Clinical Pharmacokinetics of the Only Two Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Therapeutics.
Babu, RJ; Dash, RP; Srinivas, NR, 2018)		0.92
" This short report provides an overview of the two drugs that have been approved for ALS treatment and highlights an update on the timeline of drug development, how clinical trials were done, the outcome of these trials, primary endpoint, mechanism of actions, dosing information, administration, side effects, and storage procedures."( Riluzole and edaravone: A tale of two amyotrophic lateral sclerosis drugs.
Jaiswal, MK, 2019)		0.88
" The model is expected to be useful for predicting the concentration-time profiles of edaravone following different dosing regimens in a healthy Chinese population."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.03
"The resultant estimates support the possibility and feasibility of demonstrating bioequivalence between an SL administration of edaravone 60 mg and the currently approved dosing regimen for ALS (ie, 60 mg IV over 60 min) once per day."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		1.02
"The models can be further applied to simulate favorable concentration-time profiles in diseases with different underlying courses of oxidative stress, and hence facilitate the optimization of current dosing regimens."( Predicting the Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Edaravone Intravenous Injection and Sublingual Tablet Through Modeling and Simulation.
Chen, X; Liang, W; Sun, Z; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Zhao, X, 2020)		0.81
"1-Phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone is a reagent, known as PMP, used to derivatize monosaccharides for the study of polysaccharides composition and structure, and for the dosage of carbohydrates in complex media."( Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone.
Bailly, C; Goossens, JF; Hecquet, PE; Kouach, M; Thuru, X, 2020)		0.78
" Thus, edaravone dosage adjustments are unlikely to be needed in edaravone-treated patients with mild to moderate and severe hepatic impairment."( Open-label, Single-dose Studies of the Pharmacokinetics of Edaravone in Subjects with Mild, Moderate, or Severe Hepatic Impairment Compared to Subjects with Normal Hepatic Functioning.
Akimoto, M; Greis, T; Kakubari, M; Kondo, K; Nakamaru, Y; Todorovic, V; Yoshida, K, 2020)		1.26
"Findings will provide timely information on the safety, efficacy, and optimal dosing of t-PA to treat moderate/severe COVID-19-induced ARDS, which can be rapidly adapted to a phase III trial (NCT04357730; FDA IND 149634)."(
Abbasi, S; Abd El-Wahab, A; Abdallah, M; Abebe, G; Aca-Aca, G; Adama, S; Adefegha, SA; Adidigue-Ndiome, R; Adiseshaiah, P; Adrario, E; Aghajanian, C; Agnese, W; Ahmad, A; Ahmad, I; Ahmed, MFE; Akcay, OF; Akinmoladun, AC; Akutagawa, T; Alakavuklar, MA; Álava-Rabasa, S; Albaladejo-Florín, MJ; Alexandra, AJE; Alfawares, R; Alferiev, IS; Alghamdi, HS; Ali, I; Allard, B; Allen, JD; Almada, E; Alobaid, A; Alonso, GL; Alqahtani, YS; Alqarawi, W; Alsaleh, H; Alyami, BA; Amaral, BPD; Amaro, JT; Amin, SAW; Amodio, E; Amoo, ZA; Andia Biraro, I; Angiolella, L; Anheyer, D; Anlay, DZ; Annex, BH; Antonio-Aguirre, B; Apple, S; Arbuznikov, AV; Arinsoy, T; Armstrong, DK; Ash, S; Aslam, M; Asrie, F; Astur, DC; Atzrodt, J; Au, DW; Aucoin, M; Auerbach, EJ; Azarian, S; Ba, D; Bai, Z; Baisch, PRM; Balkissou, AD; Baltzopoulos, V; Banaszewski, M; Banerjee, S; Bao, Y; Baradwan, A; Barandika, JF; Barger, PM; Barion, MRL; Barrett, CD; Basudan, AM; Baur, LE; Baz-Rodríguez, SA; Beamer, P; Beaulant, A; Becker, DF; Beckers, C; Bedel, J; Bedlack, R; Bermúdez de Castro, JM; Berry, JD; Berthier, C; Bhattacharya, D; Biadgo, B; Bianco, G; Bianco, M; Bibi, S; Bigliardi, AP; Billheimer, D; Birnie, DH; Biswas, K; Blair, HC; Bognetti, P; Bolan, PJ; Bolla, JR; Bolze, A; Bonnaillie, P; Borlimi, R; Bórquez, J; Bottari, NB; Boulleys-Nana, JR; Brighetti, G; Brodeur, GM; Budnyak, T; Budnyk, S; Bukirwa, VD; Bulman, DM; Burm, R; Busman-Sahay, K; Butcher, TW; Cai, C; Cai, H; Cai, L; Cairati, M; Calvano, CD; Camacho-Ordóñez, A; Camela, E; Cameron, T; Campbell, BS; Cansian, RL; Cao, Y; Caporale, AS; Carciofi, AC; Cardozo, V; Carè, J; Carlos, AF; Carozza, R; Carroll, CJW; Carsetti, A; Carubelli, V; Casarotta, E; Casas, M; Caselli, G; Castillo-Lora, J; Cataldi, TRI; Cavalcante, ELB; Cavaleiro, A; Cayci, Z; Cebrián-Tarancón, C; Cedrone, E; Cella, D; Cereda, C; Ceretti, A; Ceroni, M; Cha, YH; Chai, X; Chang, EF; Chang, TS; Chanteux, H; Chao, M; Chaplin, BP; Chaturvedi, S; Chaturvedi, V; Chaudhary, DK; Chen, A; Chen, C; Chen, HY; Chen, J; Chen, JJ; Chen, K; Chen, L; Chen, Q; Chen, R; Chen, SY; Chen, TY; Chen, WM; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Cheng, G; Cheng, GJ; Cheng, J; Cheng, YH; Cheon, HG; Chew, KW; Chhoker, S; Chiu, WN; Choi, ES; Choi, MJ; Choi, SD; Chokshi, S; Chorny, M; Chu, KI; Chu, WJ; Church, AL; Cirrincione, A; Clamp, AR; Cleff, MB; Cohen, M; Coleman, RL; Collins, SL; Colombo, N; Conduit, N; Cong, WL; Connelly, MA; Connor, J; Cooley, K; Correa Ramos Leal, I; Cose, S; Costantino, C; Cottrell, M; Cui, L; Cundall, J; Cutaia, C; Cutler, CW; Cuypers, ML; da Silva Júnior, FMR; Dahal, RH; Damiani, E; Damtie, D; Dan-Li, W; Dang, Z; Dasa, SSK; Davin, A; Davis, DR; de Andrade, CM; de Jong, PL; de Oliveira, D; de Paula Dorigam, JC; Dean, A; Deepa, M; Delatour, C; Dell'Aiera, S; Delley, MF; den Boer, RB; Deng, L; Deng, Q; Depner, RM; Derdau, V; Derici, U; DeSantis, AJ; Desmarini, D; Diffo-Sonkoue, L; Divizia, M; Djenabou, A; Djordjevic, JT; Dobrovolskaia, MA; Domizi, R; Donati, A; Dong, Y; Dos Santos, M; Dos Santos, MP; Douglas, RG; Duarte, PF; Dullaart, RPF; Duscha, BD; Edwards, LA; Edwards, TE; Eichenwald, EC; El-Baba, TJ; Elashiry, M; Elashiry, MM; Elashry, SH; Elliott, A; Elsayed, R; Emerson, MS; Emmanuel, YO; Emory, TH; Endale-Mangamba, LM; Enten, GA; Estefanía-Fernández, K; Estes, JD; Estrada-Mena, FJ; Evans, S; Ezra, L; Faria de, RO; Farraj, AK; Favre, C; Feng, B; Feng, J; Feng, L; Feng, W; Feng, X; Feng, Z; Fernandes, CLF; Fernández-Cuadros, ME; Fernie, AR; Ferrari, D; Florindo, PR; Fong, PC; Fontes, EPB; Fontinha, D; Fornari, VJ; Fox, NP; Fu, Q; Fujitaka, Y; Fukuhara, K; Fumeaux, T; Fuqua, C; Fustinoni, S; Gabbanelli, V; Gaikwad, S; Gall, ET; Galli, A; Gancedo, MA; Gandhi, MM; Gao, D; Gao, K; Gao, M; Gao, Q; Gao, X; Gao, Y; Gaponenko, V; Garber, A; Garcia, EM; García-Campos, C; García-Donas, J; García-Pérez, AL; Gasparri, F; Ge, C; Ge, D; Ge, JB; Ge, X; George, I; George, LA; Germani, G; Ghassemi Tabrizi, S; Gibon, Y; Gillent, E; Gillies, RS; Gilmour, MI; Goble, S; Goh, JC; Goiri, F; Goldfinger, LE; Golian, M; Gómez, MA; Gonçalves, J; Góngora-García, OR; Gonul, I; González, MA; Govers, TM; Grant, PC; Gray, EH; Gray, JE; Green, MS; Greenwald, I; Gregory, MJ; Gretzke, D; Griffin-Nolan, RJ; Griffith, DC; Gruppen, EG; Guaita, A; Guan, P; Guan, X; Guerci, P; Guerrero, DT; Guo, M; Guo, P; Guo, R; Guo, X; Gupta, J; Guz, G; Hajizadeh, N; Hamada, H; Haman-Wabi, AB; Han, TT; Hannan, N; Hao, S; Harjola, VP; Harmon, M; Hartmann, MSM; Hartwig, JF; Hasani, M; Hawthorne, WJ; Haykal-Coates, N; Hazari, MS; He, DL; He, P; He, SG; Héau, C; Hebbar Kannur, K; Helvaci, O; Heuberger, DM; Hidalgo, F; Hilty, MP; Hirata, K; Hirsch, A; Hoffman, AM; Hoffmann, JF; Holloway, RW; Holmes, RK; Hong, S; Hongisto, M; Hopf, NB; Hörlein, R; Hoshino, N; Hou, Y; Hoven, NF; Hsieh, YY; Hsu, CT; Hu, CW; Hu, JH; Hu, MY; Hu, Y; Hu, Z; Huang, C; Huang, D; Huang, DQ; Huang, L; Huang, Q; Huang, R; Huang, S; Huang, SC; Huang, W; Huang, Y; Huffman, KM; Hung, CH; Hung, CT; Huurman, R; Hwang, SM; Hyun, S; Ibrahim, AM; Iddi-Faical, A; Immordino, P; Isla, MI; Jacquemond, V; Jacques, T; Jankowska, E; Jansen, JA; Jäntti, T; Jaque-Fernandez, F; Jarvis, GA; Jatt, LP; Jeon, JW; Jeong, SH; Jhunjhunwala, R; Ji, F; Jia, X; Jia, Y; Jian-Bo, Z; Jiang, GD; Jiang, L; Jiang, W; Jiang, WD; Jiang, Z; Jiménez-Hoyos, CA; Jin, S; Jobling, MG; John, CM; John, T; Johnson, CB; Jones, KI; Jones, WS; Joseph, OO; Ju, C; Judeinstein, P; Junges, A; Junnarkar, M; Jurkko, R; Kaleka, CC; Kamath, AV; Kang, X; Kantsadi, AL; Kapoor, M; Karim, Z; Kashuba, ADM; Kassa, E; Kasztura, M; Kataja, A; Katoh, T; Kaufman, JS; Kaupp, M; Kehinde, O; Kehrenberg, C; Kemper, N; Kerr, CW; Khan, AU; Khan, MF; Khan, ZUH; Khojasteh, SC; Kilburn, S; Kim, CG; Kim, DU; Kim, DY; Kim, HJ; Kim, J; Kim, OH; Kim, YH; King, C; Klein, A; Klingler, L; Knapp, AK; Ko, TK; Kodavanti, UP; Kolla, V; Kong, L; Kong, RY; Kong, X; Kore, S; Kortz, U; Korucu, B; Kovacs, A; Krahnert, I; Kraus, WE; Kuang, SY; Kuehn-Hajder, JE; Kurz, M; Kuśtrowski, P; Kwak, YD; Kyttaris, VC; Laga, SM; Laguerre, A; Laloo, A; Langaro, MC; Langham, MC; Lao, X; Larocca, MC; Lassus, J; Lattimer, TA; Lazar, S; Le, MH; Leal, DB; Leal, M; Leary, A; Ledermann, JA; Lee, JF; Lee, MV; Lee, NH; Leeds, CM; Leeds, JS; Lefrandt, JD; Leicht, AS; Leonard, M; Lev, S; Levy, K; Li, B; Li, C; Li, CM; Li, DH; Li, H; Li, J; Li, L; Li, LJ; Li, N; Li, P; Li, T; Li, X; Li, XH; Li, XQ; Li, XX; Li, Y; Li, Z; Li, ZY; Liao, YF; Lin, CC; Lin, MH; Lin, Y; Ling, Y; Links, TP; Lira-Romero, E; Liu, C; Liu, D; Liu, H; Liu, J; Liu, L; Liu, LP; Liu, M; Liu, T; Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, XH; Liu, Y; Liuwantara, D; Ljumanovic, N; Lobo, L; Lokhande, K; Lopes, A; Lopes, RMRM; López-Gutiérrez, JC; López-Muñoz, MJ; López-Santamaría, M; Lorenzo, C; Lorusso, D; Losito, I; Lu, C; Lu, H; Lu, HZ; Lu, SH; Lu, SN; Lu, Y; Lu, ZY; Luboga, F; Luo, JJ; Luo, KL; Luo, Y; Lutomski, CA; Lv, W; M Piedade, MF; Ma, J; Ma, JQ; Ma, JX; Ma, N; Ma, P; Ma, S; Maciel, M; Madureira, M; Maganaris, C; Maginn, EJ; Mahnashi, MH; Maierhofer, M; Majetschak, M; Malla, TR; Maloney, L; Mann, DL; Mansuri, A; Marelli, E; Margulis, CJ; Marrella, A; Martin, BL; Martín-Francés, L; Martínez de Pinillos, M; Martínez-Navarro, EM; Martinez-Quintanilla Jimenez, D; Martínez-Velasco, A; Martínez-Villaseñor, L; Martinón-Torres, M; Martins, BA; Massongo, M; Mathew, AP; Mathews, D; Matsui, J; Matsumoto, KI; Mau, T; Maves, RC; Mayclin, SJ; Mayer, JM; Maynard, ND; Mayr, T; Mboowa, MG; McEvoy, MP; McIntyre, RC; McKay, JA; McPhail, MJW; McVeigh, AL; Mebazaa, A; Medici, V; Medina, DN; Mehmood, T; Mei-Li, C; Melku, M; Meloncelli, S; Mendes, GC; Mendoza-Velásquez, C; Mercadante, R; Mercado, MI; Merenda, MEZ; Meunier, J; Mi, SL; Michels, M; Mijatovic, V; Mikhailov, V; Milheiro, SA; Miller, DC; Ming, F; Mitsuishi, M; Miyashita, T; Mo, J; Mo, S; Modesto-Mata, M; Moeller, S; Monte, A; Monteiro, L; Montomoli, J; Moore, EE; Moore, HB; Moore, PK; Mor, MK; Moratalla-López, N; Moratilla Lapeña, L; Moreira, R; Moreno, MA; Mörk, AC; Morton, M; Mosier, JM; Mou, LH; Mougharbel, AS; Muccillo-Baisch, AL; Muñoz-Serrano, AJ; Mustafa, B; Nair, GM; Nakanishi, I; Nakanjako, D; Naraparaju, K; Nawani, N; Neffati, R; Neil, EC; Neilipovitz, D; Neira-Borrajo, I; Nelson, MT; Nery, PB; Nese, M; Nguyen, F; Nguyen, MH; Niazy, AA; Nicolaï, J; Nogueira, F; Norbäck, D; Novaretti, JV; O'Donnell, T; O'Dowd, A; O'Malley, DM; Oaknin, A; Ogata, K; Ohkubo, K; Ojha, M; Olaleye, MT; Olawande, B; Olomo, EJ; Ong, EWY; Ono, A; Onwumere, J; Ortiz Bibriesca, DM; Ou, X; Oza, AM; Ozturk, K; Özütemiz, C; Palacio-Pastrana, C; Palaparthi, A; Palevsky, PM; Pan, K; Pantanetti, S; Papachristou, DJ; Pariani, A; Parikh, CR; Parissis, J; Paroul, N; Parry, S; Patel, N; Patel, SM; Patel, VC; Pawar, S; Pefura-Yone, EW; Peixoto Andrade, BCO; Pelepenko, LE; Peña-Lora, D; Peng, S; Pérez-Moro, OS; Perez-Ortiz, AC; Perry, LM; Peter, CM; Phillips, NJ; Phillips, P; Pia Tek, J; Piner, LW; Pinto, EA; Pinto, SN; Piyachaturawat, P; Poka-Mayap, V; Polledri, E; Poloni, TE; Ponessa, G; Poole, ST; Post, AK; Potter, TM; Pressly, BB; Prouty, MG; Prudêncio, M; Pulkki, K; Pupier, C; Qian, H; Qian, ZP; Qiu, Y; Qu, G; Rahimi, S; Rahman, AU; Ramadan, H; Ramanna, S; Ramirez, I; Randolph, GJ; Rasheed, A; Rault, J; Raviprakash, V; Reale, E; Redpath, C; Rema, V; Remucal, CK; Remy, D; Ren, T; Ribeiro, LB; Riboli, G; Richards, J; Rieger, V; Rieusset, J; Riva, A; Rivabella Maknis, T; Robbins, JL; Robinson, CV; Roche-Campo, F; Rodriguez, R; Rodríguez-de-Cía, J; Rollenhagen, JE; Rosen, EP; Rub, D; Rubin, N; Rubin, NT; Ruurda, JP; Saad, O; Sabell, T; Saber, SE; Sabet, M; Sadek, MM; Saejio, A; Salinas, RM; Saliu, IO; Sande, D; Sang, D; Sangenito, LS; Santos, ALSD; Sarmiento Caldas, MC; Sassaroli, S; Sassi, V; Sato, J; Sauaia, A; Saunders, K; Saunders, PR; Savarino, SJ; Scambia, G; Scanlon, N; Schetinger, MR; Schinkel, AFL; Schladweiler, MC; Schofield, CJ; Schuepbach, RA; Schulz, J; Schwartz, N; Scorcella, C; Seeley, J; Seemann, F; Seinige, D; Sengoku, T; Seravalli, J; Sgromo, B; Shaheen, MY; Shan, L; Shanmugam, S; Shao, H; Sharma, S; Shaw, KJ; Shen, BQ; Shen, CH; Shen, P; Shen, S; Shen, Y; Shen, Z; Shi, J; Shi-Li, L; Shimoda, K; Shoji, Y; Shun, C; Silva, MA; Silva-Cardoso, J; Simas, NK; Simirgiotis, MJ; Sincock, SA; Singh, MP; Sionis, A; Siu, J; Sivieri, EM; Sjerps, MJ; Skoczen, SL; Slabon, A; Slette, IJ; Smith, MD; Smith, S; Smith, TG; Snapp, KS; Snow, SJ; Soares, MCF; Soberman, D; Solares, MD; Soliman, I; Song, J; Sorooshian, A; Sorrell, TC; Spinar, J; Staudt, A; Steinhart, C; Stern, ST; Stevens, DM; Stiers, KM; Stimming, U; Su, YG; Subbian, V; Suga, H; Sukhija-Cohen, A; Suksamrarn, A; Suksen, K; Sun, J; Sun, M; Sun, P; Sun, W; Sun, XF; Sun, Y; Sundell, J; Susan, LF; Sutjarit, N; Swamy, KV; Swisher, EM; Sykes, C; Takahashi, JA; Talmor, DS; Tan, B; Tan, ZK; Tang, L; Tang, S; Tanner, JJ; Tanwar, M; Tarazi, Z; Tarvasmäki, T; Tay, FR; Teketel, A; Temitayo, GI; Thersleff, T; Thiessen Philbrook, H; Thompson, LC; Thongon, N; Tian, B; Tian, F; Tian, Q; Timothy, AT; Tingle, MD; Titze, IR; Tolppanen, H; Tong, W; Toyoda, H; Tronconi, L; Tseng, CH; Tu, H; Tu, YJ; Tung, SY; Turpault, S; Tuynman, JB; Uemoto, AT; Ugurlu, M; Ullah, S; Underwood, RS; Ungell, AL; Usandizaga-Elio, I; Vakonakis, I; van Boxel, GI; van den Beucken, JJJP; van der Boom, T; van Slegtenhorst, MA; Vanni, JR; Vaquera, A; Vasconcellos, RS; Velayos, M; Vena, R; Ventura, G; Verso, MG; Vincent, RP; Vitale, F; Vitali, S; Vlek, SL; Vleugels, MPH; Volkmann, N; Vukelic, M; Wagner Mackenzie, B; Wairagala, P; Waller, SB; Wan, J; Wan, MT; Wan, Y; Wang, CC; Wang, H; Wang, J; Wang, JF; Wang, K; Wang, L; Wang, M; Wang, S; Wang, WM; Wang, X; Wang, Y; Wang, YD; Wang, YF; Wang, Z; Wang, ZG; Warriner, K; Weberpals, JI; Weerachayaphorn, J; Wehrli, FW; Wei, J; Wei, KL; Weinheimer, CJ; Weisbord, SD; Wen, S; Wendel Garcia, PD; Williams, JW; Williams, R; Winkler, C; Wirman, AP; Wong, S; Woods, CM; Wu, B; Wu, C; Wu, F; Wu, P; Wu, S; Wu, Y; Wu, YN; Wu, ZH; Wurtzel, JGT; Xia, L; Xia, Z; Xia, ZZ; Xiao, H; Xie, C; Xin, ZM; Xing, Y; Xing, Z; Xu, S; Xu, SB; Xu, T; Xu, X; Xu, Y; Xue, L; Xun, J; Yaffe, MB; Yalew, A; Yamamoto, S; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yan, S; Yan, X; Yang, AD; Yang, E; Yang, H; Yang, J; Yang, JL; Yang, K; Yang, M; Yang, P; Yang, Q; Yang, S; Yang, W; Yang, X; Yang, Y; Yao, JC; Yao, WL; Yao, Y; Yaqub, TB; Ye, J; Ye, W; Yen, CW; Yeter, HH; Yin, C; Yip, V; Yong-Yi, J; Yu, HJ; Yu, MF; Yu, S; Yu, W; Yu, WW; Yu, X; Yuan, P; Yuan, Q; Yue, XY; Zaia, AA; Zakhary, SY; Zalwango, F; Zamalloa, A; Zamparo, P; Zampini, IC; Zani, JL; Zeitoun, R; Zeng, N; Zenteno, JC; Zepeda-Palacio, C; Zhai, C; Zhang, B; Zhang, G; Zhang, J; Zhang, K; Zhang, Q; Zhang, R; Zhang, T; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhang, YY; Zhao, B; Zhao, D; Zhao, G; Zhao, H; Zhao, Q; Zhao, R; Zhao, S; Zhao, T; Zhao, X; Zhao, XA; Zhao, Y; Zhao, Z; Zheng, Z; Zhi-Min, G; Zhou, CL; Zhou, HD; Zhou, J; Zhou, W; Zhou, XQ; Zhou, Z; Zhu, C; Zhu, H; Zhu, L; Zhu, Y; Zitzmann, N; Zou, L; Zou, Y, 2022)		0.72
" This study aimed to assess the food effect on the pharmacokinetic profile of edaravone after oral administration and to investigate dosing regimens and administration instructions with different meal intake and timing."( Food Effect Study to Assess the Impact on Edaravone Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Participants.
Akimoto, M; Hirai, M; Kato, Y; Matsuda, H; Nishimura, Y; Shiide, Y; Shimizu, H, 2022)		1.21
" Patients received a 105-mg dose of oral edaravone in treatment cycles replicating the dosing of IV edaravone."( Oral edaravone demonstrated a favorable safety profile in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis after 48 weeks of treatment.
Aoki, M; Apple, S; Bidani, S; Couratier, P; Genge, A; Hirai, M; Jackson, CE; Kalin, A; Lunetta, C; Pattee, GL; Petri, S; Sakata, T; Salah, A; Selness, D; Sobue, G; Wamil, A; Yoshino, H, 2023)		1.69
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (2)

RoleDescription
radical scavengerA role played by a substance that can react readily with, and thereby eliminate, radicals.
antioxidantA substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
pyrazoloneA member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (71)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.89590.003245.467312,589.2998AID2517
Chain A, TYROSYL-DNA PHOSPHODIESTERASEHomo sapiens (human)Potency35.39770.004023.8416100.0000AID485290
Chain A, 2-oxoglutarate OxygenaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.33500.177814.390939.8107AID2147
acetylcholinesteraseHomo sapiens (human)Potency43.60200.002541.796015,848.9004AID1347397; AID1347398; AID1347399
thioredoxin reductaseRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency79.43280.100020.879379.4328AID588453
RAR-related orphan receptor gammaMus musculus (house mouse)Potency30.82490.006038.004119,952.5996AID1159521
SMAD family member 2Homo sapiens (human)Potency49.27790.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
SMAD family member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency49.27790.173734.304761.8120AID1346924
GLI family zinc finger 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency71.05280.000714.592883.7951AID1259369; AID1259392
Microtubule-associated protein tauHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.64260.180013.557439.8107AID1460
AR proteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.09230.000221.22318,912.5098AID743035
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine proteaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency69.00830.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1Homo sapiens (human)Potency6.88090.011212.4002100.0000AID1030
thyroid stimulating hormone receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.81070.001318.074339.8107AID926; AID938
nuclear receptor subfamily 1, group I, member 3Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.24410.001022.650876.6163AID1224838; AID1224839
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency21.24790.01237.983543.2770AID1346984; AID1645841
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.01290.000214.376460.0339AID588532
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency20.10210.003041.611522,387.1992AID1159552; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency30.25860.000817.505159.3239AID588544
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency32.97230.001530.607315,848.9004AID1224841; AID1224842; AID1224848; AID1224849; AID1259401; AID1259403
pregnane X nuclear receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency58.25730.005428.02631,258.9301AID1346982; AID720659
estrogen nuclear receptor alphaHomo sapiens (human)Potency48.38180.000229.305416,493.5996AID743069; AID743075; AID743079
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency34.67130.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency24.54540.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
glucocerebrosidaseHomo sapiens (human)Potency31.62280.01268.156944.6684AID2101
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor deltaHomo sapiens (human)Potency62.03720.001024.504861.6448AID743215
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gammaHomo sapiens (human)Potency47.55070.001019.414170.9645AID588537; AID743191
caspase-3Homo sapiens (human)Potency69.00830.013326.981070.7614AID1346978
IDH1Homo sapiens (human)Potency32.64270.005210.865235.4813AID686970
aryl hydrocarbon receptorHomo sapiens (human)Potency21.84050.000723.06741,258.9301AID743085; AID743122
Histone H2A.xCricetulus griseus (Chinese hamster)Potency113.00400.039147.5451146.8240AID1224845
lysosomal alpha-glucosidase preproproteinHomo sapiens (human)Potency39.50680.036619.637650.1187AID2100
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRAHomo sapiens (human)Potency3.98110.354828.065989.1251AID504847
flap endonuclease 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency8.91250.133725.412989.1251AID588795
histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2A isoform 2 precursorHomo sapiens (human)Potency89.12510.010323.856763.0957AID2662
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency61.76780.000627.21521,122.0200AID651741; AID743202
DNA polymerase iota isoform a (long)Homo sapiens (human)Potency0.70790.050127.073689.1251AID588590
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1Mus musculus (house mouse)Potency21.95110.00798.23321,122.0200AID2551
gemininHomo sapiens (human)Potency2.81840.004611.374133.4983AID624297
survival motor neuron protein isoform dHomo sapiens (human)Potency0.70790.125912.234435.4813AID1458
cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency22.53580.031610.279239.8107AID884; AID885
lethal factor (plasmid)Bacillus anthracis str. A2012Potency0.00160.020010.786931.6228AID912
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit piRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency34.67130.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.67130.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit deltaRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
GABA theta subunitRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency34.67130.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilonRattus norvegicus (Norway rat)Potency22.53581.000012.224831.6228AID885
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency34.67130.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)50.00000.00053.889510.0000AID1265941
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Activation Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
recombinase AMycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvEC50 (µMol)3.02450.018023.2882287.6000AID434968; AID435010
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Other Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
replicative DNA helicaseMycobacterium tuberculosis H37RvAC502.99800.057030.7482325.3000AID449749; AID449750
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)KmH6.00006.00006.00006.0000AID1210129
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)Km432.30005.00007.20009.4000AID1210126
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (145)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
flavone metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
liver developmentUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglial cell activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
suckling behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activation involved in immune responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of translationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
intracellular copper ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endocytosisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stressAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of epidermal growth factor-activated receptor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Notch signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonogenesisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learning or memoryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mating behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axo-dendritic transportAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cholesterol metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
adult locomotory behaviorAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
visual learningAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expressionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-threonine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G2/M transition of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
microglia developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axon midline choice point recognitionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron remodelingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendrite developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of Wnt signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular matrix organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
forebrain developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of chemokine productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-1 beta productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of interleukin-6 productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of tumor necrosis factor productionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ionotropic glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growthAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuron differentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of glycolytic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitotic cell cycleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JNK cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
astrocyte activationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
collateral sprouting in absence of injuryAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory responseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of synapse structure or activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapse organizationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular process controlling balanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic assembly at neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic processAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum calcium ion homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascadeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
response to interleukin-1Amyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
modulation of excitatory postsynaptic potentialAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
NMDA selective glutamate receptor signaling pathwayAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of spontaneous synaptic transmissionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolic mRNA polyadenylationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of long-term synaptic potentiationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of non-canonical NF-kappaB signal transductionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-betaAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynapse assemblyAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuron projection maintenanceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell migrationAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
central nervous system developmentAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
androgen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
liver developmentUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
bilirubin conjugationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
acute-phase responseUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
animal organ regenerationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
response to starvationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of steroid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavone metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
biphenyl catabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ethanolUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucocorticoid stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to estradiol stimulusUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
flavone metabolic processUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
cellular glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic glucuronidationUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
liver developmentUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (36)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
DNA bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
serine-type endopeptidase inhibitor activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
heparin bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
transition metal ion bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor ligand activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
PTB domain bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
protein serine/threonine kinase bindingAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activator activityAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme inhibitor activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
steroid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme inhibitor activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase C bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronosyltransferase activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activityUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (57)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A9Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B17Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendriteAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
nuclear envelope lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
smooth endoplasmic reticulumAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi-associated vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated pitAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synaptic vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicleAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
axonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
growth coneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
platelet alpha granule lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
neuromuscular junctionAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endosome lumenAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
ciliary rootletAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
dendritic shaftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perikaryonAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
apical part of cellAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
synapseAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
presynaptic active zoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
spindle midzoneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
recycling endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
receptor complexAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
early endosomeAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
membrane raftAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneAmyloid-beta precursor proteinHomo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 2B7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1-6Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum chaperone complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
cytochrome complexUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membraneGamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumUDP-glucuronosyltransferase 1A7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (289)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID588519A screen for compounds that inhibit viral RNA polymerase binding and polymerization activities2011Antiviral research, Sep, Volume: 91, Issue:3
High-throughput screening identification of poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase inhibitors.
AID1210105Activity of human recombinant UGT1A3 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1264240Neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells at 50 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by induction of oxygen-glucose deprivation measured after 24 hrs relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID412356Antioxidant activity against Fe2SO4/ascorbate-induced lipid peroxidation in Wistar rat liver microsomal membrane by TBARS assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1210149Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance for drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1240307Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of H2O2/Fe2+-mediated hydroxyl radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2/Fe2+ addition by Griess assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1264253Anti-ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in infarct volume at 3 mg/kg, iv administered for 2 to 6 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion measured at 24 hrs by TTC staining-based2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID226891Scavenging activity against DPPH2003Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-03, Volume: 13, Issue:21
A theoretical investigation on DPPH radical-scavenging mechanism of edaravone.
AID1294583Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced cell death in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 90 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Synthesis and biological evaluation of aryloxyacetamide derivatives as neuroprotective agents.
AID1401199Antiischemic stroke activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury model assessed as decrease in infarct size at 0.2 mg/kg, icv as nanoparticle measured after 72 hrs by TTC staining-based assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Design, synthesis, and evaluation of NDGA analogues as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1210132Activity of human recombinant UGT2B7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210160Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1264233Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells assessed as cell viability at 50 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by glutamate challenge measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 40.4%)2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID1210107Activity of human recombinant UGT1A7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1325481Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of SIN-1-derived peroxynitrite-induced lipid oxidation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1325484Inhibition of 15-LOX-mediated lipid oxidation in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1683015Glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic antioxidant activity in pH 7 phosphate buffer assessed as catalytic reduction of H2O2 by measuring initial velocity at 0.2 mM and 25 degreeC using reduced DTT as di-thiol co-substrate in presence of NADPH by UV absorb
AID276888Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin-trapping method2006Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 16, Issue:23
Hydroxyl radical scavenging by edaravone derivatives: Efficient scavenging by 3-methyl-1-(pyridin-2-yl)-5-pyrazolone with an intramolecular base.
AID1210161Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance for drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1775905Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction in infarct volume at 1 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based as2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID412359Lipophilicity, neutral log P of the compound2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1210145Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 5 to 35 uM androsterone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID283749Antioxidant effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced impairment in PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM by MTT assay relative to control2007Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4
Mixed lignan-neolignans from Tarenna attenuata.
AID1071848Antioxidant activity assessed as t-butylhyroperoxide-induced alkylperoxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to CYPMPO2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID768377In vivo neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction of brain-water content at 6 mg/kg, iv measured 24 hrs post reperfusion2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 67Coumarin derivatives protect against ischemic brain injury in rats.
AID600288Vasorelaxant activity in rat aortic ring assessed as inhibition of phenylephrine-induced contraction2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Synthesis, biological evaluation of prenylflavonoids as vasorelaxant and neuroprotective agents.
AID1240303Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induce cell damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2 induction measured after 3 hrs by MTT assay in presence of NBP (Rvb = 50.85%)2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1055904Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H157 cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors.
AID499980Neuroprotective activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced cell damage at 25 ug/ml after 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2010Journal of natural products, Aug-27, Volume: 73, Issue:8
Neuroprotective xanthone glycosides from Swertia punicea.
AID1210157Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1071851Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2-induced hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to CYPMPO2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID768379In vivo neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction of infarct size at 6 mg/kg, iv measured 24 hrs post reperfusion by TTC staining assay relative to vehicle-treated control2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 67Coumarin derivatives protect against ischemic brain injury in rats.
AID1264255Anti-ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in neurological deficit at 3 mg/kg, iv administered for 2 to 6 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion measured at 24 hrs2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID1210125Activity of human recombinant UGT1A6 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210129Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210144Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 5 to 35 uM androsterone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1437170Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-B at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate after 30 mins by fluorescence assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID85745The concentration producing 50% protection against L-HCA-mediated neurotoxicity in HT-22 hippocampal cell line.2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID1325482Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of NaOCl-induced lipid oxidation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1775909Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction neurological score at 0.3 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID698743Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma at 0.1 mM by Born's turbidimetric method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID698770Antithrombotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat arteriovenous shunt model assessed as reduction of thrombus wet weight at 3 mg/kg, po qd for 5 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1891101Neuroprotective activity against SNP induced rat PC-12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by SNP stimulation for 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as potential Nrf2 activators for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
AID1071845Antioxidant activity assessed as H2O2-induced hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1775908Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction neurological score at 1 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based a2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID349363Neuroprotective effect against H202-induced Sprague-Dawley rat cortical neuron injury assessed as cell viability at 1 mM treated 30 mins before H202 challenge measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1240300Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by arachidonic acid addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method in pr2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID700914Lipophilicity, log P of the compound in octanol-buffer at pH 7 by HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1210128Activity of human recombinant UGT1A7 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1294863Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Synthesis, molecular properties prediction and anticancer, antioxidant evaluation of new edaravone derivatives.
AID1439605Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as necrotic cells at 10 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition measured after 24 hrs by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric m2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Novel antioxidants' synthesis and their anti-oxidative activity through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
AID298289Hydroxy radical scavenging activity by ESR spin-trapping method2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
New series of antiprion compounds: pyrazolone derivatives have the potent activity of inhibiting protease-resistant prion protein accumulation.
AID700909Half life in Wistar rat liver homogenate at 200 uM by RP-HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1609879Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cinnamic acid derivatives with synergetic neuroprotection and angiogenesis effect.
AID181671Compound tested to inhibit (LPO) lipid peroxidation was determined in rat brain microsomes2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-05, Volume: 14, Issue:1
Phenolic thiazoles as novel orally-active neuroprotective agents.
AID1210115Activity of human recombinant UGT1A7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 12.5 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1294862Cytotoxicity against human PC3 cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Synthesis, molecular properties prediction and anticancer, antioxidant evaluation of new edaravone derivatives.
AID1210146Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 50 estradiol by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210158Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance for drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID283747Antioxidant effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced impairment in PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 0.4 uM by MTT assay relative to control2007Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4
Mixed lignan-neolignans from Tarenna attenuata.
AID1071844Antioxidant activity assessed as riboflavin/EDTA-induced superoxide anion radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID698763Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in neurological deficit score at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days by Longa's method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1210133Activity of human recombinant UGT2B7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID698768Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity at 10 uM treated for 2 hrs prior to H2O2 challenge measured after 1 hr by MTT assay (Rvb = 52.45%)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1668118Inhibition of lipid peroxidation2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone.
AID1325486Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of NpEP-derived singlet oxygen-induced lipid oxidation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1500523Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical at 100 uM incubated for 20 mins measured for 60 mins relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Structure-activity relations of rosmarinic acid derivatives for the amyloid β aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.
AID698778Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma by Born's turbidimetric method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID228894Effect to inhibit MPTP mediated dopamine loss was determined in rodent; ND=No data2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-05, Volume: 14, Issue:1
Phenolic thiazoles as novel orally-active neuroprotective agents.
AID1210135Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210143Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 200 to 100 uM naloxone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1500524Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of DPPH radical at 500 uM incubated for 20 mins measured for 60 mins relative to control2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138Structure-activity relations of rosmarinic acid derivatives for the amyloid β aggregation inhibition and antioxidant properties.
AID85746The concentration producing 50% toxicity in HT-22 hippocampal cell line.2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID698759Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in infarct size in brain at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days by TTC assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID412353Lipophilicity, ionic log P by shake flask method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1325479Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced PGR consumption2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID13254871-octanol-water partition coefficient, log P of the compound2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1210119Activity of human recombinant UGT1A4 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1264238Neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells assessed as cell viability at 50 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by induction of oxygen-glucose deprivation measured after 24 hrs b2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID1265941Inhibition of N-alpha-biotinyl-amyloid beta (1 to 42 residues) (unknown origin) oligomerization incubated for 1 hr by sandwich biotin-avidin assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Diversification of edaravone via palladium-catalyzed hydrazine cross-coupling: Applications against protein misfolding and oligomerization of beta-amyloid.
AID1348581Antioxidant activity assessed as free radical scavenging activity at 25 mg/ml by ESR method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID698749Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as increase in superoxide dismutase activity at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1210162Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 12.5 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1264259Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in SOD level in ipsilateral cortex at 3 mg/kg, iv measured at 24 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID1265940Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 40 residues) (unknown origin) aggregation at 25 uM incubated for 72 hrs by Thioflavin T assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Diversification of edaravone via palladium-catalyzed hydrazine cross-coupling: Applications against protein misfolding and oligomerization of beta-amyloid.
AID1210159Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1683017Glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic anti-lipid peroxidation activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation incubated for 3 hrs in presence of (+/-)-trans-5-Hydroxy-1,2-diselenan-4-yl dodecanoate using soybean lecithin/cholesterol-lip
AID1210130Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID600292Vasorelaxant activity in rat aortic ring assessed as inhibition of phenylephrine-induced contraction relative to control2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Synthesis, biological evaluation of prenylflavonoids as vasorelaxant and neuroprotective agents.
AID700915Permeability of the compound by PAMPA-HDM method2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1055903Cytotoxicity against HCEC after 24 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors.
AID1210151Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID349359Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ROS-induced linoleic acid peroxidation at 1 mM after 15 mins at 100 degC by modified TBARS assay relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1055907Inhibition of human recombinant ecto-5'-nucleotidase expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells using adenosine monophosphate as substrate at 1 mM preincubated for 10 mins before substrate addition measured after 10 mins by capillary electrophoresis2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors.
AID1179806Antioxidant activity assessed as reduction of Cu2+ to Cu+ after 3 mins by PAO-SO method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID1240302Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induce cell damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2 induction measured after 3 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 50.85%)2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1210123Activity of human recombinant UGT1A6 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1775870Neuroprotective activity against oxygen glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced cell death in human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability at 3 uM preincubated for 8 hrs followed by OGD and reperfusion for 12 hrs by CCK8 assay relative to control2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID140764Percent survival of NMRI mice after 5 hours of intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg of compound.2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID1210112Activity of human recombinant UGT2B7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID698742Anticoagulant activity in rabbit plasma assessed as length of activated partial thromboplastin time2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1891148Neuroprotective activity in Sprague-Dawley rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as decrease in cerebral infarct volume at 5 mg/kg, ip preincubated for 1 hrs followed by MCAO operation and further incub2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as potential Nrf2 activators for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
AID298288Antiprion activity in F3 cells assessed as inhibition of protease-resistant prion protein accumulation2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
New series of antiprion compounds: pyrazolone derivatives have the potent activity of inhibiting protease-resistant prion protein accumulation.
AID1348565Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced damage in Sprague-Dawley rat primary cortical neurons assessed as cell viability at 10 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 70 +/- 2.6%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID1439606Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as viable cells at 10 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition measured after 24 hrs by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric met2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Novel antioxidants' synthesis and their anti-oxidative activity through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
AID1210139Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation in presence of 5 to 35 uM androsterone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210114Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1201923Neuroprotective activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as decrease in 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis at 200 uM incubated for 6 hrs prior to 6-OHDA challenge measured after 24 hrs by annexin V/propidium iodide staining-based fluorescence microscopic analysis2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 95Synthetic phenylethanoid glycoside derivatives as potent neuroprotective agents.
AID1504804Cytoprotection against H2O2-induced cell injury in rat PC12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 20 uM preincubated for 12 hrs followed by H2O2 addition measured after 12 hrs by MTT assay2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationship studies of hederacolchiside E and its derivatives as potential anti-Alzheimer agents.
AID1854711Neuroprotective activity against in OGD/R-induced mouse BV-2 cell injury assessed as cell viability at 1 uM measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1210138Activity of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation in presence of 10 to 50 uM estradiol by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID600290Neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced cell injury in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 30 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 19, Issue:12
Synthesis, biological evaluation of prenylflavonoids as vasorelaxant and neuroprotective agents.
AID1240297Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by ADP addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method in presence of NBP relative to 2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1055906Inhibition of rat recombinant ecto-5'-nucleotidase expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells using adenosine monophosphate as substrate at 1 mM preincubated for 10 mins before substrate addition measured after 10 mins by capillary electrophoresis2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors.
AID1264258Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat transient middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction in GSH level in ipsilateral cortex at 3 mg/kg, iv measured at 24 hrs post middle cerebral artery occlusion2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID700907Stability in 0.1 M HCl/MeOH 60/40 (v/v) mixture by RP-HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1210120Activity of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID698767Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as inhibition of hydroxyl radical-induced cytotoxicity at 10 uM treated for 2 hrs prior to H2O2/Fe+ challenge measured after 1 hr by MTT assay (Rvb = 61.95%)2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1240296Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by ADP addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method relative to control2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1437167Inhibition of self-induced Amyloid beta (1 to 42) (unknown origin) aggregation at 25 uM after 24 hrs by thioflavin T-based fluorometric assay relative to control2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1210156Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210131Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID349365Inhibition of ADP-induced New Zealand rabbit platelet aggregation at 2 mM treated for 1 min prior to ADP challenge by turbidimetric method relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID412358Dissociation constant, pKa by potentiometric titration2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1348568Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced damage in Sprague-Dawley rat primary cortical neurons assessed as cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by MTT assay (Rvb = 70 +/- 2.6%)2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Pyrano[3,2-a]carbazole alkaloids as effective agents against ischemic stroke in vitro and in vivo.
AID1071837Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1071843Antioxidant activity assessed as AAPH-induced alkoxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID412355Antioxidant activity against CuSO4-induced LDL oxidation in human assessed as increase the lag time of the oxidation at 10 uM by TBARS assay2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1210106Activity of human recombinant UGT1A6 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210111Activity of human recombinant UGT2B4 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1179805Antioxidant activity assessed as ABTS+ radical scavenging capacity after 16 hrs by UV spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID1210124Activity of human recombinant UGT1A6 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1439604Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as late apoptotic cells at 10 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytometric method (Rvb = 10.7%)2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Novel antioxidants' synthesis and their anti-oxidative activity through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
AID1325477Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced pyranine consumption at 50 uM2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1071846Antioxidant activity assessed as rosebengal-induced singlet oxygen radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to 4-OH-TEMP2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1210126Activity of human recombinant UGT1A7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210148Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1437172Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for recombinant human MAO-A to IC50 for recombinant human MAO-B2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1240308Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of H2O2/Fe2+-mediated hydroxyl radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by H2O2/Fe2+ addition by Griess assay in presence of NBP2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1210142Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 200 to 100 uM naloxone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1071849Antioxidant activity assessed as AAPH-induced alkoxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to CYPMPO2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1325480Antioxidant activity in 10% C57BL/6J mouse plasma assessed as inhibition of AAPH-derived peroxyl radicals-induced lipid hydroperoxide formation by DPPP-based fluorescence assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1210116Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 12.5 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1775904Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction in infarct volume at 3 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based as2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID1437171Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-A at 10 uM using kynuramine as substrate after 30 mins by fluorescence assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1240310Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of NADH-mediated superoxide anion radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by NADH addition by NBT assay2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1401200Antiischemic stroke activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced ischemia-reperfusion injury model assessed as decrease in neurological score at 0.2 mg/kg, icv as nanoparticle measured after 72 hrs by Longa's method2018European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 143Design, synthesis, and evaluation of NDGA analogues as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID85744The minimum tolerated concentration by MTT reduction assay in HT-22 hippocampal cell line.2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID1210147Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in absence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1071840Antioxidant activity assessed as rosebengal-induced singlet oxygen radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1210150Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID283751Antioxidant effect assessed as DPPH radical scavenging activity2007Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4
Mixed lignan-neolignans from Tarenna attenuata.
AID211833Ability to inhibit KCN induced toxicity in mice 1 hr before the oral administration of the compound; NS= non significant effect when tested at 30 mg/kg (po)2004Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-05, Volume: 14, Issue:1
Phenolic thiazoles as novel orally-active neuroprotective agents.
AID412357Distribution coefficient, log D at pH 7.4 by shake flask method2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID1240299Antiplatelet activity in rabbit platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation at 0.1 mM preincubated for 5 mins followed by arachidonic acid addition measured after 5 mins by Born's turbidimetric method relat2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1055905Cytotoxicity against human NCI-H157 cells at 100 uM after 24 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay2013European journal of medicinal chemistry, , Volume: 70Identification of sulfonic acids as efficient ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitors.
AID698757Anticerebral ischemic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as reduction of water content in brain at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1683014Glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic antioxidant activity in pH 7 phosphate buffer assessed as catalytic reduction of H2O2 by measuring initial velocity at 100 uM and 25 degreeC using GSH as mono-thiol co-substrate in presence of NADPH by UV absorbance a
AID298287Antiprion activity in ScN2a cells assessed as inhibition of protease-resistant prion protein accumulation2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
New series of antiprion compounds: pyrazolone derivatives have the potent activity of inhibiting protease-resistant prion protein accumulation.
AID283748Antioxidant effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced impairment in PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 2 uM by MTT assay relative to control2007Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4
Mixed lignan-neolignans from Tarenna attenuata.
AID232026Safety ratio of MTC to that of PC502000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID1294864Cytotoxicity against HEK293T cells assessed as inhibition of cell viability at 25 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Synthesis, molecular properties prediction and anticancer, antioxidant evaluation of new edaravone derivatives.
AID1179807Cytotoxicity against human HCT116 cells assessed as reduction cell viability at 100 uM after 48 hrs by MTT assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID1325476Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of Meo-AMVN-derived peroxyl radicals-induced fucoxanthin consumption at 50 uM2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1210113Activity of human recombinant UGT2B15 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210122Activity of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210152Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as intrinsic clearance for drug glucuronidation per mg tissue in presence of BSA by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1376810Neuroprotective activity against 12.5 mM glutamate-induced toxicity in rat PC12 cells assessed as cell viability after 24 hrs by MTT assay2017Journal of natural products, 06-23, Volume: 80, Issue:6
Neuroprotective Activity of Cerebrosides from Typhonium giganteum by Regulating Caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl-2 Signaling Pathways in PC12 Cells.
AID1294868Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH free radical scavenging activity incubated for 30 mins in dark condition by spectrophotometric method2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 05-15, Volume: 26, Issue:10
Synthesis, molecular properties prediction and anticancer, antioxidant evaluation of new edaravone derivatives.
AID1854710Neuroprotective activity against in OGD/R-induced mouse BV-2 cell injury assessed as cell viability at 0.1 uM measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1240311Antioxidant activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as reduction of NADH-mediated superoxide anion radical formation at 10 uM preincubated for 1 hr followed by NADH addition by NBT assay in presence of NBP2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 25, Issue:17
Novel hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide and edaravone: Design, synthesis and evaluations as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents.
AID1210108Activity of human recombinant UGT1A8 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210109Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1179804Antioxidant activity assessed as DPPH radical scavenging capacity after 30 mins by UV spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 24, Issue:15
Antioxidant effects of the highly-substituted carbazole alkaloids and their related carbazoles.
AID1775907Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction neurological score at 3 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based a2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID1071850Antioxidant activity assessed as riboflavin/EDTA-induced superoxide anion radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to CYPMPO2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID349372Neuroprotective effect against middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rat assessed as reduction in infarct area at 62 mg/kg, ip administered 1 hr after MCA occlusion measured after 24 hrs of reperfusion by TTC s2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1210153Cmax in human at 0.5 mg/kg2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210155Activity of human recombinant UGT1A9 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation in presence of 100 to 1000 uM propofol by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1210117Activity of human recombinant UGT1A6 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 12.5 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1264235Neuroprotective activity against glutamate-induced neuronal cell death in Sprague-Dawley rat CGN cells at 50 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by glutamate challenge measured after 24 hrs relative to control2015European journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 103Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of tricyclic diterpene derivatives as novel neuroprotective agents against ischemic brain injury.
AID1692584Antioxidant activity assessed as hydroxyl radical scavenging activity incubated for 60 mins in water bath by Fenton reaction-based method2020Journal of medicinal chemistry, 11-12, Volume: 63, Issue:21
From Seeds of
AID298291Superoxide dismutase like activity assessed as inhibition of WST1 tetrazolium formation at 1 mM in presence of 2 mM Cu(II)2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
New series of antiprion compounds: pyrazolone derivatives have the potent activity of inhibiting protease-resistant prion protein accumulation.
AID1591948Neuroprotective activity against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury in mouse Neuro2a cells assessed as cell viability at 50 uM added 4 hrs prior to oxygen-glucose deprivation induction by MTT assay (Rvb 61 +/- 5%)
AID1210134Activity of human recombinant UGT2B7 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID700916Permeability of the compound assessed as membrane retention after 1 to 6 hrs by PAMPA-HDM method relative to control2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID698769Antithrombotic activity in Sprague-Dawley rat arteriovenous shunt model assessed as reduction of thrombus dry weight at 3 mg/kg, po qd for 5 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1439603Cytoprotective activity against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in rat PC12 cells assessed as early apoptotic cells at 10 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition measured after 24 hrs by annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining-based flow cytom2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 27, Issue:7
Novel antioxidants' synthesis and their anti-oxidative activity through activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.
AID1325492Plasma concentration in rat cerebral ischemia model at 1.5 to 3 mg/kg administered as infusion2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 26, Issue:22
Inhibition of plasma lipid oxidation induced by peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, hypochlorite, 15-lipoxygenase, and singlet oxygen by clinical drugs.
AID1210141Drug metabolism in human kidney microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 100 to 1000 uM propofol by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1891102Neuroprotective activity against SNP induced rat PC-12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 5 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by SNP stimulation for 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as potential Nrf2 activators for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
AID698745Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as decrease in malondialdehyde level in brain at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID349360Antioxidant activity assessed as inhibition of ROS-induced linoleic acid peroxidation at 2 mM after 15 mins at 100 degC by modified TBARS assay relative to control2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1071838Antioxidant activity assessed as DMPO/H2O2-induced hydroxyl radical scavenging activity by fast-flow EPR technique2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID698779Inhibition of adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma by Born's turbidimetric method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1437173Antioxidant activity assessed as trolox equivalent of AAPH radical scavenging activity at 1 uM preincubated for 15 mins followed by AAPH addition measured every min for 90 mins by ORAC-FL assay2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 27, Issue:4
DL-3-n-butylphthalide-Edaravone hybrids as novel dual inhibitors of amyloid-β aggregation and monoamine oxidases with high antioxidant potency for Alzheimer's therapy.
AID1210104Activity of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1668119Antioxidant activity assessed as copper-chelating scavenging activity2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 28, Issue:10
Chemical reactivity and uses of 1-phenyl-3-methyl-5-pyrazolone (PMP), also known as edaravone.
AID1071842Antioxidant activity assessed as t-butylhyroperoxide-induced alkylperoxyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1854712Neuroprotective activity against in OGD/R-induced mouse BV-2 cell injury assessed as cell viability at 10 uM measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-05, Volume: 241Design and synthesis of novel indole and indazole-piperazine pyrimidine derivatives with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities for ischemic stroke treatment.
AID1210140Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as drug glucuronidation in presence of 100 to 1000 uM propofol by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID283750Antioxidant effect against hydrogen peroxide-induced impairment in PC12 cells assessed as cell viability at 50 uM by MTT assay relative to control2007Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 70, Issue:4
Mixed lignan-neolignans from Tarenna attenuata.
AID698754Antioxidant activity in Sprague-Dawley rat middle cerebral artery occlusion model assessed as increase in glutathione level in brain at 3 mg/kg, ig for 7 consecutive days2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1210136Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1071847Antioxidant activity assessed as DMSO/H2O2-induced methyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method relative to DMPO2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID298290Superoxide dismutase like activity assessed as inhibition of WST1 tetrazolium formation at 1 mM2007Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 50, Issue:21
New series of antiprion compounds: pyrazolone derivatives have the potent activity of inhibiting protease-resistant prion protein accumulation.
AID1210127Activity of human recombinant UGT1A7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID700903Stability in human serum at 250 uM by RP-HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1210154Activity of human recombinant UGT2B7 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation in presence of 200 to 100 uM naloxone by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1775873Cytotoxicity against human SH-SY5Y cells assessed as cell viability under normoxic/normal sugar condition at 10 to 30 uM by CCK-8 assay2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID1265939Inhibition of amyloid beta (1 to 40 residues) (unknown origin) aggregation incubated for 72 hrs by Thioflavin T assay2016Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 26, Issue:1
Diversification of edaravone via palladium-catalyzed hydrazine cross-coupling: Applications against protein misfolding and oligomerization of beta-amyloid.
AID700904Stability in 5% DMSO/0.1 M KCl by RP-HPLC analysis2012Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-15, Volume: 20, Issue:2
Synthesis physicochemical profile and PAMPA study of new NO-donor edaravone co-drugs.
AID1210121Activity of human recombinant UGT1A1 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID349364Neuroprotective effect against H202-induced Sprague-Dawley rat cortical neuron injury assessed as cell viability at 100 uM treated 30 mins before H202 challenge measured after 24 hrs by MTT assay2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Oct-01, Volume: 16, Issue:19
Antioxidative and thrombolytic TMP nitrone for treatment of ischemic stroke.
AID1609880Neuroprotective activity against H2O2-induced cell damage in human HBMEC2 cells assessed as increase in cell viability preincubated for 24 hrs followed by H2O2 addition and measured after 4 hrs by MTT assay2019European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 183Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cinnamic acid derivatives with synergetic neuroprotection and angiogenesis effect.
AID1891103Neuroprotective activity against SNP induced rat PC-12 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 1 uM preincubated for 2 hrs followed by SNP stimulation for 24 hrs by MTT assay relative to control2022European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236Synthesis and biological evaluation of 1,2,4-triazole derivatives as potential Nrf2 activators for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury.
AID1210110Activity of human recombinant UGT1A10 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 500 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID499981Neuroprotective activity in rat PC12 cells assessed as protection against H2O2-induced cell damage at 12.5 ug/ml after 1 hr by MTT assay relative to control2010Journal of natural products, Aug-27, Volume: 73, Issue:8
Neuroprotective xanthone glycosides from Swertia punicea.
AID698744Inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation in rabbit platelet rich plasma at 0.1 mM by Born's turbidimetric method2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 55, Issue:16
Discovery of a potential anti-ischemic stroke agent: 3-pentylbenzo[c]thiophen-1(3H)-one.
AID1071841Antioxidant activity assessed as DMSO/H2O2-induced methyl radical scavenging activity by ESR spin trapping method2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-01, Volume: 24, Issue:5
A multiple free-radical scavenging (MULTIS) study on the antioxidant capacity of a neuroprotective drug, edaravone as compared with uric acid, glutathione, and trolox.
AID1775906Neuroprotective activity in mouse model of transient middle cerebral artery occlusion-induced cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury assessed as reduction in infarct volume at 0.3 mg/kg, iv treated for 3 hrs after onset of reperfusion by TTC staining based 2021Journal of medicinal chemistry, 04-08, Volume: 64, Issue:7
The Discovery of Novel ACA Derivatives as Specific TRPM2 Inhibitors that Reduce Ischemic Injury Both In Vitro and In Vivo.
AID1210118Activity of human recombinant UGT1A8 expressed in insect cells assessed as enzyme mediated glucuronidation at 12.5 uM by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID1683016Glutathione peroxidase-like catalytic anti-lipid peroxidation activity assessed as inhibition of AAPH-induced lipid peroxidation incubated for 3 hrs using soybean lecithin/cholesterol-liposomes by TBARS assay
AID1210137Activity of human recombinant UGT2B17 expressed in insect cells assessed as intrinsic clearance for enzyme mediated glucuronidation per mg protein by LC-MS/MS method2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Apr, Volume: 40, Issue:4
Glucuronidation of edaravone by human liver and kidney microsomes: biphasic kinetics and identification of UGT1A9 as the major UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoform.
AID412354Vasodilation activity in Wistar rat aorta assessed as relaxation of phenylephrine-induced contraction2009Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-22, Volume: 52, Issue:2
Edaravone derivatives containing NO-donor functions.
AID139507Body temperature of NMRI mice after 30 minutes of intraperitoneal administration of 150 mg/kg compound.2000Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 10, Issue:9
New quinolinic derivatives as centrally active antioxidants.
AID504810Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588461High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, Validation compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588460High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, Validation Compound Set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588459High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, Validation compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504812Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign2010Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7
A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID504749qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation2011Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043
Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1745845Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2006Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5
Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set2010Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1
High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347094qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347105qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347090qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)2019The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46
Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347107qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347100qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347086qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347101qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347102qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay2021Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4
A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347099qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347106qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347089qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347083qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen2020Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells2018Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4
Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1159607Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction2016Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).2014Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 19, Issue:6
A High-Throughput Assay to Identify Inhibitors of the Apicoplast DNA Polymerase from Plasmodium falciparum.
AID1794808Fluorescence-based screening to identify small molecule inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum apicoplast DNA polymerase (Pf-apPOL).
AID540299A screen for compounds that inhibit the MenB enzyme of Mycobacterium tuberculosis2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 20, Issue:21
Synthesis and SAR studies of 1,4-benzoxazine MenB inhibitors: novel antibacterial agents against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
AID1347411qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary2020ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7
High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1159550Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening2015Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11
6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID1224864HCS microscopy assay (F508del-CFTR)2016PloS one, , Volume: 11, Issue:10
Increasing the Endoplasmic Reticulum Pool of the F508del Allele of the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Leads to Greater Folding Correction by Small Molecule Therapeutics.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (1,093)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-199029 (2.65)18.7374
1990's37 (3.39)18.2507
2000's315 (28.82)29.6817
2010's474 (43.37)24.3611
2020's238 (21.77)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 77.09

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be very strong demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index77.09 (24.57)
Research Supply Index7.09 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.43 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index136.19 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (77.09)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials69 (6.12%)5.53%
Reviews86 (7.62%)6.00%
Case Studies34 (3.01%)4.05%
Observational9 (0.80%)0.25%
Other930 (82.45%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (53)

Trial Overview

TrialPhaseEnrollmentStudy TypeStart DateStatus
Compound Edaravone Injection for Acute Ischemic Stroke, a Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel, and Active-controlled PhaseⅢTrial [NCT02430350]Phase 31,200 participants (Actual)Interventional2015-05-31Completed
An Observational Trial of Edaravone Dexborneol Combining With Mechanical Thrombectomy in the Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT05121883]200 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2021-11-01Recruiting
Dose Finding Study of MCI-186 in Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT03346538]Phase 217 participants (Actual)Interventional2017-11-17Terminated(stopped due to Business objectives have changed.)
Phase I Study of Oral Edaravone in Healthy Adult Males (Single- and Multiple-dose Study) [NCT04481750]Phase 174 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-03-20Completed
Sublingual Y-2(Edaravone And Borneol) Tablet For Acute Ischemic And Hemorrhagic Patients-the SALVAGE Trial [NCT03495206]Phase 124 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2018-10-25Recruiting
Improving Neuroprotective Strategy for Ischemic Stroke With Sufficient Recanalization After Thrombectomy by Edaravone Dexborneol (INSIST-ED): a Prospective, Randomized, Double Blinded, Multi-centre Study [NCT04667637]Phase 2200 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-23Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Nerve Growth Factor or Edaravone on Alcohol-induced Brain Injury [NCT03968042]Phase 2150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2019-06-30Recruiting
An Expanded Controlled Study of MCI-186 for Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Manner (Phase 3) [NCT00424463]Phase 3181 participants (Actual)Interventional2007-01-31Completed
A Phase 1, Randomized, Open-Label, Three-Treatment, Three-Period Crossover Study to Assess Bioequivalence and Safety of TTYP01 Tablets to Radicava® Injection, and Radicava ORS® in Healthy Adult Subjects Under Fasting Conditions [NCT06107205]Phase 130 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-09-27Recruiting
A Phase 3b, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Extension Study to Evaluate the Continued Efficacy and Safety of Oral Edaravone Administered for an Additional Period of up to 48 Weeks Following Study MT-1186-A02 in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Scle [NCT05151471]Phase 3202 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-01-11Terminated(stopped due to Futility Analysis of parent study MT-1186-A02 was met.)
A Phase 3b, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Oral Edaravone Administered for a Period of 48 Weeks in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT04569084]Phase 3384 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-11-13Terminated(stopped due to Futility was met.)
Edaravone in the Treatment of Aquaporin-4 Antibody-positive Optic Neuritis [NCT05540262]18 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2022-01-15Recruiting
An Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in Subjects With Severe Hepatic Impairment Compared to Subjects With Normal Hepatic Function [NCT03664544]Phase 112 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-11-06Completed
Radicava® (Edaravone) Findings in Biomarkers From ALS (REFINE-ALS) [NCT04259255]300 participants (Anticipated)Observational2019-10-21Active, not recruiting
Treatment of Acute Ischemic STroke With Edaravone Dexborneol Ⅱ (TASTE-2) [NCT05249920]Phase 31,362 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-03-18Completed
Clinical Pharmacology Study of Oral Edaravone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT04176224]Phase 19 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-04-17Completed
Clinical Pharmacology Study of Oral Edaravone in Healthy Adult Subjects (Food Effect Study) [NCT05342597]Phase 116 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-10Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of TW001 in Alzheimer Patients [NCT05323812]Phase 260 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-03-01Recruiting
An Exploratory Study of MCI-186 for Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Severity Classification III) in Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Manner [NCT00415519]Phase 325 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-12-31Completed
Multicenter, Open-label Extension Study Following the Studies MT-1186-A03 or A04 to Evaluate the Safety of Oral Edaravone in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT05568615]Phase 315 participants (Actual)Interventional2022-10-26Completed
A Confirmatory Study of MCI-186 for Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis in Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled Manner. [NCT00330681]Phase 3206 participants (Actual)Interventional2006-05-31Completed
Edaravone-Sodium Ozagrel (Thromboxane A2 Synthase Inhibitor) Comparative Post-Marketing Study on Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT00200356]Phase 4401 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
Effects of Edaravone in Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction [NCT00265239]Phase 4104 participants (Actual)Interventional2001-04-30Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Edaravone Dexborneol Sequential Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT06176781]Phase 3880 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-12-28Not yet recruiting
Effectiveness and Safety of Edaravone Dexborneol in Acute Ischemic Stroke: a Multicenter, Prospective, Patient-centered, Real-world Cohort Study [NCT05644223]4,750 participants (Anticipated)Observational [Patient Registry]2023-01-01Recruiting
Study on the Safety, Tolerance and Pharmacokinetics of Single-dose, Increasing and Loading Dose and Maintenance Dose Sequential Intravenous Infusion of Compound Edaravone Injection in Chinese Healthy Volunteers [NCT04219865]Phase 140 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-06-05Completed
Effect of Edaravone on the Ischemia-Reperfusion(I/R) Injury in Kidney Transplantation Patients: A Single-Center, Double-Blinded, Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02644915]150 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2016-03-31Not yet recruiting
An Experiment to Evaluate the Drug-drug Interaction of Formula Edaravone and Formula 2-Aminoethanesulfonic Acid in Compound Edaravone Injection [NCT04218513]Phase 124 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-05-10Completed
Effect of Edaravone on Radiation-induced Temporal Lobe Necrosis in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma After Radiotherapy [NCT01865201]Phase 2154 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-03-31Completed
Treatment Effect of Edaravone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) in a Representative Iranian Population [NCT03272802]Phase 2/Phase 320 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2017-03-16Active, not recruiting
Protective Effects of Edaravone Dexborneol in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke by Improving Ischemic Penumbra and Collateral Circulation of Hypoperfusion Areas [NCT05024526]80 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-04-01Recruiting
Clinical Pharmacology Study of Oral Edaravone in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients With Gastrostomy [NCT04254913]Phase 16 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-01-24Completed
Phase 1 Study of Autologous Peripheral Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Ischemic Stroke [NCT01518231]Phase 140 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2012-01-31Recruiting
Multicenter Randomized Open-Label Comparison Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Argatroban Monotherapy With Argatroban-Edaravone Combination Therapy [NCT00153946]Phase 4814 participants (Actual)Interventional2004-08-31Completed
A Phase IIa, Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Clinical Study Investigating the Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in Subjects With Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT00821821]Phase 236 participants (Actual)Interventional2009-02-28Completed
A Phase 3, Multi-center, Open-label, Safety Extension Study of Oral Edaravone Administered Over 96 Weeks in Subjects With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) [NCT04577404]Phase 3124 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-10-29Completed
Safety Study of Oral Edaravone Administered in Subjects With ALS [NCT04165824]Phase 3185 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-11-18Completed
A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Three-Way Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effect of MCI-186 at Therapeutic and Supra-Therapeutic Doses on the QT/QTc Interval in Healthy Subjects [NCT04029090]Phase 127 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-09-18Completed
Mechanism and Early Intervention Research on Acute Lung Injury During Emergence Surgery of Acute Stanford A Aortic Dissection [NCT01894334]220 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2013-04-30Active, not recruiting
A Phase I, Single Center, Randomized, Single-Ascending Dose, Pharmacokinetic and Safety Study (Part A), Bioavailability Comparison Study (Part B) and Food Effect Study (Part C) in Healthy Adult Subjects. [NCT04370431]Phase 172 participants (Actual)Interventional2020-04-24Completed
Compound Edaravone Injection for Acute Ischemic Stroke, a Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-dose, Parallel, and Controlled Phase II Trial [NCT01929096]Phase 2400 participants (Actual)Interventional2013-08-31Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Edaravone Dexborneol in Addition to Standard of Care in Patients With Hypertensive Intracerebral Hemorrhage: a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT04714177]Phase 2390 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-03-01Not yet recruiting
A Multi-Center, Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in Subjects With Mild or Moderate Hepatic Impairment Compared to Subjects With Normal Hepatic Function [NCT03289234]Phase 122 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-11-16Completed
An Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of MCI-186 in Subjects With Mild or Moderate Renal Impairment Compared to Subjects With Normal Renal Function [NCT03289208]Phase 130 participants (Actual)Interventional2016-10-27Completed
Edaravone Dexborneol for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke With Endovascular Therapy in Extended Time Windows (EXISTENT):a Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Multi-centre Study [NCT04817527]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-10-01Recruiting
Clinical Pharmacology Study of Oral Edaravone in Healthy Adult Males (Drug Interaction Study and Preliminary Regimen-Finding Study) [NCT04481789]Phase 184 participants (Actual)Interventional2018-10-17Completed
Phase Ⅲ Trial of Compound Edaravone Injection for Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke -- a Multi-center, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel, Multi-doses and Active-controlled Study [NCT04984577]Phase 2240 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-30Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Safety Study of MCI-186 for Treatment of the Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) 2 [NCT01492686]Phase 3137 participants (Actual)Interventional2011-12-31Completed
The Safety and Effectiveness of Cholinergic Receptor Block Therapy in the Treatment of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT04391361]Phase 230 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2020-11-01Not yet recruiting
A Phase I, Randomized, Open-Label, Crossover-Design, Single-Dose Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability and Comparative Bioavailability of Oral Edaravone Administered Orally and Via a Nasogastric Tube (NGT) in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04776135]Phase 136 participants (Actual)Interventional2021-02-26Completed
Effect of Early Versus Late Initiation of Edaravone Dexborneol on Neural Function in Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke-A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Trial [NCT05885919]Phase 3212 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2023-07-01Not yet recruiting
Bioequivalence Study of Oral Suspension and Intravenous Formulation of Edaravone in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT04493281]Phase 142 participants (Actual)Interventional2019-03-22Completed
Effect of Thrombolysis Combined With Edaravone Dexborneol for Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: a Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT05035953]Phase 2200 participants (Anticipated)Interventional2021-09-13Not yet recruiting
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

TrialOutcome
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Barthel Index Score
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]NIH Stroke Scale Score at 1 Month
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Modified Rankin Scale Score
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 3 Months
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 14 Days
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 1 Month
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]Baseline NIH Stroke Scale Score
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]the Rate of Patients With a Modified Rankin Scale Score of 0-1
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]NIH Stroke Scale Score at 3 Months
NCT00200356 (10) [back to overview]NIH Stroke Scale Score at 14 Days
NCT00265239 (4) [back to overview]Nonfatal Ischemic Stroke
NCT00265239 (4) [back to overview]Cardiac Death
NCT00265239 (4) [back to overview]Nonfatal Myocardial Reinfarction
NCT00265239 (4) [back to overview]Refractory Angina Pectoris
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Laboratory Tests for Which the Incidence of Abnormal Changes Was 5% or Higher in Either Group
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ALS Assessment Questionnaire (40 Items) (ALSAQ40) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Modified Norris Scale Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression
NCT00330681 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations
NCT00415519 (7) [back to overview]The Percentage of Participants With an Abnormal Change in Laboratory Tests That Occurred in More Than Two Patients
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Laboratory Tests for Which the Incidence of Abnormal Changes Was 5% or Higher in Either Group
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT00424463 (7) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00821821 (2) [back to overview]Plasma MCI-186 Pharmacokinetics
NCT00821821 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants That Experienced Adverse Events
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Values in Sensory Examinations
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in ALS Assessment Questionnaire (40 Items) (ALSAQ40) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Modified Norris Scale Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]"Laboratory Tests Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events by System Organ Class (SOC) of Investigations (PT, MedDRA Ver. 17.0)"
NCT01492686 (9) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression
NCT03289208 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-∞
NCT03289208 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-last
NCT03289208 (4) [back to overview]Cmax
NCT03289208 (4) [back to overview]t½
NCT03289234 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-last
NCT03289234 (4) [back to overview]Cmax
NCT03289234 (4) [back to overview]t½
NCT03289234 (4) [back to overview]AUC0-∞
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase (VZ)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Unbound Total Clearance (Clu)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Unbound Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCu0-∞)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-last)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Total Clearance (CL)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Time to Reach Peak Concentration (Tmax)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (λZ)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Peak Drug Concentration (Cmax)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Mean Residence Time (MRT)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Half-life (t½)
NCT03664544 (13) [back to overview]Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC0-∞)
NCT04165824 (2) [back to overview]Number of Participants With Treatment Emergency Adverse Events
NCT04165824 (2) [back to overview]Number of Treatment Emergency Adverse Events

Barthel Index Score

"The Barthel Index of Activities of Daily Living measures functional disability by quantifying patient performance in 10 activities of daily life. These activities can be grouped according to self-care (feeding, grooming, bathing, dressing, bowel and bladder care, and toilet use) and mobility (ambulation, transfers, and stair climbing). 5-point increments are used in scoring, with a maximal score of 100 indicating that a patient is fully independent in physical functioning, and a lowest score of 0 representing a totally dependent bed-ridden state.~The number of patients with 95-100 Barthel Index was evaluated at at 3 months after treatment initiation." (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Edaravone148
Ozagrel133

[back to top]

NIH Stroke Scale Score at 1 Month

The NIH stroke scale is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from 0 (no deficit) to 42(dead). The number of patients with NIH stroke scale score of 0-1 at 1 month after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Edaravone117
Ozagrel119

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Modified Rankin Scale Score

The number of patients with an Modified Rankin Scale score of 0-1 was evaluated at 6 months after treatment initiation. The Modified Rankin Scale has 6 items, where 0 = No symptoms at all, 1 = No significant disability despite symptoms, 2 = Slight disability, 3 = Moderate disability, 4 = Moderately severe disability, 5 = Severe disability. The higher scores reflect increased disability. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 6 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Edaravone112
Ozagrel108

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Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 3 Months

The Japan stroke scale (motor function) is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from -0.26 (no deficit) to 31.29 (worst). The mean of Japan stroke scale (motor function) score at 3 months after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Edaravone2.507
Ozagrel2.927

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Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 14 Days

The Japan stroke scale (motor function) is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from -0.26 (no deficit) to 31.29 (worst). The mean of Japan stroke scale (motor function) score at 14 days after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Edaravone4.521
Ozagrel4.686

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Japan Stroke Scale (Motor Function) Score at 1 Month

The Japan stroke scale (motor function) is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from -0.26 (no deficit) to 31.29 (worst). The mean of Japan stroke scale (motor function) score at 1 month after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 1 month

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
Edaravone3.632
Ozagrel3.680

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Baseline NIH Stroke Scale Score

The NIH stroke scale is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from 0 (no deficit) to 42(dead). (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: Before treatment initiation

Interventionscores on a scale (Mean)
Edaravone3.7
Ozagrel3.8

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the Rate of Patients With a Modified Rankin Scale Score of 0-1

The number of patients with mRS score of 0-1 (good outcome) at 3 months after treatment initiation. The mRS has 6 items, where 0 = No symptoms at all, 1 = No significant disability despite symptoms, 2 = Slight disability, 3 = Moderate disability, 4 = Moderately severe disability, 5 = Severe disability. The higher scores reflect increased disability. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 3 months

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
Score(0-1)012345Death
Edaravone109466337221922
Ozagrel98395940292431

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NIH Stroke Scale Score at 3 Months

The NIH stroke scale is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from 0 (no deficit) to 42(dead). The number of patients with NIH stroke scale score of 0-1 at 3 months after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 3 months

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Edaravone135
Ozagrel140

[back to top]

NIH Stroke Scale Score at 14 Days

The NIH stroke scale is a systematic assessment tool that provides a quantitative measure of stroke-related neurologic deficit. Values range from 0 (no deficit) to 42(dead). The number of patients with NIH stroke scale score of 0-1 at 14 days after treatment initiation. (NCT00200356)
Timeframe: 14 days

Interventionparticipants (Number)
Edaravone98
Ozagrel108

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Nonfatal Ischemic Stroke

number of nonfatal ischemic stroke (NCT00265239)
Timeframe: 415days

Interventionevents (Number)
Edaravone Group0
Placebo Group1

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Cardiac Death

number of cardiac death (NCT00265239)
Timeframe: 415±32 days

Interventionevents (Number)
Edaravone Group0
Placebo Group0

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Nonfatal Myocardial Reinfarction

number of nonfatal myocardial reinfarction (NCT00265239)
Timeframe: 415days

Interventionevents (Number)
Edaravone Group0
Placebo Group2

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Refractory Angina Pectoris

number of refractory angina pectoris (NCT00265239)
Timeframe: 415days

Interventionevents (Number)
Edaravone Group1
Placebo Group5

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Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

(NCT00330681)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of FVC (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-14.57
Placebo of MCI-186-17.49

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Percentage of Participants With Laboratory Tests for Which the Incidence of Abnormal Changes Was 5% or Higher in Either Group

(NCT00330681)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
White blood cell counturinary glucose
MCI-18626.9
Placebo of MCI-1865.82.9

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Change From Baseline in ALS Assessment Questionnaire (40 Items) (ALSAQ40) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

The ALSAQ40 score is a measure of QoL for patients with ALS. The ALSAQ40 evaluates domains that include physical mobility, ADL and independence, eating and drinking, communication, and emotional reactions. Worst=200, Best=40 (NCT00330681)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-18619.6
Placebo of MCI-18619.13

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Modified Norris Scale Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

The Modified Norris Scale is a measure of movement disorder for patients with ALS. Worst=0, Best=102 (NCT00330681)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-14.12
Placebo of MCI-186-16.15

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Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

ALSFRS-R Score: 0=worst; 48=best (NCT00330681)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-5.7
Placebo of MCI-186-6.35

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

(NCT00330681)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
MCI-18613.7
Placebo of MCI-18619.2

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

(NCT00330681)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
MCI-18689.2
Placebo of MCI-18688.5

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Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression

"Any of death, disability of independent ambulation, loss of upper arm function, tracheotomy, use of respirator, and use of tube feeding was defined as an event." (NCT00330681)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
deathdisability of independent ambulationloss of upper arm functiontracheotomyuse of respiratoruse of tube feeding
MCI-1862282015
Placebo of MCI-1862234233

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Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations

(NCT00330681)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NumbnessStaggeringVibratory sensation
MCI-186120
Placebo of MCI-18613.81

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Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed. (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of FVC (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-18.75
Placebo of MCI-186-15.69

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Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

"No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed.~0=worst; 48=best" (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-6.52
Placebo of MCI-186-6

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed. (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
MCI-18623.1
Placebo of MCI-1868.3

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Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed. (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
MCI-18692.3
Placebo of MCI-186100

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Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression

"No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed.~Any of death, disability of independent ambulation, loss of upper arm function, tracheotomy, use of respirator, and use of tube feeding was defined as an event." (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionevents (Number)
deathdisability of independent ambulationloss of upper arm functiontracheotomyuse of respiratoruse of tube feeding
MCI-186141001
Placebo of MCI-186022000

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations

No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed. (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
NumbnessStaggeringVibratory sensation
MCI-1860100
Placebo of MCI-186000

[back to top]

The Percentage of Participants With an Abnormal Change in Laboratory Tests That Occurred in More Than Two Patients

No primary endpoint was used, because various exploratory analyses were performed. (NCT00415519)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of participants (Number)
White blood cell count (WBC)Other laboratory tests except for WBC
MCI-18623.10
Placebo of MCI-1868.30

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression

"Any of death, disability of independent ambulation, loss of upper arm function, tracheotomy, use of respirator, and use of tube feeding was defined as an event." (NCT00424463)
Timeframe: 24 weeks (from seventh cycle to twelfth cycle)

,,
InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
deathdisability of independent ambulationloss of upper arm functiontracheotomyuse of respiratoruse of tube feeding
MCI-186 - MCI-1861115011
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-186183001
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-1861207228

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Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Changes in Sensory Examinations

(NCT00424463)
Timeframe: 36 weeks (from seventh cycle to fifteenth cycle)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participant (Number)
NumbnessStaggeringVibratory sensation
MCI-186 - MCI-18602.10
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-186000
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-18602.30

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Percentage of Participants With Laboratory Tests for Which the Incidence of Abnormal Changes Was 5% or Higher in Either Group

(NCT00424463)
Timeframe: 36 weeks (from seventh cycle to fifteenth cycle)

,,
Interventionpercentage of participant (Number)
White blood cell countAlanine aminotransferaseUrinary glucose
MCI-186 - MCI-1864.26.36.3
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-18611.100
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-18610.24.53.4

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Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

To investigate the sustainability of effects of edaravone, the analysis focusing on the comparison between the placebo and edaravone groups of patients who had received 6 cycles of edaravone treatment, i.e., the comparison of data from Cycles 7 to 12 between the edaravone-edaravone group and the edaravone-placebo group, was performed. (NCT00424463)
Timeframe: baseline (seventh cycle) and at 24 week (twelfth cycle)

Interventionpercentage of FVC (Mean)
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-186-10.6
MCI-186 - MCI-186-12.91
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-186-10.54

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Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

0=worst; 48=best To investigate the sustainability of effects of edaravone, the analysis focusing on the comparison between the placebo and edaravone groups of patients who had received 6 cycles of edaravone treatment, i.e., the comparison of data from Cycles 7 to 12 between the edaravone-edaravone group and the edaravone-placebo group, was performed. (NCT00424463)
Timeframe: baseline (seventh cycle) and at 24 week (twelfth cycle)

Interventionunits on a scale (Mean)
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-186-5.5
MCI-186 - MCI-186-4.2
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-186-5.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

(NCT00424463)
Timeframe: 36 weeks (from seventh cycle to fifteenth cycle)

Interventionpercentage of participant (Number)
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-1864.4
MCI-186 - MCI-18610.4
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-18610.2

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

(NCT00424463)
Timeframe: 36 weeks (from seventh cycle to fifteenth cycle)

Interventionpercentage of participant (Number)
MCI-186 - Placebo of MCI-18697.8
MCI-186 - MCI-18691.7
Placebo of MCI-186 - MCI-18692

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Plasma MCI-186 Pharmacokinetics

The geometric mean values of MCI-186 plasma concentration at the end of the infusion (at 72h) in cohorts 1 and 2 were determined. (NCT00821821)
Timeframe: 72 hours

Interventionng / ml (Geometric Mean)
MCI-186 Cohort1391
MCI-186 Cohort21595

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Number of Participants That Experienced Adverse Events

Additional Outcome Measures are included in Tables for Serious Adverse Events and Other Adverse Events to report their numbers and frequency. (NCT00821821)
Timeframe: 87days

,,
Interventionparticipants (Number)
DeathsSerious Adverse EventsOther Adverse Events
MCI-186 Cohort10012
MCI-186 Cohort20210
Placebo Group0110

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Percentage of Participants With Abnormal Values in Sensory Examinations

(NCT01492686)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of Participants (Number)
Numbness (at baseline)Numbness (at 24 week)Staggering (at baseline)Staggering (at 24 week)
MCI-1862.97.21.42.9
Placebo of MCI-1867.49.48.83.1

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Change From Baseline in % Forced Vital Capacity (%FVC) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

(NCT01492686)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of FVC (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-15.61
Placebo of MCI-186-20.4

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in ALS Assessment Questionnaire (40 Items) (ALSAQ40) in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

The ALSAQ40 score is a measure of QoL for patients with ALS. The ALSAQ40 evaluates domains that include physical mobility, Activities of daily living (ADL) and independence, eating and drinking, communication, and emotional reactions. 200=worst; 40=best (NCT01492686)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-18617.25
Placebo of MCI-18626.04

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Modified Norris Scale Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

The Modified Norris Scale is a measure of movement disorder for patients with ALS. 0=worst; 102=best (NCT01492686)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-15.91
Placebo of MCI-186-20.8

[back to top]

Change From Baseline in Revised ALS Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS-R) Score in Full Analysis Set (FAS) Population at 24 Weeks

0=worst; 48=best (NCT01492686)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks

Interventionunits on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
MCI-186-5.01
Placebo of MCI-186-7.5

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions

(NCT01492686)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of Participants (Number)
MCI-1862.9
Placebo of MCI-1867.4

[back to top]

Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events

(NCT01492686)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

Interventionpercentage of Participants (Number)
MCI-18684.1
Placebo of MCI-18683.8

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"Laboratory Tests Percentage of Participants With Adverse Events by System Organ Class (SOC) of Investigations (PT, MedDRA Ver. 17.0)"

(NCT01492686)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
Interventionpercentage of Participants (Number)
Blood bilirubin increasedBlood creatine phosphokinase increasedLiver function test abnormalWhite blood cell count decreased
MCI-186001.41.4
Placebo of MCI-1861.51.51.50

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Death or a Specified State of Disease Progression

"Any of death, disability of independent ambulation, loss of upper limbs function, tracheotomy, use of respirator, use of tube feeding and loss of useful speech was defined as an event." (NCT01492686)
Timeframe: 24 weeks

,
InterventionCount of Participants (Number)
DeathDisability of independent ambulationLoss of upper limbs functionTracheotomyUse of respiratorUse of tube feedingLoss of useful speech
MCI-1860001001
Placebo of MCI-1860200013

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AUC0-∞

(NCT03289208)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Mild Renal Function Group770.97
Moderate Renal Function Group826.44
Normal Renal Function Group644.85

[back to top]

AUC0-last

(NCT03289208)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Mild Renal Function Group758
Moderate Renal Function Group808.7
Normal Renal Function Group638.09

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Cmax

(NCT03289208)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Mild Renal Function Group545.4
Moderate Renal Function Group593.2
Normal Renal Function Group475.9

[back to top]

t½

(NCT03289208)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionhour (Mean)
Mild Renal Function Group5.38
Moderate Renal Function Group7.31
Normal Renal Function Group2.87

[back to top]

AUC0-last

(NCT03289234)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Mild Hepatic Impairment716.86
Moderate Hepatic Impairment739.28
Normal Hepatic Function582.89

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Cmax

(NCT03289234)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
Mild Hepatic Impairment538.1
Moderate Hepatic Impairment533.4
Normal Hepatic Function429

[back to top]

t½

(NCT03289234)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionhour (Mean)
Mild Hepatic Impairment3.14
Moderate Hepatic Impairment4.37
Normal Hepatic Function5.41

[back to top]

AUC0-∞

(NCT03289234)
Timeframe: pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h post-dose

Interventionng*hr/mL (Mean)
Mild Hepatic Impairment727.55
Moderate Hepatic Impairment751.52
Normal Hepatic Function594.96

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Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs) and Serious Adverse Events

Number of adverse events (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day -1 to Day 7

,
InterventionEvents (Number)
Adverse eventsSerious adverse eventsTreatment emergent adverse eventsAdverse Drug reactionTEAE leading to discontinuation of study drug
HP PK MCI-18600000
NHV PK MCI-18610110

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Volume of Distribution During the Terminal Phase (VZ)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

InterventionL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186359.85
NHV PK MCI-1861064.88

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Volume of Distribution at Steady State (Vss)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

InterventionL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186133.86
NHV PK MCI-186449.79

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Unbound Total Clearance (Clu)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

InterventionL/h (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186529.83
NHV PK MCI-186702.10

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Unbound Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUCu0-∞)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-18665.41
NHV PK MCI-18645.33

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to the Last Quantifiable Concentration (AUC0-last)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186473.90
NHV PK MCI-186394.65

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Total Clearance (CL)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

InterventionL/h (Mean)
HP PK MCI-18666.82
NHV PK MCI-18678.72

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Time to Reach Peak Concentration (Tmax)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh (Median)
HP PK MCI-1861.02
NHV PK MCI-1861.02

[back to top]

Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Terminal Elimination Rate Constant (λZ)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Intervention/h (Mean)
HP PK MCI-1860.19
NHV PK MCI-1860.15

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Peak Drug Concentration (Cmax)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionng/mL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186347.6
NHV PK MCI-186280.3

[back to top]

Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Mean Residence Time (MRT)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh (Mean)
HP PK MCI-1862.27
NHV PK MCI-1865.51

[back to top]

Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Half-life (t½)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh (Mean)
HP PK MCI-1863.88
NHV PK MCI-1869.51

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Pharmacokinetic Parameters of MCI-186: Area Under the Concentration-time Curve From Time Zero to Infinity (AUC0-∞)

Unchanged MCI-186 (NCT03664544)
Timeframe: Day 1 to 3 (Pre-dose, 0.25h, 0.5h, 1h, 1.5h, 2h, 3h, 4h, 6h, 8h, 10h, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h)

Interventionh*ng/mL (Mean)
HP PK MCI-186496.98
NHV PK MCI-186416.34

[back to top]

Number of Participants With Treatment Emergency Adverse Events

(NCT04165824)
Timeframe: Up to 48 Weeks

InterventionParticipants (Count of Participants)
MT-1186175

[back to top]

Number of Treatment Emergency Adverse Events

(NCT04165824)
Timeframe: up to 48 Weeks

Interventionevents (Number)
MT-1186961

[back to top]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. dihydroxybenzoic acid : Any member of the class of hydroxybenzoic acids carrying two phenolic hydroxy groups on the benzene ring and its derivatives.. 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It occurs naturally in Phyllanthus acidus and in the aquatic fern Salvinia molesta.		3.1150dihydroxybenzoic acidhuman xenobiotic metabolite;
plant metabolite
3-hydroxyanthranilic acid
3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid: An oxidation product of tryptophan metabolism. It may be a free radical scavenger and a carcinogen.. 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid substituted at C-2 by an amine group and at C-3 by a hydroxy group. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of the amino acid tryptophan.. 3-hydroxyanthranilate : A hydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid.		2.4110aminobenzoic acid;
monohydroxybenzoic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		3.5920amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
9-xylosyladenine
9-xylosyladenine: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.1310purine nucleoside
anthranilic acid
anthranilic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #565. anthranilic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is benzoic acid having a single amino substituent located at position 2. It is a metabolite produced in L-tryptophan-kynurenine pathway in the central nervous system.		2.0610aminobenzoic acidhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
betaine
glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.		4.911amino-acid betaine;
glycine derivative		fundamental metabolite
carbamates
[no description available]		2.1710amino-acid anion
choline
[no description available]		4.9421cholinesallergen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutrient;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine
chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.		2.1310halide anion;
monoatomic chlorine		cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite
coumarin
2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative		2.1310coumarinsfluorescent dye;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
salicylic acid
Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).		2.1310monohydroxybenzoic acidalgal metabolite;
antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor;
keratolytic drug;
plant hormone;
plant metabolite
malic acid
malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.		2.13102-hydroxydicarboxylic acid;
C4-dicarboxylic acid		food acidity regulator;
fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid
Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.		2.1310monocarboxylic acid;
phosphonic acids		antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.		2.420catechols;
dihydroxyphenylacetic acid		human metabolite
dibenzofuran
Dibenzofurans: Compounds that include the structure of dibenzofuran.. dibenzofurans : Any organic heterotricyclic compound based on a dibenzofuran skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.. dibenzofuran : A mancude organic heterotricyclic parent that consists of a furan ring flanked by two benzene rings ortho-fused across the 2,3- and 4,5-positions.		4.911dibenzofurans;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		xenobiotic
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.78302-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
dimethylamine
[no description available]		2.0710methylamines;
secondary aliphatic amine		metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide
Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.		210sulfoxide;
volatile organic compound		alkylating agent;
antidote;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
MRI contrast agent;
non-narcotic analgesic;
polar aprotic solvent;
radical scavenger
formaldehyde
paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy		2.5120aldehyde;
one-carbon compound		allergen;
carcinogenic agent;
disinfectant;
EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine
[no description available]		2.4520alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		4.430alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
dalteparin
Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.610
histamine
[no description available]		2.4720aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
hydrogen
Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.		2.0110elemental hydrogen;
elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity		antioxidant;
electron donor;
food packaging gas;
fuel;
human metabolite
thioctic acid
Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.		3.1610dithiolanes;
heterocyclic fatty acid;
thia fatty acid		fundamental metabolite;
geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde
Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.		2.49202-oxo aldehyde;
propanals		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
melatonin
[no description available]		7.2741acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
naringenin
[no description available]		2.13104'-hydroxyflavanones;
trihydroxyflavanone
niacinamide
nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.		4.3330pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinecarboxamide;
vitamin B3		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
Sir2 inhibitor
niacin
Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.		2.1310pyridine alkaloid;
pyridinemonocarboxylic acid;
vitamin B3		antidote;
antilipemic drug;
EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent
nitrates
Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.		2.0710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species
nitrites
Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		2.0710monovalent inorganic anion;
nitrogen oxoanion;
reactive nitrogen species		human metabolite
pteridines
[no description available]		2.0410azaarene;
mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
ortho-fused heteroarene;
pteridines
pyrazinamide
pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-acylammonia;
pyrazines		antitubercular agent;
prodrug
pyrazinoic acid
pyrazinoic acid: active metabolite of pyrazinamide; structure. pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid : The parent compound of the class of pyrazinecarboxylic acids, that is pyrazine bearing a single carboxy substituent. The active metabolite of the antitubercular drug pyrazinamide.		2.1310pyrazinecarboxylic acidantitubercular agent;
drug metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.6620pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
sulfites
Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).		2.0510divalent inorganic anion;
sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
spermine
[no description available]		2.0610polyazaalkane;
tetramine		antioxidant;
fundamental metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
taurine
[no description available]		3.7290amino sulfonic acid;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
glycine receptor agonist;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient;
radical scavenger;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine
thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.		2.1110primary alcohol;
vitamin B1		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid
Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.		6.5382uric acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
urea
pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.		2.5920isourea;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
one-carbon compound		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
fertilizer;
flour treatment agent;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine
7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.		2.4320xanthineSaccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.		2.4720non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
1,10-phenanthroline
1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases		2.1310phenanthrolineEC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine
DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.		2.1310oxopurineadenosine A1 receptor antagonist;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.		2.110methylpyridines;
phenylpyridine;
tetrahydropyridine		neurotoxin
2,2'-dipyridyl
2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.		2.1310bipyridinechelator;
ferroptosis inhibitor
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.		2.3110organoboron compound;
primary amino compound		calcium channel blocker;
IP3 receptor antagonist;
potassium channel opener
3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine
3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine: An amphetamine derivative that inhibits uptake of catecholamine neurotransmitters. It is a hallucinogen. It is less toxic than its methylated derivative but in sufficient doses may still destroy serotonergic neurons and has been used for that purpose experimentally.		2.1710benzodioxoles
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		2.3720ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid
3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.		2.3110C-nitro compoundantimycobacterial drug;
EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
mycotoxin;
neurotoxin
ro 5-4864
4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor		2.1310
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid
Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.		2.420guaiacols;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide
5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-1-oxide: do not confuse with DMPO (4',5'-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-4-phenyl-5,2'-oxidocoumarin). 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide : A member of the class of 1-pyrroline nitrones (1-pyrroline N-oxides) resulting from the formal N-oxidation of 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline. Used as a spin trap for the study of radicals formed by enzymatic acetaldehyde oxidation.		2.45201-pyrroline nitronesneuroprotective agent;
spin trapping reagent
phenytoin
[no description available]		2.1310imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid
5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).		2.1310long-chain fatty acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid
5-fluoroindole-2-carboxylic acid: N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist		2.1310indolyl carboxylic acid
etofylline
etofylline: etophyllin appeared once in PubMed: Wien Med Wochenschr. 1986 May 15;136(9):213-8 as a combination drug with theophylline (spelt without e, theophllin)		2.1310oxopurine
7-nitroindazole
7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure		2.4820
aa 861
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.		2.13101,4-benzoquinones;
acetylenic compound;
primary alcohol		EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor
acetarsol
[no description available]		2.1310acetamides;
anilide
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.1310monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
alaproclate
alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer		1.9610alpha-amino acid ester
altretamine
Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.		2.1310triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine
amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source		2.610adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		analgesic;
antiparkinson drug;
antiviral drug;
dopaminergic agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.110guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline
[no description available]		2.8130dimethylxanthineadenosine receptor antagonist;
anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory agent;
bronchodilator agent;
drug metabolite;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human blood serum metabolite;
immunomodulator;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		7.2110carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
amlodipine
Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.		2.4220dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
primary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
amoxapine
Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.		2.1310dibenzooxazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
dopaminergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
aniracetam
[no description available]		2.1310N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidin-2-ones
anisindione
anisindione: structure. anisindione : A cyclic beta-diketone consisting of indane-1,3-dione having a 4-methoxyphenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant;
vitamin K antagonist
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		21.0677444pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		7.5320acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		7.47151benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
astemizole
Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.		2.1310benzimidazoles;
piperidines		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.5220ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
azelaic acid
nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.		2.1310alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid;
dicarboxylic fatty acid		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
plant metabolite
bay-k-8644
3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide
Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
benzbromarone
Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.		2.13101-benzofurans;
aromatic ketone		uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		4.911ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
benzothiazide
benzothiazide: structure. benzthiazide : 7-Sulfamoyl-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by chlorine and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzylsulfanylmethyl group. A diuretic, it is used to treat hypertension and edema.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
bay h 4502
bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.		2.1310biphenyls;
imidazoles
bisacodyl
Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)		2.1310diarylmethane
bisindolylmaleimide i
bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide		2.0110
brimonidine
[no description available]		2.1310imidazoles;
quinoxaline derivative;
secondary amine		adrenergic agonist;
alpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypertensive agent
bufexamac
Bufexamac: A benzeneacetamide with anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic action. It is administered topically, orally, or rectally.. bufexamac : A hydroxamic acid derived from phenylacetamide in which the benzene moiety is substituted at C-4 by a butoxy group. It has anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic properties.		2.1310aromatic ether;
hydroxamic acid		antipyretic;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
bumetanide
[no description available]		2.1310amino acid;
benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		diuretic;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
butacaine
butacaine: was MH 1965-92; BUTAPROBENZ & BUTOCAIN were see BUTACAINE 1978-92; use 4-AMINOBENZOIC ACID to search BUTACAINE 1966-92		2.1310benzoate ester
butamben
butamben: structure. butamben : An amino acid ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-aminobenzoic acid with the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol. Its local anaesthetic properties have been used for surface anaesthesia of the skin and mucous membranes, and for relief of pain and itching associated with some anorectal disorders.		2.1310amino acid ester;
benzoate ester;
primary amino compound;
substituted aniline		local anaesthetic
caffeine
[no description available]		7.5820purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.7230aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		2.1310dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
carisoprodol
Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.		2.1310carbamate estermuscle relaxant
carvedilol
[no description available]		2.1310carbazoles;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
celecoxib
[no description available]		2.4110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chlorambucil
Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.		2.1310aromatic amine;
monocarboxylic acid;
nitrogen mustard;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary amino compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
immunosuppressive agent
chlorpromazine
Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.		3.5911organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide
Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.		2.1310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.		7.2110chloropyridine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide;
xenobiotic
chlorthalidone
Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		2.1310isoindoles;
monochlorobenzenes;
sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone
Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.		2.13101,3-benzoxazoles;
heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
organochlorine compound		muscle relaxant;
sedative
cilostazol
[no description available]		4.6340lactam;
tetrazoles		anticoagulant;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor;
fibrin modulating drug;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.6930aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin
Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.		2.1310cinnolines;
oxacycle;
oxo carboxylic acid		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent
ciprofloxacin
Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.		3.3611aminoquinoline;
cyclopropanes;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone;
zwitterion		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
topoisomerase IV inhibitor;
xenobiotic
clonidine
Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.		2.5320clonidine;
imidazoline
4-chloro-N-(2,6-dimethyl-1-piperidinyl)-3-sulfamoylbenzamide
[no description available]		2.1310sulfonamide
clotrimazole
[no description available]		2.3110conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes		antiinfective agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
dapsone
[no description available]		2.1310substituted aniline;
sulfone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimalarial;
leprostatic drug
deferiprone
Deferiprone: A pyridone derivative and iron chelator that is used in the treatment of IRON OVERLOAD in patients with THALASSEMIA.. deferiprone : A member of the class of 4-pyridones that is pyridin-4(1H)-one substituted at positions 1 and 2 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a hydroxy group. A lipid-soluble iron-chelator used for treatment of thalassaemia.		2.13104-pyridonesiron chelator;
protective agent
deferoxamine
Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.		210acyclic desferrioxaminebacterial metabolite;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
iron chelator;
siderophore
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.15101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
diazoxide
Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfone		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
diuretic;
K-ATP channel agonist;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasodilator agent
dibucaine
Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.		2.1310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		topical anaesthetic
diclofenac
Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.		4.911amino acid;
aromatic amine;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid;
secondary amino compound		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
dichlorophen
Dichlorophen: Nontoxic laxative vermicide effective for taenia infestation. It tends to produce colic and nausea. It is also used as a veterinary fungicide, anthelmintic, and antiprotozoan. (From Merck, 11th ed.)		2.1310bridged diphenyl fungicide;
diarylmethane
diflunisal
Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.		2.1310monohydroxybenzoic acid;
organofluorine compound		non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dipyridamole
Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.		2.1310piperidines;
pyrimidopyrimidine;
tertiary amino compound;
tetrol		adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
disulfiram
[no description available]		2.1310organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.8430branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
domperidone
Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.		2.1310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil
Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.		2.610aromatic ether;
indanones;
piperidines;
racemate		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
nootropic agent
droperidol
Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
benzimidazoles;
organofluorine compound		anaesthesia adjuvant;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic
dipropizine
[no description available]		2.1310piperazines
dyphylline
Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.		2.1310oxopurine;
propane-1,2-diols		bronchodilator agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
muscle relaxant;
vasodilator agent
ebselen
ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.		5.4270benzoselenazoleanti-inflammatory drug;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor;
EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor;
enzyme mimic;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
genotoxin;
hepatoprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger
econazole
Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.		2.3110dichlorobenzene;
ether;
imidazoles;
monochlorobenzenes
ellipticine
ellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is pyrido[4,3-b]carbazole carrying two methyl substituents at positions 5 and 11.		2.1310indole alkaloid;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
polycyclic heteroarene		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		4.911trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enoxacin
Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.		2.15101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
amino acid;
fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
epirizole
Epirizole: 4-Methoxy-2-(5-methoxy-3-methylpyrazol-1-yl)-6-methylpyrimidine. A pyrimidinyl pyrazole with antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory activity.		2.1310aromatic ether
erythrosine
Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.		2.0710
ethacrynic acid
Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.		2.1310aromatic ether;
aromatic ketone;
dichlorobenzene;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
loop diuretic
myambutol
[no description available]		2.1310amino alcohol
ethoxyquin
Ethoxyquin: Antioxidant; also a post-harvest dip to prevent scald on apples and pears.. ethoxyquin : A quinoline that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline bearing three methyl substituents at position 2, 2 and 4 as well as an ethoxy substituent at position 6.		210aromatic ether;
quinolines		antifungal agrochemical;
food antioxidant;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
herbicide;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activator
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.1310aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etodolac
Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.		2.4820monocarboxylic acid;
organic heterotricyclic compound		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.1310carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
4-biphenylylacetic acid
biphenyl-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is substituted by a biphenyl-4-yl group. An active metabolite of fenbufen, it is used as a topical medicine to treat muscle inflammation and arthritis.		2.1310biphenyls;
monocarboxylic acid		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
felodipine
Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.		2.1310dichlorobenzene;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
fenbufen
fenbufen: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd		2.13104-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
biphenyls		non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.1310aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
flucytosine
Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.		2.1310aminopyrimidine;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine antifungal drug;
pyrimidone		prodrug
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.5920aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flumazenil
Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.		2.1310ethyl ester;
imidazobenzodiazepine;
organofluorine compound		antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning;
GABA antagonist
flumequine
flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.		2.13103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
organofluorine compound;
pyridoquinoline;
quinolone antibiotic
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		2.1310nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
flurbiprofen
Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.		2.1310fluorobiphenyl;
monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
furosemide
Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.		3.2310chlorobenzoic acid;
furans;
sulfonamide		environmental contaminant;
loop diuretic;
xenobiotic
gabapentin
Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.		3.1610gamma-amino acidanticonvulsant;
calcium channel blocker;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
gemfibrozil
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic etherantilipemic drug
gentamicin
Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.		7.1510
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.		2.0310dihydroxybenzoic acidEC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite;
human metabolite;
MALDI matrix material;
mouse metabolite
glipizide
Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.1310aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
N-sulfonylurea;
pyrazines		EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.1310monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
fluorometholone
[no description available]		2.1310
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		2.4720isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil
fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.		2.0310isoquinolines;
N-sulfonyldiazepane		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
neuroprotective agent;
nootropic agent;
vasodilator agent
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		2.5220aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
harmaline
Harmaline: A beta-carboline alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM.. harmaline : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7 and has been reduced across the 3,4 bond.		2.1310harmala alkaloidoneirogen
hexachlorophene
Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.		2.1310bridged diphenyl fungicide;
polyphenol;
trichlorobenzene		acaricide;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agrochemical;
antiseptic drug
hexamethylene bisacetamide
N,N'-diacetyl-1,6-diaminohexane: chemical name obtained from Acta Biol Hung 1990;41(1-3):199-208		2.1310acetamides
ethidium
Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.		2.0210phenanthridinesfluorochrome;
intercalator
hycanthone
Hycanthone: Potentially toxic, but effective antischistosomal agent, it is a metabolite of LUCANTHONE.. hycanthone : A thioxanthen-9-one compound having a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 1-position and a 2-[(diethylamino)ethyl]amino substituent at the 4-position. It was formerly used (particularly as the monomethanesulfonic acid salt) as a schistosomicide for individual or mass treatement of infection with Schistosoma haematobium and S. mansoni, but due to its toxicity and concern about possible carcinogenicity, it has been replaced by other drugs such as praziquantel.		2.1310thioxanthenesmutagen;
schistosomicide drug
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide
Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
thiazide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
hydroxyurea
[no description available]		2.4820one-carbon compound;
ureas		antimetabolite;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
immunomodulator;
radical scavenger;
teratogenic agent
ibudilast
[no description available]		2.0410pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		2.1310monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
lidocaine
Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.		2.5220benzenes;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
tertiary amino compound		anti-arrhythmia drug;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
xenobiotic
idebenone
[no description available]		3.16101,4-benzoquinones;
primary alcohol		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		2.1510dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone
Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.		2.1310bipyridinesEC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide
Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.		2.1310indoles;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		3.2150aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
indoprofen
Indoprofen: A drug that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Following reports of adverse reactions including reports of carcinogenicity in animal studies it was withdrawn from the market worldwide. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p21). indoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-(1-oxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)phenyl group. Initially used as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic, it was withdrawn from the market due to causing severe gastrointestinal bleeding. It has been subsequently found to increase production of the survival motor neuron protein.		2.1310gamma-lactam;
isoindoles;
monocarboxylic acid		EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
iohexol
Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.		2.4110benzenedicarboxamide;
organoiodine compound		environmental contaminant;
radioopaque medium;
xenobiotic
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		2.1310aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
iproniazid
[no description available]		2.1510carbohydrazide;
pyridines
isoniazid
Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).		2.1310carbohydrazideantitubercular agent;
drug allergen
isoproterenol
Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.		3.0140catechols;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		beta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug;
sympathomimetic agent
itraconazole
[no description available]		2.1310piperazines
ketamine
Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.		2.7830cyclohexanones;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
environmental contaminant;
intravenous anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
ketoprofen
Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.		5.121benzophenones;
oxo monocarboxylic acid		antipyretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
khellin
Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.		2.1310furanochromone;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
oxacycle		anti-asthmatic agent;
bronchodilator agent;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
lamotrigine
[no description available]		2.13101,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
lansoprazole
Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.		2.1310benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		anti-ulcer drug;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
leflunomide
Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.		2.1310(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
isoxazoles;
monocarboxylic acid amide		antineoplastic agent;
antiparasitic agent;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug;
pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
loratadine
Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.		2.1310benzocycloheptapyridine;
ethyl ester;
N-acylpiperidine;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist
losartan
Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position		4.911biphenylyltetrazole;
imidazoles		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
endothelin receptor antagonist
ly 171883
LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.		2.1310acetophenones;
aromatic ether;
phenols;
tetrazoles		anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.0310chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
meclofenamate sodium anhydrous
[no description available]		2.1310organic sodium salt
mefenamic acid
Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1310aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		analgesic;
antipyretic;
antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
memantine
[no description available]		2.610adamantanes;
primary aliphatic amine		antidepressant;
antiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3
Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.		2.13101,4-naphthoquinones;
vitamin K		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
nutraceutical
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		4.911imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
methacrylic acid
methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.		7.610alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
methazolamide
Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.		2.1310sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles
methocarbamol
Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.		2.1310aromatic ether;
carbamate ester;
secondary alcohol
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
minoxidil
Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.		2.1310dialkylarylamine;
tertiary amino compound
moclobemide
Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.		2.1310benzamides;
monochlorobenzenes;
morpholines		antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
acecainide
Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.		2.1310acetamides;
benzamides		anti-arrhythmia drug
clorgyline
Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.		2.1510aromatic ether;
dichlorobenzene;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		antidepressant;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nabumetone
Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.1310methoxynaphthalene;
methyl ketone		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
prodrug
nalidixic acid
[no description available]		2.13101,8-naphthyridine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide
Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.		2.1310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
niflumic acid
Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.1310aromatic carboxylic acid;
pyridines
nimesulide
nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.		2.1310aromatic ether;
C-nitro compound;
sulfonamide		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine
Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.		2.13102-methoxyethyl ester;
C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
isopropyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
cardiovascular drug;
vasodilator agent
nitrendipine
Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives;
diester;
dihydropyridine;
ethyl ester;
methyl ester		antihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
norfloxacin
Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.		2.5420fluoroquinolone antibiotic;
N-arylpiperazine;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone antibiotic;
quinolone		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
cm 7116
norflutoprazepam: structure		2.1310benzodiazepine
ofloxacin
Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.		2.13103-oxo monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		5.121aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
oxazepam
Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.		2.15101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.4720benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
oxiracetam
oxiracetam: structure in first source		7.4110organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
aminosalicylic acid
Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.		2.1310aminobenzoic acid;
phenols		antitubercular agent
pd 98059
2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.		2.0510aromatic amine;
monomethoxyflavone		EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		2.110barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline
[no description available]		2.5320oxopurine
perphenazine
Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.		2.1310N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine;
N-alkylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenindione
Phenindione: An indandione that has been used as an anticoagulant. Phenindione has actions similar to WARFARIN, but it is now rarely employed because of its higher incidence of severe adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p234)		2.1310aromatic ketone;
beta-diketone		anticoagulant
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		4.921barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
phenolphthalein
Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.		2.1310phenols
4-phenylbutyric acid
4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.		3.9930monocarboxylic acidantineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
prodrug
phenylbutazone
Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.		2.1310pyrazolidinesantirheumatic drug;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug
pinacidil
Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)		2.1310pyridines
pipemidic acid
Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.		2.1310amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid;
N-arylpiperazine;
pyridopyrimidine;
quinolone antibiotic		antibacterial drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		2.1310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
pirenperone
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ketone
ono 1078
pranlukast: SRS-A antagonist; leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		3.1350chromones
praziquantel
azinox: Russian drug		2.1310isoquinolines
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		2.1310pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		2.0510diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		2.1310benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
probucol
Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.		2.7530dithioketal;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory drug;
anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antioxidant;
cardiovascular drug
prochlorperazine
Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.		2.1310N-alkylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound;
phenothiazines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antiemetic;
cholinergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic
promethazine
Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.		3.821phenothiazines;
tertiary amine		anti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
propantheline
Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.		2.4110xanthenes
propofol
Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.		3.3460phenolsanticonvulsant;
antiemetic;
intravenous anaesthetic;
radical scavenger;
sedative
propyl gallate
Propyl Gallate: Antioxidant for foods, fats, oils, ethers, emulsions, waxes, and transformer oils.		2.4420trihydroxybenzoic acid
proxyphylline
[no description available]		2.1310oxopurine
pyrimethamine
Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds		2.1310aminopyrimidine;
monochlorobenzenes		antimalarial;
antiprotozoal drug;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
pf 5901
alpha-pentyl-3-(2-quinolinylmethoxy)benzenemethanol: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor antagonist		2.1310quinolines
riluzole
Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.		8.84220benzothiazoles
ritanserin
Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.		2.1310organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
thiazolopyrimidine		antidepressant;
antipsychotic agent;
anxiolytic drug;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
serotonergic antagonist
rolipram
[no description available]		2.1310pyrrolidin-2-onesantidepressant;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
ronidazole
Ronidazole: Antiprotozoal and antimicrobial agent used mainly in veterinary practice.. ronidazole : A carbamate ester that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by methyl and (carbamoyloxy)methyl groups, respectively. An antiprotozoal agent, it is used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of histomoniasis and swine dysentery.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
carbamate ester;
imidazoles		antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
salicylamide
salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source		2.1310phenols;
salicylamides		antirheumatic drug;
non-narcotic analgesic
iodoacetic acid
Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.		7.1110haloacetic acid;
organoiodine compound		alkylating agent
spiperone
Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.		2.1310aromatic ketone;
azaspiro compound;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
psychotropic drug;
serotonergic antagonist
aldactazide
[no description available]		2.1310steroid lactone
streptonigrin
[no description available]		2.1310pyridines;
quinolone		antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
sulfabenzamide
sulfabenzamide : A sulfonamide containing a benzamido substituent on nitrogen. An antibacterial/antimicrobial, it is often used in conjunction with sulfathiazole and sulfacetamide as a topical, intravaginal antibacterial preparation.		2.1310benzenes;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial drug
sulfacetamide
Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.		2.1310N-sulfonylcarboxamide;
substituted aniline		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine
Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.		2.1310aromatic ether;
pyrimidines;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
sulfamerazine
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen
sulfamethazine
Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.		2.1310pyrimidines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
carcinogenic agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ligand;
xenobiotic
sulfamethizole
Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.		2.1310sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole
Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.1310isoxazoles;
substituted aniline;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antibacterial agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
epitope;
P450 inhibitor;
xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.		2.1310pyridazines;
sulfonamide antibiotic;
sulfonamide		antiinfective agent;
drug allergen;
EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
tegafur
[no description available]		2.1310organohalogen compound;
pyrimidines
temozolomide
[no description available]		2.0410imidazotetrazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
triazene derivative		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
prodrug
terazosin
Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia		2.1310furans;
piperazines;
primary amino compound;
quinazolines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent
terfenadine
Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.		2.1310diarylmethane
thiabendazole
Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate		2.13101,3-thiazoles;
benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug
ticlopidine
Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.		4.9460monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
fibrin modulating drug;
hematologic agent;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole
Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.		2.1310imidazolesantiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiparasitic agent;
antiprotozoal drug
tolazamide
Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.		2.1310N-sulfonylureahypoglycemic agent;
potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide
Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.		2.1310N-sulfonylureahuman metabolite;
hypoglycemic agent;
insulin secretagogue;
potassium channel blocker
tolnaftate
[no description available]		2.1310monothiocarbamic esterantifungal drug
trapidil
Trapidil: A coronary vasodilator agent.		2.1310triazolopyrimidines
trichlormethiazide
Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.		2.1310benzothiadiazine;
sulfonamide antibiotic		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic
trimethoprim
Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.		2.1310aminopyrimidine;
methoxybenzenes		antibacterial drug;
diuretic;
drug allergen;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
troglitazone
Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.		2.1310chromanes;
thiazolidinone		anticoagulant;
anticonvulsant;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
tyramine
[no description available]		2.1310monoamine molecular messenger;
primary amino compound;
tyramines		EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
vesamicol
vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310piperidines
xylazine
Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.		2.13101,3-thiazine;
methylbenzene;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
analgesic;
emetic;
muscle relaxant;
sedative
zopiclone
zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.		2.1310monochloropyridine;
pyrrolopyrazine		central nervous system depressant;
sedative
hydrocortisone acetate
hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.1310cortisol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
oxyphenonium bromide
[no description available]		2.1310
corticosterone
[no description available]		7.93011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phentolamine
Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.		2.1310imidazoles;
phenols;
substituted aniline;
tertiary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
vasodilator agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		1.9810pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
floxuridine
Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.		2.1310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
radiosensitizing agent
hydroxyproline
Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.		2.76304-hydroxyproline;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
neostigmine methylsulfate
[no description available]		2.1310arylammonium sulfate saltEC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
prednisolone acetate
prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
trichlorfon
Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.		2.1310organic phosphonate;
organochlorine compound;
phosphonic ester		agrochemical;
anthelminthic drug;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
insecticide
prednisone
Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.		2.111011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent;
prodrug
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		2.131017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
androsterone
[no description available]		2.52017-oxo steroid;
3alpha-hydroxy steroid;
androstanoid;
C19-steroid		androgen;
anticonvulsant;
human blood serum metabolite;
human metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
pheromone
promazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
azauridine
Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.		2.1310N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazineantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
drug metabolite
pilocarpine hydrochloride
pilocarpine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of (+)-pilocarpine, a medication used to treat increased pressure inside the eye and dry mouth.		2.1310hydrochloride
pilocarpine
Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.		7.0510pilocarpineantiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide
Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.		2.1310N-arylpiperazine;
organic iodide salt;
piperazinium salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole
Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.		2.8930organic heterobicyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0110chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
alanine
Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.		2.420alanine zwitterion;
alanine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate
Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol
Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.		1.9710C-nitro compound;
carboxamide;
diol;
organochlorine compound		antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
lysine
Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.		2.0710aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
lysine;
organic molecular entity;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
anticonvulsant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
benzyltrimethylammonium chloride
[no description available]		2.1310
vincristine
[no description available]		2.0810acetate ester;
formamides;
methyl ester;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
organic heterotetracyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound;
vinca alkaloid		antineoplastic agent;
drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
sulfamic acid
sulfamic acid: standard in alkalimetry; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfamic acid : The simplest of the sulfamic acids consisting of a single sulfur atom covalently bound by single bonds to hydroxy and amino groups and by double bonds to two oxygen atoms.		2.0810sulfamic acids
ethinyl estradiol
Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.		2.131017-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
promethazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antiemetic;
antipruritic drug;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
sedative
puromycin aminonucleoside
3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.		7.02103'-deoxyribonucleoside;
adenosines
uridine
[no description available]		2.1310uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.0710pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		2.5220D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.0110phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
tolazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310benzenes
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		4.0740amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
acetylcholine chloride
acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.		2.1310quaternary ammonium salt
methoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310dimethoxybenzene
papaverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
bretylium tosylate
Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.		2.1310organosulfonate salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent
leucine
Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.		5.3731amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
leucine;
proteinogenic amino acid;
pyruvate family amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride
Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)		2.1310quaternary ammonium salt
dimethylnitrosamine
Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.		7.0510nitrosaminegeroprotector;
mutagen
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.131017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
lactose
Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.		210lactose
methionine
Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.		10.221aspartate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
methionine zwitterion;
methionine;
proteinogenic amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
desoxycorticosterone
Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE		2.131020-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
colchicine
(S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.		4.911alkaloid;
colchicine		anti-inflammatory agent;
gout suppressant;
mutagen
fluocinolone acetonide
Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
norethynodrel
Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.		2.1310oxo steroid
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone
17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.		2.131017alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
progestin
chlorpromazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride;
phenothiazines		anticoronaviral agent;
phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
ampicillin
Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.		2.1310beta-lactam antibiotic;
penicillin allergen;
penicillin		antibacterial drug
cytarabine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
trifluridine
Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.		2.1310nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
4-hydroxypropiophenone
[no description available]		2.1310acetophenones
histidine
Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.		2.0310amino acid zwitterion;
histidine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate
[no description available]		2.131020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
steroid ester		adjuvant;
androgen;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
female contraceptive drug;
inhibitor;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
isopropamide iodide
isopropamide iodide: was heading 1965-94; use AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS to search ISOPROPAMIDE IODIDE 1966-94		2.1310diarylmethane
mestranol
[no description available]		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
aromatic ether;
terminal acetylenic compound		prodrug;
xenoestrogen
lidocaine hydrochloride
lidocaine hydrochloride : The anhydrous form of the hydrochloride salt of lidocaine.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
local anaesthetic
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		10.27133arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
tert-butylhydroperoxide
tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.		2.4420alkyl hydroperoxideantibacterial agent;
oxidising agent
triamcinolone acetonide
Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
cyclic ketal;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-allergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine
Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.		4.911benzenes;
piperidines		anaesthetic;
neurotoxin;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
psychotropic drug
bisphenol a
4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.		4.911bisphenolendocrine disruptor;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic;
xenoestrogen
dehydrocholic acid
Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.		2.131012-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-5beta-steroid;
7-oxo steroid;
oxo-5beta-cholanic acid		gastrointestinal drug
methylprednisolone
Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.		9.3506-methylprednisolone;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		adrenergic agent;
anti-inflammatory drug;
antiemetic;
environmental contaminant;
neuroprotective agent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.5220organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
9,10-phenanthrenequinone
9,10-phenanthrenequinone: structure		2.1310phenanthrenes
naphthionic acid
naphthionic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index & Negwer		2.0810aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid
isosorbide dinitrate
Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.		2.4720glucitol derivative;
nitrate ester		nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid
1-naphthol-8-amino-3,6-disulfonic acid: dye and found in industrial waste		2.0810
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		5.1421mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
phenothiazine
10H-phenothiazine : The 10H-tautomer of phenothiazine.		2.1310phenothiazineferroptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
mecoprop
mecoprop: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 2-(4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chloro-2-methylphenyl group.. mecoprop : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mecoprop.		2.1310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid
2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.		2.1310chlorophenoxyacetic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		environmental contaminant;
phenoxy herbicide;
synthetic auxin
arsanilic acid
Arsanilic Acid: An arsenical which has been used as a feed additive for enteric conditions in pigs and poultry. It causes blindness and is ototoxic and nephrotoxic in animals.		2.1310organoarsonic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid
3-aminobenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid carrying an amino group at position 3.		2.1310aminobenzoic acid
quinuclidines
Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.		2.1710quinuclidines;
saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide
Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.		2.1310pyridinium salt
ethyl bromoacetate
[no description available]		4.911
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate
[no description available]		2.110
pyrroles
1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.		3.1210pyrrole;
secondary amine
thiodipropionic acid
thiodipropionic acid: structure		2.1310dicarboxylic acid
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases		2.0210
imipramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochlorideantidepressant
neostigmine bromide
neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.		2.1310bromide salt
edrophonium chloride
edrophonium chloride : The chloride salt of edrophonium. A reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes), it is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.		2.1310chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		antidote;
diagnostic agent;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
maltol
maltol: found in bark of young larch trees; isolated from Passiflora incarnata; possesses depressant properties in mice; potentiates hexobarbital-induced narcosis & inhibits spontaneous motor activity; structure		2.13104-pyranonesmetabolite
framycetin
Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.		2.110aminoglycosideallergen;
antibacterial drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite
4-sulfanilic acid
4-sulfanilic acid: minor descriptor (75-82); online search SULFANILIC ACIDS; Index Medicus search BENZENESULFONATES. 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid : An aminobenzenesulfonic acid that is aniline sulfonated at the para-position.		2.0810aminobenzenesulfonic acidallergen;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
pyrazolanthrone
pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.		2.1110anthrapyrazole;
aromatic ketone;
cyclic ketone		antineoplastic agent;
c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor;
geroprotector
meglumine
Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.		2.1710hexosamine;
secondary amino compound
cinchophen
cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94		2.1310quinolines
2-naphthol
2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.		5.1831naphtholantinematodal drug;
genotoxin;
human urinary metabolite;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
methapyrilene hydrochloride
methapyrilene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of methapyrilene.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-allergic agent;
carcinogenic agent;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative
phenazopyridine hydrochloride
phenazopyridine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining phenazopyridine with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.		2.1310hydrochloridecarcinogenic agent;
local anaesthetic;
non-narcotic analgesic
tetrracaine hydrochloride
leocaine: a crystal beta-modification of the beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride		2.1310benzoate ester
protocatechualdehyde
protocatechualdehyde: found in wheat grains, wheat seedlings, & other plants; RN given refers to parent cpd; see also rancinamycins; structure		2.1310dihydroxybenzaldehyde
citronellol
citronellol: alcohol form of citronellal; found in rose oil; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. citronellol : A monoterpenoid that is oct-6-ene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 3 and 7.. insect repellent : An insecticide that acts as a repellent to insects.		4.911monoterpenoidplant metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone
20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.		2.131020-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-onehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
2-chloroadenosine
5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source		2.1310purine nucleoside
diphenhydramine hydrochloride
Antitussive Agents: Agents that suppress cough. They act centrally on the medullary cough center. EXPECTORANTS, also used in the treatment of cough, act locally.. diphenhydramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenhydramine.		2.1310hydrochloride;
organoammonium salt		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
antiparkinson drug;
antipruritic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
local anaesthetic;
muscarinic antagonist;
sedative
potassium cyanide
[no description available]		4.911cyanide salt;
one-carbon compound;
potassium salt		EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor;
EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor;
neurotoxin
quinestrol
Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)		2.131017-hydroxy steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		xenoestrogen
tripelennamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
indazoles
Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.		2.4320indazole
adamantane
Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.		7.610adamantanes;
polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane
Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.		4.911cycloalkane;
cyclopentanes;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		4.911isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles
[no description available]		3.35601,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		4.1831diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
propantheline bromide
[no description available]		2.1310xanthenes
triphenyltetrazolium
triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.		2.7130organic cation
hydrazine
diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.		7.1310azane;
hydrazines		EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
chlormadinone acetate
Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
ethamivan
ethamivan: minor descriptor (65-72); major descriptor (73-86); on-line search BENZAMIDES (66-86); INDEX MEDICUS search BENZAMIDES (65-72); ETHAMIVAN (73-86). etamivan : Phenol substituted at C-2 and C-4 by a methoxy group and an N,N-diethylaminocarbonyl group respectively. A respiratory stimulant drug related to nikethamide, it has now fallen largely into disuse.		2.1310methoxybenzenes;
phenols
pargyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
evans blue
Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.		2.4920organic sodium saltfluorochrome;
histological dye;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
aminophylline
Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.		2.0810mixturebronchodilator agent;
cardiotonic drug
orphenadrine hydrochloride
orphenadrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride comprising equimolar amounts of ophenadrine and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
H1-receptor antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
muscle relaxant;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
parasympatholytic
fluocinonide
Fluocinonide: A topical glucocorticoid used in the treatment of ECZEMA.		2.1310organic molecular entity
benzenediazonium
benzenediazonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzenediazonium : The aromatic diazonium ion formed from diazotisation of aniline.		2.3720aromatic diazonium ionhapten
fluorometholone
Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
xanthinol niacinate
Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.		2.1310
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		2.1310cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		8.0340dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
alpha-aminopyridine
alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.		5.2231
podophyllotoxin
Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.		2.1310furonaphthodioxole;
lignan;
organic heterotetracyclic compound		antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
keratolytic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
plant metabolite;
tubulin modulator
hesperidin
Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.		4.9113'-hydroxyflavanones;
4'-methoxyflavanones;
dihydroxyflavanone;
disaccharide derivative;
flavanone glycoside;
monomethoxyflavanone;
rutinoside		mutagen
medroxyprogesterone
[no description available]		2.131017alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol
Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.		2.0310
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride
tetrahydrozoline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of tetryzoline. It is used as a nasal decongestant.		2.1310hydrochloridenasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
1,2-naphthoquinone
naphthalene-1,2-dione: structure given in first source. 1,2-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,2-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 2 of the naphthalene ring. It is a metabolite of naphthalene and is found in diesel exhaust particles.		2.13101,2-naphthoquinonesaryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
methamphetamine
Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.		7.0310amphetamines;
secondary amine		central nervous system stimulant;
environmental contaminant;
neurotoxin;
psychotropic drug;
xenobiotic
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		6.67481dialdehydebiomarker
amitriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic tricyclic compound
naphazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
4,4'-bipyridyl
4,4'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-4 and C-4'.		2.1310bipyridine
doxylamine succinate
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
monoacetyldapsone
monoacetyldapsone: used in leprosy chemotherapy. monoacetyldapsone : A secondary carboxamide resulting from acetylation of one of the amino groups of dapsone.		2.1310acetamides;
anilide;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone
formestane
[no description available]		2.131017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
enol;
hydroxy steroid		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
chlorotrianisene
Chlorotrianisene: A powerful synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen.		2.1310chloroalkeneantineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor modulator;
xenoestrogen
3-hydroxyflavone
3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.		4.911flavonols;
monohydroxyflavone
aminacrine
[no description available]		2.1310
isoxsuprine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310alkylbenzene
diphenylamine
Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.		4.911aromatic amine;
bridged diphenyl fungicide;
secondary amino compound		antifungal agrochemical;
antioxidant;
carotogenesis inhibitor;
EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bethanechol chloride
bethanechol chloride : The chloride salt of bethanechol. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.		2.1310carbamate ester;
chloride salt;
quaternary ammonium salt		muscarinic agonist
megestrol acetate
[no description available]		2.131020-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetate ester;
steroid ester		antineoplastic agent;
appetite enhancer;
contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
2-hydroxyacetanilide
2-acetamidophenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 2-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. A positional isomer of paracetamol which possesses anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic and anti-platelet aggregation properties.		2.1310acetamides;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
apoptosis inducer;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
xenobiotic metabolite
acetylcysteine
N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.		4.5770acetylcysteine;
L-cysteine derivative;
N-acetyl-L-amino acid		antidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antiinfective agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral drug;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mucolytic;
radical scavenger;
vulnerary
clopamide
Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.		2.1310sulfonamide
methylnitrosourea
Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.		2.0710N-nitrosoureasalkylating agent;
carcinogenic agent;
mutagen;
teratogenic agent
phosmet
Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.		2.1310organic thiophosphate;
organothiophosphate insecticide;
phthalimides		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
levonorgestrel
Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound		contraceptive drug;
female contraceptive drug;
progestin;
synthetic oral contraceptive
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		2.3720
malononitrile dimer
Malononitrile dimer: has antithyroid activity; inhibits conversion of monoiodotyrosine to diiodotyrosine		2.1310
diphenyl disulfide
[no description available]		2.1310benzenes
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous)
cyproheptadine hydrochloride (anhydrous) : The hydrochloride salt of cyproheptadine. Note that the drug named cyproheptadine hydrochloride generally refers to cyproheptadine hydrochloride sesquihydrate.		2.1310hydrochloride
estradiol valerate
[no description available]		2.1310steroid ester
cytidine diphosphate choline
Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.		3.4611nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s;
phosphocholines		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		4.4241alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2,2'-dipyridylamine
dipyridin-2-ylamine: structure in first source		2.1310
zinc oxide
Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.		2.4110zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		4.6480alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
pregnenolone carbonitrile
Pregnenolone Carbonitrile: A catatoxic steroid and microsomal enzyme inducer having significant effects on the induction of cytochrome P450. It has also demonstrated the potential for protective capability against acetaminophen-induced liver damage.		2.4120aliphatic nitrile
flurandrenolone
Flurandrenolone: A corticosteroid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream or an ointment, and is also used as a polyethylene tape with an adhesive. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p733)		2.131021-hydroxy steroid
diethylcarbamazine citrate
[no description available]		2.1310piperazinecarboxamide
azacyclonol
azacyclonol: major descriptor (65-84); on-line search PIPERIDINES (65-84); Index Medicus search AZACYCLONOL (65-84); RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310diarylmethane
5 alpha-androstane-3 alpha,17 beta-diol
5alpha-androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol : The 5alpha-stereoisomer of androstane-3alpha,17beta-diol.		2.1310androstane-3alpha,17beta-diolDaphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite
guaiacoxyacetic acid
guaiacoxyacetic acid: structure given in first source		2.1310
paraquat
Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.		2.9940organic cationgeroprotector;
herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone
2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.		2.5720hydroquinonesfood antioxidant
methylene diphosphonate
medronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) consisting of methane substituted by two phosphonic acid groups.		2.13101,1-bis(phosphonic acid)bone density conservation agent;
chelator
amiloride hydrochloride, anhydrous
amiloride hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining amiloride with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid.		2.1310hydrochloridediuretic;
sodium channel blocker
pimozide
Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.		2.1310benzimidazoles;
heteroarylpiperidine;
organofluorine compound		antidyskinesia agent;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
flumethasone
Flumethasone: An anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in veterinary practice.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine
azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.		2.1310acetate ester;
N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine		antipsoriatic;
prodrug
hydrocortisone hemisuccinate
hydrocortisone succinate : A derivative of succinic acid in which one of the carboxy groups is esterified by the C-21 hydroxy group of cortisol (hydrocortisone).		2.1310dicarboxylic acid monoester;
hemisuccinate;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
troclosene
[no description available]		2.0710
fluorescein
Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.		2.45202-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
oxaspiro compound;
polyphenol;
xanthene dye		fluorescent dye;
radioopaque medium
fucose
Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.		2.110fucopyranose;
L-fucose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
antazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
mebeverine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
stavudine
Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase		2.1310dihydrofuran;
nucleoside analogue;
organic molecular entity		antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate
Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.		2.0610fluorescein isothiocyanate
mannose
mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.		2.4820D-aldohexose;
D-mannose;
mannopyranose		metabolite
dithiothreitol
1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.		5.04211,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol;
butanediols;
dithiol;
glycol;
thiol		chelator;
human metabolite;
reducing agent
clidinium bromide
clidinium bromide : The bromide salt of clinidium. It is used for the symptomatic treatment of peptic ulcer disease and also to help relieve abdominal or stomach spasms or cramps due to colicky abdominal pain, diverticulitis, and irritable bowel syndrome.		2.1310
diloxanide furoate
diloxanide furoate: structure. diloxanide furoate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of furan-2-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2,2-dichloro-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylacetamide. It is a drug used for the treatment of asymptomatic amebiasis.		2.1310carboxylic ester;
furans;
organochlorine compound;
tertiary carboxamide		antiamoebic agent;
prodrug
streptomycin
[no description available]		2.4220antibiotic antifungal drug;
antibiotic fungicide;
streptomycins		antibacterial drug;
antifungal agrochemical;
antimicrobial agent;
antimicrobial drug;
bacterial metabolite;
protein synthesis inhibitor
nitroxoline
nitroxoline: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6475; RN given refers to parent cpd. nitroxoline : A monohydroxyquinoline in which the hydroxy group is positioned at C-8 with a nitro group trans to it at C-5.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
monohydroxyquinoline		antifungal agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
renal agent
cladribine
[no description available]		2.1310organochlorine compound;
purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside		antineoplastic agent;
immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone
[no description available]		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
corticosteroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-asthmatic drug;
anti-inflammatory drug
buthionine sulfoximine
Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.		2.1510diastereoisomeric mixture;
homocysteines;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
sulfoximide		EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer
alverine citrate
[no description available]		2.1310citrate salt;
organoammonium salt		antispasmodic drug;
cholinergic antagonist
cyclogyl
cyclopentolate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of cyclopentolate. It is used to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.		2.1310
bromamine acid
bromamine acid: structure given in first source		2.0810
n-methylaspartate
N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.		3.2960amino dicarboxylic acid;
D-alpha-amino acid;
D-aspartic acid derivative;
secondary amino compound		neurotransmitter agent
metoclopramide hydrochloride
metoclopramide hydrochloride : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of metoclopramide monohydrochloride.		2.1310
isoetharine mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
manganese
Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.		7.1110elemental manganese;
manganese group element atom		Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient
palladium
Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.		7.1310metal allergen;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
ruthenium
Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.		4.911iron group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
silver
Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.		4.911copper group element atom;
elemental silver		Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium
Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.		4.911titanium group element atom
cadmium
Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.		7.5220cadmium molecular entity;
zinc group element atom
gadolinium
Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.		3.2710f-block element atom;
lanthanoid atom
acetylglucosamine
Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.		2.7830N-acetyl-D-glucosamineepitope
galactosamine
2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.		2.110D-galactosamine;
primary amino compound		toxin
6-nitroindazole
[no description available]		2.1310
hypochlorous acid
Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.		2.7630chlorine oxoacid;
reactive oxygen species		EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite
camptothecin
NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source		4.9821delta-lactone;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
quinoline alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		antineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
plant metabolite
sodium sulfite
[no description available]		2.0510inorganic sodium salt;
sulfite salt		food preservative;
reducing agent
potassium dichromate
Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.		2.110potassium saltallergen;
oxidising agent;
sensitiser
deuterium
Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.		2.7930dihydrogen
nitrous acid
Nitrous Acid: Nitrous acid (HNO2). A weak acid that exists only in solution. It can form water-soluble nitrites and stable esters. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		2.1110nitrogen oxoacid
galactose
aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.		2.420
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		4.911elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
cadmium chloride
Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.		2.0710cadmium coordination entity
rhamnose
[no description available]		2.0510L-rhamnose
hydrocortisone-17-butyrate
cortisol 17-butyrate : Cortisol esterified with butyric acid at the 17-hydroxy group.		2.1310butyrate ester;
cortisol ester;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		dermatologic drug;
drug allergen
benserazide hydrochloride
benserazide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of benserazide. An aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase inhibitor (DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor) that does not enter the central nervous system, it is used as an adjunct to levodopa in the treatment of parkinsonism. By preventing the conversion of levodopa to dopamine in the periphery, it causes an increase in the amount of levodopa reaching the central nervous system and so reduces the required dose. Benserazide hydrochloride has no antiparkinson actions when given alone.		2.1310hydrochlorideantiparkinson drug;
dopaminergic agent;
EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
pentamethylmelamine
pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
eedq
EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent		2.1310
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.4120acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
ornidazole
Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
organochlorine compound;
secondary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antiinfective agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
antitrichomonal drug;
epitope
tetridamin
tetridamin: do not confuse with tetrodamine; structure		2.1310
metergoline
Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.		2.1310carbamate ester;
ergoline alkaloid		dopamine agonist;
geroprotector;
serotonergic antagonist
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0310aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
capobenic acid
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		5.4541benzenes;
phenyl acetates
thymolphthalein
Thymolphthalein: Used as a pH indicator and as a reagent for blood after decolorizing the alkaline solution by boiling with zinc dust.		2.1310terpene lactone
butylated hydroxytoluene
2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-methylphenol substituted by tert-butyl groups at positions 2 and 6.		2.0210phenolsantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
food additive;
geroprotector
4-methoxyamphetamine
4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation		4.911
clobetasol propionate
Clobetasol Propionate: This is the form in trademark preparations.. clobetasol propionate : The 17-O-propionate ester of clobetasol. A potent corticosteroid, it is used to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
chlorinated steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		4.5770glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		1.9710glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
frentizole
frentizole: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
tramadol
Tramadol: A narcotic analgesic proposed for severe pain. It may be habituating.. tramadol : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-tramadol. A centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic, used (as the hydrochloride salt) to treat moderately severe pain. The (R,R)-enantiomer exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer. Originally developed by Gruenenthal GmbH and launched in 1977, it was subsequently isolated from the root bark of the South African tree Nauclea latifolia.. (R,R)-tramadol : A 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol in which both stereocentres have R-configuration; the (R,R)-enantiomer of the racemic opioid analgesic tramadol, it exhibits ten-fold higher analgesic potency than the (S,S)-enantiomer.		4.9112-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanoladrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antitussive;
capsaicin receptor antagonist;
delta-opioid receptor agonist;
kappa-opioid receptor agonist;
metabolite;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
opioid analgesic;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
eterobarb
[no description available]		2.1310barbiturates
gallium citrate
[no description available]		4.911
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		2.1310cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
moricizine hydrochloride
moricizine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt obtained from equimola amounts of moricizine and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
zidovudine
Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.		2.1310azide;
pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tobramycin
Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.		7.0510amino cyclitol glycosideantibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
toxin
proroxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
etomidate
ethnor: an adsorbable haemostatic bone sealant		2.1310imidazoles
buspirone hydrochloride
buspirone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of buspirone and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideanxiolytic drug;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
sedative;
serotonergic agonist
propafenone hydrochloride
propafenone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of propafenone. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
bezafibrate
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
sq-11725
Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.		2.1310
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.7630pyridinium ionapoptosis inducer;
herbicide;
human xenobiotic metabolite;
neurotoxin
lonidamine
lonidamine: structure. lonidamine : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole that is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by 2,4-dichlorobenzyl and carboxy groups, respectively.		2.0110dichlorobenzene;
indazoles;
monocarboxylic acid		antineoplastic agent;
antispermatogenic agent;
EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.8430alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
picobenzide
[no description available]		2.1310
chlorodiphenyl (54% chlorine)
Chlorodiphenyl (54% Chlorine): A mixture of polychlorinated biphenyls that induces hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronyl transferase activity towards thyroxine.. Aroclor 1254 : A mixture of polychlorobiphenyls of unspecified composition, containing 54% chlorine (X = Cl or H).		1.9610
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4620chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
flecainide acetate
flecainide acetate : An acetate salt obtained by combining flecainide with one molar equivalent of acetic acid. An antiarrhythmic agent used to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).		2.1310acetate saltanti-arrhythmia drug
nicardipine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310dihydropyridinegeroprotector
triadimenol
triadimenol : A member of the class of triazoles that is 3,3-dimethyl-1-(1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butane-1,2-diol substituted at position O1 by a 4-chlorophenyl group. A fungicide for cereals, beet and brassicas used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, rusts, bunts and smuts.		2.1310aromatic ether;
conazole fungicide;
hemiaminal ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
secondary alcohol;
triazole fungicide		antifungal agrochemical;
EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic metabolite
captopril
Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.		2.1310alkanethiol;
L-proline derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid		antihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
terazosin hydrochloride anhydrous
[no description available]		2.1310
pergolide mesylate
pergolide mesylate : A methanesulfonate salt obtained from pergolide by mixing eqimolar amount of pergolide and methanesulfonic acid. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.		2.1310methanesulfonate saltantiparkinson drug;
dopamine agonist;
geroprotector
cerm-1978
bepridil hydrochloride : The hydrochloride of bepridil.		2.1310hydrochloride
dazoxiben hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
lovastatin
Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).		2.1310delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
polyketide;
statin (naturally occurring)		anticholesteremic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
Aspergillus metabolite;
prodrug
simvastatin
Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.		7.2510delta-lactone;
fatty acid ester;
hexahydronaphthalenes;
statin (semi-synthetic)		EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
prodrug
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.13103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		4.911aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
zileuton
[no description available]		2.52201-benzothiophenes;
ureas		anti-asthmatic drug;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clopidogrel
Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.		4.850methyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes;
thienopyridine		anticoagulant;
P2Y12 receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
atorvastatin
[no description available]		5.2831aromatic amide;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyrroles;
statin (synthetic)		environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
lamivudine
[no description available]		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
oxacycle;
primary alcohol		allergen;
anti-HBV agent;
antiviral drug;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor;
prodrug
irinotecan
[no description available]		2.0210carbamate ester;
delta-lactone;
N-acylpiperidine;
pyranoindolizinoquinoline;
ring assembly;
tertiary alcohol;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
prodrug
emtricitabine
Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.		4.911monothioacetal;
nucleoside analogue;
organofluorine compound;
pyrimidone		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		2.110adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		7.56192benzofurans
tobramycin sulfate
[no description available]		2.1310
benzylaminopurine
benzylaminopurine: a plant growth regulator. N-benzyladenine : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group is replaced by a benzyl group.		2.13106-aminopurinescytokinin;
plant metabolite
fluoxetine hydrochloride
fluoxetine hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine hydrochloride. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.		2.1310hydrochloride;
N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine
diltiazem hydrochloride
Carex: fluoride (1.8%) containing varnish; no further information available 8/91. diltiazem hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of diltiazem and hydrogen chloride. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.		2.1310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
calcium channel blocker;
vasodilator agent
trazodone hydrochloride
Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideadrenergic antagonist;
antidepressant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
sedative;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
verapamil hydrochloride
verapamil hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil hydrochloride and (S)-verapamil hydrochloride.		2.1310
doxazosin mesylate
Cardura: Trade name in United States.		2.1310methanesulfonate saltgeroprotector
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		4.911acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
amantadine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochlorideantiviral agent;
dopamine agonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.1110D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid
8-amino-1,3,6-naphthalenetrisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd		210
norharman
norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.		2.1310beta-carbolines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent		fungal metabolite;
marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue
thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.		2.7530organic bromide saltcolorimetric reagent;
dye
salvin
salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)		2.0610abietane diterpenoid;
carbotricyclic compound;
catechols;
monocarboxylic acid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
food preservative;
HIV protease inhibitor;
plant metabolite
desipramine hydrochloride
desipramine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of desipramine.		2.1310hydrochloridedrug allergen
ticlopidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
dopamine hydrochloride
P 498: structure in first source; do not confuse with dopamine chloride, also known as P 498		2.1310catecholamine
glutathione disulfide
Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.		2.5720glutathione derivative;
organic disulfide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sulconazole, mononitrate, (+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1310conazole antifungal drug;
imidazole antifungal drug;
organic nitrate salt
acetylcholine bromide
acetylcholine bromide : The bromide salt of acetylcholine.		2.1310bromide salt;
quaternary ammonium salt
aloxistatin
aloxistatin: a membrane-permeable cysteine protease inhibitor. aloxistatin : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2S,3S)-3-(ethoxycarbonyl)oxirane-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of N-(3-methylbutyl)-L-leucinamide.		2.1310epoxide;
ethyl ester;
L-leucine derivative;
monocarboxylic acid amide		anticoronaviral agent;
cathepsin B inhibitor
tryptamide
tryptamide: structure given in first source		2.1310
trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aralkylamine
oxyphencyclimine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidines
thioridazine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloridefirst generation antipsychotic;
geroprotector
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride
diphenylpyraline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of diphenylpyraline. A sedating antihistamine, it is used as the hydrochloride for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and hay fever, and in pruritic skin disorders.		2.1310hydrochloridecholinergic antagonist;
H1-receptor antagonist
procainamide hydrochloride
procainamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride which has procainamide as the amino component.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug
siquil
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent
mepivacaine hydrochloride
mepivacaine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mepivacaine. It is used as a local anaesthetic.		2.1310hydrochloride;
piperidinecarboxamide		local anaesthetic
oxymetazoline hydrochloride
oxymetazoline hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar quantities of oxymetazoline and hydrogen chloride. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used to relieve nasal congestion.		2.1310hydrochloridealpha-adrenergic agonist;
nasal decongestant;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
diphenidol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310diarylmethane
alprenolol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
edoxudin
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
2-methoxyestradiol
2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite
6-ketoestradiol
[no description available]		2.1310
17 beta-estradiol hemisuccinate
[no description available]		2.1310
amizyl
[no description available]		2.1310
salicylhydroxamic acid
[no description available]		2.1310hydroxamic acid;
phenols		antibacterial drug;
EC 1.11.2.2 (myeloperoxidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor;
trypanocidal drug
1,7-phenanthroline
[no description available]		2.1310phenanthroline
3-fluoro-4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310
dyclonine hydrochloride
dyclonine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dyclonine.		2.1310hydrochloridetopical anaesthetic
clomipramine hydrochloride
clomipramine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of clomipramine and hydrogen chloride. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.		2.1310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidepressant;
serotonergic antagonist;
serotonergic drug
prazosin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride
mianserin hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of mianserin, a tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects.		2.1310hydrochloridegeroprotector
miconazole nitrate
miconazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole nitrate. An antifungal used for the treatment of athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.		2.1310
econazole nitrate
econazole nitrate : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole nitrate. Used to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.		2.1310
fluorodeoxyglucose f18
Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)		5.08212-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose;
2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
2,4-dimethoxybenzaldehyde
[no description available]		2.1310
enrofloxacin
Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.		2.1310cyclopropanes;
N-alkylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine;
organofluorine compound;
quinolinemonocarboxylic acid;
quinolone		antibacterial agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent
nicaraven
nicaraven: an antivasospastic substance		4.0220
clobetasone butyrate
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
masoprocol
Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.		2.1710nordihydroguaiaretic acidantineoplastic agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite
loxapine succinate
[no description available]		2.1310succinate saltgeroprotector
guanfacine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310acetamidesgeroprotector
labetalol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310salicylamides
diflorasone diacetate
diflorasone diacetate : The 17,21-diacetate derivative of diflorasone. It is used topically for its anti-inflammatory and antipruritic properties in the treatment of various skin disorders.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
acecainide hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
loperamide hydrochloride
loperamide hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining loperamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Used for treatment of diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.		2.1310hydrochlorideanticoronaviral agent;
antidiarrhoeal drug;
mu-opioid receptor agonist
maprotiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310anthracenes
hydroxyzine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
betamipron
[no description available]		2.1310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
secnidazole
[no description available]		2.1310C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
secondary alcohol		epitope
brusatol
brusatol: quassinoid from B. javanica; structure		2.2510triterpenoid
ergocornine
ergocornine: a component of ergotoxine; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search ERGOLINES (75-86); RN given refers to ((5'alpha)-isomer). ergocornine : Ergotaman bearing a hydroxy group at the 12' position, isopropyl groups at the 2' and 5'alpha positions, and oxo groups at positions 3', 6', and 18. It is a natural ergot alkaloid.		2.1310ergot alkaloid
homoeriodictyol
homoeriodictyol: structure in first source. homoeriodictyol : A trihydroxyflavanone that consists of 3'-methoxyflavanone in which the three hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4', 5, and 7.		2.05103'-methoxyflavanones;
4'-hydroxyflavanones;
monomethoxyflavanone;
trihydroxyflavanone		flavouring agent;
metabolite
pramoxine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ether
butyrylcholine chloride
[no description available]		2.1310
1-benzylimidazole
1-benzylimidazole: inhibits human thromboxane synthetase		2.1310
chloropyramine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
6-aminoindazole
6-aminoindazole: depresses gastric acid secretion; structure given in first source		2.1310indazoles
5-aminoindazole
[no description available]		2.1310
nicotine
(S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.		4.9113-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridineanxiolytic drug;
biomarker;
immunomodulator;
mitogen;
neurotoxin;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
peripheral nervous system drug;
phytogenic insecticide;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent;
xenobiotic
phentolamine mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
oxybutynin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
2-methylhippuric acid
2-methylhippuric acid: urinary metabolite of o-xylene. o-methylhippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the ortho-methyl derivative of hippuric acid.		2.1310N-acylglycinemetabolite
9-hydroxyellipticine
9-hydroxyellipticine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 9-hydroxyellipticine : A organic heterotetracyclic compound that is ellipticine in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9610organic heterotetracyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound		antineoplastic agent
prilocaine hydrochloride
prilocaine hydrochloride : The monohydrochloride salt of prilocaine.		2.1310hydrochloridelocal anaesthetic
meclizine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
mci 9038
[no description available]		9.66122peptide
11-hydroxyprogesterone, (11alpha)-isomer
11alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 11alpha-hydroxy steroid that is pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a hydroxy group at position 11.		2.131011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
malic acid, (r)-isomer
(R)-malic acid : An optically active form of malic acid having (R)-configuration.		2.1310malic acid
21-deoxycortisol
21-deoxycortisol: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; structure. 21-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is 17xi-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 11 and an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17. It is a marker of virilizing adrenal hyperplasia caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid;
deoxycortisol;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone 3-methyl ether
estrone 3-methyl ether: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure		2.1310
e-250
[no description available]		2.1310
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate
rac-glycerol 1-monodecanoate: a monoglyceride of capric acid. 1-monodecanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has decanoyl (capryl) as the acyl group.. rac-1-monodecanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-decanoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-decanoyl-sn-glycerol.		2.1310rac-1-monoacylglycerol
nipecotic acid amide
nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.		2.1310piperidinecarboxamide
glycidyl nitrate
glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.		2.1310
levcromakalim
[no description available]		2.13101-benzopyran
tachistin
tachistin: a synthetic analog of dihydrotachysterol		2.1310
cortisol octanoate
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
glucuronic acid
Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.		2.7430D-glucuronic acidalgal metabolite
armepavine
[no description available]		2.1310
4-hydroxyantipyrine
4-hydroxyantipyrine: metabolite of antipyrine; structure in third source		6.81352pyrazoles;
ring assembly
2,5-dihydroxypyridine
pyridine-2,5-diol : A dihydroxypyridine that is pyridine substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 5.		4.911dihydroxypyridinemouse metabolite
n(6)-phenyladenosine
[no description available]		2.1310purine nucleoside
cobalt
Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.		2.9840cobalt group element atom;
metal allergen		micronutrient
hydrogen sulfite
[no description available]		7.0510sulfur oxoanionhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mizoribine
[no description available]		2.1310imidazolesanticoronaviral agent
alphaxalone
alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
bicuculline methiodide
[no description available]		2.1310
u 74006f
tirilazad: a lazaroid; potent inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; has shown excellent activity in in vivo models of experimental central nervous system trauma & ischemia; structure given in first source; tradename Freedox		3.1210corticosteroid hormone
fpl 55712
FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors		1.9810aromatic ketone
paxilline
paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.		2.0310diterpene alkaloid;
enone;
organic heterohexacyclic compound;
terpenoid indole alkaloid;
tertiary alcohol		anticonvulsant;
Aspergillus metabolite;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
genotoxin;
geroprotector;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
artesunic acid
[no description available]		2.1710
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source		2.1310beta-carbolines
sivelestat
sivelestat: inhibitor of neutrophil elastase; structure given in first source		7.0710N-acylglycine;
pivalate ester
tryptoline
tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310beta-carbolines
gamma-fagarine
gamma-fagarine: active alkaloid of Chinese medicines from Dictamni radicis cortex (Rutaceae); structure given in first source		2.1310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
betaxolol hydrochloride
betaxolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of betaxolol.		2.1310hydrochlorideantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
Zearalanone
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide;
resorcinols
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		2.1102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
florfenicol
florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.		2.610organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound;
secondary alcohol;
secondary carboxamide;
sulfone		antimicrobial agent
butethamate citrate
[no description available]		2.1310
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol
4-(4-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-hydroxy-1-piperidinyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-butanol: structure in first source		2.1310piperidines
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine
tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine: water-soluble reagent which irreversibly reduces disulfides to thiols at room temperature & is active below neutral pH; used for quantitation of iodine and iodate. TCEP : A tertiary phosphine in which phosphane is substituted with three 2-carboxyethyl groups. It is a commonly used reducing agent.		4.911phosphine derivative;
tricarboxylic acid		reducing agent
gallopamil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
histamine dihydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione
1,3-dimethylbenzimidazoline-2-thione: structure given in first source		2.1310
peroxynitrous acid
Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).		4.5551nitrogen oxoacid
n-(n-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine
N-(N-(3-carboxyoxirane-2-carbonyl)leucyl)isoamylamine: inhibits calcium-activated neutral protease; see also record for E-64; RN given refers to (2-S-(2alpha,3beta)(R*)-isomer)		2.1310leucine derivative
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose
3'-sialyllactose: structure in first source		210
3-hydroxymethylantipyrine
3-hydroxymethylantipyrine : A pyrazolone that is antipyrine in which one of the hydrogens of the 5-methyl group is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group. It is a metabolite of the analgesic drug, antipyrene.		6.72322pyrazolonedrug metabolite;
human urinary metabolite
desloratadine
desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.		2.1310benzocycloheptapyridineanti-allergic agent;
cholinergic antagonist;
drug metabolite;
H1-receptor antagonist
3-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-n-oxyl
3-hydroxymethyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline-N-oxyl: a blood–brain barrier-permeative, redox-senstitive probe in electron paramagnetic resonance imaging		2.0210
methotrexate
[no description available]		7.610dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
dihydroethidium
dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer		2.0210
carazostatin
carazostatin: structure given in first source; MF C20-H25-N-O: free radical scavenger; isolated from Streptomyces chromofuscus DC 118		2.110
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		2.4620amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
carbapenems
[no description available]		4.911
xylose
xylopyranose: structure in first source		2.0510D-xylose
3,4-dichloro-n-methyl-n-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-(+-)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1310
beta-lactams
2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.		4.911beta-lactam antibiotic allergen;
beta-lactam
m 8218
M 8218: structure given in first source		2.1710
proline
Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.		5.1421amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proline;
proteinogenic amino acid		algal metabolite;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dichloro-1,2-diaminocyclohexane platinum complex
[no description available]		2.1310
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione
1,4-di(2'-thienyl)-1,4-butadione: structure given in first source		2.1310
idazoxan hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
hydroxyl radical
Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.		6.96221oxygen hydride;
oxygen radical;
reactive oxygen species
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride
methyl 5-aminolevulinate hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of methyl 5-aminolevulinate. A prodrug, it is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photosensitizer, and is used in the photodynamic treatment of non-melanoma skin cancer (including basal cell carcinoma). Topical application results in an accumulation of protoporphyrin IX in the skin lesions to which the cream has been applied. Subsequent illumination with red light results in the generation of toxic singlet oxygen that destroys cell membranes and thereby kills the tumour cells.		2.1310hydrochlorideantineoplastic agent;
dermatologic drug;
photosensitizing agent;
prodrug
antazoline phosphate
[no description available]		2.1310
singlet oxygen
Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.		5.6751chalcogen;
monoatomic oxygen;
nonmetal atom		macronutrient
peroxymonosulfate
peroxymonosulfate: oxidizing agent in prevention of tooth discoloration; RN given refers to ion(2-)		4.911sulfur oxide;
sulfur oxoanion
1-(2,6-dimethylphenoxy)-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamino)propane
[no description available]		2.0210
pridinol mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		3.4670amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
atropine
tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.		2.1310
sb 203580
[no description available]		2.4820imidazoles;
monofluorobenzenes;
pyridines;
sulfoxide		EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Hsp90 inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
scutellarin
scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.		7.110glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
proteasome inhibitor
5-fluorotryptamine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
piribedil mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
serc
[no description available]		2.1310
procyclidine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochloride
ramelteon
ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist		2.2510indanes
arimoclomol
arimoclomol: a coinducer of heat shock proteins, delays disease progression in ALS mice		3.3110
(7R)-7,15,17-trihydroxy-11-methyl-12-oxabicyclo[12.4.0]octadeca-1(14),15,17-trien-13-one
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide
cortisone
[no description available]		2.131011-oxo steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
equilin
Equilin: An estrogenic steroid produced by HORSES. It has a total of four double bonds in the A- and B-ring. High concentration of euilin is found in the URINE of pregnant mares.		2.131017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid
adrenosterone
adrenosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene carrying three oxo-substituents at positions 3, 11 and 17.		2.131011-oxo steroid;
17-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
human urinary metabolite;
marine metabolite
gossypol acetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		4.07402-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
benzatropine methanesulfonate
[no description available]		2.1310
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone
4',6-dihydroxy-5,7-dimethoxyflavone : A dimethoxyflavone that is the 5,7-dimethyl ether derivative of scutellarein.		2.1310dihydroxyflavone;
dimethoxyflavone
2-hydroxyestradiol
2-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen; RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer. 2-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 2-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 2.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
2-hydroxy steroid		carcinogenic agent;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
prodrug
medrysone
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
artisone acetate
[no description available]		2.1310corticosteroid hormone
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		7.27142
chondocurine (1beta)-(+-)-isomer
curine: structure in first source		2.1310aromatic ether
4-methoxyxanthone
4-methoxyxanthone: a vasodilator; structure in first source		2.1310
2-methyl-N-[4-(propan-2-ylamino)phenyl]-2-propenamide
[no description available]		2.1310amine
bortezomib
[no description available]		2.0410amino acid amide;
L-phenylalanine derivative;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
antiprotozoal drug;
protease inhibitor;
proteasome inhibitor
dihydropyridines
Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.		2.1310
leupeptins
Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.		2.0410
lithium chloride
Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.		2.1310inorganic chloride;
lithium salt		antimanic drug;
geroprotector
glycogen
glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.		2.610
arabinose
[no description available]		2.0510L-arabinoseEscherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
n-acetylneuraminic acid
N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.		2.5220N-acetylneuraminic acidsantioxidant;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
fibrin
Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.		2.4620peptide
bradykinin
[no description available]		1.9810oligopeptidehuman blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent
glucosamine
D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.		2.7830D-glucosamineEscherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
mouse metabolite
polygalacturonic acid
galacturonic acid: N1 same as NM; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. D-galactopyranuronic acid : The pyranose form of D-galacturonic acid. D-galacturonic acid : The D-enantiomer of galacturonic acid. It is the main component of pectin.		2.5220D-galacturonic acid
elastin
[no description available]		2.0710oligopeptide
raffinose
Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.		2.110raffinose family oligosaccharide;
trisaccharide		mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan
epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.		2.0710
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		2.11102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
catechols
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.131011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
puromycin
[no description available]		7.0310puromycinsantiinfective agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor;
nucleoside antibiotic;
protein synthesis inhibitor
mandelic acid, (s)-isomer
[no description available]		2.1310(2S)-2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
mandelic acid
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone
Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.		2.1310alpha-chloroketone;
sulfonamide		alkylating agent;
serine proteinase inhibitor
nitroarginine
Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.		210guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
N-nitro compound;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cortodoxone
Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.		2.1310deoxycortisol;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quinidine
Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.		2.0310cinchona alkaloidalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
antimalarial;
drug allergen;
EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
muscarinic antagonist;
P450 inhibitor;
potassium channel blocker;
sodium channel blocker
acebutolol hydrochloride
acebutolol hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of acebutolol, prepared using equimolar amounts of acebutolol and hydrogen chloride.		2.1310hydrochlorideanti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
sympathomimetic agent
amiodarone hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ketone
dicyclomine hydrochloride
dicyclomine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of dicyclomine. An anticholinergic, it is used to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.		2.1310hydrochlorideantispasmodic drug;
muscarinic antagonist
nortriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic tricyclic compoundgeroprotector
stevioside
stevioside: Kaurene glucoside from leaves of Stevia rebaudiana; 300 times as sweet as sugar. stevioside : A diterpene glycoside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the allylic beta-D-glucoside has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. It is a natural herbal sweetener that is 250-300 times sweeter than sucrose (though with a bitter aftertaste), extracted from the Stevia rebaudiana plant native to South America.. diterpene glycoside : A terpene glycoside in which the terpene moiety is a diterpenoid.		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
bridged compound;
diterpene glycoside;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite;
sweetening agent
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.		2.0410aldehyde;
tripeptide		cysteine protease inhibitor
difluprednate
difluprednate: RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta)-isomer		2.1310butyrate ester;
corticosteroid hormone
dironyl
dironyl: pronounced antifertility agent in rats; lactation suppressor in other species; serotonin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure		2.1310organic molecular entity
vinpocetine
vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation		4.2231alkaloidgeroprotector
amcinonide
amcinonide: structure		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
acetate ester;
corticosteroid;
fluorinated steroid;
spiroketal		anti-inflammatory drug
flumethasone pivalate
flumethasone pivalate: structure		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
pivalate ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
dihydroergocristine monomesylate
dihydroergocristine mesylate : The methanesulfonic acid salt of dihydroergocristine. It has been used as the for the symptomatic treatment of mental deterioration associated with cerebrovascular insufficiency and in peripheral vascular disease. It is also a component of ergoloid mesylate (codergocrine mesilate), a mixture of ergot alkaloid derivatives that is used as a vasodilator and has shown mild benefits in the treatment of vascular dementia.		2.1310methanesulfonate saltalpha-adrenergic antagonist;
geroprotector;
vasodilator agent
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4820cyclodextrin
tretinoin
Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.		2.1310retinoic acid;
vitamin A		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
AP-1 antagonist;
human metabolite;
keratolytic drug;
retinoic acid receptor agonist;
retinoid X receptor agonist;
signalling molecule
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		7.6930icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.8730resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
retinol
Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).		3.1610retinol;
vitamin A		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.0510octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		3.1110macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
thapsigargin
Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.		2.0610butyrate ester;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
sesquiterpene lactone		calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid
Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.		2.07102-benzofurans;
gamma-lactone;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		anticoronaviral agent;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
mycotoxin;
Penicillium metabolite;
xenobiotic
y 27632
Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.		2.0110aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide)
Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.		2.1310adenosines;
monocarboxylic acid amide		adenosine A1 receptor agonist;
adenosine A2A receptor agonist;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
histidyl-proline diketopiperazine
cyclo(L-His-L-Pro) : A homodetic cyclic peptide resulting from the formal condensation of both the amino and acid groups of L-histidine with the acid and amino groups of L-proline. It is a metabolite of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH).		2.1310dipeptide;
homodetic cyclic peptide;
imidazoles;
pyrrolopyrazine		anti-inflammatory agent;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
human blood serum metabolite
afimoxifene
afimoxifene : A tertiary amino compound that is tamoxifen in which the phenyl group which is in a Z- relationship to the ethyl substituent is hydroxylated at the para- position. It is the active metabolite of tamoxifen.		2.1310phenols;
tertiary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
estrogen receptor antagonist;
metabolite
steviol
steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.1110bridged compound;
ent-kaurane diterpenoid;
monocarboxylic acid;
tertiary allylic alcohol;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		antineoplastic agent
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		4.911
ketoconazole
(2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.		2.6120cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
aphidicolin
Aphidicolin: An antiviral antibiotic produced by Cephalosporium aphidicola and other fungi. It inhibits the growth of eukaryotic cells and certain animal viruses by selectively inhibiting the cellular replication of DNA polymerase II or the viral-induced DNA polymerases. The drug may be useful for controlling excessive cell proliferation in patients with cancer, psoriasis or other dermatitis with little or no adverse effect upon non-multiplying cells.. aphidicolin : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that has an tetradecahydro-8,11a-methanocyclohepta[a]naphthalene skeleton with two hydroxymethyl substituents at positions 4 and 9, two methyl substituents at positions 4 and 11b and two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9. An antibiotic with antiviral and antimitotical properties. Aphidicolin is a reversible inhibitor of eukaryotic nuclear DNA replication.		2.1310tetracyclic diterpenoidantimicrobial agent;
antimitotic;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral drug;
apoptosis inducer;
Aspergillus metabolite;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor;
fungal metabolite
azaserine
Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.		2.1310carboxylic ester;
diazo compound;
L-serine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		antifungal agent;
antimetabolite;
antimicrobial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
glutamine antagonist;
immunosuppressive agent;
metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.		2.0410amino aldehyde;
carbamate ester;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
tenofovir
tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.		4.911nucleoside analogue;
phosphonic acids		antiviral drug;
drug metabolite;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
maltitol
maltitol : An alpha-D-glucoside consisting of D-glucitol having an alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at the 4-position. Used as a sugar substitute.		2.1310alpha-D-glucoside;
glycosyl alditol		laxative;
metabolite;
sweetening agent
8-isopentenylnaringenin
8-isopentenylnaringenin: a non-steroidal phytoestrogen from Anaxagorea luzonensis; structure in first source		2.0510flavanones
geraniol
[no description available]		4.9113,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol;
monoterpenoid;
primary alcohol		allergen;
fragrance;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
glycosides
[no description available]		2.5520
chalcone
trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.		2.6120chalconeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol
Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		2.2110isomethyleugenol
teucrol
teucrol: from Teucrium pilosum; structure in first source		2.5320
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.1310stilbene
thermospine
thermospine: structure given in first source		2.1310
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone
phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent		2.730
dibenzylidene acetone
dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source		2.1310
4-methoxy-1,3-dimethyl-6-thiophen-2-yl-8-cyclohepta[c]furanone
[no description available]		2.1310cycloheptafuran
5-[(5-methoxycarbonyl-2-methyl-3-furanyl)methoxy]-2-methyl-3-benzofurancarboxylic acid 2-methoxyethyl ester
[no description available]		2.13102-methoxyethyl ester;
benzofurans
5,6,7-trimethoxy-1-methyl-2-indolecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310indolyl carboxylic acid
haplamine
haplamine: isolated from Haplophyllum acutifolium; structure in first source		2.1310organic heterotricyclic compound;
organonitrogen heterocyclic compound;
oxacycle
benidipine
benidipine: RN refers to (R*,R*)-(+-)-isomer		2.1310
octotropine methylbromide
octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.		2.1310
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate
diethylstilbestrol dipropionate: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.1310
(1S,2R)-2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol
[no description available]		2.1310alkylbenzene
glycerylphosphorylcholine
choline alfoscerate : A member of the class of phosphocholines that is the choline ester of sn-glycero-3-phosphate. It is one of the major osmolyte in the renal medullary cells.. glycerophosphocholine : The glycerol phosphate ester of a phosphocholine. A nutrient with many different roles in human health.		2.1310phosphocholines;
sn-glycerol 3-phosphates		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
parasympatholytic;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-methylscopolamine nitrate
[no description available]		2.1310
propylthiouracil
Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.		2.1310pyrimidinethioneantidote to paracetamol poisoning;
antimetabolite;
antioxidant;
antithyroid drug;
carcinogenic agent;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
hormone antagonist
phenytoin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310
nsc 4347
NSC 4347: structure in first source		2.1310
ipratropium bromide anhydrous
[no description available]		2.1310
4-methoxy-N1,N3-bis(3-pyridinyl)benzene-1,3-dicarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
methamilane methiodide
[no description available]		2.1310
physostigmine salicylate
[no description available]		2.1310azaheterocycle salicylate salt;
salicylates
pilocarpine nitrate
[no description available]		2.1310
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine
[no description available]		2.1310
methylatropine nitrate
[no description available]		2.1310
1-[1-oxo-2-[(4-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-cyclopenta[c][1]benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]ethyl]-4-piperidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
prothionamide
Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.		2.1310pyridines
2-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazin-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310benzoxazine
dienestrol
Dienestrol: A synthetic, non-steroidal estrogen structurally related to stilbestrol. It is used, usually as the cream, in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal symptoms.. dienestrol : An olefinic compound that is hexa-2,4-diene substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively.		2.1310
methylthiouracil
Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.		2.1310pyrimidone
sb 366791
N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source		2.3110
4-methoxy-N-(3-pyridinylmethyl)benzamide
[no description available]		2.1310benzamides
caffeic acid
trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.		3.0340caffeic acidgeroprotector;
mouse metabolite
methyl caffeate
methyl caffeate: from plant Gaillardia pulchella. methyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester formed by the formal condensation of caffeic acid with methyl alcohol.		2.1510alkyl caffeate ester;
methyl ester
5-methyl-4-[(2-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid methyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
2-(1,3-dioxo-2-isoindolyl)-N-(3-nitrophenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310phthalimides
urocanic acid
Urocanic Acid: 4-Imidazoleacrylic acid.. urocanic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is prop-2-enoic acid substituted by a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of hidtidine.. trans-urocanic acid : A urocanic acid in which the double bond of the carboxyethene moiety has E configuration.		2.1310urocanic acidhuman metabolite
2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(2,4,6-trihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
[no description available]		2.1310stilbenoid
3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-5-(2-phenylethyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole
[no description available]		2.1310oxadiazole;
ring assembly
3-(3,5-dimethyl-7-oxo-6-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyranyl)propanoic acid
[no description available]		2.1310psoralens
1,6-dimethyl-3-(2-pyridinyl)pyrimido[5,4-e][1,2,4]triazine-5,7-dione
[no description available]		2.1310pyrimidotriazine
thiothixene
[no description available]		2.1310N-methylpiperazineanticoronaviral agent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		10.8251aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
9-hydroxy-4-[1-oxo-2-[4-(phenylmethyl)-1-piperazinyl]ethyl]-2,3-dihydro-1H-[1]benzopyrano[3,4-b]pyridin-5-one
[no description available]		2.1310pyridochromene
5-bromo-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid [3-(3-methylphenoxy)-4-oxo-1-benzopyran-7-yl] ester
[no description available]		2.1310chromones
5-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-6-oxo-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[c][1]benzopyran-1-yl)oxymethyl]-2-furancarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
4-methyl-3-(phenylmethyl)-7-[(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)methoxy]-1-benzopyran-2-one
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-4-quinolinyl]-(4-morpholinyl)methanone
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
5-(3,3-dimethyl-2-oxobutoxy)-3,4,7-trimethyl-1-benzopyran-2-one
[no description available]		2.1310coumarins
N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]-5-(2-nitrophenyl)-2-furancarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amide;
furans
2-(8-methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-1-quinolinyl)-N-(2-methoxyphenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
N-[(6-methoxy-2-oxo-1H-quinolin-3-yl)methyl]-N-propan-2-yl-2-furancarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
cinnarizine
Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.		2.1310diarylmethane;
N-alkylpiperazine;
olefinic compound		anti-allergic agent;
antiemetic;
calcium channel blocker;
geroprotector;
H1-receptor antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist
capsaicin
ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.		2.2110capsaicinoidnon-narcotic analgesic;
TRPV1 agonist;
voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
2-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethanone
[no description available]		2.1310stilbenoid
1-cyclohexyl-3-(6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)urea
[no description available]		2.1310benzothiazoles
N-[(3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)methyl]-1-(2,3,4-trimethoxyphenyl)methanamine
[no description available]		2.1310dimethoxybenzene
2-[[5-[2-[(2-methylpropan-2-yl)oxy]-2-oxoethoxy]-4-oxo-2-phenyl-1-benzopyran-7-yl]oxy]acetic acid tert-butyl ester
[no description available]		2.1310flavones;
tert-butyl ester
thiobarbituric acid
thiobarbituric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-thiobarbituric acid : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid in which the oxygen at C-2 is replaced by sulfur.		2.1110barbituratesallergen;
reagent
ethylenethiourea
Ethylenethiourea: A degradation product of ethylenebis(dithiocarbamate) fungicides. It has been found to be carcinogenic and to cause THYROID hyperplasia.		2.1310imidazolidines
tacrine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
thioacetamide
Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.		2.4110thiocarboxamidehepatotoxic agent
p-aminosalicylic acid monosodium salt
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.1310cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
mecysteine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310alpha-amino acid ester
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide
2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide: partial structure given in first source; endothelium-derived relaxing factor antagonist		1.9810
nadp
[no description available]		10.331
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)		2.0110
ethionamide
Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.		2.1310pyridines;
thiocarboxamide		antilipemic drug;
antitubercular agent;
fatty acid synthesis inhibitor;
leprostatic drug;
prodrug
2-(2-furanyl)-4-thiazolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
dihydrosamidine
[no description available]		2.1310
N-(2-methoxycyclohexyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline
[no description available]		2.1310methylbenzene
eskazine
[no description available]		2.1310
2-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-5-ethyl-5-phenyl-1,2,4-triazolidine-3-thione
[no description available]		2.1310methylbenzene
2-[3-oxo-1-[[[oxo(thiophen-2-yl)methyl]amino]-sulfanylidenemethyl]-2-piperazinyl]acetic acid propan-2-yl ester
[no description available]		2.1310isopropyl ester;
piperazines
zeranol
Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.		2.1310macrolide
u 0126
U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source		2.4420aryl sulfide;
dinitrile;
enamine;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor;
osteogenesis regulator;
vasoconstrictor agent
cobaltous chloride
cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.		2.7830cobalt salt;
inorganic chloride		allergen;
calcium channel blocker;
sensitiser;
two-colour indicator
monooctanoin
monooctanoin: dissolution agent for retained cholesterol bile duct stones; RN in Chemline for octanoic acid, ester with 1,2,3-propanetriol, MF unknown: 11140-04-8; RN for octanoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (1-monooctanoin): 502-54-5; RN in 9th CI Form Index for (+-)-1-monooctanoin: 19670-49-6. rac-1-monooctanoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol comprising equal amounts of 1-octanoyl-sn-glycerol and 3-octanoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monooctanoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has octanoyl as the acyl group.		2.13101-monoglyceride;
octanoate ester;
rac-1-monoacylglycerol
quinine
[no description available]		2.0310cinchona alkaloidantimalarial;
muscle relaxant;
non-narcotic analgesic
cystine
[no description available]		4.911
rasagiline
[no description available]		2.1510indanes;
secondary amine;
terminal acetylenic compound		EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent
trimethoprim
[no description available]		2.1310
4-hydroxy-1-[1-oxo-2-(phenylmethoxycarbonylamino)propyl]-2-pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310peptide
N-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-3-ylmethyl)-2-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)acetamide
[no description available]		2.1310dimethoxybenzene
3-acetyl-6-methyl-1H-quinolin-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310quinolines
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		210
3-(phenylthio)-1-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-1-propanone
[no description available]		2.1310aryl sulfide
sodium dodecyl sulfate
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.		2.1310organic sodium saltdetergent;
protein denaturant
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0510aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
N-(3-chlorophenyl)-5-oxo-9b-phenyl-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-a]isoindole-1-carboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310imidazolidines
Anthraniloyllycoctonine
[no description available]		2.1310diterpene alkaloid
zinc protoporphyrin ix
[no description available]		2.5120
N-[4-[(cyclohexylamino)-oxomethyl]phenyl]-3-pyridinecarboxamide
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic amide
rhodamine 123
Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.		2.0810organic cation;
xanthene dye		fluorochrome
1-[3-[[4-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-piperazinyl]methyl]-4-methoxyphenyl]-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole-3-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.1310harmala alkaloid
diclofenac sodium
Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.		2.1310organic sodium salt
calceolarioside a
calceolarioside A: structure given in first source; isolated from Calceolaria hypericina; induces platelet aggregation		2.1110hydroxycinnamic acid
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		7.0310sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.05107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.131biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.0410prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.4620monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
biochanin a
[no description available]		2.13104'-methoxyisoflavones;
7-hydroxyisoflavones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
prostaglandin b1
prostaglandin Bx: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; polymeric derivative of diketo-PGB1; mean MW 2,200. prostaglandin B1 : A member of the class of prostaglandins B that is prosta-8(12),13-dien-1-oic acid carrying oxo and hydroxy substituents at positions 9 and 15 respectively (the 13E,15S-stereoisomer).		2.1310prostaglandins Bhuman metabolite
apigenin
Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.		2.110trihydroxyflavoneantineoplastic agent;
metabolite
alprostadil
[no description available]		7.4820prostaglandins Eanticoagulant;
human metabolite;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
rutin
Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.		5.0621disaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glucoside;
rutinoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antioxidant;
metabolite
prostaglandin f1
prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		2.1310prostaglandins Falphahuman metabolite
pulmicort
Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
cyclic acetal;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
bronchodilator agent;
drug allergen
montelukast
montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist		2.4420aliphatic sulfide;
monocarboxylic acid;
quinolines		anti-arrhythmia drug;
anti-asthmatic drug;
leukotriene antagonist
timolol maleate
(S)-timolol maleate : The maleic acid salt of the active (S)-enantiomer of timolol, comprising equimolar amounts of (S)-timolol and maleic acid.		2.1310maleate saltanti-arrhythmia drug;
antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist
brompheniramine maleate
brompheniramine maleate : The maleic acid salt of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.		2.1310maleate saltanti-allergic agent
oleuropein
oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.		4.911beta-D-glucoside;
catechols;
diester;
methyl ester;
pyrans;
secoiridoid glycoside		anti-inflammatory agent;
antihypertensive agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
NF-kappaB inhibitor;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
zearalenone
Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.		2.1310macrolide;
resorcinols		fungal metabolite;
mycoestrogen
morusin
morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.		4.911extended flavonoid;
trihydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester
phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.		2.1510alkyl caffeate esteranti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
immunomodulator;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
rosmarinic acid
rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.		5.1221rosmarinic acidgeroprotector;
plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a
salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia		2.4110stilbenoid
estriol 17-glucuronide
[no description available]		2.1310steroid saponin
coenzyme q10
coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.		3.5111ubiquinonesantioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
human metabolite
uf 021
isopropyl unoprostone: a safe and effective ocular hypotensive drug. isopropyl unoprostone : The isopropyl ester of unoprostone.		2.110isopropyl ester;
ketone;
prostaglandins Falpha		antiglaucoma drug;
antihypertensive agent;
prodrug
tranilast
tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.		2.1310amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
dimethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
calcium channel blocker;
hepatoprotective agent;
nephroprotective agent
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha
8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.		2.0310F2-isoprostanebiomarker;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
4-hydroxyestradiol
4-hydroxyestradiol: catechol estrogen. 4-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol having an additional hydroxy group at position 4.		2.13104-hydroxy steroidmetabolite
menatetrenone
menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.		2.1310menaquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
bone density conservation agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
xylometazoline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
ketotifen fumarate
ketotifen fumarate : An organoammonium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of ketotifen(1+) and fumarate(1-) ions. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is a non-bronchodilator anti-asthmatic drug.		2.1310organoammonium saltanti-asthmatic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
dinoprost tromethamine
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
ozagrel
ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer		7.5691cinnamic acids
pitavastatin
pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.		2.0410cyclopropanes;
dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
monofluorobenzenes;
quinolines;
statin (synthetic)		antioxidant
hydrocortisone valerate
hydrocortisone valerate: used in treatment of atopic dermatitis; RN given refers to 11beta-isomer		2.1310cortisol ester;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
valerate ester
prostaglandin f2 methyl ester
prostaglandin F2 methyl ester: has ocular hypotensive effect; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer		2.1310prostanoid
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		4.291804-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
ubiquinone 8
[no description available]		4.911ubiquinonesbiomarker
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.0310sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
2-bromoergocryptine mesylate
[no description available]		2.1310
perhexiline maleate
[no description available]		2.1310
phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
phenylephrine hydrochloride
Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.		2.1310hydrochloride
mepyramine maleate
histosol: proprietary mixture of synthetic aromatic hydrocarbons forming an extremely nonpolar organic solvent		2.1310
ethisterone
Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.		2.131017beta-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
terminal acetylenic compound;
tertiary alcohol		drug metabolite;
progestin
nalmefene
nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer		2.1310morphinane alkaloid
naloxone
Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.		2.0710morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus
Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.		2.1310antibiotic antifungal drug;
cyclic acetal;
cyclic ketone;
ether;
macrolide lactam;
organic heterotricyclic compound;
secondary alcohol		antibacterial drug;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite;
geroprotector;
immunosuppressive agent;
mTOR inhibitor
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol
6alpha-hydroxy-17beta-estradiol : A 4-hydroxy steroid that consists of 17beta-estradiol bearing an additional 6alpha-hydroxy substituent.		2.13106alpha-hydroxy steroid
4-amino-5-chloro-N-[(3R,4S)-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxy-4-piperidinyl]-2-methoxybenzamide
[no description available]		2.4110benzamides
desoximetasone
Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid;
fluorinated steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		anti-inflammatory drug;
antipruritic drug
cytochalasin b
Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.		2.1310cytochalasin;
lactam;
lactone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		actin polymerisation inhibitor;
metabolite;
mycotoxin;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
u-44619
thromboxane A2 agonist : An agonist that binds to and activates thromboxane A2 receptors.		2.1310
furazolidone
[no description available]		2.1310
tyrphostin ag 555
[no description available]		2.1310
nifuroxazide
nifuroxazide: structure		2.1310benzoic acids
ergothioneine
ergothioneine thione form : A L-histidine derivative that is N(alpha),N(alpha),N(alpha)-trimethyl-L-histidine in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the imdazole ring is replaced by a thioxo group.		2.04101,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones;
amino-acid betaine;
L-histidine derivative;
sulfur-containing amino acid		antioxidant;
chelator;
fungal metabolite;
plant metabolite;
xenobiotic metabolite
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor. N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-pentylcinnamoyl group. It is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor.		2.3110amidobenzoic acid;
cinnamamides;
secondary carboxamide		EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
TRP channel blocker
molsidomine
[no description available]		2.1310ethyl ester;
morpholines;
oxadiazole;
zwitterion		antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
nitric oxide donor;
vasodilator agent
rg 13022
RG 13022: structure given in first source		2.1310
styrylquinoline
styrylquinoline: structure in first source		2.13102-styrylquinoline
trimethyltin
trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.		3.1610
bismuth
Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.		4.911metal atom;
pnictogen
arsenic
Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)		7.610metalloid atom;
pnictogen		micronutrient
naltrexone
Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.1710cyclopropanes;
morphinane-like compound;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
environmental contaminant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
gallium
Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.		4.911boron group element atom
kavain
[no description available]		2.1310racemateglycine receptor antagonist
2-Phenylethyl 3-phenyl-2-propenoate
[no description available]		2.1510cinnamate ester
puerarin
[no description available]		2.4820C-glycosyl compound;
isoflavonoid
enalapril maleate
enalapril maleate : The maleic acid salt of enalapril. It contains one molecule of maleic acid for each molecule of enalapril. Following oral administration, the ethyl ester group of enalapril is hydrolysed to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid, enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor. Enalapril is thus a prodrug for enalaprilat (which, unlike enalapril, is not absorbed by mouth), and its maleate is used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients.		2.1310maleate saltantihypertensive agent;
EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor;
prodrug
trimebutine maleate salt
[no description available]		2.1310trihydroxybenzoic acid
vinblastine sulfate
[no description available]		2.1310
vincristine sulfate
[no description available]		2.1310
3-(3,4-dihydro-2H-1,5-benzodioxepin-7-yl)-5,7-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1-benzopyran-4-one
[no description available]		2.1310isoflavones
(2R)-2-[[(2R,3R,4R)-2-amino-4-hydroxy-4-(5-hydroxy-2-pyridinyl)-3-methyl-1-oxobutyl]amino]-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S)-5-(2,4-dioxo-1-pyrimidinyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-oxolanyl]acetic acid
[no description available]		2.1310peptide
n-methylscopolamine bromide
scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.		2.1310
deoxyribose
[no description available]		2.0210deoxypentosehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		7.8130cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
n-acetylmuramic acid
N-acetylmuramic acid: RN given refers to D-Glucopyranose, (R)-isomer. N-acetyl-D-muramic acid : The pyranose form of N-acetylmuramic acid.		2.1310N-acetylmuramic acid
phosphorus
Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.		4.911monoatomic phosphorus;
nonmetal atom;
pnictogen		macronutrient
boron
Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.		4.911boron group element atom;
metalloid atom;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source		2.4920
naltrexone hydrochloride
naltrexone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by reaction of oxycodone with one molar equivalent of hydrochloric acid. it is a mu-opioid receptor antagonist that is used to treat alcohol dependence.		2.1310hydrochlorideantidote to opioid poisoning;
central nervous system depressant;
mu-opioid receptor antagonist
guanabenz acetate
[no description available]		2.1310dichlorobenzenegeroprotector
nylidrin hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310alkylbenzene
triprolidine hydrochloride anhydrous
triprolidine hydrochloride (anh.) : A hydrochloride resulting from the formal reaction of equimolar amounts of triprolidine and hydrogen chloride. Its monohydrate is used for the symptomatic relief of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.		2.1310hydrochlorideH1-receptor antagonist
phentolamine
[no description available]		2.1310
fendiline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
tiapridex
Tiapride Hydrochloride: A benzamide derivative that is used as a dopamine antagonist.		2.1310benzamides
nab-365
clenbuterol hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of clenbuterol.		2.1310hydrochloridebeta-adrenergic agonist;
bronchodilator agent;
sympathomimetic agent
dithiazanine iodide
[no description available]		2.1310benzothiazoles;
organic iodide salt		anthelminthic drug;
fluorochrome
selenium
Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.		2.0510chalcogen;
nonmetal atom		micronutrient
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.		2.4320(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
sinequan
[no description available]		2.1310dibenzooxazepine
buflomedil hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310aromatic ketone
moxisylyte hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310monoterpenoid
dizocilpine maleate
Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.		5.3131maleate salt;
tetracyclic antidepressant		anaesthetic;
anticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent;
nicotinic antagonist;
NMDA receptor antagonist
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.		2.3820HPETEhuman xenobiotic metabolite
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid
2-(4-amylcinnamoyl)amino-4-chlorobenzoic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor		2.3110
disufenton sodium
disufenton sodium: a nitrone benzene bissulfonate in development for stroke; has neuroprotective activity; structure in first source		3.5320
perflubron
demethylxanthohumol: an apoptosis-inducing agent from hops; structure in first source. desmethylxanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2', 4', and 6' and a 3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl group at position 3'.		2.05102-acyl-4-prenylphloroglucinol;
chalcones		plant metabolite
hydroxysafflor yellow a
hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).		2.4110
dirithromycin
[no description available]		2.1310macrolide antibioticprodrug
fluphenazine
[no description available]		2.1310
homochlorocyclizine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
butoxamine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
scopolamine hydrobromide
scopolamine hydrobromide (anhydrous) : A hydrobromide that is obtained by reaction of scopolamine with hydrogen bromide.		2.1310
protriptyline hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310hydrochlorideantidepressant
emetine hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate
[no description available]		2.0310
epinephrine bitartrate
[no description available]		2.1310
bicuculline methobromide
[no description available]		2.1310
6 beta-hydroxycortisol
6 beta-hydroxycortisol: RN given refers to the (6beta,11beta)-isomer; see also record for 6 alpha-hydrocortisol. 6beta-hydroxycortisol : A C21-steroid that is cortisol bearing an additional hydroxy substituent at the 6beta-position. In humans, it is produced as a metabolite of cortisol by cytochrome p450-3A4 (CYP3A4, an important enzyme involved in the metabolism of a variety of exogenous and endogenous compounds) and can be used to detect moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibition in vivo.		2.131011beta-hydroxy steroid;
17alpha-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
6beta-hydroxy steroid;
C21-steroid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mammalian metabolite;
probe
butylscopolammonium bromide
Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.		2.1310
androst-16-en-3-one
androst-16-en-3-one: boar taint steroid; RN given refers to (5alpha)-isomer. 5alpha-androst-16-en-3-one : An androstanoid that is 5alpha-androst-16-ene substituted by an oxo group at position 3. It is a steroid pheromone found in high concentrations in the saliva of male pigs,.		2.13103-oxo steroid;
androstanoid		mammalian metabolite;
pheromone
butaclamol hydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
dihydroouabain
[no description available]		2.1310cardenolide glycosideEC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
radiosensitizing agent
LSM-6455
[no description available]		2.1310peptide ergot alkaloid
estradiol 17-acetate
[no description available]		2.1310steroid ester
rebaudioside a
rebaudioside A: glucoside isolated from the leaves of the paraguayan shrub, Stevia rebaudiana; has taste properties superior to stevioside; structure in first source. rebaudioside A : A rebaudioside that is rubusoside in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 of the beta-D-glucopyranosyloxy group at the 13alpha position have both been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside.		2.1110beta-D-glucoside;
rebaudioside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
isoborneol
isoborneol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		7.783borneol
(3aR,6aR)-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)-3-[oxo(2-pyrazinyl)methyl]-3a,6a-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrazole-4,6-dione
[no description available]		2.1310pyrrolidines
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.0110
euk-134
EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source		7.0610
ursodoxicoltaurine
tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.		3.710bile acid taurine conjugateanti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
human metabolite;
neuroprotective agent
3-morpholino-sydnonimine monohydrochloride
[no description available]		2.1310
mocetinostat
mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).		4.01130aminopyrimidine;
benzamides;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound;
secondary carboxamide;
substituted aniline		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
autophagy inducer;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent
lipid a
Lipid A: Lipid A is the biologically active component of lipopolysaccharides. It shows strong endotoxic activity and exhibits immunogenic properties.. lipid A : The glycolipid moiety of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (R can be either hydrogen or a fatty acyl group).		4.911dodecanoate ester;
lipid A;
tetradecanoate ester		Escherichia coli metabolite
thiocolchicoside
thiocolchicoside: used in combination with glafenine and meprobamate to tranquilize patients undergoing hysterosalpingography; structure		4.911glycoside
rucaparib
AG14447: Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor; structure in first source		4.911azepinoindole;
caprolactams;
organofluorine compound;
secondary amino compound		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2h)-isoquinolinone
[no description available]		2.0510
3-nitrooxypropanol
3-nitrooxypropanol: structure in first source		2.0710
masitinib
[no description available]		2.88301,3-thiazoles;
benzamides;
N-alkylpiperazine;
pyridines		antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
propyl caffeate
propyl caffeate: has antioxidant activity; structure in first source		2.1510
n-caffeoyldopamine
N-caffeoyldopamine: structure in first source		2.1510
4-ethoxy-3-phenylsulfonylfuroxan
[no description available]		2.0510
artenimol
artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)		521
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide
succinyl-leucyl-leucyl-valyl-tyrosyl-methylcoumarinamide: fluorogenic substrate for ingensin. succinyl-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin : A tetrapeptide compound with a succinyl group at the N-terminal and a 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin group at the C-terminal.		2.04107-aminocoumarins;
tetrapeptide		fluorochrome
betrixaban
betrixaban: a highly potent, selective, and orally efficacious factor Xa inhibitor; structure in first source. betrixaban : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-(N,N-dimethylcarbamimidoyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 2-amino-N-(5-chloropyridin-2-yl)-5-methoxybenzamide. A synthetic anticoagulant compound that targets activated factor Xa in the coagulation cascade.		2.1710benzamides;
guanidines;
monochloropyridine;
monomethoxybenzene;
secondary carboxamide		anticoagulant;
EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.4110
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		5.0821
cefotaxime sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic sodium salt
8-oxo-2'-deoxyadenosine
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine: structure in first source		2.0210purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside
lactulose
Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.		4.911
2,5-anhydromannose
2,5-anhydromannose: RN given refers to (D)-isomer		2.1110
epoxomicin
[no description available]		2.0410morpholines;
tripeptide		proteasome inhibitor
pyrazolone
pyrazolone: non-steroid antirheumatic agent. pyrazolone : A member of the class of pyrazoles in which one of the carbons of the pyrazole ring is substituted by an oxo group.		2.0710
mw-151
2-(4-(4-methyl-6-phenylpyridazin-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl)pyrimidine: attenuates proinflammatory cytokine production		2.4110
losartan potassium
Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.		3.5520
mefloquine
Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.		1.9610
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		10.3331organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
serofendic acid
serofendic acid: structure in first source		2.0410
5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propoxy cyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline n-oxide
5-(2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propoxy cyclophosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide: structure in first source		2.110
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		3.5580
oligonucleotides
[no description available]		2.9630
N-[[3-(2-chlorophenyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-pyrazolyl]methyl]-2-(2-pyridinyl)ethanamine
[no description available]		2.1310pyrazoles;
ring assembly
cellulose
DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.		4.911glycoside
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.41101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
atractyloside
Atractyloside: A glycoside of a kaurene type diterpene that is found in some plants including Atractylis gummifera (ATRACTYLIS); COFFEE; XANTHIUM, and CALLILEPIS. Toxicity is due to inhibition of ADENINE NUCLEOTIDE TRANSLOCASE.		2.0110
3-(3-(4-((pyridin-2-yloxy)methyl)benzyl)isoxazol-5-yl)pyridin-2-amine
APX001A: has antifungal activity; structure in first source		4.911
ubiquinone
Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.		6.3832
scalaradial
scalaradial: RN refers to the (5alpha,12alpha,17abeta)-isomer; a marine natural product isolated from the sponge Cacospongia sp.; structure given in first source. scalaradial : A scalarane sesterterpenoid with formula C27H40O4. It is a natural product found in the marine sponges Spongia officinalis and Cacospongia mollior, and exhibits anti-inflammatory activity.		2.3110acetate ester;
carbotetracyclic compound;
dialdehyde;
enal;
scalarane sesterterpenoid		animal metabolite;
anti-inflammatory agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
marine metabolite;
TRP channel blocker
chitosan
[no description available]		7.8330
bucladesine
Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.		2.13103',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
ampicillin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic sodium salt
penicillin g potassium
benzylpenicillin potassium : Organic potassium salt of benzylpenicillin.		2.1310organic potassium salt
piperacillin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic sodium salt
cefoxitin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic molecular entity
nafcillin sodium
[no description available]		2.1310organic sodium salt
cefamandole nafate
cefamandole sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of cefamandole.		2.1310organic sodium saltantibacterial drug
sodium diatrizoate
histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.		2.1310organic sodium salt;
organoiodine compound		radioopaque medium
estrone sulfate, potassium salt
[no description available]		2.1310
cefazolin sodium
cefazolin sodium : A cephalosporin organic sodium salt having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups.		2.1310organic sodium salt
naproxen sodium
naproxen sodium : An organic sodium salt consisting of equimolar amounts of naproxen(1-) anions and sodium anions.		2.1310organic sodium saltantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ck-2017357
CK-2017357: a fast-skeletal-troponin activator; structure in first source		2.1510
cardiovascular agents
Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.		2.0310
mannans
[no description available]		4.911
piperidines
Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.		3.0440
interleukin-8
Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.		3.6411
sofosbuvir
Sofosbuvir: A uridine monophosphate analog inhibitor of HEPATITIS C VIRUS (HCV) polymerase NS5B that is used as an ANTIVIRAL AGENT in the treatment of CHRONIC HEPATITIS C.. sofosbuvir : A nucleotide conjugate that is used in combination with ledipasvir (under the trade name Harvoni) for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 infection.		2.1710isopropyl ester;
L-alanyl ester;
nucleotide conjugate;
organofluorine compound;
phosphoramidate ester		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C protease inhibitor;
prodrug
heparitin sulfate
Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.		2.1510
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		4.2750ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
tetracycline
Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.		4.911
oxytetracycline, anhydrous
Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.		2.6320
minocycline
Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.		2.9740
salicylates
Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.		2.0610monohydroxybenzoateplant metabolite
piroxicam
[no description available]		2.5420benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
acenocoumarol
Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.		2.1310C-nitro compound;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
mobic
Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.		2.61201,3-thiazoles;
benzothiazine;
monocarboxylic acid amide		analgesic;
antirheumatic drug;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex
tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.		2.1310heteroaryl hydroxy compound;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pyridines;
thienothiazine		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin
Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.		4.2650benzenes;
hydroxycoumarin;
methyl ketone
teriflunomide
[no description available]		4.911(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic amide;
enamide;
enol;
nitrile;
secondary carboxamide		drug metabolite;
EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor;
hepatotoxic agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
demeclocycline hydrochloride
demeclocycline hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of demeclocycline. A tetracycline antibiotic, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.		2.1310
epidermal growth factor
Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.		2.0310
kaolinite
Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.		2.1510aluminosilicate mineral;
mixture		antidiarrhoeal drug;
excipient
bismuth oxybromide
bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation		4.911
phytoestrogens
Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.		4.911
claulansine f
claulansine F: a free radical scavenger isolated from the stem of Clausena lansium; structure in first source		2.1710
gs-5816
velpatasvir: an NS5A inhibitor used for treating hepatitis C infections. velpatasvir : A complex organic heteropentacyclic compound that is a hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor used in combination with sofosbuvir (under the brand name Epclusa) for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C of all six major genotypes.		2.1710carbamate ester;
ether;
imidazoles;
L-valine derivative;
N-acylpyrrolidine;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
ring assembly		antiviral drug;
hepatitis C virus nonstructural protein 5A inhibitor
plecanatide
plecanatide: A uroguanylin analog and guanylate cyclase (GC-C receptor) agonist that activates receptors on gut epithelial cells to maintain barrier function, mucus production, and suppress inflammation. It is used in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation and other gastrointestinal disorders.		2.1710
rebaudioside d
rebaudioside D: isolated from Stevia rebaudiana. rebaudioside D : A rebaudioside that is rebaudioside A in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the beta-D-glucosyl ester moiety has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucoside. Found in minute quantities in the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana.		2.1110rebaudioside;
sophoroside;
tetracyclic diterpenoid		sweetening agent
imm-h004
IMM-H004: Neuroprotective Agent; structure in first source		2.520
hirudin
Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.		4.911
bassianolide
bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.		2.610cyclodepsipeptide;
cyclooctadepsipeptide		antineoplastic agent;
fungal metabolite;
insecticide
vitamin b 12
Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.		2.1110
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.1110
thromboplastin
Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.		2.7730
nusinersen
nusinersen: an antisense oligonucleotide that induces SMN protein expression		2.1710
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.7830
chondroitin sulfates
Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.		2.5420
technetium tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid
Technetium Tc 99m Dimercaptosuccinic Acid: A nontoxic radiopharmaceutical that is used in the diagnostic imaging of the renal cortex.		2.2510
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		2.48202-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
cyclic gmp
Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.		2.42203',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide;
guanyl ribonucleotide		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine
[no description available]		4.24170purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside;
purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hypoxanthine
[no description available]		210nucleobase analogue;
oxopurine;
purine nucleobase		fundamental metabolite
inosine
[no description available]		2.1310inosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
clozapine
Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.		2.1310benzodiazepine;
N-arylpiperazine;
N-methylpiperazine;
organochlorine compound		adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
GABA antagonist;
histamine antagonist;
muscarinic antagonist;
second generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist;
xenobiotic
dacarbazine
(E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.0410dacarbazine
ganciclovir
[no description available]		2.13102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
kf38789
KF38789: a non-carbohydrate low MW cpd that Inhibits P-selectin specific cell adhesion; structure in first source		2.1310
allopurinol
Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.		4.85100nucleobase analogue;
organic heterobicyclic compound		antimetabolite;
EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor;
gout suppressant;
radical scavenger
pralidoxime iodide
pralidoxime iodide : An organic iodide salt that has pralidoxime as the cation.		2.1310organic iodide salt;
pyridinium salt		cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine
8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.		4.24170guanosinesbiomarker
pralidoxime chloride
[no description available]		2.1310organic chloride salt;
pyridinium salt		cholinergic drug;
cholinesterase reactivator
eye
[no description available]		2.0610
steviolbioside
steviolbioside: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source. steviolbioside : A beta-D-glucoside that is steviolmonoside in which the hydroxy group at position 2 of the glucoside moiety has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside.. steviolbioside(1-) : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the deprotonation of the carboxy group of steviolbioside. The major species at pH 7.3.		2.1110monocarboxylic acid anion
pkh 26
PKH 26: no further information available 8/91		2.1110
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		2.0210
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome
[description not available]		02.7230
Apoplexy
[description not available]		015.928917
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		013.911119
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		013.911119
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		117.928917
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		012.44116
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		012.44116
Encephalitis, Polio
[description not available]		02.0610
Poliomyelitis
An acute infectious disease of humans, particularly children, caused by any of three serotypes of human poliovirus (POLIOVIRUS). Usually the infection is limited to the gastrointestinal tract and nasopharynx, and is often asymptomatic. The central nervous system, primarily the spinal cord, may be affected, leading to rapidly progressive paralysis, coarse FASCICULATION and hyporeflexia. Motor neurons are primarily affected. Encephalitis may also occur. The virus replicates in the nervous system, and may cause significant neuronal loss, most notably in the spinal cord. A rare related condition, nonpoliovirus poliomyelitis, may result from infections with nonpoliovirus enteroviruses. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp764-5)		02.0610
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction
[description not available]		05.39131
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		08.72281
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		011.61995
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		013.72281
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		011.61995
Brain Infarction
Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.		010.39131
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria
[description not available]		04.8821
Malaria, Falciparum
Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.		04.8821
Acute Brain Injuries
[description not available]		06.86231
Brain Injuries
Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.		18.86231
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		03.9420
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		03.9420
Anemia, Fanconi
[description not available]		02.1310
Fanconi Anemia
Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)		02.1310
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.1310
Cystic Fibrosis
An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.		02.1310
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		05.86191
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		05.86191
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		019.1214140
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		121.1214140
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		08.0864
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		08.0864
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.481690
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		07.93421
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery
NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.		07.93421
Acute Ischemic Stroke
[description not available]		014.274410
Ischemic Stroke
Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.		116.274410
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		02.8730
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral
[description not available]		05.32190
Cerebral Hemorrhage
Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.		17.32190
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction
[description not available]		012.73579
Cerebral Infarction
The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).		012.73579
DDPAC
[description not available]		02.3110
Frontotemporal Dementia
The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.		07.3110
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease
[description not available]		02.6320
Huntington Disease
A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)		07.6320
Acute Post-operative Pain
[description not available]		02.3110
Pain, Postoperative
Pain during the period after surgery.		02.3110
Encephalopathy, Traumatic
[description not available]		03.6420
Brain Injuries, Traumatic
A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.		03.6420
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure
[description not available]		03.1240
Injuries, Spinal Cord
[description not available]		04.97130
Respiratory Insufficiency
Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)		03.1240
Spinal Cord Injuries
Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).		04.97130
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		09.58254
Encephalomyelitis, Inflammatory
[description not available]		02.4110
Allergic Encephalomyelitis
[description not available]		02.5220
Encephalomyelitis
A general term indicating inflammation of the BRAIN and SPINAL CORD, often used to indicate an infectious process, but also applicable to a variety of autoimmune and toxic-metabolic conditions. There is significant overlap regarding the usage of this term and ENCEPHALITIS in the literature.		07.4110
Anxiety
Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.		07.9430
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		05.2591
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.95120
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies
Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.		02.6120
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		07.3281
Neurodegenerative Diseases
Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.		07.3281
Experimental Lung Inflammation
Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.		02.4110
Pneumonia
Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.		02.4110
Cytokine Release Syndrome
A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.		03.811
Breathlessness
[description not available]		02.4110
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing.		02.4110
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		03.0640
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		03.0640
Anoxemia
[description not available]		04.04130
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		04.04130
Brain Hemorrhage
[description not available]		03.830
Intracranial Hemorrhages
Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.		03.830
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		05.6251
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.5520
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.9940
Aneurysm, Aortic
[description not available]		02.4110
Aortic Aneurysm
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.		07.4110
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.5520
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.9940
Devic Disease
[description not available]		02.610
Neuromyelitis Optica
A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.		07.610
Electrolytes
Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)		05.1221
Acute Kidney Failure
[description not available]		05.6661
Acute Kidney Injury
Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.		05.6661
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		05.5151
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		05.5151
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		08.86275
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.5420
Cirrhosis, Liver
[description not available]		05.2741
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.5420
Liver Cirrhosis
Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.		010.2741
Bleeding
[description not available]		05.5570
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		05.5570
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		04.37190
Colonic Inertia
Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.		06.0844
Constipation
Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.		06.0844
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		011.8791
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		03.1450
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		05.441
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		010.3241
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		05.3241
Clerambault Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		05.5582
CACH Syndrome
[description not available]		02.610
Testicular Diseases
Pathological processes of the TESTIS.		02.5720
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia
[description not available]		03.2650
Dementia, Vascular
An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)		03.2650
Autosomal Dominant Cerebellar Ataxia, Type II
[description not available]		02.610
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		04.85100
Spinocerebellar Ataxias
A group of predominately late-onset, cerebellar ataxias which have been divided into multiple subtypes based on clinical features and genetic mapping. Progressive ataxia is a central feature of these conditions, and in certain subtypes POLYNEUROPATHY; DYSARTHRIA; visual loss; and other disorders may develop. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch65, pp 12-17; J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 1998 Jun;57(6):531-43)		02.610
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		09.85100
Age-Related Memory Disorders
[description not available]		03.4460
Memory Disorders
Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.		03.4460
Hepatitis
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.		07.5220
Carotid Artery Narrowing
[description not available]		04.8471
Carotid Stenosis
Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)		04.8471
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		03.7390
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		08.7390
Fish Diseases
Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).		05.221
DNA Virus Infections
Diseases caused by DNA VIRUSES.		02.610
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.7930
Parkinsonian Disorders
A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.		02.7930
Inadequate Sleep
[description not available]		02.2110
Chronic Lung Injury
[description not available]		03.3660
Central Nervous System Syphilis
[description not available]		02.2110
Angiitis, Central Nervous System
[description not available]		02.2110
Burns
Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.		08.0440
Postoperative Cognitive Complications
COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT or functional decline after a surgical procedure.		02.2510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		04.981
Hyperhomocysteinemia
Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (		02.2510
Kidney Diseases
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.		15.3360
Arterial Obstructive Diseases
[description not available]		03.8921
Arterial Occlusive Diseases
Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.		03.8921
Brain Injury, Chronic
Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.		02.7930
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.8330
Pancreatitis
INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.		02.8330
Hyperoxia
An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.		07.5720
Complication, Postoperative
[description not available]		09.17128
Postoperative Complications
Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.		09.17128
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged
[description not available]		03.711
Long QT Syndrome
A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.		03.711
Infections, Coronavirus
[description not available]		07.9854
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe
[description not available]		02.2510
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		07.9854
Pneumonia, Viral
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.		07.9854
Coronavirus Infections
Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).		07.9854
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.		02.2510
Bradyarrhythmia
[description not available]		07.7954
Liver Dysfunction
[description not available]		08.1794
Bradycardia
Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.		07.7954
Liver Diseases
Pathological processes of the LIVER.		110.1794
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		05.2331
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.8781
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		05.6361
Cardiac Death
[description not available]		04.7211
Diathesis
[description not available]		04.7211
Chronic Hepatitis C
[description not available]		07.9955
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular
[description not available]		05.4551
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis
[description not available]		04.7211
Peripheral Arterial Diseases
[description not available]		04.7211
Co-infection
[description not available]		04.7211
Allergic Rhinitis
[description not available]		04.7211
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
[description not available]		04.7211
Bacterial Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		04.8121
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		04.8521
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive
[description not available]		04.7211
Catarrh
Inflammation of a mucous membrane with increased flow of mucous in humans or animals. Catarrh is used mostly in a historical context.		04.7211
Endometrioma
An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.		04.7211
E coli Infections
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		04.7211
Berger Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted
[description not available]		04.7521
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		06.6361
Central Hypothyroidism
[description not available]		04.7211
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		0531
Libman-Sacks Disease
[description not available]		04.7211
Age-Related Macular Degeneration
[description not available]		04.7211
MS (Multiple Sclerosis)
[description not available]		05.3131
Experimental Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.7211
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		04.7211
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		04.7211
Shock, Cardiogenic
Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.		04.7211
Sinus Infections
[description not available]		04.7211
Infections, Staphylococcal
[description not available]		04.7211
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		07.8444
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.7211
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.7421
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		010.0399
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative
[description not available]		04.7211
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive
[description not available]		04.7211
Low Back Ache
[description not available]		04.7211
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		04.8321
Local Neoplasm Recurrence
[description not available]		07.8444
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		04.8821
Bucket Handle Tears
[description not available]		04.7211
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.		04.7211
Bacterial Infections
Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.		04.7211
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		04.8121
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.8521
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).		04.7211
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		011.8461
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		05.6361
Common Cold
A catarrhal disorder of the upper respiratory tract, which may be viral or a mixed infection. It generally involves a runny nose, nasal congestion, and sneezing.		04.7211
Endometriosis
A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.		04.7211
Escherichia coli Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.		04.7211
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		04.7211
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		04.7211
Hepatitis C
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.		04.7521
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		06.6361
Hypothyroidism
A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.		04.7211
Intermittent Claudication
A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.		04.7211
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		0531
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic
A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.		04.7211
Macular Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.		04.7211
Multiple Sclerosis
An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)		05.3131
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		04.7211
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		04.7211
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		06.24121
Respiratory Tract Diseases
Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.		04.7211
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		04.7211
Sinusitis
Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.		04.7211
Staphylococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.		04.7211
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		07.8444
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.7211
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.7421
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		010.0399
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.		04.7211
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections
Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.		04.7211
Low Back Pain
Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.		04.7211
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		09.8321
Hepatitis C, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.		07.9955
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting
The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)		04.7211
Sarcopenia
Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.		04.7211
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.		04.7211
Acute Pain
Intensely discomforting, distressful, or agonizing sensation associated with trauma or disease, with well-defined location, character, and timing.		04.7211
Rhinitis, Allergic
An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.		04.7211
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain
[description not available]		08.04191
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain
A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.		08.04191
Athletic Injuries
Injuries incurred during participation in competitive or non-competitive sports.		03.4420
Bladder Diseases
[description not available]		03.4220
Paralysis, Legs
[description not available]		03.6830
Anorectal Diseases
[description not available]		03.1710
Myelopathy
[description not available]		03.1710
Paraplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.		03.6830
Rectal Diseases
Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).		03.1710
Spinal Cord Diseases
Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.		03.1710
Injuries, Radiation
[description not available]		06.451
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		06.54173
Infections, Pneumococcal
[description not available]		02.2510
Bacterial Meningitides
[description not available]		02.2510
Pneumococcal Infections
Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.		02.2510
Meningitis, Bacterial
Bacterial infections of the leptomeninges and subarachnoid space, frequently involving the cerebral cortex, cranial nerves, cerebral blood vessels, spinal cord, and nerve roots.		02.2510
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis
[description not available]		02.5720
Placenta Diseases
Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.		02.3110
Pre-Eclampsia
A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.		07.5720
Alopecia Cicatrisata
[description not available]		02.3110
Alopecia
Absence of hair from areas where it is normally present.		07.3110
Delirium of Mixed Origin
[description not available]		03.711
Delirium
A disorder characterized by CONFUSION; inattentiveness; disorientation; ILLUSIONS; HALLUCINATIONS; agitation; and in some instances autonomic nervous system overactivity. It may result from toxic/metabolic conditions or structural brain lesions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp411-2)		03.711
Lung Injury, Acute
[description not available]		03.8100
Inhalation Injury, Smoke
[description not available]		02.3110
Acute Lung Injury
A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).		03.8100
Cystitis
Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.		07.3110
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.74100
Aura
[description not available]		02.830
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		02.830
Low Tension Glaucoma
A form of glaucoma in which chronic optic nerve damage and loss of vision normally attributable to buildup of intraocular pressure occurs despite prevailing conditions of normal intraocular pressure.		02.1510
Day Blindness
[description not available]		02.1510
Intraocular Pressure
The pressure of the fluids in the eye.		02.1510
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy
[description not available]		02.5720
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal
A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)		02.5720
Ambulation Difficulty
[description not available]		04.4511
Respiration Disorders
Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.		05.7232
Nasopharyngitis
Inflammation of the NASOPHARYNX, usually including its mucosa, related lymphoid structure, and glands.		04.4511
Degenerative Disc Disease
[description not available]		02.1510
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.		02.1510
Cranial Nerve II Injuries
[description not available]		02.1510
Retinal Degeneration
A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)		07.520
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.7430
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		03.4770
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome
[description not available]		07.7430
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		03.4770
Respiratory Distress Syndrome
A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.		07.7430
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		03.9421
Aneurysm, Ruptured
The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.		02.1710
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery
[description not available]		0340
Brain Vascular Disorders
[description not available]		04.8450
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid
[description not available]		06.5561
Intracranial Aneurysm
Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (		0840
Cerebrovascular Disorders
A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.		04.8450
Hematoma
A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.		02.1710
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.		06.5561
Hyperuricemia
Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.		02.1710
Edema, Pulmonary
[description not available]		02.1710
Pulmonary Edema
Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.		02.1710
Benedict Syndrome
[description not available]		02.5320
Brown Tendon Sheath Syndrome
[description not available]		02.1710
Atrophy
Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.		02.5220
MODS
[description not available]		02.2110
Multiple Organ Failure
A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.		02.2110
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
[description not available]		02.2110
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.		02.2110
Encephalopathy, Toxic
[description not available]		03.250
Recrudescence
[description not available]		02.520
Aganglionic Megacolon
[description not available]		02.2110
Dissecting Vertebral Artery Aneurysm
[description not available]		02.5420
Hirschsprung Disease
Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.		02.2110
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		04.2231
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		04.2231
Cardiac Toxicity
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Diseases
[description not available]		0340
Heart Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.		0340
Cardiotoxicity
Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.		07.2110
Muscular Weakness
[description not available]		02.2110
Lassitude
[description not available]		02.2110
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		02.2110
Muscle Weakness
A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)		02.2110
Metabolic Acidosis
[description not available]		02.0810
Acidosis
A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.		07.0810
Brain Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.7630
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		02.0810
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		02.0810
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		06.06103
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		06.06103
Nerve Degeneration
Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.		04.5790
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		03.6630
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		08.6630
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.7530
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo
[description not available]		02.4620
Deafness, Sudden
Complete sensorineural hearing loss which develops suddenly over a period of hours or a few days.		02.110
Vertigo
An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)		07.4620
Acute Idiopathic Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0810
Facial Palsy
[description not available]		07.7730
Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
[description not available]		02.0810
Herpes Simplex
A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2 that is characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane. It occurs as a primary infection or recurs due to a reactivation of a latent infection. (Dorland, 27th ed.)		02.0810
Bell Palsy
A syndrome characterized by the acute onset of unilateral FACIAL PARALYSIS which progresses over a 2-5 day period. Weakness of the orbicularis oculi muscle and resulting incomplete eye closure may be associated with corneal injury. Pain behind the ear often precedes the onset of paralysis. This condition may be associated with HERPESVIRUS 1, HUMAN infection of the facial nerve. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1376)		02.0810
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		02.4520
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		02.4520
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.7130
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.4620
Cardiac Tamponade
Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.		02.110
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		02.7130
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.4620
Retinal Diseases
Diseases involving the RETINA.		09.3770
Sterility, Female
[description not available]		02.110
Heavy Metal Poisoning
Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of HEAVY METALS. Acute and chronic exposures can cause ANEMIA; KIDNEY and LIVER damage; PULMONARY EDEMA; MEMORY LOSS and behavioral changes; bone deformities in children; and MISCARRIAGE or PREMATURE LABOR in pregnant women.		02.110
Infertility, Female
Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.		02.110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.110
Atheroma
[description not available]		03.0110
Anoxia, Brain
[description not available]		04.5351
Cerebral Concussion
[description not available]		02.4820
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.110
Brain Concussion
A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)		02.4820
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.110
Brain Emboli
[description not available]		04.6961
Embolism, Fat
Blocking of a blood vessel by fat deposits in the circulation. It is often seen after fractures of large bones or after administration of CORTICOSTEROIDS.		02.110
Femur Neck Fractures
[description not available]		02.110
Symptom Cluster
[description not available]		02.7430
Femoral Neck Fractures
Fractures of the short, constricted portion of the thigh bone between the femur head and the trochanters. It excludes intertrochanteric fractures which are HIP FRACTURES.		02.110
Syndrome
A characteristic symptom complex.		07.7430
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.		09.411
Carcinoma, Anaplastic
[description not available]		04.411
Cancer of Nasopharynx
[description not available]		04.411
Carcinoma
A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.		09.411
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.		04.411
Acute Hepatic Failure
[description not available]		02.4720
Liver Failure, Acute
A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.		02.4720
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive
[description not available]		02.4920
Blood Clot
[description not available]		03.4470
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated
A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.		02.4920
Thrombosis
Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.		08.4470
Convulsions, Febrile
[description not available]		02.110
Infections, Roseolovirus
[description not available]		02.110
Seizures, Febrile
Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)		02.110
Impairment, Light Touch Sensation
[description not available]		02.110
Dorsolateral Medullary Syndrome
[description not available]		03.4320
Brain Disorders
[description not available]		03.6930
Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Toxic asphyxiation due to the displacement of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin by carbon monoxide.		07.5220
Brain Diseases
Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.		03.6930
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack
[description not available]		04.67100
Ischemic Attack, Transient
Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)		04.67100
Carotid Artery Dissection, Internal
[description not available]		02.110
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.7430
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.7430
Academic Disorder, Developmental
[description not available]		02.5320
Learning Disabilities
Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.		02.5320
Acquired Agraphia
[description not available]		02.1110
Alogia
[description not available]		02.1110
Aphasia
A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia.		02.1110
Suffocation
[description not available]		02.1110
Asystole
[description not available]		02.5220
Chest Injuries
[description not available]		02.1110
Asphyxia
A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.		02.1110
Heart Arrest
Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.		02.5220
Experimental Radiation Injuries
[description not available]		02.7730
Mucositis, Oral
[description not available]		02.1110
Stomatitis
INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.		02.1110
Protein Aggregation, Pathological
A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.		02.1110
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone
[description not available]		02.520
Osteonecrosis
Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.		07.520
Cerebrovascular Moyamoya Disease
[description not available]		03.9121
Deafness, Transitory
[description not available]		02.9640
Hearing Loss
A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.		07.9640
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		03.4570
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		03.4570
Acquired Facial Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.1110
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.1110
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		02.1310
Brain Inflammation
[description not available]		02.1310
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		02.1310
Encephalitis
Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.		02.1310
Cardiomyopathies, Primary
[description not available]		02.1110
Cardiomyopathies
A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).		02.1110
Manganese Poisoning
Manganese poisoning is associated with chronic inhalation of manganese particles by individuals who work with manganese ore. Clinical features include CONFUSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and an extrapyramidal syndrome (PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) that includes rigidity; DYSTONIA; retropulsion; and TREMOR. (Adams, Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1213)		02.1310
Weight Gain
Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.		02.4620
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.1310
Anasarca
[description not available]		03.8840
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		03.8840
Hypertrophy
General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).		02.1310
Ventricular Fibrillation
A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.		07.1310
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion
[description not available]		03.0410
Hyponatremia
Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)		03.0410
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome
A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.		03.0410
Experimental Pneumococcal Meningitis
[description not available]		02.1310
Meningitis, Pneumococcal
An acute purulent infection of the meninges and subarachnoid space caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae, most prevalent in children and adults over the age of 60. This illness may be associated with OTITIS MEDIA; MASTOIDITIS; SINUSITIS; RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS; sickle cell disease (ANEMIA, SICKLE CELL); skull fractures; and other disorders. Clinical manifestations include FEVER; HEADACHE; neck stiffness; and somnolence followed by SEIZURES; focal neurologic deficits (notably DEAFNESS); and COMA. (From Miller et al., Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p111)		02.1310
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		02.1310
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		02.1310
Astrocytosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Aqueductal Stenosis
[description not available]		02.1510
Anton Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0410
Lateral Sinus Thrombophlebitis
[description not available]		02.0410
Cochlear Hearing Loss
[description not available]		04.1231
Central Hearing Loss
[description not available]		02.0510
Hearing Loss, Sensorineural
Hearing loss resulting from damage to the COCHLEA and the sensorineural elements which lie internally beyond the oval and round windows. These elements include the AUDITORY NERVE and its connections in the BRAINSTEM.		04.1231
Absence Status
[description not available]		02.9640
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		07.9640
Developmental Coordination Disorder
[description not available]		02.0410
Cadaver
A dead body, usually a human body.		02.0410
Chicken Pox
[description not available]		02.0510
Chickenpox
A highly contagious infectious disease caused by the varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). It usually affects children, is spread by direct contact or respiratory route via droplet nuclei, and is characterized by the appearance on the skin and mucous membranes of successive crops of typical pruritic vesicular lesions that are easily broken and become scabbed. Chickenpox is relatively benign in children, but may be complicated by pneumonia and encephalitis in adults. (From Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0510
Carotid Artery Thrombosis
Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.		03.8221
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced
[description not available]		02.0410
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.0510
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.0510
Angiospasm, Intracranial
[description not available]		06.1741
Vasospasm, Intracranial
Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).		06.1741
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic
[description not available]		02.9610
Aortic Dissection
[description not available]		03.6430
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic
An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.		02.9610
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion
Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)		02.4620
Thromboembolism
Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.		02.4620
Urinary Retention
Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).		07.0510
Palsy
[description not available]		07.0510
Paralysis
A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)		02.0510
MELAS
[description not available]		07.4420
MELAS Syndrome
A mitochondrial disorder characterized by focal or generalized seizures, episodes of transient or persistent neurologic dysfunction resembling strokes, and ragged-red fibers on muscle biopsy. Affected individuals tend to be normal at birth through early childhood, then experience growth failure, episodic vomiting, and recurrent cerebral insults resulting in visual loss and hemiparesis. The cortical lesions tend to occur in the parietal and occipital lobes and are not associated with vascular occlusion. VASCULAR HEADACHE is frequently associated and the disorder tends to be familial. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch56, p117)		02.4420
Barotrauma
Injury following pressure changes; includes injury to the eustachian tube, ear drum, lung and stomach.		02.4420
Embolus
[description not available]		02.0510
Complication, Intraoperative
[description not available]		02.0510
Branch Retinal Artery Occlusion
[description not available]		02.0510
Embolism
Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.		02.0510
Retinal Artery Occlusion
Sudden ISCHEMIA in the RETINA due to blocked blood flow through the CENTRAL RETINAL ARTERY or its branches leading to sudden complete or partial loss of vision, respectively, in the eye.		02.0510
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		07.4420
Left Ventricular Dysfunction
[description not available]		02.4620
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.4420
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left
A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.		02.4620
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		02.0510
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		02.0510
Peripheral Nerve Diseases
[description not available]		02.0510
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.		02.0510
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid
[description not available]		03.4311
Branch Vein Occlusion
[description not available]		03.4311
Macular Edema
Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)		03.4311
Retinal Vein Occlusion
Blockage of the RETINAL VEIN. Those at high risk for this condition include patients with HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; and other CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES.		08.4311
Spermatic Cord Torsion
The twisting of the SPERMATIC CORD due to an anatomical abnormality that left the TESTIS mobile and dangling in the SCROTUM. The initial effect of testicular torsion is obstruction of venous return. Depending on the duration and degree of cord rotation, testicular symptoms range from EDEMA to interrupted arterial flow and testicular pain. If blood flow to testis is absent for 4 to 6 h, SPERMATOGENESIS may be permanently lost.		02.0510
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.0510
Basilar Artery Insufficiency
[description not available]		02.0510
Cardiac Failure
[description not available]		03.8221
Heart Failure
A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.		03.8221
Leukemia, Lymphocytic, T Cell
[description not available]		02.4520
Leukemia, T-Cell
A malignant disease of the T-LYMPHOCYTES in the bone marrow, thymus, and/or blood.		02.4520
Autoimmune Disease
[description not available]		02.9740
Carditis
[description not available]		02.9740
Autoimmune Diseases
Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.		02.9740
Myocarditis
Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.		02.9740
Atrophy, Muscle
[description not available]		03.4411
Brachial Paresis
[description not available]		03.4411
Muscular Atrophy
Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.		03.4411
Mannosidase Deficiency Diseases
Diseases caused by the loss of one or more enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of mannoside linkages (MANNOSIDASES). The defects in enzyme activity are primarily associated with genetic mutation of the genes that codes for a particular mannosidase isoenzyme.		02.0610
Acid Alpha-Glucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.4420
Lysosomal Enzyme Disorders
[description not available]		02.0610
Alpha-Fucosidase Deficiency
[description not available]		02.0610
Cherry Red Spot Myoclonus Syndrome
[description not available]		02.0610
Fucosidosis
An autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease caused by a deficiency of ALPHA-L-FUCOSIDASE activity resulting in an accumulation of fucose containing SPHINGOLIPIDS; GLYCOPROTEINS, and mucopolysaccharides (GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS) in lysosomes. The infantile form (type I) features psychomotor deterioration, MUSCLE SPASTICITY, coarse facial features, growth retardation, skeletal abnormalities, visceromegaly, SEIZURES, recurrent infections, and MACROGLOSSIA, with death occurring in the first decade of life. Juvenile fucosidosis (type II) is the more common variant and features a slowly progressive decline in neurologic function and angiokeratoma corporis diffusum. Type II survival may be through the fourth decade of life. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p87; Am J Med Genet 1991 Jan;38(1):111-31)		02.0610
Glycogen Storage Disease Type II
An autosomal recessively inherited glycogen storage disease caused by GLUCAN 1,4-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE deficiency. Large amounts of GLYCOGEN accumulate in the LYSOSOMES of skeletal muscle (MUSCLE, SKELETAL); HEART; LIVER; SPINAL CORD; and BRAIN. Three forms have been described: infantile, childhood, and adult. The infantile form is fatal in infancy and presents with hypotonia and a hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (CARDIOMYOPATHY, HYPERTROPHIC). The childhood form usually presents in the second year of life with proximal weakness and respiratory symptoms. The adult form consists of a slowly progressive proximal myopathy. (From Muscle Nerve 1995;3:S61-9; Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp73-4)		02.4420
Dyskinesia Syndromes
[description not available]		02.4420
Movement Disorders
Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.		02.4420
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment
[description not available]		02.0610
Retinal Detachment
Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).		07.0610
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		07.0610
Infant, Newborn, Diseases
Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.		02.0610
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0610
Addison Disease and Cerebral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.0610
Adrenoleukodystrophy
An X-linked recessive disorder characterized by the accumulation of saturated very long chain fatty acids in the LYSOSOMES of ADRENAL CORTEX and the white matter of CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This disease occurs almost exclusively in the males. Clinical features include the childhood onset of ATAXIA; NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HYPERPIGMENTATION; ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY; SEIZURES; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and DEMENTIA. The slowly progressive adult form is called adrenomyeloneuropathy. The defective gene ABCD1 is located at Xq28, and encodes the adrenoleukodystrophy protein (ATP-BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTERS).		02.0610
Impotence, Arteriogenic
[description not available]		02.0610
Sclerosis, Systemic
[description not available]		02.0610
Scleroderma, Systemic
A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.		02.0610
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic
A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.		02.0610
Experimental Spinal Cord Ischemia
[description not available]		02.7330
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis
[description not available]		02.9710
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis
Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.		02.9710
Injuries
Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.		02.9810
Wounds and Injuries
Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.		02.9810
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.0610
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0610
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0610
Endomyocardial Fibrosis
A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).		02.0710
Dilatation, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.		02.4620
Ovarian Diseases
Pathological processes of the OVARY.		02.0710
Abnormality, Torsion
[description not available]		02.0710
Smoking Cessation
Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.		04.3911
Gas Gangrene
A severe condition resulting from bacteria invading healthy muscle from adjacent traumatized muscle or soft tissue. The infection originates in a wound contaminated with bacteria of the genus CLOSTRIDIUM. C. perfringens accounts for the majority of cases (over eighty percent), while C. noyvi, C. septicum, and C. histolyticum cause most of the other cases.		02.0710
Axonal Injury, Diffuse
[description not available]		02.0810
Chronic Hepatitis B
[description not available]		03.3911
Hepatitis B, Chronic
INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.		03.3911
Vestibular Diseases
Pathological processes of the VESTIBULAR LABYRINTH which contains part of the balancing apparatus. Patients with vestibular diseases show instability and are at risk of frequent falls.		02.4320
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis
[description not available]		02.0110
Endotoxemia
A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.		02.0110
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.0110
Cochlear Diseases
Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).		02.0110
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		02.0110
Blunt Injuries
[description not available]		02.0110
Acute-Phase Reaction
An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.		02.9310
Auricular Fibrillation
[description not available]		03.411
Atrial Fibrillation
Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.		03.411
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.0210
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral
[description not available]		02.4320
Cerebral Arterial Diseases
Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.		02.4320
Hyperlipemia
[description not available]		02.9310
Hyperlipidemias
Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.		02.9310
Arterial Diseases, Carotid
[description not available]		02.4420
Carotid Artery Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.		02.4420
Ache
[description not available]		02.4320
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		07.4320
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.9410
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.9410
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.9410
Hypertriglyceridemia
A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.		02.9410
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.9410
Anoxia, Fetal
[description not available]		02.4320
Fetal Hypoxia
Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.		02.4320
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia
[description not available]		02.0210
Tachycardia, Ventricular
An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).		02.0210
Nephrosis
Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.		02.7230
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		02.0210
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0210
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0210
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		02.0310
Rhabdomyolysis
Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.		02.0310
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		02.0310
Heavy Menstrual Bleeding
[description not available]		02.0210
Hemorrhage, Peptic Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0210
Gastric Ulcer
[description not available]		02.0210
Menorrhagia
Excessive uterine bleeding during MENSTRUATION.		02.0210
Stomach Ulcer
Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).		02.0210
Deep Vein Thrombosis
[description not available]		02.0310
Vascular Diseases
Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		02.0310
Venous Thrombosis
The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.		02.0310
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		03.4111
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		03.4111
Cerebellar Diseases
Diseases that affect the structure or function of the cerebellum. Cardinal manifestations of cerebellar dysfunction include dysmetria, GAIT ATAXIA, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.		02.4420
Deaf Mutism
[description not available]		02.0310
Deafness
A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.		02.0310
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		02.0310
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0310
Ileal Diseases
Pathological development in the ILEUM including the ILEOCECAL VALVE.		02.0310
Ulcer
A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.		02.0310
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular
[description not available]		02.0310
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.		02.0310
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.0310
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		02.0310
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.4420
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		02.4420
Endolymphatic Hydrops
An accumulation of ENDOLYMPH in the inner ear (LABYRINTH) leading to buildup of pressure and distortion of intralabyrinthine structures, such as COCHLEA and SEMICIRCULAR CANALS. It is characterized by SENSORINEURAL HEARING LOSS; TINNITUS; and sometimes VERTIGO.		07.0310
Remission, Spontaneous
A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.		02.0410
Blood Pressure, Low
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypotension
Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.		02.0310
Cancer of Endometrium
[description not available]		02.0410
Endometrial Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.		02.0410
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0410
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.0410
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0410
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		02.0410
Fasciola Infection
[description not available]		0210
Fascioliasis
Liver disease caused by infections with parasitic flukes of the genus FASCIOLA, such as FASCIOLA HEPATICA.		0210
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		02.3820
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		02.3820
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		01.9710
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		01.9710
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		01.9610
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		01.9610