Compounds > zopolrestat
Page last updated: 2024-12-04

zopolrestat

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Description

zopolrestat: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID1613
CHEMBL ID10372
SCHEMBL ID49012
MeSH IDM0184208

Synonyms (50)

Synonym
xedia
alond
cp-73850
110703-94-1
C01865
zopolrestat
3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-((5-trifluoromethyl-2-benzothiazolyl)methyl)-1-phthalazine acetic acid
zst ,
zopolrestat (usan/inn)
alond (tn)
D02328
cp 73850
zopolrestatum [inn-latin]
1-phthalazineacetic acid, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-((5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl)methyl)-
3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-((5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl)methyl)-1-phthalazineacetic acid
bdbm16452
chembl10372 ,
2-(4-oxo-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]methyl}-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)acetic acid
(4-oxo-3-{[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]methyl}-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)acetic acid
DB08772
cp-73,850
3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid
2-[4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl]methyl]phthalazin-1-yl]acetic acid
zopolrestatum
unii-1pv3s9wp3d
1pv3s9wp3d ,
zopolrestat [usan:inn:ban]
4KYH
zopolrestat [usan]
zopolrestat [who-dd]
zopolrestat [inn]
zopolrestat [mi]
1-phthalazineaceticacid, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-
gtpl7419
SCHEMBL49012
MLS006010619
smr002529706
3-(5-trifluoromethylbenzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-4-oxo-phthalazin-1-ylacetic acid
[4-oxo-(5-trifluoromethyl-benzothiazol-2-ylmethyl)-3,4-dihydro-phthalazin-1-yl]-acetic acid
DTXSID80149365
zopolrestat, >=98% (hplc)
1-phthalazineacetic acid, 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl]methyl]-
Q27089300
BRD-K47710001-001-01-1
A936736
MS-27339
2-(4-oxo-3-((5-(trifluoromethyl)benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)methyl)-3,4-dihydrophthalazin-1-yl)acetic acid
CS-0016207
HY-19687
AKOS040754579

Research Excerpts

Overview

Zopolrestat (Alond) is a new drug that is being evaluated as an aldose reductase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic complications.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zopolrestat (Alond) is a new drug that is being evaluated as an aldose reductase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic complications. "( Tissue distribution and biotransformation of zopolrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in rats.
Fouda, HG; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)		2
"Zopolrestat (Alond) is a new drug that is being evaluated as an aldose reductase inhibitor for the treatment of diabetic complications. "( Bioavailability, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and biotransformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat in dogs.
Davenport, CJ; Hoffmaster, KA; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)		1.96

Treatment

Zopolrestat treatment for 6 months produced therapeutic effects in the lens. transparency and myo-inositol content were maintained and lens sorbitol diminished.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Zopolrestat treatment for 6 months produced therapeutic effects in the lens: transparency and myo-inositol content were maintained and lens sorbitol diminished, despite elevated lens glucose."( Zopolrestat prevention of proteinuria, albuminuria and cataractogenesis in diabetes mellitus.
Beyer-Mears, A; Cruz, E; Diecke, FP; Mistry, K, 1996)		2.46
"The treatment with zopolrestat restored antigen-induced protein extravazation and mast cell degranulation in the pleural cavity of diabetic sensitized rats."( Aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat restores allergic hyporesponsiveness in alloxan-diabetic rats.
Barreto, EO; Carvalho, VF; Cordeiro, RS; e Silva, PM; Fortes, ZB; Martins, MA; Serra, MF, 2006)		0.95

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" After oral dosing, Cmax was 127 micrograms/ml for normal rats and 144 micrograms/ml for diabetic rats."( Pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in normal and diabetic rats.
Inskeep, PB; Reed, AE; Ronfeld, RA, 1991)		0.6
" In a 2-week multiple dose study, the mean steady-state minimum and maximum plasma concentrations, Cmin and Cmax, were 91."( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat, in humans.
Gerber, N; Inskeep, PB; Peterson, MJ; Ronfeld, RA, 1994)		0.54
" In a 1-year, multiple-dose, pharmacokinetic study, systemic exposure increased with increasing dose (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day), and there were no consistent changes in exposure with multiple dosing."( Bioavailability, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and biotransformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat in dogs.
Davenport, CJ; Hoffmaster, KA; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)		0.51

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"This study investigated whether aldose reductase (AR) inhibition with zopolrestat, either alone or in combination with an adenosine A(3)-receptor agonist (CB-MECA), reduced myocardial ischemic injury in rabbit hearts subjected to 30 min of regional ischemia and 120 min of reperfusion."( Aldose reductase inhibition alone or combined with an adenosine A(3) agonist reduces ischemic myocardial injury.
Ellery, CA; Knight, DR; MacAndrew, JT; Magee, WP; Oates, PJ; Smith, AH; Tracey, WR, 2000)		0.54

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It was well absorbed in diabetic patients, resulting in high blood level, showed a highly favorable plasma half-life (27."( Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
Aldinger, CE; Beyer, TA; Dee, MF; Larson, ER; Mylari, BL; Siegel, TW; Singleton, DH; Zembrowski, WJ, 1991)		0.48
" The bioavailability in dogs of a 2 mg/kg oral dose of zopolrestat was 97."( Bioavailability, multiple-dose pharmacokinetics, and biotransformation of the aldose reductase inhibitor zopolrestat in dogs.
Davenport, CJ; Hoffmaster, KA; Inskeep, PB; Schneider, RP, 1998)		0.76
" It is well absorbed in rats (oral bioavailability, 98%) and has a long plasma t(1/2) (26 +/- 3 h)."( A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
Armento, SJ; Beebe, DA; Conn, EL; Coutcher, JB; Dina, MS; Linhares, MC; Martin, WH; Mylari, BL; O'Gorman, MT; Oates, PJ; Tess, DA; Withbroe, GJ; Zembrowski, WJ, 2003)		0.32
" In rats, its oral bioavailability is 98% and it has a favorable plasma t(1/2) (26 +/- 3 h)."( A novel series of non-carboxylic acid, non-hydantoin inhibitors of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one and congeners.
Armento, SJ; Beebe, DA; Conn, EL; Coutcher, JB; Dina, MS; Linhares, MC; Martin, WH; Mylari, BL; O'Gorman, MT; Oates, PJ; Tess, DA; Withbroe, GJ; Zembrowski, WJ, 2005)		0.33

Dosage Studied

Zopolrestat is a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor. There was no effect of food consumption during dosing on the extent of absorption.

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"The pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, were examined in normal male rats dosed intravenously at 2 mg/kg and in normal and streptozotocin-diabetic male rats after oral administration at 50 mg/kg."( Pharmacokinetics of zopolrestat, a carboxylic acid aldose reductase inhibitor, in normal and diabetic rats.
Inskeep, PB; Reed, AE; Ronfeld, RA, 1991)		0.91
" There was no effect of food consumption during dosing on the extent of absorption of zopolrestat."( Pharmacokinetics of the aldose reductase inhibitor, zopolrestat, in humans.
Gerber, N; Inskeep, PB; Peterson, MJ; Ronfeld, RA, 1994)		0.76
"45 mug equiv/g, respectively, when dosed with [(14)C]lidorestat at 10 mg/kg po)."( Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
Dicioccio, AT; Geraci, LS; Gunn, DE; Jacot, JL; Jones, JH; Jones, ML; Mitschler, A; Petrova, T; Podjarny, AD; Sawicki, DR; Sredy, J; Van Zandt, MC, 2005)		0.33
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein Targets (8)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)0.91500.00101.94459.6000AID1802103; AID1802104; AID489631; AID666401
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.01530.00041.877310.0000AID1202885; AID34800; AID34801; AID382321
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)19.97720.00502.78569.9000AID1797506; AID242605; AID489639
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)1.70020.00101.191310.0000AID1366749; AID1500339; AID1557943; AID159819; AID1646335; AID1646336; AID1646340; AID1797505; AID1797506; AID1802103; AID220719; AID242668; AID255041; AID322413; AID34201; AID34630; AID34635; AID34640; AID35131; AID489638; AID666399
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.01900.01903.41939.3000AID159821
Fatty-acid amide hydrolase 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.00500.00051.33138.0000AID382321
Lactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)Ki0.00120.00122.59479.1400AID1604827
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B7Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)0.04900.04900.62351.1980AID1202888
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C21Mus musculus (house mouse)IC50 (µMol)158.00006.90006.90006.9000AID322409
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (26)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
farnesol catabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxification of aldehydeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronate catabolic process to xylulose 5-phosphateAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
D-glucuronate catabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
aldehyde catabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular detoxification of aldehydeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione derivative biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell maturationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasisAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of urine volumeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
fructose biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular hyperosmotic salinity responseAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric collecting duct developmentAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IILactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
glutathione metabolic processLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
methylglyoxal metabolic processLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
osteoclast differentiationLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (21)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
alcohol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
geranylgeranyl reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
indanol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NAD+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
aldo-keto reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronolactone reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (NADH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
S-nitrosoglutathione reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
methylglyoxal reductase (NADPH) (acetol producing) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
lactoylglutathione lyase activityLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (11)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular regionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
lysosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B10Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
synapseAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membraneAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member A1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
cytosolLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeLactoylglutathione lyaseHomo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (88)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID181283Effective dose to inhibit aldose reductase activity by normalizing the elevated nerve sorbitol levels in sciatic nerve of acutely diabetic rat2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID34640Inhibitory activity against aldose reductase isolated from human placenta1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 35, Issue:12
Orally active aldose reductase inhibitors: indazoleacetic, oxopyridazineacetic, and oxopyridopyridazineacetic acid derivatives.
AID1079937Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID182595In vivo inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in sciatic nerve and lens of diabetic rat at a dose of 10 mg/kg.1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-12, Volume: 35, Issue:12
Orally active aldose reductase inhibitors: indazoleacetic, oxopyridazineacetic, and oxopyridopyridazineacetic acid derivatives.
AID242605In vitro inhibition of recombinant human aldehyde reductase2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
AID489631Inhibition of reductase activity of N-terminal 6His-tagged AKR1B10 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as inhibition of NADPH linked pyridine-3-aldehyde reduction2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID29153Compound was evaluated for the partition coefficient (dioxane/water) in the ratio 1:11991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1079944Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID489641Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human ALR to IC50 for AKR1B102010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID1079947Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID255041In vitro inhibitroy concentration against Aldose reductase incubated at 24 degree C for 15 minutes in pH 7.02005Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-06, Volume: 48, Issue:20
A novel series of non-carboxylic acid, non-hydantoin inhibitors of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran-2-sulfonyl)-2H-pyridazin-3-one and congeners.
AID1079946Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID666399Inhibition of recombinant AKR1B1 assessed as NADP+ dependent reduction of DL-glyceraldehyde by fluorescence assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Development of potent and selective inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) based on N-phenyl-aminobenzoates and their structure-activity relationships.
AID322409Inhibition of mouse recombinant AKR1C212008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
Inhibition of 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C21) by aldose reductase inhibitors.
AID1646335Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1B1 assessed as D,L-glyceraldehyde reduction pretreated with 0.3M DMSO followed by compound addition by DMSO-perturbation assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Early identification of promiscuous attributes of aldose reductase inhibitors using a DMSO-perturbation assay.
AID1079939Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID182733In vivo inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in the sciatic nerve in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model at a concentration of 10 mg/kg1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Potent, orally active aldose reductase inhibitors related to zopolrestat: surrogates for benzothiazole side chain.
AID1079943Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID489640Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human AR to IC50 for AKR1B102010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID489642Selectivity ratio of IC50 for human ALR to IC50 for human AR2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID252120Inhibition of sciatic nerve sorbitol accumulation in diabetic rats (streptozotocin treated) done for 30 minutes at 22 degree C in dark by using sorbitol dehydrogenase at 10 mg/kg/day2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
AID489638Inhibition of N-terminal 6His-tagged human aldose reductase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) mediated NADPH linked pyridine-3-aldehyde reduction2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID27560Log P / Log D value of compound was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID197316Compound was evaluated for the ED50(acute) in male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=4) treated with streptozotocin (85 mg/kg intravenously).1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID159821Compound was tested for the rate of reduction of glyceraldehyde by human placental aldose reductase.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID182988Aldose reductase inhibition activity in vivo by normalizing the elevated lens sorbitol levels in sciatic nerve of acutely diabetic rat at 20 mg/kg2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID230205Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W20Y)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID230203Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W111Y).2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID230204Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W20A).2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID1366748Inhibition of recombinant human AKR1B102017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 25, Issue:24
Structure optimization of tetrahydropyridoindole-based aldose reductase inhibitors improved their efficacy and selectivity.
AID29154Compound was evaluated for the partition coefficient (dioxane/water) the ratio 2:11991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1079940Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID182391In vivo inhibition of galactitol accumulation in sciatic nerves of rat at 5 mg/kg/day; Not significant1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID91121Compound was tested for the inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in washed human erythrocytes.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1202885Inhibition of Wistar rat lens aldose reductase using D,L-glyceraldehyde as substrate incubated for 1 min measured for 4 mins by spectrophotometry2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 58, Issue:6
Identification of novel aldose reductase inhibitors based on carboxymethylated mercaptotriazinoindole scaffold.
AID1079933Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID181282Effective dose to inhibit aldose reductase activity by normalizing the elevated nerve fructose levels in sciatic nerve of acutely diabetic rat2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID1079942Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID322413Inhibition of human recombinant aldose reductase2008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 16, Issue:6
Inhibition of 3(17)alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (AKR1C21) by aldose reductase inhibitors.
AID184014In vitro inhibition of sorbitol accumulation was measured in rat sciatic nerves incubated in the presence of 50 mM glucose at 10e-6 M concentration; Not tested1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID666401Inhibition of recombinant AKR1B10 assessed as NADP+ dependent reduction of DL-glyceraldehyde by fluorescence assay2012Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-08, Volume: 55, Issue:5
Development of potent and selective inhibitors of aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (type 5 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) based on N-phenyl-aminobenzoates and their structure-activity relationships.
AID1604827Inhibition of human Glyoxalase-1 using GSH and MGO as substrate by Dixon plot analysis2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 02-15, Volume: 28, Issue:4
Recent advances in the discovery and development of glyoxalase I inhibitors.
AID1500339Inhibition of human placental aldose reductase using glyceraldehyde as substrate in presence of NADPH2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138An overview of benzo[b]thiophene-based medicinal chemistry.
AID159819Compound was tested for the inhibition of the human placental aldose reductase using the substrate as glyceraldehyde.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID242668In vitro inhibition of recombinant human aldose reductase expressed in Escherichia coli2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
AID230202Inhibitory Activity ratio (IC50 ratio) calculated by Human recombinant aldose reductase wild type against Mutant Aldose reductase (W111A)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID27564Compound was evaluated for the partition coefficient (octanol/pH 7.4 buffer)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1366749Inhibition of recombinant human AKR1B1 using D,L-glyceraldehyde as substrate2017Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-15, Volume: 25, Issue:24
Structure optimization of tetrahydropyridoindole-based aldose reductase inhibitors improved their efficacy and selectivity.
AID1646340Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1B1 assessed as D,L-glyceraldehyde reduction pretreated with 1M DMSO followed by compound addition by DMSO-perturbation assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Early identification of promiscuous attributes of aldose reductase inhibitors using a DMSO-perturbation assay.
AID29345pKa value of compound was determined2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID252115Inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in lens of diabetic rats (streptozotocin treated) done for 30 minutes at 22 degree C in dark by using sorbitol dehydrogenase at 10 mg/kg/day2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
AID182048In vivo inhibition of galactitol accumulation in diaphragm of rat at 10 mg/kg/day1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID182081In vivo inhibition of galactitol accumulation in diaphragm of rat at 5 mg/kg/day1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID196736Compound was tested for the inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in washed rat erythrocytes.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1079949Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID34201Inhibitory Activity against Human recombinant Aldose Reductase (wild type)2000Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-23, Volume: 43, Issue:6
Molecular modeling of the aldose reductase-inhibitor complex based on the X-ray crystal structure and studies with single-site-directed mutants.
AID1079931Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID182220In vivo inhibition of galactitol accumulation in sciatic nerves of rat at 10 mg/kg/day1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID27562Partition coefficient (logP)1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID35131Inhibitory activity against aldose reductase enzyme2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-30, Volume: 46, Issue:3
Substituted pyrrol-1-ylacetic acids that combine aldose reductase enzyme inhibitory activity and ability to prevent the nonenzymatic irreversible modification of proteins from monosaccharides.
AID1079941Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079934Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1079935Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1557943Inhibition of human placenta Aldose reductase2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 09-15, Volume: 27, Issue:18
Synthesis and biological activity of structurally diverse phthalazine derivatives: A systematic review.
AID1079932Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1079936Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1079938Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID34630Inhibition of aldose reductase (aldo-keto reductase, AKR1B1) isolated from human placenta.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1079945Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1079948Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID34800Compound was tested for the inhibition of the rat lens aldose reductase using the substrate as glucose.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1202888Inhibition of Wistar rat kidney aldehyde reductase using D-glucuronate as substrate by spectrophotometry2015Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 58, Issue:6
Identification of novel aldose reductase inhibitors based on carboxymethylated mercaptotriazinoindole scaffold.
AID182015In vivo inhibition of sorbitol accumulation in the rat following 10 mg/kg p.o. administration.1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID197317Compound was evaluated for the ED50(chronic) in male Sprague-Dawley rats(n=4) treated with streptozotocin (85 mg/kg intravenously).1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID1500340Inhibition of glucose-induced sorbitol accumulation in sciatic nerve of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model administered via oral gavage at 4 to 24 hrs post streptozotocin treatment measured at 27 hrs post streptozotocin treatment relative to contro2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-29, Volume: 138An overview of benzo[b]thiophene-based medicinal chemistry.
AID489639Inhibition of N-terminal 6His-tagged human aldehyde reductase expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) mediated D-glucuronate reduction2010Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 18, Issue:7
Chromene-3-carboxamide derivatives discovered from virtual screening as potent inhibitors of the tumour maker, AKR1B10.
AID220719Inhibition of human recombinant Aldose reductase in streptozotocin diabetic rat2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID34801Compound was tested for the inhibition of the rat lens aldose reductase using the substrate as glyceraldehyde1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 34, Issue:1
Novel, potent aldose reductase inhibitors: 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-3-[[5-(trifluoromethyl)-2-benzothiazolyl] methyl]-1-phthalazineacetic acid (zopolrestat) and congeners.
AID382321Inhibition of Wistar rat lens aldose reductase 22008Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 16, Issue:9
Carboxymethylated pyridoindole antioxidants as aldose reductase inhibitors: Synthesis, activity, partitioning, and molecular modeling.
AID34351In vitro % decrease of aldose reductase measured in isolated partially purified bovine lens preparations at 10e-7 M concentration1991Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 34, Issue:8
Syntheses of tolrestat analogues containing additional substituents in the ring and their evaluation as aldose reductase inhibitors. Identification of potent, orally active 2-fluoro derivatives.
AID1646336Inhibition of human recombinant AKR1B1 assessed as D,L-glyceraldehyde reduction pretreated with 0.7M DMSO followed by compound addition by DMSO-perturbation assay2020Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-15, Volume: 30, Issue:2
Early identification of promiscuous attributes of aldose reductase inhibitors using a DMSO-perturbation assay.
AID34635In vitro inhibitory activity against aldose reductase isolated from human placenta1992Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-07, Volume: 35, Issue:3
Potent, orally active aldose reductase inhibitors related to zopolrestat: surrogates for benzothiazole side chain.
AID977610Experimentally measured binding affinity data (Ki) for protein-ligand complexes derived from PDB2013ChemMedChem, Sep, Volume: 8, Issue:9
Zopolrestat as a human glyoxalase I inhibitor and its structural basis.
AID1797505In Vitro Aldose Reductase Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm034065z: \\A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2003Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 46, Issue:12
A highly selective, non-hydantoin, non-carboxylic acid inhibitor of aldose reductase with potent oral activity in diabetic rat models: 6-(5-chloro-3-methylbenzofuran- 2-sulfonyl)-2-H-pyridazin-3-one.
AID1797506Enzyme Inhibition Assay from Article 10.1021/jm0492094: \\Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabet2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
AID1802103IC50-Activity Assay (AR) from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00382: \\IDD388 Polyhalogenated Derivatives as Probes for an Improved Structure-Based Selectivity of AKR1B10 Inhibitors\\
AID1802104IC50-Activity Assay (AKR1B10) from Article 10.1021/acschembio.6b00382: \\IDD388 Polyhalogenated Derivatives as Probes for an Improved Structure-Based Selectivity of AKR1B10 Inhibitors\\
AID1346211Human aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B (1.-.-.- Oxidoreductases)2005Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-05, Volume: 48, Issue:9
Discovery of 3-[(4,5,7-trifluorobenzothiazol-2-yl)methyl]indole-N-acetic acid (lidorestat) and congeners as highly potent and selective inhibitors of aldose reductase for treatment of chronic diabetic complications.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (85)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's27 (31.76)18.2507
2000's27 (31.76)29.6817
2010's28 (32.94)24.3611
2020's3 (3.53)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.64

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index24.64 (24.57)
Research Supply Index4.49 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.46 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index29.35 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (24.64)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials2 (2.33%)5.53%
Reviews4 (4.65%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other80 (93.02%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
lactic acid
Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.		2.02102-hydroxy monocarboxylic acidalgal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite
glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.		2.4120aldotriosefundamental metabolite
inositol
Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.		7.3920cyclitol;
hexol
5-phenylhydantoin, (+-)-isomer
5-phenylhydantoin: structure given in first source		2.2510
pyrogallol
benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.		2.0110benzenetriol;
phenolic donor		plant metabolite
tacrine
Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.		3.3110acridines;
aromatic amine		EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure		2.110
pimagedine
pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.		2.4220guanidines;
one-carbon compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
acetovanillone
apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.		2.0110acetophenones;
aromatic ketone;
methyl ketone		antirheumatic drug;
EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
peripheral nervous system drug;
plant metabolite
celecoxib
[no description available]		3.3110organofluorine compound;
pyrazoles;
sulfonamide;
toluenes		cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
chelerythrine
chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.		2.110benzophenanthridine alkaloid;
organic cation		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
clofibric acid
Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.		2.0410aromatic ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		anticholesteremic drug;
antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
herbicide;
marine xenobiotic metabolite;
PPARalpha agonist
diphenyleneiodonium
diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.		2.110organic cation
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		4.1240branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
fenofibrate
Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE		2.0410aromatic ether;
chlorobenzophenone;
isopropyl ester;
monochlorobenzenes		antilipemic drug;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
flufenamic acid
Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.		2.4820aromatic amino acid;
organofluorine compound		antipyretic;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluorouracil
Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.		3.3110nucleobase analogue;
organofluorine compound		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
environmental contaminant;
immunosuppressive agent;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
gö6983
[no description available]		2.0510indoles;
maleimides
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine
1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.		210isoquinolines;
N-sulfonylpiperazine		EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ibuprofen
Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine		3.2510monocarboxylic acidantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
radical scavenger;
xenobiotic
indomethacin
Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.		2.4620aromatic ether;
indole-3-acetic acids;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-acylindole		analgesic;
drug metabolite;
EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
gout suppressant;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic metabolite;
xenobiotic
fenamic acid
fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.		2.0710aminobenzoic acid;
secondary amino compound		membrane transport modulator
ponalrestat
[no description available]		2.6730phthalazines
thenoyltrifluoroacetone
Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.		3.2510
pirinixic acid
pirinixic acid: structure		2.0410aryl sulfide;
organochlorine compound;
pyrimidines
fr 74366
[no description available]		2.4220
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.031011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
sorbitol
D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).		3.580glucitolcathartic;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food humectant;
human metabolite;
laxative;
metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
alloxan
Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.		7.0310pyrimidonehyperglycemic agent;
metabolite
penicillamine
Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.		2.0110non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid;
penicillamine		antirheumatic drug;
chelator;
copper chelator;
drug allergen
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0410L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
galactose
galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.		1.9910D-galactose;
galactopyranose		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite
tyrosine
Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.		2.4320amino acid zwitterion;
erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tyrosine		EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical
mannitol
[no description available]		1.9910mannitolallergen;
antiglaucoma drug;
compatible osmolytes;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food anticaking agent;
food bulking agent;
food humectant;
food stabiliser;
food thickening agent;
hapten;
metabolite;
osmotic diuretic;
sweetening agent
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		2.0810erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.420arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
xanthenes
Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.		2.1110xanthene
diazooxonorleucine
Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.		2.110amino acid zwitterion;
diazo compound;
ketone;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid		analgesic;
antibacterial agent;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
glutamine antagonist
thiazoles
[no description available]		7.983721,3-thiazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
citrulline
citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
citrulline		Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
protective agent;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		1.9910imidazolidine-2,4-dione
methylguanidine
Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.		1.9810guanidinesEC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
metabolite;
uremic toxin
glycyrrhetinic acid
[no description available]		3.3510cyclic terpene ketone;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		immunomodulator;
plant metabolite
kainic acid
Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.		2.2110dicarboxylic acid;
L-proline derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid;
pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid		antinematodal drug;
excitatory amino acid agonist
thiazolidines
Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.		2.0810thiazolidine
oleanolic acid
[no description available]		2.0810hydroxy monocarboxylic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
paeonol
paeonol: structure		2.2510methoxybenzenes;
phenols		metabolite
hydroxyphenytoin
hydroxyphenytoin: main metabolite of diphenylhydantoin; reduces Na(+) inhibition at high Na:K ratios; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. 4-hydroxyphenytoin : A imidazolidine-2,4-dione that consists of hydantoin bearing phenyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl substituents at position 5.		2.2510imidazolidine-2,4-dione;
phenols		metabolite
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
daunorubicin
Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.		2.0410aminoglycoside antibiotic;
anthracycline;
p-quinones;
tetracenequinones		antineoplastic agent;
bacterial metabolite
phenyl acetate
phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.		2.420benzenes;
phenyl acetates
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0410alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid
[no description available]		2.4320chromanol;
monocarboxylic acid;
phenols		antioxidant;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
radical scavenger;
Wnt signalling inhibitor
tolrestat
tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source		3.88120naphthalenesEC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
adenosine
quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit		210adenosines;
purines D-ribonucleoside		analgesic;
anti-arrhythmia drug;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite;
vasodilator agent
imirestat
imirestat: structure given in first source		210
indole-1-acetic acid
indole-1-acetic acid : An indolyl carboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by an indol-1-yl group.		2.1110indolyl carboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid
s-(4-bromobenzyl)glutathione
S-(4-bromobenzyl)glutathione: inhibits glyoxalase I; cleaved in extracellular medium by gamma-glutamyl transferase		3.3510
fluo-3
Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds		2.1110xanthene dyefluorochrome
cp-166,572
[no description available]		2.420
omega-n-methylarginine
omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.		1.9810amino acid zwitterion;
arginine derivative;
guanidines;
L-arginine derivative;
non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
vatalanib
[no description available]		3.3110monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
pyridines;
secondary amino compound		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lidorestat
lidorestat: might prove useful in treating chronic diabetic complications; structure in first source		2.4620
fidarestat
fidarestat: structure given in first source		2.7330
10-gingerol
[no description available]		2.2510beta-hydroxy ketone;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols
angiotensin ii
Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).		2.0110amino acid zwitterion;
angiotensin II		human metabolite
minalrestat
minalrestat: a vasoactive agent		2.4520isoquinolines
sorafenib
[no description available]		3.3110(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
monochlorobenzenes;
phenylureas;
pyridinecarboxamide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-nitrotyrosine
3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.		2.04102-nitrophenols;
C-nitro compound;
nitrotyrosine;
non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sorbinil
sorbinil: aldose reductase inhibitor. sorbinil : An azaspiro compound having a monofluoro-substituted chromane skeleton spiro-linked to an imidazolidinedione ring.		9.58250azaspiro compound;
chromanes;
imidazolidinone;
organofluorine compound;
oxaspiro compound		antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate: An aldotriose which is an important intermediate in glycolysis and in tryptophan biosynthesis.. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate : An aldotriose phosphate that is the 3-phospho derivative of glyceraldehyde. It is an important metabolic intermediate in several central metabolic pathways in all organisms.		1.9910glyceraldehyde 3-phosphatemouse metabolite
ouabain
Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.		2.392011alpha-hydroxy steroid;
14beta-hydroxy steroid;
5beta-hydroxy steroid;
alpha-L-rhamnoside;
cardenolide glycoside;
steroid hormone		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
ion transport inhibitor;
plant metabolite
gingerol
gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.		2.2510beta-hydroxy ketone;
guaiacols		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		2.4220icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		7.5120ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
imidazolidines
[no description available]		4.21170azacycloalkane;
imidazolidines;
saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
curcumin
Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.		3.3510aromatic ether;
beta-diketone;
diarylheptanoid;
enone;
polyphenol		anti-inflammatory agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
biological pigment;
contraceptive drug;
dye;
EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor;
EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
flavouring agent;
food colouring;
geroprotector;
hepatoprotective agent;
immunomodulator;
iron chelator;
ligand;
lipoxygenase inhibitor;
metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
nutraceutical;
radical scavenger
rhodanine
2-mercaptothiazolinone: metabolite in urine from persons exposed to CS2; structure		2.0810thiazolidinone
epalrestat
epalrestat : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1,3-thiazolidine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a carboxymethyl group, at positions 2 and 4 by thioxo and oxo groups, respectively, and at position 5 by a 2-methyl-3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylidene group. It is an inhibitor of aldose reductase (which catalyses the conversion of glucose to sorbitol) and is used for the treatment of some diabetic complications, including neuropathy.		3.3460monocarboxylic acid;
thiazolidines		EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		2.7130cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
nadp
[no description available]		3.150
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.0310
quercetin
[no description available]		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.7330prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
quercitrin
[no description available]		2.0410alpha-L-rhamnoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
quercetin O-glycoside;
tetrahydroxyflavone		antileishmanial agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
chrysin
chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
dihydroxyflavone		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
myricetin
[no description available]		2.04107-hydroxyflavonol;
hexahydroxyflavone		antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
food component;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.		2.0410HETE;
hydroxy monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.		2104-hydroxynon-2-enal;
4-hydroxynonenal
fosbretabulin
[no description available]		3.2510stilbenoid
rubidium
Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.		2.3920alkali metal atom
cysteine
Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.		2.0410cysteiniumfundamental metabolite
staurosporine
staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.		210ammonium ion derivative
nad
NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.		2.420organophosphate oxoanioncofactor;
human metabolite;
hydrogen acceptor;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine
S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor		2.0110
olaparib
[no description available]		3.3110cyclopropanes;
monofluorobenzenes;
N-acylpiperazine;
phthalazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
sudoxicam
sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)		1.9710
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.0310
pyrimidinones
Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.		1.9910
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.87120
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9710
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.4420
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.0210
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus
[description not available]		02.4120
Cataract, Membranous
[description not available]		02.4120
Cataract
Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)		07.4120
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.0210
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.0710
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.0710
Disease
A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.		03.0610
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.610
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.610
Alcoholic Fatty Liver
[description not available]		02.1510
Neurogenic Inflammation
Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.		02.1510
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1510
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1510
Alcoholic Liver Diseases
[description not available]		02.1510
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic
Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.		02.1510
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.5120
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		07.5120
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.9540
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.9540
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.4920
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.4720
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.4920
Extravascular Hemolysis
[description not available]		02.1110
Hemolysis
The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.		02.1110
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		02.1310
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		02.1310
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.0510
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		03.2660
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.0510
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		03.2660
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		02.0510
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		02.0510
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.0510
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		02.0710
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		04.131
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.0710
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		04.131
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.0710
Genetic Predisposition
[description not available]		02.0110
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		04.4851
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.0110
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		04.4851
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.0110
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy
[description not available]		0531
Diabetic Neuropathies
Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)		0531
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		02.0210
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.0210
Peritoneal Diseases
Pathological processes involving the PERITONEUM.		02.0210
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		02.0210
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.0310
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.0310
Uveitis
Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)		02.0310
Pulmonary Hypertension
[description not available]		02.0410
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		02.0410
Hypertension, Pulmonary
Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.		02.0410
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.0410
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		02.0410
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		01.9810
Diabetic Angiopathies
VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.		01.9810
Albuminuria
The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.9910
Proteinuria
The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.		06.9910
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		01.9910
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		01.9910
Neurofibroma
A moderately firm, benign, encapsulated tumor resulting from proliferation of SCHWANN CELLS and FIBROBLASTS that includes portions of nerve fibers. The tumors usually develop along peripheral or cranial nerves and are a central feature of NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1, where they may occur intracranially or involve spinal roots. Pathologic features include fusiform enlargement of the involved nerve. Microscopic examination reveals a disorganized and loose cellular pattern with elongated nuclei intermixed with fibrous strands. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1016)		01.9910
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy
[description not available]		01.9910
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases
[description not available]		01.9910
Aortic Arteritis, Giant Cell
[description not available]		0210
Angiitis
[description not available]		0210
Giant Cell Arteritis
A systemic autoimmune disorder that typically affects medium and large ARTERIES, usually leading to occlusive granulomatous vasculitis with transmural infiltrate containing multinucleated GIANT CELLS. The TEMPORAL ARTERY is commonly involved. This disorder appears primarily in people over the age of 50. Symptoms include FEVER; FATIGUE; HEADACHE; visual impairment; pain in the jaw and tongue; and aggravation of pain by cold temperatures. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed)		0210
Vasculitis
Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.		0210