Compounds > butylidenephthalide
Page last updated: 2024-11-08

butylidenephthalide

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Description

butylidenephthalide: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide : A gamma-lactone that is phthalide substituted by a butylidene group at position 3. Isolated from Ligusticum porteri, it exhibits hypoglycemic activity. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
LigusticumgenusA plant genus of the family APIACEAE.[MeSH]ApiaceaeA large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.[MeSH]
Ligusticum porterispecies[no description available]ApiaceaeA large plant family in the order Apiales, also known as Umbelliferae. Most are aromatic herbs with alternate, feather-divided leaves that are sheathed at the base. The flowers often form a conspicuous flat-topped umbel. Each small individual flower is usually bisexual, with five sepals, five petals, and an enlarged disk at the base of the style. The fruits are ridged and are composed of two parts that split open at maturity.[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5352899
CHEMBL ID1765390
CHEBI ID196485
SCHEMBL ID290483
SCHEMBL ID783051
MeSH IDM0086097
PubMed CID642376
CHEMBL ID249592
CHEBI ID68233
SCHEMBL ID290482
MeSH IDM0086097

Synonyms (80)

Synonym
ligusticum lactone
nsc 325307
einecs 208-991-3
fema no. 3333
3-butylidene phthalide
3-butylidene-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone
ai3-37306
n-butylidene phthalide
phthalide, 3-butylidene-
butylidenephthalide
3-butylidenephthalide
1(3h)-isobenzofuranone, 3-butylidene-
3-butylidenephthalide, (e)-
3-butylidenephthalide, (z)-
(3e)-3-butylidene-2-benzofuran-1-one
(3e)-3-butylidene-2-benzouran-1-one
CHEBI:196485
CHEMBL1765390 ,
(z)-3-butylidenephthalide
bdbm50341204
76681-73-7
1(3h)-isobenzofuranone, 3-butylidene-, (3e)-
s9178g4b3f ,
unii-s9178g4b3f
(3e)-3-butylideneisobenzofuran-1-one
SCHEMBL290483
DTXSID9060281
SCHEMBL783051
lingustilide
WMBOCUXXNSOQHM-DHZHZOJOSA-N
2JL3MHX6ZE
(3e)-3-butylidene-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-one
fema 3333
(e)-3-butylidenephthalide
3-butylidenephthalide, 8ci
3-butylidene-phthalide
AKOS032948974
Q27890207
cis-butylidenephthalide;(z)-butylidenephthalide
n-butylidenephthalide
551-08-6
bdph
nsc325307
nsc-325307
1(3h)-isobenzofuranone, 3-butylidene-, (3z)-
inchi=1/c12h12o2/c1-2-3-8-11-9-6-4-5-7-10(9)12(13)14-11/h4-8h,2-3h2,1h3/b11-8
(3z)-3-butylidene-2-benzofuran-1(3h)-one
bdbm50241315
(z)-3-butylideneisobenzofuran-1(3h)-one
z-butylidenephthalide
CHEMBL249592 ,
chebi:68233 ,
C16924
(3z)-3-butylidene-2-benzofuran-1-one
72917-31-8
unii-6gm611h175
6gm611h175 ,
(3z)-3-butylideneisobenzofuran-1-one
S6493
SCHEMBL290482
(z)-butylidenephthalide
AKOS024286816
trans-3n-butylidenephthalide
WMBOCUXXNSOQHM-FLIBITNWSA-N
AC-34145
1(3h)-isobenzofuranone, 3-butylidene-, (z)-
butylidenephthalide, (z)-
(3z)-3-butylidene-1(3h)-isobenzofuranone
mfcd00047319
3-butylideneisobenzofuran-1(3h)-one
Q27136726
1795142-65-2
F17666
DTXSID30993698
A14633
CS-0008897
HY-N0336
BS-49282
(e)-butylidene phthalide
3-butylidenephthalide-d8

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" This abnormal proteolysis leads to the accumulation of cleaved fragments, which have been identified as toxic and further they act as a seed for more aggregate formation, thereby increasing toxicity in neuronal cells."( n-Butylidenephthalide exhibits protection against neurotoxicity through regulation of tryptophan 2, 3 dioxygenase in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3.
Chiang, IT; Chiou, TW; Harn, HJ; Hsieh, DK; Lin, SY; Lin, SZ; Liu, JW; Rajamani, K; Wu, CH; You, DH, 2017)		0.46

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the pharmacokinetic comparative study of BDPH and ALI in herbal extracts and their purified forms."( Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Butylidenephthalide and Alisol B in Danggui-Shaoyao-San in Rats.
Deng, JF; Li, WR; Quan, SJ; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Wu, HF, 2018)		0.48
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were significantly different in herbal extracts and their purified forms."( Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Butylidenephthalide and Alisol B in Danggui-Shaoyao-San in Rats.
Deng, JF; Li, WR; Quan, SJ; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Wu, HF, 2018)		0.48

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" In both HepG2 and J5 HCC cell lines, a synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed when a low dosage of BP was combined with the chemotherapeutic drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)."( Extended O6-methylguanine methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation following n-butylidenephthalide combined with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth.
Chan, DC; Chen, YL; Harn, HJ; Jian, MH; Lin, CC; Lin, PC; Lin, SZ; Su, CC; Su, KJ; Tseng, IH; Wei, CW; Yu, SL; Yu, YL, 2010)		0.36
" For our study, we chose sodium ferulate (SF) and n-butylidenephthalide (BP) combined with BMSC, and observed if the combination treatment possessed more significant effects on angiogenesis and neurogenesis post-stroke."( Sodium ferulate and n-butylidenephthalate combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) improve the therapeutic effects of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after rat focal cerebral ischemia.
Chen, Z; Ke, C; Liu, B; Liu, N; Wu, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
" Meanwhile, it showed that SF and BP combined with BMSC treatment notably up-regulated AKT/mTOR signal pathway compared with SF + BP group and BMSC alone post-stroke."( Sodium ferulate and n-butylidenephthalate combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) improve the therapeutic effects of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after rat focal cerebral ischemia.
Chen, Z; Ke, C; Liu, B; Liu, N; Wu, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43
"We firstly demonstrate that SF and BP combined with BMSC can significantly improve angiogenesis and neurogenesis in IBZ following stroke."( Sodium ferulate and n-butylidenephthalate combined with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) improve the therapeutic effects of angiogenesis and neurogenesis after rat focal cerebral ischemia.
Chen, Z; Ke, C; Liu, B; Liu, N; Wu, W; Xu, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhao, Y, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" It was found that BDPH and ALI had higher bioavailability in the DSS extract compared with their purified forms."( Pharmacokinetic Profiling of Butylidenephthalide and Alisol B in Danggui-Shaoyao-San in Rats.
Deng, JF; Li, WR; Quan, SJ; Wang, Q; Wang, XY; Wu, HF, 2018)		0.48
"Although butylidenephthalide (BP) is an efficient anticancer drug, its poor bioavailability renders it ineffective for treating drug-resistant brain tumors."( Liposome Consolidated with Cyclodextrin Provides Prolonged Drug Retention Resulting in Increased Drug Bioavailability in Brain.
Chen, SR; Chen, YS; Chiou, TW; Chuang, HM; Harn, HJ; Huang, MH; Lee, CH; Li, YS; Lin, EY; Lin, SZ; Tai, DF; Yang, HH, 2020)		0.56

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" In both HepG2 and J5 HCC cell lines, a synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed when a low dosage of BP was combined with the chemotherapeutic drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)."( Extended O6-methylguanine methyltransferase promoter hypermethylation following n-butylidenephthalide combined with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth.
Chan, DC; Chen, YL; Harn, HJ; Jian, MH; Lin, CC; Lin, PC; Lin, SZ; Su, CC; Su, KJ; Tseng, IH; Wei, CW; Yu, SL; Yu, YL, 2010)		0.36
" Because of the limitation of the blood-brain barrier, the Bdph dosage required for treatment of glioma is relatively high."( Local interstitial delivery of z-butylidenephthalide by polymer wafers against malignant human gliomas.
Chang, LF; Chiou, TW; Harn, HJ; Hsieh, DK; Lin, PC; Lin, SZ; Liu, CY; Liu, FC; Liu, PY; Tai, DF; Yen, SY, 2011)		0.37
") also did not affect log dose-response curves of prazosin, clonidine and Bay K 8644, a Ca(2+) channel activator, in normotensive rats."( Butylidenephthalide antagonizes cromakalim-induced systolic pressure reduction in conscious normotensive rats.
Chen, CM; Ko, WC; Lin, YJ; Shih, CH, 2015)		0.42
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
metaboliteAny intermediate or product resulting from metabolism. The term 'metabolite' subsumes the classes commonly known as primary and secondary metabolites.
hypoglycemic agentA drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitorAn EC 3.2.1.* (glycosidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
isobenzofuranoneA 2-benzofuran containing one or more oxo groups.
2-benzofurans
gamma-lactoneA lactone having a five-membered lactone ring.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (8)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Alpha-glucosidase MAL62Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast)IC50 (µMol)2,350.00000.84001.42002.0000AID592240
Oligo-1,6-glucosidase IMA1Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CIC50 (µMol)2,350.00009.37009.37009.3700AID735123
Oligo-1,6-glucosidase IMA1Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288CKi4.86004.86004.86004.8600AID735122
Tissue alpha-L-fucosidaseBos taurus (cattle)IC50 (µMol)82.00000.00500.05750.1100AID1688689
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)23.00000.05102.47257.5000AID772958
5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)126.60000.00050.45464.7640AID380792
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)44.50000.45003.42437.5000AID772955
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)IC50 (µMol)147.00000.05802.65048.3000AID772951; AID772952
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (25)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
glycolipid catabolic processTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseBos taurus (cattle)
monoatomic ion transportTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasisTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to coldTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulusTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic substanceTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compoundTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
response to painTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
thermoceptionTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
detection of mechanical stimulus involved in sensory perception of painTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception of painTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein homotetramerizationTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxideTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic substanceTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
circadian rhythm5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
blood circulation5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
vasoconstriction5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor signaling pathway5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (9)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
alpha-L-fucosidase activityTissue alpha-L-fucosidaseBos taurus (cattle)
calcium channel activityTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
channel activityTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellularly gated calcium channel activityTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
temperature-gated cation channel activityTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled serotonin receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (5)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
plasma membraneTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
stereocilium bundleTransient receptor potential cation channel subfamily A member 1Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
trans-Golgi network membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
synapse5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 7Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (88)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1688689Inhibition of bovine kidney alpha-fucosidase using PNPG as substrate incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometric method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Discovery of novel pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alternative agent for control of type 1 diabetes.
AID592339Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= -12.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592249Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 2.5 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103607Ratio of rotenone LD50 to compound LD50 for adult Drosophila melanogaster2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592333Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 10.3 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592329Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 31.2 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 51.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592240Inhibition of yeast alpha-glucosidase assessed as inhibition of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-glucopyranoside substrate hydrolysis after 35 mins by spectroscopy2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592343Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 56 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103589Ratio of N,N-diethyl-m-toulamide (DEET) LC50 to compound LC50 for Tyrophagus putrescentiae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592410Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= -4.3 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103609Ratio of rotenone LC50 to compound LC50 for Drosophila melanogaster larvae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592337Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= -12.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592251Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 20 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 59 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592252Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 20 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 1.5 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592338Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 31.2 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= -12.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103608Adulticidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster larvae assessed as mortality measured per adult2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103601Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 10 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103598Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592247Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 59 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592335Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 31.2 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 0.005 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592332Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 31.2 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 10.3 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592407Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 6.1 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103599Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 2.5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103596Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 50 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592239Inhibition of alpha-glucosidase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse intestine assessed as lowering of blood glucose levels2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592345Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 11.4 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103602Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 20 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592408Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 6.1 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103590Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality after 24 hr2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592346Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 11.4 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592254Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 20 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= -12 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103588Insecticidal activity against adult Ctenocephalides felis at 200 ug/cm22006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592342Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= 56 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1688691Inhibition of jack bean alpha-mannosidase using PNPG as substrate incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometric method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Discovery of novel pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alternative agent for control of type 1 diabetes.
AID1103594Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 20 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592334Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 0.005 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID735123Inhibition of baker's yeast alpha-glucosidase2013Journal of natural products, Mar-22, Volume: 76, Issue:3
Mexican antidiabetic herbs: valuable sources of inhibitors of α-glucosidases.
AID1688686Non-competitive inhibition of rat intestinal alpha-glucosidase2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Discovery of novel pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alternative agent for control of type 1 diabetes.
AID735122Mixed type inhibition of baker's yeast alpha-glucosidase by Dixon plot analysis2013Journal of natural products, Mar-22, Volume: 76, Issue:3
Mexican antidiabetic herbs: valuable sources of inhibitors of α-glucosidases.
AID1103605Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 50 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103600Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592330Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 51.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103593Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 10 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592250Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= -12 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592253Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 20 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 2.5 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103597Ratio of N,N-diethyl-m-toulamide (DEET) LC50 to compound LC50 for Dermatophagoides farinae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103610Larvicidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster larvae assessed as mortality administered through diet after 8 days2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID592411Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 2 hrs by oral sucrose tolerance test (RVb= -4.3 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592328Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 0.5 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 51.9 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592248Antihyperglycemic activity in ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 1.5 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID1103591Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 2.5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1688687Inhibition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae alpha-glucosidase using PNPG as substrate incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometric method2020European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 188Discovery of novel pyrido-pyrrolidine hybrid compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors and alternative agent for control of type 1 diabetes.
AID592336Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 56.2 mg/kg after 1.5 hrs by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 0.005 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID592331Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic ICR mouse assessed as change in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg after 1 hr by oral glucose tolerance test (RVb= 10.3 %)2011Journal of natural products, Mar-25, Volume: 74, Issue:3
(Z)-3-butylidenephthalide from Ligusticum porteri , an α-glucosidase inhibitor.
AID308997Antiplatelet activity in human platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18
Synthesis, resolution, and antiplatelet activity of 3-substituted 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone.
AID1103590Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality after 24 hr2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID772951Antagonist activity at rat recombinant TRPM8 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of menthol-induced intracellular calcium influx preincubated for 5 mins followed by menthol challenge by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1103608Adulticidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster larvae assessed as mortality measured per adult2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID772956Agonist activity at rat recombinant TRPA1 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of intracellular calcium influx by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1103591Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 2.5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103593Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 10 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103599Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 2.5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103588Insecticidal activity against adult Ctenocephalides felis at 200 ug/cm22006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1082320Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype B (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15
Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID772954Agonist activity at rat recombinant TRPM8 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of intracellular calcium influx by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis relative to ionomycin2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID308998Antiplatelet activity in human platelet rich plasma assessed as inhibition of arachidonic acid-induced platelet aggregation2007Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 17, Issue:18
Synthesis, resolution, and antiplatelet activity of 3-substituted 1(3H)-isobenzofuranone.
AID380793Displacement of [3H]LSD from human recombinant 5HT7 receptor expressed in CHO cells at 100 uM by liquid scintillation counting relative to control2006Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Serotonergic activity-guided phytochemical investigation of the roots of Angelica sinensis.
AID772953Agonist activity at rat recombinant TRPM8 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of intracellular calcium influx by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1103605Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 50 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103609Ratio of rotenone LC50 to compound LC50 for Drosophila melanogaster larvae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103610Larvicidal activity against Drosophila melanogaster larvae assessed as mortality administered through diet after 8 days2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103596Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 50 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103600Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103602Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 20 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103601Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality at 10 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103589Ratio of N,N-diethyl-m-toulamide (DEET) LC50 to compound LC50 for Tyrophagus putrescentiae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103597Ratio of N,N-diethyl-m-toulamide (DEET) LC50 to compound LC50 for Dermatophagoides farinae2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID772952Antagonist activity at rat recombinant TRPM8 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of icilin-induced intracellular calcium influx preincubated for 5 mins followed by icilin challenge by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1103594Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 20 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1103607Ratio of rotenone LD50 to compound LD50 for adult Drosophila melanogaster2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID380792Displacement of [3H]LSD from human recombinant 5HT7 receptor expressed in CHO cells by liquid scintillation counting2006Journal of natural products, Apr, Volume: 69, Issue:4
Serotonergic activity-guided phytochemical investigation of the roots of Angelica sinensis.
AID1103598Acaricidal activity against Dermatophagoides farinae assessed as mortality after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID1082321Biotype susceptibility ratio, ratio of LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype B2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15
Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID772955Antagonist activity at rat recombinant TRPA1 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of allyl isothiocyanate-induced intracellular calcium influx preincubated for 5 mins followed by allyl isothiocyanate challenge by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectr2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID772957Agonist activity at rat recombinant TRPA1 overexpressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of intracellular calcium influx by Fluo-4-AM dye-based spectrofluorimetric analysis relative to allyl isothiocyanate2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1103592Acaricidal activity against Tyrophagus putrescentiae assessed as mortality at 5 ug/cm2 after 24 hr relative to control2006Biological & pharmaceutical bulletin, Mar, Volume: 29, Issue:3
Comparison of larvicidal, adulticidal and acaricidal activity of two geometrical butylidenephthalide isomers.
AID772958Antagonist activity at TRPA1 (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition of mustard oil-activated current2013Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20
3-Ylidenephthalides as a new class of transient receptor potential channel TRPA1 and TRPM8 modulators.
AID1082322Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay2011Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15
Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (112)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19903 (2.68)18.7374
1990's8 (7.14)18.2507
2000's23 (20.54)29.6817
2010's63 (56.25)24.3611
2020's15 (13.39)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 32.39

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index32.39 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.42 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index36.43 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (32.39)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials1 (0.93%)5.53%
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews2 (1.85%)6.00%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies2 (1.85%)4.05%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational1 (0.93%)0.25%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other102 (94.44%)84.16%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
melatonin
[no description available]		2.0810acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
palmitic acid
Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.		1.9910long-chain fatty acid;
straight-chain saturated fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
quinolinic acid
Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.		2.1510pyridinedicarboxylic acidEscherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
NMDA receptor agonist
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one
1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.		2.0310oxadiazoloquinoxalineEC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
4-aminopyridine
[no description available]		2.1310aminopyridine;
aromatic amine		avicide;
orphan drug;
potassium channel blocker
benzyl benzoate
benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.		2.4220benzoate ester;
benzyl ester		acaricide;
plant metabolite;
scabicide
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.110aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
carmustine
Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.		2.0510N-nitrosoureas;
organochlorine compound		alkylating agent;
antineoplastic agent
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		1.99101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
emodin
Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.		2.2510trihydroxyanthraquinoneantineoplastic agent;
laxative;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
glyburide
Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.		2.0610monochlorobenzenes;
N-sulfonylurea		anti-arrhythmia drug;
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor;
hypoglycemic agent
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine
1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.		2.05103-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.0410dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source		2.2110chromones;
morpholines;
organochlorine compound		autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
mecamylamine
Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.		210primary aliphatic amine
myristicin
myristicin: asaricin is an isomer; structure; a methylene dioxy version of elemicin;		2.0610organic molecular entitymetabolite
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.7130benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
fg 7142
FG 7142: benzodiazepine receptor agonist		1.9910beta-carbolines
nifedipine
Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.		2.110C-nitro compound;
dihydropyridine;
methyl ester		calcium channel blocker;
human metabolite;
tocolytic agent;
vasodilator agent
oxidopamine
Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).		2.110benzenetriol;
catecholamine;
primary amino compound		drug metabolite;
human metabolite;
neurotoxin
papaverine
Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.		1.9510benzylisoquinoline alkaloid;
dimethoxybenzene;
isoquinolines		antispasmodic drug;
vasodilator agent
pentobarbital
Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.		6.9910barbituratesGABAA receptor agonist
piracetam
Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.		210organonitrogen compound;
organooxygen compound
potassium chloride
Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.		2.730inorganic chloride;
inorganic potassium salt;
potassium salt		fertilizer
tetraethylammonium
Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)		2.1310quaternary ammonium ion
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		1.9910ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
adenosine diphosphate
Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.		1.9710adenosine 5'-phosphate;
purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate		fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
phenylephrine
Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.		2.7130phenols;
phenylethanolamines;
secondary amino compound		alpha-adrenergic agonist;
cardiotonic drug;
mydriatic agent;
nasal decongestant;
protective agent;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent
methoxamine
Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .		1.9910amphetaminesalpha-adrenergic agonist;
antihypotensive agent
tryptophan
Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.		7.1510erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
tryptophan zwitterion;
tryptophan		antidepressant;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylene chloride
Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.		1.9910chloromethanes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
polar aprotic solvent;
refrigerant
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
quinoxalines
quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.		2.0310mancude organic heterobicyclic parent;
naphthyridine;
ortho-fused heteroarene
4-butyrolactone
4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.		4.34190butan-4-olidemetabolite;
neurotoxin
yohimbine
Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.		1.9910methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylatealpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopamine receptor D2 antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
pyrazines
Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.		2.0710diazine;
pyrazines		Daphnia magna metabolite
rhein
[no description available]		2.2510dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin
aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.		2.2510aromatic primary alcohol;
dihydroxyanthraquinone		antineoplastic agent;
plant metabolite
4-chromone
4-chromone: structure given in first source. chromone : The simplest member of the class of chromones that is 4H-chromene with an oxo group at position 4.		2.2510chromones;
enone
physcione
physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.		2.2510dihydroxyanthraquinoneanti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
hepatoprotective agent;
metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine
tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).		7.0710alkaloid;
pyrazines		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
bacterial metabolite;
neuroprotective agent;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
sabinene
sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.		1.9710thujeneplant metabolite
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		7.4110copper group element atom;
elemental gold
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester
NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.		2.0310alpha-amino acid ester;
L-arginine derivative;
methyl ester;
N-nitro compound		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
acarbose
[no description available]		2.2510tetrasaccharide derivativeEC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor;
EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent
itraconazole
Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.		2.0410aromatic ether;
conazole antifungal drug;
cyclic ketal;
dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
N-arylpiperazine;
triazole antifungal drug;
triazoles		EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor;
P450 inhibitor
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		2.1310benzofurans
cromakalim
Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)		7.1110
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine
Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.		1.97102-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholineantihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
bronchoconstrictor agent;
hematologic agent;
vasodilator agent
3-n-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide
3-N-butyl-4,5-dihydrophthalide: from seeds of Apium graveolens Linn.; RN given refers to (-)-isomer; structure given in first source		3.1350
alisol b
alisol B: RN given for (8alpha,9beta,11beta,14beta,23S,24R)-isomer; isolated from Alismatis Rhizoma; structure in first source		7.1710
mezlocillin
[no description available]		2.0810indolamine
benzofurans
Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.		3.5580
acarbose
[no description available]		2.0610amino cyclitol;
glycoside
arachidonic acid
icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.		1.9710icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid;
long-chain fatty acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
oleic acid
Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.2110octadec-9-enoic acidantioxidant;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
solvent
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		8.5880ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol
[no description available]		2.2510
riboflavin
vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).		2.2110flavin;
vitamin B2		anti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
cofactor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
food colouring;
fundamental metabolite;
human urinary metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
photosensitizing agent;
plant metabolite
chlorogenic acid
caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.		3.1810cinnamate ester;
tannin		food component;
plant metabolite
lithium
Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.		2.2110alkali metal atom
heparin
neocnidilide: isolated from the rhizomes of Ligusticum sinense		2.1110gamma-lactone
quercetin
[no description available]		3.18107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
bilirubin
[no description available]		4.6911biladienes;
dicarboxylic acid		antioxidant;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		1.9710prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
dinoprost
Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.		2.0110monocarboxylic acid;
prostaglandins Falpha		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
linoleic acid
Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.		2.4620octadecadienoic acid;
omega-6 fatty acid		algal metabolite;
Daphnia galeata metabolite;
plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid
linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.		2.0210linolenic acid;
omega-3 fatty acid		micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
genistein
[no description available]		2.25107-hydroxyisoflavonesantineoplastic agent;
EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
human urinary metabolite;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
tyrosine kinase inhibitor
3-hydroxyblancoxanthone
3-hydroxyblancoxanthone: from the root of Calophyllum blancoi; structure in first source		2.2510pyranoxanthones
3-methylquercetin
isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.		3.18107-hydroxyflavonol;
monomethoxyflavone;
tetrahydroxyflavone		anticoagulant;
EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
metabolite
norathyriol
norathyriol: from Gentinanaceae; has vasorelaxing action on rat thoracic aorta; structure given in first source. norathyriol : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7. Isolated from Garcinia mangostana and Maclura pomifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against protein kinase C.		2.2510polyphenol;
xanthones		antineoplastic agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
thromboxane b2
Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.		1.9710thromboxanes Bhuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
ligustilide
ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		4.39200butenolidemetabolite
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid
15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)		2.4420
barium
Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.		1.9510alkaline earth metal atom;
elemental barium
falcarindiol
falcarindiol: from leaves of Schefflera digitata (Araliaceae) and in carrots; inhibits germination of spores of most common dermatophyte fungi		2.0210organic molecular entitymetabolite
broussochalcone a
broussochalcone A: RN given for (E)-isomer; inhibits neutrophil respiratory burst; structure in first source		2.2510
casuarine
casuarine: structure in first source; do not confuse with tannin casuariin		2.2510
alpha-synuclein
alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.		2.110
papyriflavonol a
papyriflavonol A: isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera; structure in first source. papyriflavonol A : A pentahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7, 3' and 4' and prenyl groups at positions 6 and 5'. Isolated from Broussonetia papyrifera, it exhibits inhibitory activity against phospholipase A2 and tyrosinase.		2.25103'-hydroxyflavonoid;
flavonols;
pentahydroxyflavone		EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
metabolite
oxadiazoles
Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.		2.0310
cudraxanthone l
cudraxanthone L: from the root bark of Cudrania tricuspidata; structure in first source		2.2510
calcimycin
Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.		1.9710benzoxazole
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		210
tannins
Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.		4.6911
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.07101,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
calpain
Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.		2.6320
snx 230
omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source		2.1310
amyloid beta-peptides
amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined		2.1110
angiogenin
angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400		2.1310
vanillin
Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).		2.0310benzaldehydes;
monomethoxybenzene;
phenols		anti-inflammatory agent;
anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
flavouring agent;
plant metabolite
aspirin
Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.		2.0310benzoic acids;
phenyl acetates;
salicylates		anticoagulant;
antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
drug allergen;
EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant activator;
platelet aggregation inhibitor;
prostaglandin antagonist;
teratogenic agent
cypermethrin
cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.		2.0610aromatic ether;
cyclopropanecarboxylate ester;
nitrile;
organochlorine compound		agrochemical;
molluscicide;
pyrethroid ester acaricide;
pyrethroid ester insecticide
dichlorvos
Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.		2.0610alkenyl phosphate;
dialkyl phosphate;
organochlorine acaricide;
organophosphate insecticide		anthelminthic drug;
antibacterial agent;
antifungal agent;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
deet
N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.		2.0310benzamides;
monocarboxylic acid amide		environmental contaminant;
insect repellent;
xenobiotic
rotenone
Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.		2.0310organic heteropentacyclic compound;
rotenones		antineoplastic agent;
metabolite;
mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor;
phytogenic insecticide;
piscicide;
toxin
imperatorin
imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.		2.0310psoralensEC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
metabolite
n-butylbenzenesulfonamide
N-butylbenzenesulfonamide: a neurotoxic plasticising agent. N-butylbenzenesulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide substituted by a butyl group at the nitrogen atom. It has been isolated from the plant Prunus africana and has been shown to exhibit antiandrogenic activity.		2.0310sulfonamideneurotoxin;
plant metabolite
pirimiphos methyl
pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.		2.0610aminopyrimidine;
organic thiophosphate		acaricide;
agrochemical;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
insecticide
3-n-butylphthalide
3-n-butylphthalide: isolated from phenolic part of Ligusticum wallichii Franch; structure given in first source		2.0310benzofurans
pyridaben
[no description available]		2.0610organochlorine acaricide;
organochlorine insecticide;
pyridazinone		mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
prizes
acetamiprid: structure in first source. (E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid.. acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group.		2.0610carboxamidine;
monochloropyridine;
nitrile		environmental contaminant;
neonicotinoid insectide;
xenobiotic
ferulic acid
ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.		2.0310ferulic acidsanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cardioprotective agent;
MALDI matrix material;
plant metabolite
hydroxyphenethylferulate
hydroxyphenethylferulate: from the roots of Atropa acuminata (Solanaceae); structure in first source		2.0310hydroxycinnamic acid
benzylidenephthalide
[no description available]		2.0810
stigmasterol
stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.		2.03103beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
3beta-sterol;
phytosterols;
stigmastane sterol		plant metabolite
ligustilide
ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source		2.7530butenolidemetabolite
thiamethoxam
[no description available]		2.0610
imidacloprid
(E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.		2.0610imidacloprid;
imidazolidines;
monochloropyridine		environmental contaminant;
genotoxin;
neonicotinoid insectide;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		02.7530
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		02.0610
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		03.3920
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		03.3920
Autoimmune Diabetes
[description not available]		02.2510
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1
A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.		02.2510
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		07.3110
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration
[description not available]		03.2140
Machado-Joseph Disease
A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)		03.2140
Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
[description not available]		02.4110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		08.2994
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		02.5720
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		07.5720
Ischemia
A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.		02.4110
Optic Neuropathy, Ischemic
Ischemic injury to the OPTIC NERVE which usually affects the OPTIC DISK (optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic) and less frequently the retrobulbar portion of the nerve (optic neuropathy, posterior ischemic). The injury results from occlusion of arterial blood supply which may result from TEMPORAL ARTERITIS; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; COLLAGEN DISEASES; EMBOLISM; DIABETES MELLITUS; and other conditions. The disease primarily occurs in the sixth decade or later and presents with the sudden onset of painless and usually severe monocular visual loss. Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy also features optic disk edema with microhemorrhages. The optic disk appears normal in posterior ischemic optic neuropathy. (Glaser, Neuro-Ophthalmology, 2nd ed, p135)		02.4110
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		03.89110
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		03.8100
Intradural-Extramedullary Spinal Cord Neoplasms
[description not available]		02.4110
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		03.89110
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		03.8100
Spinal Cord Neoplasms
Benign and malignant neoplasms which occur within the substance of the spinal cord (intramedullary neoplasms) or in the space between the dura and spinal cord (intradural extramedullary neoplasms). The majority of intramedullary spinal tumors are primary CNS neoplasms including ASTROCYTOMA; EPENDYMOMA; and LIPOMA. Intramedullary neoplasms are often associated with SYRINGOMYELIA. The most frequent histologic types of intradural-extramedullary tumors are MENINGIOMA and NEUROFIBROMA.		02.4110
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.610
Diabetic Retinopathy
Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.		07.610
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.3110
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		07.3110
Cirrhosis
[description not available]		03.1140
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		03.1140
Fibrosis
Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.		03.1140
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		03.1140
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		07.5220
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous
[description not available]		02.2510
Constriction, Pathological
[description not available]		02.2510
Constriction, Pathologic
The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.		02.2510
Hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.		07.5220
Disease Exacerbation
[description not available]		04.5111
Cardiometabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.		04.5111
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction
[description not available]		04.5111
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease
[description not available]		04.5111
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		09.921
Lassitude
[description not available]		04.5111
Berger Disease
[description not available]		04.5111
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		010.0731
Chronic Kidney Failure
[description not available]		04.5111
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		05.0731
Benign Neoplasms
[description not available]		04.5111
Hemorrhagic Shock
[description not available]		04.5111
Cancer of the Thyroid
[description not available]		04.5111
Dry Eye
[description not available]		04.5111
Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Occurrence of heart arrest in an individual when there is no immediate access to medical personnel or equipment.		04.5111
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction
A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		04.5111
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		04.921
Cardiovascular Diseases
Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.		04.5111
Fatigue
The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.		04.5111
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		04.5111
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		05.0731
Kidney Failure, Chronic
The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.		04.5111
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		05.0731
Neoplasms
New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.		04.5111
Thyroid Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.		04.5111
Dry Eye Syndromes
Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.		04.5111
Carcinoma, Medullary
A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.5111
Carcinoma, Neuroendocrine
A group of carcinomas which share a characteristic morphology, often being composed of clusters and trabecular sheets of round blue cells, granular chromatin, and an attenuated rim of poorly demarcated cytoplasm. Neuroendocrine tumors include carcinoids, small (oat) cell carcinomas, medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, Merkel cell tumor, cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, pancreatic islet cell tumors, and pheochromocytoma. Neurosecretory granules are found within the tumor cells. (Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)		04.5111
Metabolic Syndrome
A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.		04.5111
Candidemia
A form of invasive candidiasis where species of CANDIDA are present in the blood.		04.5111
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		07.1510
Metastase
[description not available]		02.5420
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.1510
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.5420
Condition, Preneoplastic
[description not available]		02.1710
Oral Submucous Fibrosis
Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.		07.1710
Precancerous Conditions
Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.		02.1710
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease
[description not available]		02.5320
Parkinson Disease
A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)		02.5320
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.1710
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.1710
Muscle Contraction
A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.		02.6930
Alveolitis, Fibrosing
[description not available]		02.1710
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.		07.1710
Cancer of Pancreas
[description not available]		02.2110
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic
[description not available]		02.2110
Pancreatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).		02.2110
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal
Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.		02.2110
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.8530
Brain Swelling
[description not available]		02.2110
Brain Edema
Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)		02.2110
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		07.8530
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1710
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		02.1710
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.2110
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.2110
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy
[description not available]		02.2110
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.		02.2110
Blood Pressure, High
[description not available]		02.5520
Cardiomegaly
Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.		02.2110
Hypertension
Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.		02.5520
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular
Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.		02.2110
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		02.4720
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.4820
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		07.4720
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.4820
Muscle Relaxation
That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.		02.110
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.1110
47,XX,+21
[description not available]		02.1110
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.1110
Down Syndrome
A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)		07.1110
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.1310
Choroid Neovascularization
[description not available]		02.1110
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
[description not available]		02.5420
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)		02.5420
Neovascularization, Optic Disc
[description not available]		02.1310
Retinal Neovascularization
Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.		07.1310
Cerebral Ischemia
[description not available]		02.5420
Brain Ischemia
Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.		02.5420
Arrhythmia
[description not available]		02.1510
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.1510
Arrhythmias, Cardiac
Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.		02.1510
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		02.0510
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		02.0510
Carcinoma, Epidermoid
[description not available]		02.0710
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.0710
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell
A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0710
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.0710
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0610
Coronary Restenosis
Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.		02.0610
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		02.0610
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		07.0610
Angor Pectoris
[description not available]		02.4120
Angina Pectoris
The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.		02.4120
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.		01.9810