icariin profile

Flora	Rank	Flora Definition	Family	Family Definition
Epimedium	genus	A plant genus of the family BERBERIDACEAE which is used in DRUGS, CHINESE HERBAL. Members contain flavonol glycosides including epimedins, icariin and noricariin.[MeSH]	Berberidaceae	The Barberry plant family of the order Ranunculales, subclass Magnoliidae, class Magnoliopsida. The shrubs have spiny leaves.[MeSH]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	5318997
CHEMBL ID	553204
CHEBI ID	78420
SCHEMBL ID	312615
MeSH ID	M0158708

Synonym
BRD-K65639003-001-02-5
icariin ,
SDCCGMLS-0066754.P001
SPECTRUM4_001975
SPECTRUM5_000933
NCGC00178583-01
BSPBIO_002599
icariine
489-32-7
MLS001424083
MLS000759413
smr000466309
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 3-((6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-7-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-
3-((6-deoxymannopyranosyl)oxy)-7-(glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-butenyl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
KBIOGR_002475
KBIO3_002099
SPBIO_001650
SPECTRUM3_001130
SPECTRUM2_001695
SPECTRUM1505257
HMS2051J13
C17555
CHEMBL553204
epimedii herba icariin
3-[(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-4-oxo-4h-chromen-7-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
STK801622
bdbm50027363
chebi:78420 ,
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-3-[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxychromen-4-one
AKOS005614005
A827628
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-7-(((2s,4s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-3-(((3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
BBL010487
HMS2235I20
CCG-38780
CCG-100955
unii-vnm47r2qsq
vnm47r2qsq ,
ieariline
AB00639912-06
SCHEMBL312615
NC00205
epimedii herba icariin [mi]
4h-1-benzopyran-4-one, 3-((6-deoxy-.alpha.-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy)-7-(.beta.-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-
CS-3675
MLS006011789
AM85785
Q-100549
HY-N0014
mfcd00210516
SR-01000759346-4
sr-01000759346
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-7-(((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-3-(((2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yl)oxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
icariin, analytical standard
icariin, >=94% (hplc)
3-[(6-deoxy-alpha-l-mannopyranosyl)oxy]-7-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methyl-2-buten-1-yl)-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one
DB12052
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-7-((2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yloxy)-3-((2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2h-pyran-2-yloxy)-4h-chromen-4-one
BCP18807
Q5985057
VS-02526
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-7-{[(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-{[(2s,3r,4r,5r,6s)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl]oxy}-4h-chromen-4-one
TZJALUIVHRYQQB-XLRXWWTNSA-N
BRD-K65639003-001-05-8
BRD-K65639003-001-09-0
DTXSID00964133
-anhydroicaritin
EX-A6783
5-hydroxy-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-8-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-7-{[3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy}-3-[(3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyloxan-2-yl)oxy]-4h-chromen-4-one

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside extracted from the medical plant Epimedium, which can inhibit the proliferation and migration of FLSs."	( Icariin arrests cell cycle progression and induces cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in human fibroblast-like synoviocytes. Li, F; Li, S; Liu, B; Meng, Q; Pu, L, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonol glycoside that exerts a plethora of pharmacological effects."	( Icariin ameliorates metabolic syndrome-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia in rats. Abdel-Naim, AB; Albadr, NA; Aljehani, AA; Eid, BG; Nasrullah, MZ; Neamatallah, T, 2022)	2.89
"Icariin (Ica) is a flavonoid isolated from Epimedii Herba (Berberidaceae)."	( Icariin Protects H9c2 Rat Cardiomyoblasts from Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity: Role of Caveolin-1 Upregulation and Enhanced Autophagic Response. Bava, I; Bosco, F; Cardamone, A; Cariati, L; Carresi, C; Coppoletta, AR; Foti, DP; Gliozzi, M; Greco, M; Guarnieri, L; Macrì, R; Maiuolo, J; Mollace, R; Mollace, V; Musolino, V; Nucera, S; Palma, E; Ruga, S; Scarano, F; Scicchitano, M; Zito, MC, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin (ICA) is a traditional Chinese medicine that has been proven to have outstanding protective effects on the vascular system and to regulate cellular autophagy effectively."	( Icariin activates autophagy to trigger TGFβ1 upregulation and promote angiogenesis in EA.hy926 human vascular endothelial cells. Guo, R; Li, X; Shao, L; Sheng, L; Wen, Y; Zhang, Y, 2022)	2.89
"Icariin is an effective ingredient of the traditional Chinese medicine, Epimedium."	( Research progress on icariin, a traditional Chinese medicine extract, in the treatment of asthma. Dong, YC; Shang, Y; Tong, ZY; Yuan, JY; Zhao, JY, 2022)	1.76
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid derived from the genus Epimedium, a traditional Chinese herb and a potential therapeutic drug for TBI."	( Protective Effects of Icariin on Traumatic Brain Injury. Cai, R; Du, A; Shi, J; Wu, Q, 2021)	1.66
"Icariin (ICA) is an effective agent to delay bone loss by regulating the bone homeostasis."	( Effects of Icariin on Modulating Gut Microbiota and Regulating Metabolite Alterations to Prevent Bone Loss in Ovariectomized Rat Model. Han, Y; Li, X; Liu, L; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wang, X; Xu, Y; Yan, H; Ye, H; Zhang, X, 2022)	1.83
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid extracted from the traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium."	( Icariin attenuates ischaemic stroke through suppressing inflammation mediated by endoplasmic reticulum stress signalling pathway in rats. Liao, Y; Mo, Z; Xu, Y; Zheng, J, 2022)	2.89
"Icariin is a major bioactive pharmaceutical compound derived from Epimedium plants, which is known due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects."	( Potential effects of icariin, the Epimedium-derived bioactive compound in the treatment of COVID-19: a hypothesis. Ghasemnejad-Berenji, M; Khezri, MR; Mohammadi, T; Moloodsouri, D; Nazari-Khanamiri, F, 2022)	1.76
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedium brevicornum, serving as the main active pharmaceutical constituent to treat bone loss."	( Autocrine Activity of Extracellular Vesicles Induced by Icariin and Its Effectiveness in Glucocorticoid-Induced Injury of Bone Microvascular Endothelial Cells. Gao, F; Li, T; Li, Z; Lu, J; Sun, W; Wu, X; Zhang, Q, 2022)	1.69
"Icariin is a principal active component from traditional Chinese medicine Herba Epimedii and has been demonstrated to exert potential antiarrhythmic effect."	( Icariin attenuates excessive alcohol consumption-induced susceptibility to atrial fibrillation through SIRT3 signaling. Dong, X; Huang, YT; Jiang, H; Liu, T; Wang, HS; Xu, DY; Xu, YL; Xue, XD; Yin, ZT; Yu, LM; Zhao, JK; Zhao, QS; Zhou, ZJ, 2022)	2.89
"Icariin is a primary active component of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Epimedium grandiflorum. "	( Molecular mechanisms regulating the pharmacological actions of icariin with special focus on PI3K-AKT and Nrf-2 signaling pathways. Aggarwal, K; Agrawal, R; Goyal, A; Pradhan, K; Verma, A, 2022)	2.4
"Icariin is a phytomolecule from herbal Epimedium, a traditional Chinese medicine widely used to treat musculoskeletal disorders for thousands of years."	( A Phytomolecule Icariin Protects from Sarcopenia Partially by Suppressing Myosin Heavy Chain Degradation in Orchiectomized Rats. Cao, HJ; Huang, CS; Li, L; Qin, L; Shi, KD; Sun, AR; Wang, XL; Yang, WY, 2022)	1.79
"Icariin (ICA) is a naturally occurring phytochemical agent primarily extracted from Epimedium Brevicornum Maxim (Family Berberidaceae) with a broad spectrum of bioactivities. "	( Icariin Alleviates Aleem, MT; Chen, C; Hanif, S; Huang, S; Li, K; Li, Q; Lv, H; Rajput, SA; Shaukat, A; Shaukat, I; Shukat, R; Yang, L; Yao, Z; Zhang, X, 2022)	3.61
"Icariin is a main active component of Epimedium, possessing therapeutic effects on various neurodegenerative diseases."	( Effects of icariin on alleviating schizophrenia-like symptoms by regulating the miR-144-3p/ATP1B2/mTOR signalling pathway. Han, B; Ji, H; Liu, Y; Pan, B; Wang, Y; Weng, J; Xu, L; Zhu, X, 2022)	1.83
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid glycoside purified from the natural product Epimedium, which is reported to exert an inhibitory effect on a variety of cancers."	( Icariin Induces Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cell Apoptosis and Suppresses Invasion by Inhibiting the JNK/c-Jun Signaling Pathway. Gao, S; Han, X; Ji, F; Liu, J; Lv, Y; Meng, Q; Shi, W; Wu, H; Yin, Y; Zhang, Q; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2023)	3.07
"Icariin (ICA) is a marker compound isolated from the total flavonoids of Epimedium brevicornu Maxim."	( Icariin improves learning and memory function in Aβ Di, X; Li, Y; Lu, F; Sun, S; Wan, M; Zhang, Z; Zhao, M, 2024)	3.61
"Icariin is a flavonoid extracted from epimedium brevicornu maxim, and has been shown to improve nephropathy disease."	( AR/RKIP pathway mediates the inhibitory effects of icariin on renal fibrosis and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Chen, ZS; Ding, X; Tao, R; Wan, L; Xu, Y; Yao, W, 2024)	2.42
"Icariin is a type of flavonoid derived from the Chinese herbal plant Epimedium sagittatum Maxim. "	( Neuroprotective role of icariin in experimental spinal cord injury via its antioxidant, anti‑neuroinflammatory and anti‑apoptotic properties. Dai, H; Jia, G; Li, W; Zhang, Y, 2019)	2.26
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedium herb, and has been shown to be its main bioactive component. "	( PI3K-AKT Signaling Activation and Icariin: The Potential Effects on the Perimenopausal Depression-Like Rat Model. Cao, LH; Fang, XY; Huang, HY; Li, XM; Miao, MS; Qiao, JY; Zhang, R, 2019)	2.24
"Icariin (ICA) is a principal active component from traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium grandiflorum. "	( Pharmacological effects of icariin. He, C; Shi, J; Wang, Z, 2020)	2.3
"Icariin (ICA) is a major flavonoid isolated from the traditional oriental herbal medicine Epimedium that has been recently proved to show potential therapeutic efficacy on T2DM."	( Icariin Attenuates Diabetic Cardiomyopathy and Downregulates Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Heart Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Aa, J; Ding, X; Ding, Y; Qiao, C; Song, Z; Tao, J; Wang, H, 2020)	2.72
"Icariin (ICA), which is an active component of Epimedii (a Chinese medicinal herb), has been verified to demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic effects, such as alleviating various kinds of brain injury."	( Neuroprotective effects of icariin in neonatal hypoxia-ischemic brain damage via its anti-apoptotic property. Luo, L; Rong, Y; Wang, M, 2021)	1.64
"Icariin (ICA) is a typical flavonoid compound extracted from Epimedii Folium with anti-inflammatory and bone-protective effects."	( Icariin inhibits the inflammation through down-regulating NF-κB/HIF-2α signal pathways in chondrocytes. Li, A; Liu, Z; Meng, Q; Qin, S; Wang, P; Wang, W; Xiong, X; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2020)	2.72
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid extracted from the leaves and stems of Herba epimedii with a wide range of pharmacological effects, such as anti-osteoporosis, anti-fibrosis, anti-aging, anti-inflammation and antioxidation."	( Icariin ameliorates streptozocin-induced diabetic nephropathy through suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB signal pathway. Cheng, Y; Fang, Q; Hao, JQ; He, YH; Ma, RY; Qi, MY; Zhou, SJ, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin (ICA) is a bioactive compound isolated from epimedium-derived flavonoids that modulates bone mesenchymal stem cell osteogenesis and adipogenesis. "	( Icariin stimulates osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenesis of human bone mesenchymal stem cells via miR-23a-mediated activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Jia, B; Jiang, Y; Li, T; Wang, Y; Xu, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Icariin (ICA) is a bioactive flavonoid extracted from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities including antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects. "	( Icariin attenuates renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease by inhibiting interleukin-1β/transforming growth factor-β-mediated activation of renal fibroblasts. Feng, X; Wang, C; Wang, L; Wang, M; Ye, C; Zhou, Y, 2021)	3.51
"Icariin is a biologically active substance in "	( Icariin, an Up-and-Coming Bioactive Compound Against Neurological Diseases: Network Pharmacology-Based Study and Literature Review. Ma, J; Sun, X; Wang, S; Wang, Y; Wu, M; Zeng, Y; Zhou, G; Zhou, W, 2021)	3.51
"Icariin is a potent stimulator of osteogenic differentiation; however, the mechanism underlying its osteogenic effect remains unclear. "	( Glucocorticoid-induced leucine zipper may play an important role in icariin by suppressing osteogenesis inhibition induced by glucocorticoids in osteoblasts. Chen, DY; Chen, LH; Chen, SZ; Jiang, ZL; Jin, H; Lin, Z; Sun, Y; Xia, AX; Zhou, P; Zhu, YW, 2017)	2.13
"Icariin is a promising therapeutic strategy for asthma, and PGD2 might be a new target for asthma therapy in OVA-induced and RSV-infected asthma model."	( Effects of icariin on asthma mouse model are associated with regulation of prostaglandin D2 level. Qiao, J; Sun, S; Wang, J; Yuan, L, )	1.96
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside with low cost."	( Synthesis of prenylated flavonols and their potents as estrogen receptor modulator. Gong, L; Jiang, Y; Liu, J; Tao, Z; Yang, B, 2017)	1.18
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedium herb, and has been shown to be the main bioactive component."	( The effect of icariin on bone metabolism and its potential clinical application. Peng, S; Wang, D; Wang, Z; Yang, D; Zhang, J; Zhen, W, 2018)	1.56
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid isolated from certain plant species in the genus Epimedium, especially Epimedium brevicornum. "	( Icariin inhibits LPS-induced cell inflammatory response by promoting GRα nuclear translocation and upregulating GRα expression. Cai, W; Deng, X; Huang, J; Jiang, T; Li, W; Shen, Z; Sun, X, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid glucoside derived from the Epimedium plant genus, which has potent regenerative properties and is used in western medicine to treat impotence. "	( Icariin improves Fanconi anemia hematopoietic stem cell function through SIRT6-mediated NF-kappa B inhibition. Cole, A; Du, W; Li, X; Li, Y; McLaughlin, S, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin is a traditional Chinese drug that has long been used to treat various diseases. "	( Icariin promotes wound healing by enhancing the migration and proliferation of keratinocytes via the AKT and ERK signaling pathway. Hu, L; Liu, G; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Mi, B; Wu, Y; Xiong, L; Ye, S; Zhou, W, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin is an active flavonoid that is reported to inhibit autophagy."	( Icariin inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis in SKVCR cells through mTOR signal pathway. Chang, H; Deng, S; Fan, D; Jiang, S, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin (ICA) is a major active ingredient in Herba epimedii, which is commonly used as a Chinese herbal medicine for the treatment of osteoporosis. "	( Icariin stimulates osteogenic differentiation and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of rBMSCs via estrogen receptor signaling. He, H; Lei, X; Li, X; Liu, X; Mo, S; Ou, L; Pan, Y; Peng, B; Peng, X; Sun, K; Tian, Y; Wang, H; Wang, P; Wu, Z; Yang, L; Zhang, R; Zhu, X, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin (ICA) is a bioactive flavonoid with renal protective actions. "	( Icariin Improves Sepsis-Induced Mortality and Acute Kidney Injury. Feng, G; Feng, Y; Liu, L; Shang, W; Suo, J; Wang, M; Wang, Z; Xie, C; Xie, H, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin is a pharmacologically active flavonoid glycoside, which shows potential application in treatment of osteoporosis."	( Bone-targeting drug delivery system of biomineral-binding liposomes loaded with icariin enhances the treatment for osteoporosis. Bian, T; Huang, J; Li, C; Liu, Z; Lyu, J; Pi, F; Sun, X; Wei, J; Zhong, Z, 2019)	1.46
"Icariin (ICA) is a prenylated flavonol glycoside derived from Herba Epimedii, a medicinal plant with a variety of pharmacological activities, including anticancer, antidiabetic and anti‑obesity effects."	( Icariin suppresses cell cycle transition and cell migration in ovarian cancer cells. Cao, W; Dai, L; Li, A; Liu, Z; Qin, S; Wang, P; Xie, F; Xiong, X; Yuan, W; Zhang, J, 2019)	2.68
"Icariin is a flavonoid derived from Epimedium sagittatum, and has a wide range of biological and pharmacological effects; however, little is known regarding its effect on drug‑resistant ovarian cancer and the signal transduction pathways underlying the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy. "	( Icariin enhances the chemosensitivity of cisplatin‑resistant ovarian cancer cells by suppressing autophagy via activation of the AKT/mTOR/ATG5 pathway. Chang, H; Deng, S; Fan, D; Jiang, S, 2019)	3.4
"Icariin is a major component isolated from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and has been reported to exhibit anti-tumor activity. "	( Icariin induces apoptosis by suppressing autophagy in tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer cell line MCF-7/TAM. Cheng, X; Deng, G; Duan, F; Li, Q; Tan, S; Yuan, Q, 2019)	3.4
"Icariin (ICA) is a flavonoid used in traditional Chinese medicine."	( Icariin protects mouse Leydig cell testosterone synthesis from the adverse effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Lian, X; Lin, J; Liu, Y; Lv, R; Mo, K; Sun, J; Wang, D; Wang, S; Xie, M; Xu, L; Xu, S, 2019)	2.68
"Icariin (ICA) is a naturally occurring furanocoumarin and exhibits many pharmacological properties, including potent improvement on learning and memory."	( Icariin ameliorates learning and memory impairments through ERK/CaMKIIα/CREB signaling and HPA axis in prenatally stressed female offspring. Cao, YJ; Chen, YW; Deng, HH; He, J; Li, Y; Li, YC; Xia, SZ; Yue, YS; Zheng, XX, 2019)	2.68
"Icariin is a flavonoid from plant belonging to the genus Epimedium, commonly known as Horny goat weed or Yin Yang Huo. "	( Angiogenic and MMPs modulatory effects of icariin improved cutaneous wound healing in rats. Appukuttan, AV; Devi, HS; Kumar, D; Kumawat, S; Lingaraju, MC; Patel, MR; Sadam, A; Singh, TU; Singh, WR, 2019)	2.22
"Icariin is a major active component isolated from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum, with a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. "	( Icariin attenuates the enhanced prothrombotic state in atherosclerotic rabbits independently of its lipid-lowering effects. Bai, XJ; Xie, XL; Yuan, ZY; Zhang, WP; Zheng, XP, 2013)	3.28
"Icariin is a natural compound which inhibits tumour cell growth and induces apoptotic cell death in a variety of cancer cells."	( Icariin synergizes with arsenic trioxide to suppress human hepatocellular carcinoma. Ji, S; Li, W; Wang, L; Wang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2014)	2.57
"Icariin is a flavonol widely present in many herbal preparations, which is used to improve sexual function and prevent osteogenesis."	( Interaction of the bioactive flavonol, icariin, with the essential human solute carrier transporters. Chan, T; Cheung, FS; Li, Z; Zheng, J; Zhou, F; Zhu, L, 2014)	1.39
"Icariin appears to be a promising drug to treat major age-related diseases, like neurodegeneration, memory and depressive disorders, chronic inflammation, diabetes, and osteoporosis."	( Plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-associated diseases: revealing the pleiotropic effects of icariin by network analysis. Schluesener, H; Schluesener, JK, 2014)	1.34
"Icariin is a natural compound that is conventionally reported to have activity against a variety of cancers."	( Icariin-mediated inhibition of NF-κB activity enhances the in vitro and in vivo antitumour effect of 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer. Cai, GX; Cai, SJ; Gu, WL; Guan, ZQ; Li, DW; Li, XX; Peng, JJ; Shi, DB; Xu, Y; Zheng, HT, 2014)	2.57
"Icariin is a flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedium genus and has been used in the treatment of sexual dysfunction and osteoporosis. "	( Effect of icariin on UDP-glucuronosyltransferases in mouse liver. Jin, T; Li, LS; Liu, J; Lu, YF; Shi, JS; Xu, SF, 2014)	2.25
"Icariin is a natural compound with anti-cancer activity against a variety of cancers."	( Synergistic Anti-Cancer Effects of Icariin and Temozolomide in Glioblastoma. Guo, H; Guo, M; Wang, Y; Yang, L, 2015)	1.42
"Icariin is an important pharmacologically active flavonol diglycoside that can inhibit inflammation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. "	( Icariin inhibits foam cell formation by down-regulating the expression of CD36 and up-regulating the expression of SR-BI. Duan, H; Li, B; Qian, P; Wang, S; Wu, J; Yan, L; Yang, H, 2015)	3.3
"Icariin which is a flavonoid glucoside isolated from Epimedium brevicornu Maxim, has been reported to have anti-osteoporotic, anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant-like activities. "	( Regulation of Th17/Treg function contributes to the attenuation of chronic airway inflammation by icariin in ovalbumin-induced murine asthma model. Dong, J; Liu, B; Liu, F; Luo, Q; Lv, Y; Sun, J; Wei, Y, 2015)	2.08
"Icariin is a flavonol glycoside with a wide range of pharmacological and biological activities. "	( Resonance energy transfer, pH-induced folded states and the molecular interaction of human serum albumin and icariin. Cheng, XX; Fan, XY; Jiang, FL; Lei, KL; Liu, Y, 2015)	2.07
"Icariin is a natural compound with activity against a variety of cancers."	( Arsenic Trioxide and Icariin Show Synergistic Anti-leukemic Activity. Dai, L; Li, P; Liu, Y; Song, T; Wang, L; Wang, Z; Zhang, H, 2015)	1.46
"Icariin is a flavonol isolated from medicinal herbal tonics."	( Icariin, a natural flavonol glycoside, extends healthspan in mice. Cai, WJ; Chen, XL; Huang, JH; Shen, ZY; Wu, B; Xia, SJ; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, XM, 2015)	2.58
"Icariin is a flavonoid isolated from the traditional Chinese herbal medicine Epimedium brevicornum Maxim and has been reported to be effective for the treatment of a variety of cardiovascular diseases. "	( Icariin Attenuates High-cholesterol Diet Induced Atherosclerosis in Rats by Inhibition of Inflammatory Response and p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway. Hu, Y; Liu, K; Miao, C; Ren, L; Sun, B; Yan, M; Zhang, Y, 2016)	3.32
"Icariin (ICA) is an active compound extracted from Epimedium brevicornum Maxim. "	( Icariin Prevents Cartilage and Bone Degradation in Experimental Models of Arthritis. Ping, DQ; Qiang, CY; Tao, C; Wei, CC; You, FT, 2016)	3.32
"Icariin (ICA), which is an essential bioactive component extracted from the herb Epimedium, possesses neuroprotective properties. "	( Icariin promotes cell proliferation and regulates gene expression in human neural stem cells in vitro. Guan, YQ; Li, L; Li, YL; Yang, P; Zhang, L, 2016)	3.32
"Icariin is a flavonoid component of a traditional Chinese medicine reported to possess a broad spectrum of pharmacological effects."	( Icariin, a major constituent from Epimedium brevicornum, attenuates ibotenic acid-induced excitotoxicity in rat hippocampus. Deng, Y; Gong, Q; Jin, F; Li, F; Shi, J; Zong, N, 2016)	2.6
"Icariin is a major bioactive compound of Epimedii Herba, a traditional oriental medicine exhibiting anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis activities. "	( Icariin Metabolism by Human Intestinal Microflora. Han, J; Kim, M; Wu, H, 2016)	3.32
"Icariin is a major flavonoid isolated from Epimedium spp. "	( Icariin promotes mouse hair follicle growth by increasing insulin-like growth factor 1 expression in dermal papillary cells. Fan, ZX; Hu, ZQ; Lin, BJ; Liu, H; Miao, Y; Su, YS; Xiao, SE, 2017)	3.34
"1. Icariin is a major constituent of flavonoids derived from the Chinese medicinal herb Epimedium revicornum Maxim. "	( Protective effects of icariin on cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Gong, QH; Huang, XN; Luo, Y; Shi, JS; Sun, AS; Wu, Q; Xu, RX; Yu, LM, 2009)	1.29
"Icariin is a safe and effective natural anti-inflammatory drug, its partial mechanism is possible the multiple links intervention on pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6), inflammatory mediators (NO) and adhesion molecules (CD11b)."	( [Effects of icariin on inflammation model stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in vitro and in vivo]. Dong, JC; Wu, JF; Xu, CQ, 2009)	2.17
"Icariin is a bioactive herbal ingredient isolated from Epimedii Herba. "	( Analysis of biliary excretion of icariin in rats. Chen, KK; Chiu, AW; Lin, CW; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH; Wu, YT, 2010)	2.08
"Icariin is a flavonoid extracted from the traditional Chinese herb Epimedium brevicornum Maxim."	( Icariin inhibits hydrogen peroxide-induced toxicity through inhibition of phosphorylation of JNK/p38 MAPK and p53 activity. Gao, XM; Guo, H; Li, WW; Wang, XM; Zhang, BL, 2011)	2.53
"Icariin is a major constituent of flavonoids isolated from the herb Epimedium. "	( Icariin attenuates social defeat-induced down-regulation of glucocorticoid receptor in mice. Dong, J; Du, J; Le, J; Liu, B; Wu, J; Xu, C; Xu, Y, 2011)	3.25
"Icariin is a major constituent of flavonoid isolated from the plant Herba epimedii, which is used as a traditional Chinese medicine to nourish the kidney and reinforce yang. "	( Protective effect of Icariin on the early stage of experimental diabetic nephropathy induced by streptozotocin via modulating transforming growth factor β1 and type IV collagen expression in rats. Liu, HR; Qi, MY; Su, YH; Yu, SQ, 2011)	2.13
"Icariin (ICA) is an active component of Herba Epimedium effective in preventing osteoporosis. "	( Different molecular targets of Icariin on bMSCs in CORT and OVX -rats. Bian, Q; Huang, JH; Liu, SF; Ning, Y; Shen, ZY; Wang, YJ; Yang, Z; Zhao, YJ, 2012)	2.11
"Icariin is a flavonol extracted from several plant species of the Epimedium family."	( Icariin and its derivative icariside II extend healthspan via insulin/IGF-1 pathway in C. elegans. Cai, WJ; Huang, JH; Kapahi, P; Shen, ZY; Wu, B; Zhang, SQ; Zhang, XM, 2011)	2.53
"Icariin is a bioactive herbal ingredient isolated from Herba epimedii, which has been widely used for the treatment of osteoporosis and male sexual dysfunction in traditional Chinese medicine. "	( Changes in the intestinal absorption mechanism of icariin in the nanocavities of cyclodextrins. Cui, YL; Lin, KM; Meng, FC; Wang, QS; Zhang, Y, 2012)	2.07
"Icariin (ICA) is a kind of new biological respone modifier(BRM) and differentiational agent. "	( [Experimental studies of icariin on anticancer mechanism]. Li, X; Mao, H; Wang, Y; Zhang, L, 2000)	2.05
"Icariin is a cGMP-specific PDE5 inhibitor that may be developed into an oral effective agent for the treatment of ED."	( Effects of icariin on cGMP-specific PDE5 and cAMP-specific PDE4 activities. Fu, J; Kim, EK; Lin, CS; Liu, WJ; Tian, L; Xin, ZC; Yuan, YM, 2003)	2.15
"Icariin is a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium and is considered to be the major pharmacological active component of Epimedii Herba. "	( Protective effects of icariin on human umbilical vein endothelial cell injury induced by H2O2 in vitro. Huang, ZQ; Wang, YK, 2005)	2.09
"Icariine is a flavonoid isolated from a traditional Chinese medicine Epimedium pubescens and is the main active compound of it. "	( Icariine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts by increasing production of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Chen, ZQ; Dang, GT; Liu, ZJ; Ma, QJ; Yin, XX, 2007)	3.23
"Icariin is a prenylated flavonol glycoside contained in the herb Epimedium, which has long been used to improve bone fracture healing or prevent osteoporosis because of the belief that the herb has bone-strengthening action. "	( Icariin inhibits the osteoclast formation induced by RANKL and macrophage-colony stimulating factor in mouse bone marrow culture. Bai, MH; Chen, KM; Ge, BF; Liu, XY; Lu, MB; Ma, PH; Wang, Y, 2007)	3.23
"Icariin is an monomer purified from Epimedium Koreanum Nakai. "	( [Effects of icariin on the differentiation of HL-60 cells]. Cui, Z; Zhang, L; Zhao, Y, 1997)	2.12

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Icariin has a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering effects, and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. "	( Icariin and its metabolites regulate lipid metabolism: From effects to molecular mechanisms. Gao, H; Li, W; Wang, M; Wu, B, 2020)	3.44
"Icariin has a significant anti-osteoporotic activity, but its clinical application is limited due to a poor oral bioavailability especially under pathological conditions like osteoporosis. "	( Icariin combined with snailase shows improved intestinal hydrolysis and absorption in osteoporosis rats. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Huang, M; Liu, C; Liu, Y; Qu, D, 2017)	3.34
"Icariin has a regulatory effect on steroidogenesis in HaCaT cells, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders."	( Icariin inhibits inflammation via immunomodulation of the cutaneous hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro. Dong, J; Kong, L; Liang, X; Liu, A; Luo, Q; Lv, Y; Yang, X, 2019)	3.4
"Icariine has a direct stimulatory function on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells in vitro, which may be mediated by increasing the production of Smad1 and Smad5 in osteoblasts."	( Regulation of the levels of Smad1 and Smad5 in MC3T3-E1 cells by Icariine in vitro. Shi, N; Wang, S; Xue, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)	1.36
"Icariin has a number of pharmacological actions, including anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative and anti‑apoptotic effects."	( Icariin protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from lipopolysaccharide‑induced injury via inhibition of the reactive oxygen species‑dependent c‑Jun N‑terminal kinases/nuclear factor-κB pathway. Bian, ZY; Dai, J; Deng, W; Liu, Y; Ni, J; Tang, QZ; Yuan, Y; Zhou, H, 2015)	2.58
"Icariine has a direct stimulatory effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human osteoblast cells in vitro, which may be mediated by increasing production of BMP-2 in osteoblasts."	( Icariine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts by increasing production of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Chen, ZQ; Dang, GT; Liu, ZJ; Ma, QJ; Yin, XX, 2007)	3.23
"Icariin has attracted increasing attention because of its wide variety of pharmacological effects."	( Effects of icariin on the fracture healing in young and old rats and its mechanism. Chen, F; Chen, Y; Han, J; Song, S; Xia, T; Xu, C; Zhang, C; Zhang, X, 2021)	2.45
"Icariin (ICA) has been found to exhibit protective effects on multiple chronic diseases like diabetes, liver, heart, and renal fibrosis."	( Icariin attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by targeting Hippo/YAP pathway. Dong, J; Du, W; Liu, X; Tang, Z; Yang, F, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin has the characteristics of multitargeted intervention in the treatment of asthma."	( Research progress on icariin, a traditional Chinese medicine extract, in the treatment of asthma. Dong, YC; Shang, Y; Tong, ZY; Yuan, JY; Zhao, JY, 2022)	1.76
"Icariin has been utilized to treat various ailments as a natural chemical extract."	( Immunomodulatory effects of icariin in a myocardial infarction mouse model. Deng, G; Li, Z; Liu, C; Nasser, MI; Sai, X; Wang, L; Xiaowu, W; Zhu, P, 2022)	1.74
"Icariin (ICA) has proven to exert neuroprotective function through anti-inflammatory function."	( Icariin alleviates autistic-like behavior, hippocampal inflammation and vGlut1 expression in adult BTBR mice. Du, Z; Fan, X; Fei, X; Jiang, P; Li, D; Li, S; Liao, H; Tang, Y; Wang, L; Yang, H; Zhao, L; Zhou, L, 2023)	3.07
"Icariin has been shown to regulate endocrine and metabolic imbalances."	( Therapeutic potential of icariin in rats with letrozole and high-fat diet-induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Hai, Y; Huang, X; Ke, X; Li, P; Li, X; Ren, L; Tian, J; Wang, J; Wang, M; Zhang, R; Zuo, B; Zuo, L, 2023)	1.93
"Icariin (ICA) has wide applications in nutraceuticals and medicine with strong anticancer activities. "	( De novo biosynthesis of anticarcinogenic icariin in engineered yeast. An, T; Feng, X; Li, C; Lin, G; Liu, Y; Qin, L; Xu, Y, 2023)	2.62
"Icariin has been identified that it could cross the blood-brain barrier and enter the hippocampus to exhibit therapeutic effects."	( Anti-inflammatory effects of icariin in the acute and chronic phases of the mouse pilocarpine model of epilepsy. Feng, L; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Wu, Y; Yan, L; Yang, K, 2023)	1.92
"Icariin has been reported to exert multiple effects on BMSCs, including its proliferation, osteogenic, and chondrogenic differentiation."	( Icariin protects rabbit BMSCs against OGD-induced apoptosis by inhibiting ERs-mediated autophagy via MAPK signaling pathway. Huang, H; Jiao, F; Liu, D; Tang, D; Tang, W; Zhang, H; Zhang, Z, 2020)	2.72
"Icariin has been shown to enhance bone formation."	( Icariin Accelerates Fracture Healing Chen, YP; Han, J; Song, SL; Xia, T; Xu, CH; Yang, N; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zhang, XY, 2020)	3.44
"Icariin liposome has excellent therapeutic effects on acute blunt muscle injury in rats by improving immunity, repairing cytoskeleton and cellular integrity, anti-inflammation, anti-fibrosis and antioxidant stress."	( An injectable liposome for sustained release of icariin to the treatment of acute blunt muscle injury. Cai, J; Cai, L; Chen, H; Feng, Y; Guo, Q; Wang, J; Wang, X; Xie, L; Zheng, W; Zhu, G, 2020)	2.26
"Icariin has a variety of biological activities, such as lipid-lowering effects, and has attracted widespread attention in recent years. "	( Icariin and its metabolites regulate lipid metabolism: From effects to molecular mechanisms. Gao, H; Li, W; Wang, M; Wu, B, 2020)	3.44
"Icariin (ICA) has been used as a promising anti‑aging drug; however, its underlying molecular mechanism is yet to be elucidated. "	( Icariin modulates the sirtuin/NF‑κB pathway and exerts anti‑aging effects in human lung fibroblasts. Feng, X; Huang, X; Jiang, Y; Tong, Y; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Xu, C, 2020)	3.44
"Icariin has the potentials to be developed as a medicine for the wellness of the aged adults."	( Icariin enhances youth-like features by attenuating the declined gut microbiota in the aged mice. Guo, X; Han, R; Hsiao, WLW; Huang, G; Khan, I; Law, BYK; Leong, W; Li, X; Liao, W; Liu, L; Wong, VKW; Xia, C; Xia, W; Yin, L, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin has a significant anti-osteoporotic activity, but its clinical application is limited due to a poor oral bioavailability especially under pathological conditions like osteoporosis. "	( Icariin combined with snailase shows improved intestinal hydrolysis and absorption in osteoporosis rats. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Huang, M; Liu, C; Liu, Y; Qu, D, 2017)	3.34
"Icariin (Ic) has been demonstrated as a potent osteoinductive compound for bone tissue engineering. "	( A Novel Approach to Utilize Icariin as Icariin-Derived ECM on Small Intestinal Submucosa Scaffold for Bone Repair. Li, M; Zhang, C; Zhao, J; Zhong, Y, 2017)	2.19
"Icariin has previously been demonstrated to attenuate hyperglycemia‑induced renal injury, however the renoprotective effects of icariin in a rat model of pregnancy‑induced hypertension (PIH) remain to be elucidated. "	( Icariin improves acute kidney injury and proteinuria in a rat model of pregnancy‑induced hypertension. Chang, W; Li, J; Xu, N; Yuan, W; Zhang, W, 2017)	3.34
"Icariin (ICA) has been implicated in certain biological and pathological processes, including myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. "	( Icariin protects against ischemia‑reperfusion injury in H9C2 cells by upregulating heat shock protein 20. Ke, ZP; Luo, M; Ren, ZH; Shi, Y, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin has been demonstrated to aid in the maintenance of the articular cartilage phenotype in a rat model of post‑traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA)."	( Role of IFT88 in icariin‑regulated maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype. Dong, Y; Guo, F; Wang, L; Wang, R; Wang, S; Wu, Y; Xiang, W; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2018)	1.54
"Icariin (ICA) has been suggested to restore osteogenic function. "	( Icariin promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts from the rat mandible by the Wnt/β‑catenin signalling pathway. Wang, R; Wang, Y; Zhang, F, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin has been reported to possess high anticancer activity. "	( Icariin reduces human colon carcinoma cell growth and metastasis by enhancing p53 activities. Tian, M; Yan, X; Yang, S, 2018)	3.37
"Icariin has a regulatory effect on steroidogenesis in HaCaT cells, which may provide a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of inflammatory skin disorders."	( Icariin inhibits inflammation via immunomodulation of the cutaneous hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis in vitro. Dong, J; Kong, L; Liang, X; Liu, A; Luo, Q; Lv, Y; Yang, X, 2019)	3.4
"Icariin (ICA) has shown great potential in improving cell activity and VEGF, BDNF secretion in vitro."	( Icariin and mesenchymal stem cells synergistically promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis after cerebral ischemia via PI3K and ERK1/2 pathways. Liu, D; Xu, L; Ye, Y; Yuan, W; Zhang, Q, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin (ICA) has shown potential osteoprotective effects."	( Icariin promotes osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells and prevents bone loss in OVX mice via activating autophagy. Cai, L; Hou, Z; Li, S; Liang, X; Xie, Y; Yan, F; Zhu, X, 2019)	2.68
"Icariin (ICA) has been reported to facilitate cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells; however, the mechanism by which ICA induced cardiomyogenesis has not been fully elucidated yet. "	( mGluR5 stimulating Homer-PIKE formation initiates icariin induced cardiomyogenesis of mouse embryonic stem cells by activating reactive oxygen species. Huang, Y; Lou, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhao, Q; Zheng, B; Zhou, L; Zhu, D, 2013)	2.09
"Icariin has been shown to attenuate diabetic nephropathy in rats by decreasing transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and type IV collagen expression, but its mode of action in glomerular mesangial cells is uncertain. "	( Icariin attenuates high glucose-induced type IV collagen and fibronectin accumulation in glomerular mesangial cells by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β production and signalling through G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor 1. Ding, XS; Li, HM; Li, YC; Zhang, C, 2013)	3.28
"Icariine has a direct stimulatory function on the differentiation of MC3T3-E1 osteoblastic cells in vitro, which may be mediated by increasing the production of Smad1 and Smad5 in osteoblasts."	( Regulation of the levels of Smad1 and Smad5 in MC3T3-E1 cells by Icariine in vitro. Shi, N; Wang, S; Xue, Y; Zhou, H, 2014)	1.36
"Icariin (ICA) has demonstrated to induce cardiomyocyte differentiation from murine embryonic stem (ES) cells in vitro, however, the mechanisms have not been fully elucidated. "	( Involvement of PIKE in icariin induced cardiomyocyte differentiation from murine embryonic stem cells. Huang, Y; Tang, L; Zheng, B; Zhou, L; Zhu, D, 2014)	2.16
"Icariin has a number of pharmacological actions, including anti‑inflammatory, anti‑oxidative and anti‑apoptotic effects."	( Icariin protects H9c2 cardiomyocytes from lipopolysaccharide‑induced injury via inhibition of the reactive oxygen species‑dependent c‑Jun N‑terminal kinases/nuclear factor-κB pathway. Bian, ZY; Dai, J; Deng, W; Liu, Y; Ni, J; Tang, QZ; Yuan, Y; Zhou, H, 2015)	2.58
"Icariin has been found to possess effective aphrodisiac, antioxidant, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, vasodilatory, antidepressant and anti-osteoporosis activities."	( Evaluation of medicinal value of Epimedium elatum on the basis of pharmacologically active constituents, Icariin and Icariside-II. Arief, ZM; Munshi, AH; Shawl, AS, 2015)	1.35
"Icariine has been reported to facilitate the bone healing and reduce the occurrence of osteoporosis in clinical, moreover, laboratory studies which have proved that Icariine promotes the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in vitro."	( Icariine Restores LPS-Induced Bone Loss by Downregulating miR-34c Level. Chen, A; Li, D; Liu, J; Sun, X; Wang, Y; Xiao, Q, 2016)	2.6
"Icariin has also been shown to regulate the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells (rBMSCs)."	( Icariin promotes proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of rat adipose-derived stem cells by activating the RhoA-TAZ signaling pathway. Jing, X; Li, B; Li, N; Wu, Y; Xu, T; Ye, Y, 2017)	2.62
"Icariin (ICA) has neuroprotection in oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) neurons by increasing Sirtuin1 (SIRT1). "	( Icariin protects against brain injury by enhancing SIRT1-dependent PGC-1alpha expression in experimental stroke. Li, EG; Wang, ZY; Wu, XX; Xu, Y; Zhu, HR; Zhu, XL, )	3.02
"Icariin has been reported to enhance bone healing and treat osteoporosis. "	( Icariin inhibits osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption by suppression of MAPKs/NF-κB regulated HIF-1α and PGE(2) synthesis. Chen, MH; Hsieh, TP; Sheu, SY; Sun, JS, 2011)	3.25
"Icariin (ICA) has previously been shown to induce cardiomyocyte (CM) differentiation of murine embryonic stem cells in vitro, but its effect on ADSCs remains unclear."	( Icariin-mediated differentiation of mouse adipose-derived stem cells into cardiomyocytes. Jin, MS; Liu, HW; Liu, W; Shi, S; Sun, XD; Yan, Y; Zhang, Y, 2010)	2.52
"Icariin has been shown to significantly facilitate the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes in vitro. "	( Involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome system in icariin-induced cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Cui, R; Li, H; Lou, YJ; Zhang, YY; Zhou, LM; Zhu, DY, 2011)	2.07
"Icariin has been shown to improve penile hemodynamics in animal models of erectile dysfunction from cavernous nerve injury and castration. "	( Effects of icariin on improving erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cui, WS; Gao, ZZ; Gong, YQ; Li, GY; Li, WR; Liu, T; Qin, XC; Shindel, AW; Xin, H; Xin, ZC; Zhou, F, 2011)	2.2
"Icariin has been reported to enhance bone healing and treat osteoporosis. "	( Icariin enhances the healing of rapid palatal expansion induced root resorption in rats. Lin, S; Liu, Z; Lu, H; Wang, F; Xu, J, 2012)	3.26
"Icariin has protective effects on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injured neurons. "	( Protective effects of icariin on neurons injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Li, L; Shi, JS; Zhou, QX, 2005)	2.09
"Icariin has testosterone mimetic properties and has therapeutic potential in the management of hypoandrogenism."	( The testosterone mimetic properties of icariin. Yang, QT; Zhang, ZB, 2006)	2.05
"Icariine has a direct stimulatory effect on the proliferation and differentiation of cultured human osteoblast cells in vitro, which may be mediated by increasing production of BMP-2 in osteoblasts."	( Icariine stimulates proliferation and differentiation of human osteoblasts by increasing production of bone morphogenetic protein 2. Chen, ZQ; Dang, GT; Liu, ZJ; Ma, QJ; Yin, XX, 2007)	3.23
"Icariin has been reported to facilitate the differentiation of mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes; however, the mechanism on cardiomyogenic cell lineage differentiation has not been fully elucidated yet. "	( Involvement of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activation in icariin promoted cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Lou, Y; Wo, Y; Yu, Y; Zhu, D, 2008)	2.04

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Icariin (ICA) plays a therapeutic role in many autoimmune diseases."	( The effect of icariin on autoimmune premature ovarian insufficiency via modulation of Nrf2/HO-1/Sirt1 pathway in mice. Chen, H; Han, Z; Liang, X; Liu, C; Peng, F; Song, L; Xu, X; Zhang, Q, 2022)	1.8
"Icariin (IC) promotes osteogenic differentiation, and it may be a potential small molecule drug for local application in bone regeneration. "	( Icariin-loaded porous scaffolds for bone regeneration through the regulation of the coupling process of osteogenesis and osteoclastic activity. Cai, L; Deng, Z; Liu, H; Sun, W; Xie, Y; Yan, F, 2019)	3.4
"Icariin promotes apoptosis and suppresses SKOV3 cell activities through the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway. "	( Study on the regulatory mechanism and experimental verification of icariin for the treatment of ovarian cancer based on network pharmacology. Fu, Y; Gao, J; Li, Q; Ming, W; Qin, J; Song, L; Wang, S, 2020)	2.24
"Icariin treatment may suppress the expression of cathepsin K in the tibia of GIOP mice."	( Icariin ameliorates dexamethasone‑induced bone deterioration in an experimental mouse model via activation of microRNA‑186 inhibition of cathepsin K. Huang, J; Ma, Y; Yang, H, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin promotes bone formation and inhibits bone loss, and effectively restores bone structure and strength in chronic high-dose alcohol-induced osteopenic rats."	( Icariin Restores Bone Structure and Strength in a Rat Model of Chronic High-Dose Alcohol-Induced Osteopenia. Cai, M; Liu, PC; Liu, R; Wu, JZ, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin can inhibit autophagy and promote apoptosis in SKVCR cells by activating mTOR signal pathway."	( Icariin inhibits autophagy and promotes apoptosis in SKVCR cells through mTOR signal pathway. Chang, H; Deng, S; Fan, D; Jiang, S, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin can inhibit inflammation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis after spinal cord injury, reduce histopathological damage of spinal cord, improve the motor function, effectively protect spinal cord tissue, and has an obvious neuroprotective effect."	( [Neuroprotective effect of icariin on spinal cord injury in rats]. Ding, W; Ren, XS; Yang, XY, 2018)	2.22
"Icariin can inhibit fibroblast further osteogenic differentiation through inhibiting the effect of cytokines on the fibroblast osteogenesis type markers and osteogenic gene expression and osteogenic differentiation."	( Effects of icariin on cytokine-induced ankylosing spondylitis with fibroblastic osteogenesis and its molecular mechanism. Feng, X; Jia, C; Li, M; Liu, H; Wu, Z, 2014)	1.51
"Icariin can enhance the expression of osteogenic markers of ROB in collagen hydrogel three-dimensional culture significantly."	( [Icariin enhances differentiation and maturation of rat calvarial osteoblasts in collagen hydrogel three-dimensional culture]. Chen, KM; Gao, YH; Shi, WG; Wang, MG; Xie, YF; Zhou, J, 2015)	2.77
"Icariin could inhibit adipogenic differentiation of BMSCs in the osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture, promoting osteogenic differentiation and inhibiting osteoclast differentiation."	( Icariin influences adipogenic differentiation of stem cells affected by osteoblast-osteoclast co-culture and clinical research adipogenic. Feng, P; Li, D; Li, Y; Mo, G; Mo, L; Yang, Z; Zhang, S, 2017)	2.62
"Icariin did not activate ERE-luciferase activity in UMR 106 cells, via the ERalpha or the ERbeta-mediated pathway, but it did increase ERalpha phosphorylation at Ser118."	( Icariin protects against bone loss induced by oestrogen deficiency and activates oestrogen receptor-dependent osteoblastic functions in UMR 106 cells. Chen, WF; Lai, WP; Leung, PC; Mok, SK; Wang, XL; Wong, MS; Yao, XS, 2010)	2.52
"Icariin could inhibit the activation of NF-κB p65 protein in asthmatic rat pulmonary tissue."	( Molecular mechanism of icariin on rat asthmatic model. Cao, YX; Dong, JC; DU, WJ; Duan, XH; LE, JJ; Liu, BJ; Wu, JF; Xu, CQ, 2011)	1.4
"Icariin promotes differentiation of the mesenchymal stem cells C3H10T1/2 into osteoblasts, and its effect is related to the restraining of ERK expression and activation of p38 expression in the MAPK signaling pathway."	( [Analysis of the osteogenetic effects exerted on mesenchymal stem cell strain C3H10T1/2 by icariin via MAPK signaling pathway in vitro]. Bian, Q; Mao, XY; Shen, ZY, 2012)	2.04
"Icariin was able to enhance cGMP levels in SNP-treated cavernous smooth muscle cells."	( Effects of icariin on phosphodiesterase-5 activity in vitro and cyclic guanosine monophosphate level in cavernous smooth muscle cells. Banie, L; Lin, CS; Lin, G; Lue, TF; Ning, H; Xin, ZC, 2006)	1.45

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Both icariin treatment and TRIB1 overexpression inhibited proliferation and inflammatory responses but promoted the apoptosis of TNF-α-treated RA-FLSs. "	( Icariin represses the inflammatory responses and survival of rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes by regulating the TRIB1/TLR2/NF-kB pathway. Chen, S; Guo, J; Shi, XD; Wan, X; Wu, ZM; Xiang, YR; Zhu, XB, 2022)	2.68
"Icariin treatment inhibited ethanol-induced atrial ferroptosis by reducing atrial mitochondrial damage, ROS accumulation and iron overload."	( Inhibition of ferroptosis by icariin treatment attenuates excessive ethanol consumption-induced atrial remodeling and susceptibility to atrial fibrillation, role of SIRT1. Dong, X; Huang, T; Huang, YT; Jiang, H; Wang, HS; Wang, ZS; Xu, YL; Yin, ZT; Yu, LM; Zhao, JK; Zhao, QS; Zhou, ZJ, 2023)	1.92
"Icariin-treated rats had lower weight gain and reduced triglycerides, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, TNF-α, and interleukin-6 with higher high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels than PCOS rats."	( Therapeutic potential of icariin in rats with letrozole and high-fat diet-induced polycystic ovary syndrome. Hai, Y; Huang, X; Ke, X; Li, P; Li, X; Ren, L; Tian, J; Wang, J; Wang, M; Zhang, R; Zuo, B; Zuo, L, 2023)	1.93
"Icariin treatment significantly suppressed PCa growth, bone metastasis and destruction as well as osteoclastogenesis in vivo. "	( Icariin inhibits prostate cancer bone metastasis and destruction via suppressing TAM/CCL5-mediated osteoclastogenesis. Chen, C; Chen, Z; Hong, M; Wang, N; Wang, S; Wang, Z; Xiang, S; Zheng, Y; Zhou, J, 2023)	3.8
"Icariin treatment increased ALP activity and induced the expression of Cbfα1, BMP-2 and BMP-4 in rBMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. "	( Icariin Accelerates Fracture Healing Chen, YP; Han, J; Song, SL; Xia, T; Xu, CH; Yang, N; Zhang, C; Zhang, X; Zhang, XY, 2020)	3.44
"Icariin treatment improved motor coordination and learning skills while lowered oxidative stress biomarkers in the serum, brain, kidney, and liver of the aged mice."	( Icariin enhances youth-like features by attenuating the declined gut microbiota in the aged mice. Guo, X; Han, R; Hsiao, WLW; Huang, G; Khan, I; Law, BYK; Leong, W; Li, X; Liao, W; Liu, L; Wong, VKW; Xia, C; Xia, W; Yin, L, 2021)	2.79
"Icariin treatment reversed the dexamethasone (DXM)‑induced disequilibrium of calcium homeostasis and bone resorption, and increased serum alkaline phosphatase, tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, osteocalcin and deoxypyridinoline."	( Icariin ameliorates dexamethasone‑induced bone deterioration in an experimental mouse model via activation of microRNA‑186 inhibition of cathepsin K. Huang, J; Ma, Y; Yang, H, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin‑treated ATDC5 cells and primary chondrocytes expressed IFT88."	( Role of IFT88 in icariin‑regulated maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype. Dong, Y; Guo, F; Wang, L; Wang, R; Wang, S; Wu, Y; Xiang, W; Xu, T; Zhang, J, 2018)	1.54
"Icariin treatment also induced DNA damage in HCT116 cells."	( Icariin reduces human colon carcinoma cell growth and metastasis by enhancing p53 activities. Tian, M; Yan, X; Yang, S, 2018)	2.64
"Icariin-treated mice showed significantly reduced serum anti-dsDNA antibody level and immune complex deposition."	( Icariin alleviates murine lupus nephritis via inhibiting NF-κB activation pathway and NLRP3 inflammasome. Chen, X; Li, L; Ni, H; Su, B; Ye, H; You, X, 2018)	2.64
"The icariin 30 mg/kg-treated group regained body weight at 7 and 8 d post TBI."	( Icariin Improves Functional Behavior in a Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Promotes Synaptic Plasticity Markers. Bae, J; Bang, Y; Bu, Y; Cho, JH; Joo, H; Lee, BJ; Lee, JS; Lee, K; Park, JW, 2019)	2.44
"Icariin treatment also significantly inhibited the increased Smad2/3 and decreased E-cadherin protein expressions in the kidneys of UUO mice."	( The antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of icariin on the kidney in a unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model. Chen, CM; Chen, HA; Chiang, CK; Guan, SS; Liu, SH; Wu, CT, 2019)	1.49
"Icariin treatment protects against CKD-associated renal fibrosis via its antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory properties. "	( The antifibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects of icariin on the kidney in a unilateral ureteral obstruction mouse model. Chen, CM; Chen, HA; Chiang, CK; Guan, SS; Liu, SH; Wu, CT, 2019)	2.21
"Icariin treatment can effectively prevent both bone loss in osteoporosis and alveolar bone resorption induced by periodontitis."	( [Effect of oral administration of icariin on periodontitis associated alveolar bone resorption in an osteoporosis mouse model]. Luo, Y; Tao, ML; Yang, W; Zhao, P, 2019)	2.24
"Icariin treatment rapidly induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N terminal kinase (JNK) activation but showed no effect on activation of p38 kinase."	( Icariin induces osteoblast proliferation, differentiation and mineralization through estrogen receptor-mediated ERK and JNK signal activation. Li, H; Song, L; Zhang, X; Zhao, J; Zhou, Y, 2013)	2.55
"Icariin treatment significantly increased the blastocyst cell numbers (47.02 ± 4.93 vs."	( The regulatory role of icariin on apoptosis in mouse preimplantation embryos with reduced microRNA-21. Cao, YC; Gao, JM; Jia, ZY; Liu, FH; Liu, XR; Shi, YR; Tian, JL; Zhang, C; Zhen, D, 2014)	1.43
"Icariin treatment in mice with CIA also resulted in less number of Th17 cells and decreased ratio of CD4(+)IL-17(+) cells."	( A natural flavonoid glucoside, icariin, regulates Th17 and alleviates rheumatoid arthritis in a murine model. Chi, L; Gao, W; Lu, X; Shu, X, 2014)	1.41
"Icariin-treated mice also show lower frequency of Th17 cells in CNS mononuclear cells."	( A natural flavonoid glucoside icariin inhibits Th1 and Th17 cell differentiation and ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Deng, W; Li, C; Shen, R; Zeng, G, 2015)	1.43
"Icariin treatment resulted in a reduced expression of p-P38 and p-ERK signal activation induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ; however, only SB203580, the p38 alpha/beta inhibitor, inhibited the secretion of inflammatory cytokines induced by TNF-α/IFN-γ in cultured HaCaT cells."	( Icariin inhibits TNF-α/IFN-γ induced inflammatory response via inhibition of the substance P and p38-MAPK signaling pathway in human keratinocytes. Dong, J; Kong, L; Liu, B; Liu, J; Liu, Y; Luo, Q; Pang, Q; Wang, J; Xu, F; Zhang, H, 2015)	2.58
"Icariin treatment also decreased the levels of extracellular and intracellular Aβ1-42 in 3 × Tg-AD primary neurons, modulated the distribution of Aβ along the neurites, and protected against mitochondrial fragmentation in 3 × Tg-AD neurons."	( Neuroprotective Effects of Icariin on Brain Metabolism, Mitochondrial Functions, and Cognition in Triple-Transgenic Alzheimer's Disease Mice. Chen, YJ; Han, SX; He, XY; Huang, XX; Ni, JZ; Zhang, DS; Zheng, HY, 2016)	1.45
"Icariin pretreatment could ameliorate the decreased striatum DA content and the loss of TH-IR neurons in the SNpc induced by MPTP. "	( Neuroprotective properties of icariin in MPTP-induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease: Involvement of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK signaling pathways. Chen, L; Chen, WF; Chen, XH; Du, ZR; Teng, JJ; Wong, MS; Wu, L; Xu, AL, 2017)	2.19
"Icariin treatment also ameliorated chronic cerebral hypoperfusion-induced oxidative stress in the brain, as evidenced by reduced malondialdehyde formation and maintained superoxide dismutase activity."	( Protective effects of icariin on cognitive deficits induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion in rats. Gong, QH; Huang, XN; Luo, Y; Shi, JS; Sun, AS; Wu, Q; Xu, RX; Yu, LM, 2009)	1.39
"With icariin treatment, the BMP-2, SMAD4, Cbfa1/Runx2, and OPG gene expressions were up-regulated; the RANKL gene expression was however down-regulated."	( Icariin isolated from Epimedium pubescens regulates osteoblasts anabolism through BMP-2, SMAD4, and Cbfa1 expression. Chen, MH; Hsieh, TP; Liu, MH; Sheu, SY; Sun, JS, 2010)	2.26
"Icariin pretreatment can partially reverse these effects."	( Icariin protects murine chondrocytes from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix degradation. Chen, MH; Liu, MH; Sheu, SY; Sun, JS; Tsai, SW, 2010)	2.52
"Icariin-treated animals also had a significantly greater expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-positive nerves and the endothelial cell markers, von Willebrand factor (vWF), and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 (PECAM)."	( Effects of icariin on improving erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cui, WS; Gao, ZZ; Gong, YQ; Li, GY; Li, WR; Liu, T; Qin, XC; Shindel, AW; Xin, H; Xin, ZC; Zhou, F, 2011)	1.48
"Icariin treatment preserved penile hemodynamics, smooth muscle and endothelial integrity, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase expression in the penis of diabetic rats. "	( Effects of icariin on improving erectile function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Cui, WS; Gao, ZZ; Gong, YQ; Li, GY; Li, WR; Liu, T; Qin, XC; Shindel, AW; Xin, H; Xin, ZC; Zhou, F, 2011)	2.2
"Icariin treatment led to greater trabecular bone volume and trabecular number compared with vehicle treatment in WT mice. "	( The beneficial effect of Icariin on bone is diminished in osteoprotegerin-deficient mice. Feng, Y; Peng, S; Shao, ZW; Wu, W; Yang, C; Yang, SH; Zhen, WX; Zheng, D, 2012)	2.13
"The Icariin-treated groups displayed decreased RRI values, decreased osteoclast numbers and activity levels, and increased OPG/RANKL expression ratios."	( Icariin enhances the healing of rapid palatal expansion induced root resorption in rats. Lin, S; Liu, Z; Lu, H; Wang, F; Xu, J, 2012)	2.3
"(2) Icariin treatment also improved the steady-state serum BGP and might have promoted bone formation."	( The testosterone mimetic properties of icariin. Yang, QT; Zhang, ZB, 2006)	1.08
"Icariin treatment (60 and 120 mg/kg, by gavage for 3 months) dose-dependently protected against the development of aluminium-induced spatial learning and memory deficits."	( Protective effects of icariin against learning and memory deficits induced by aluminium in rats. Gong, QH; Lu, YF; Luo, Y; Nie, J; Shi, JS; Wu, Q, 2007)	1.38
"Treatment with icariin relieved the elevated protein and mRNA levels of group I mGluR receptors as well as the diminished protein and mRNA levels of EAAT2 in the PRS male offspring."	( Antidepressant-like activity of icariin mediated by group I mGluRs in prenatally stressed offspring. Dang, S; Lin, T; Su, Q; Sun, H; Zhang, H; Zhang, J; Zhang, X; Zhu, Z, 2017)	1.08
"Pretreatment with icariin protected cardiomyocytes from I/R-induced oxidative stress through activation of sirtuin-1 /FOXO1 signalling."	( Icariin protects cardiomyocytes against ischaemia/reperfusion injury by attenuating sirtuin 1-dependent mitochondrial oxidative damage. Chen, YQ; Di, SY; Fan, CX; Feng, JY; Feng, X; Ha, XQ; Han, JS; Ma, ZQ; Wang, YC; Wei, Y; Wu, B; Yu, LM; Zhang, Y, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with icariin obviously induced de novo P-gp expression, decreased oxidative stress, and promoted osteogenesis."	( Icariin may benefit the mesenchymal stem cells of patients with steroid-associated osteonecrosis by ABCB1-promoter demethylation: a preliminary study. Hu, S; Kan, WS; Mo, FB; Sun, ZB; Wang, JW; Xiao, H; Ye, SN; Zhang, QS, 2015)	2.2
"Treatment with icariin promoted hair shaft elongation, prolonged the hair cycle growth phase (anagen) in cultured VHFs, and accelerated transition of hair cycle from telogen to anagen phase in the dorsal skin of mice. "	( Icariin promotes mouse hair follicle growth by increasing insulin-like growth factor 1 expression in dermal papillary cells. Fan, ZX; Hu, ZQ; Lin, BJ; Liu, H; Miao, Y; Su, YS; Xiao, SE, 2017)	2.25
"Treatment of icariin promotes osteoblast MC3T3-E1 proliferation and differentiation in vitro, potentially owing to its role in increasing BMP-2 protein expression."	( Icariin stimulates MC3T3-E1 cell proliferation and differentiation through up-regulation of bone morphogenetic protein-2. Cao, H; Ke, Y; Qian, W; Zhang, CJ; Zhang, GL; Zhang, Y, 2012)	2.17
"Treatment with icariin reduced the losing of body weight in diabetic rats. "	( [Icariin reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress injury in diabetic rat hearts]. Bao, H; Chen, L, 2011)	1.63
"Treatment with icariin for 8 weeks markedly improved the cardiac function, which may be related to reducing mitochondrial oxidative stress injuries in diabetic rats."	( [Icariin reduces mitochondrial oxidative stress injury in diabetic rat hearts]. Bao, H; Chen, L, 2011)	1.63
"Treatment with icariin (final concentration 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/L) during ischemia/reperfusion-mimetic incubation in vitro concentration-dependently attenuated neuronal damage with characteristics of increasing injured neuronal absorbance of MTT, decreasing LDH release, decreasing cell apoptosis, and blunting elevation of intracellular calcium concentration. "	( Protective effects of icariin on neurons injured by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion. Li, L; Shi, JS; Zhou, QX, 2005)	1
"Oral treatment with icariin ( 98.6 % purity) for 4 weeks potentially improves erectile function. "	( Effects of icariin on erectile function and expression of nitric oxide synthase isoforms in castrated rats. Guo, YL; Liu, WJ; Tian, L; Xin, H; Xin, ZC; Yuan, YM, 2005)	1.04
"Treatment of icariin for 21 consecutive days mainly reversed the above effects in the mouse FST."	( Antidepressant-like effect of icariin and its possible mechanism in mice. Jiang, F; Kong, L; Pan, Y; Xia, X; Xia, Z; Zhang, W, 2005)	0.97
"Treatment of icariin could significantly produce a relaxation of precontracted coronary arterial rings with intact endothelium in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Vasorelaxant effects of icariin on isolated canine coronary artery. Huang, ZQ; Xu, HB, 2007)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Our results showed that ICA reversed the adverse effect of DEHP on Leydig cell proliferation, and decreased ROS levels and elevated Δψm levels."	( Icariin protects mouse Leydig cell testosterone synthesis from the adverse effects of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate. Lian, X; Lin, J; Liu, Y; Lv, R; Mo, K; Sun, J; Wang, D; Wang, S; Xie, M; Xu, L; Xu, S, 2019)	1.96

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Calculated parameters confirmed usefulness of the method in rat pharmacokinetic studies on ICA."	( Determination of icariin and metabolites in rat serum by capillary zone electrophoresis: rat pharmacokinetic studies after administration of icariin. Liu, J; Lou, YJ, 2004)	0.66
"As a prerequisite to the determination of pharmacokinetic parameters of icariin in rats, an HPLC method using UV detection was developed and validated."	( HPLC analysis and pharmacokinetics of icariin in rats. Cheng, S; He, J; Qiu, F; Wang, S, 2007)	0.84
"In this research, pharmacokinetic comparisons of icariin, emodin and psoralen from the extracts of herba Epimedii, Nepal dock root and Ficus hirta yahl, and GKG were conducted."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics comparisons of icariin, emodin and psoralen from gan-kang granules and extracts of herba Epimedii, Nepal dock root, Ficus hirta yahl. Chen, Y; Duan, J; Guo, T; Li, B; Li, Y; Xie, W; Yan, S; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.87
"5, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h) after administration, the concentrations of icariin, emodin and psoralen in rat plasma were determined by HPLC-UV, and main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics comparisons of icariin, emodin and psoralen from gan-kang granules and extracts of herba Epimedii, Nepal dock root, Ficus hirta yahl. Chen, Y; Duan, J; Guo, T; Li, B; Li, Y; Xie, W; Yan, S; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.85
"The pharmacokinetic parameters of icariin, emodin and psoralen in GKG were elevated comparing with those of herb extracts."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics comparisons of icariin, emodin and psoralen from gan-kang granules and extracts of herba Epimedii, Nepal dock root, Ficus hirta yahl. Chen, Y; Duan, J; Guo, T; Li, B; Li, Y; Xie, W; Yan, S; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.9
"ICA-PG-liposomes changed the pharmacokinetic behaviour and enhanced icariin distribution in tissues."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution profile of icariin propylene glycol-liposome intraperitoneal injection in mice. Chen, XY; Lu, CT; Yang, W; Yu, XC; Zhang, L; Zhao, YZ, 2012)	0.86
" The pharmacokinetic properties of bioactive ingredients in Herba Epimedii have also been discussed."	( Pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic properties of icariin, the major bioactive component in Herba Epimedii. Li, C; Li, Q; Lu, T; Mei, Q, 2015)	0.66
" The sensitive and selective method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of icarrin, naringin and osthole in rats after oral administration of Gushudan capsule."	( Simultaneous determination of icariin, naringin and osthole in rat plasma by UPLC-MS/MS and its application for pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Gushudan capsules. Deng, Y; Guo, X; Li, F; Li, N; Lu, Y; Xiong, Z; Zhao, L, 2015)	0.71
"To study pharmacokinetic characteristics of epimedin A, B, C and icariin after intermuscular administration of Chuankezhi injection to rat."	( [Pharmacokinetics of epimedin A, B, C and icariin of Chuankezhi injection in rat]. Sun, S; Xu, SJ; Xu, YJ; Yang, L; Yu, JJ; Zhu, YL, 2016)	0.94
" The method was successfully applied to plasma pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution studies of icariin in rat."	( Pharmacokinetics, Tissue Distribution, and Metabolism Study of Icariin in Rat. Guo, L; Xu, S; Xu, Y; Yang, L; Yu, J; Zhan, J, 2017)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Previous studies suggest that treatment with icariin (ICA) combined with Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) improved behavior and cholinergic system disorders followed by amyloid beta-peptide(25-35) lateral ventricle injection in rats."	( Effects of icariin combined with Panax notoginseng saponins on ischemia reperfusion-induced cognitive impairments related with oxidative stress and CA1 of hippocampal neurons in rat. Lou, Y; Qu, L; Zheng, M, 2008)	1
"To investigate the effect and mechanism of icariin combined with breviscapine on the erectile function of SHR."	( Icariin combined with breviscapine improves the erectile function of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, Z; He, Y; Jiang, J; Jiang, R; Li, Y; Liu, J, 2014)	2.11
"Icariin combined with breviscapine has synergistic effects on erectile function of SHR through different signal pathways."	( Icariin combined with breviscapine improves the erectile function of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cheng, Y; Fan, Z; He, Y; Jiang, J; Jiang, R; Li, Y; Liu, J, 2014)	3.29
"To optimize the process of Icraiin be hydrolyzed to Baohuoside I by cellulase by Plackett-Burman design combined with Central Composite Design (CCD) response surface methodology."	( [Optimization of process of icraiin be hydrolyzed to Baohuoside I by cellulase based on Plackett-Burman design combined with CCD response surface methodology]. Chen, HM; Dai, Y; Deng, Y; Hu, J; Kang, M; Song, CX, 2014)	0.4
"The optimum process of Icraiin be hydrolyzed to Baohuoside I by cellulase is determined by Plackett-Burman design combined with CCD response surface methodology."	( [Optimization of process of icraiin be hydrolyzed to Baohuoside I by cellulase based on Plackett-Burman design combined with CCD response surface methodology]. Chen, HM; Dai, Y; Deng, Y; Hu, J; Kang, M; Song, CX, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and mechanisms of icariin in combination with daily sildenafil on neurogenic erectile dysfunction and penile atrophy in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerves injury."	( Effect of icariin in combination with daily sildenafil on penile atrophy and erectile dysfunction in a rat model of bilateral cavernous nerves injury. Fu, X; Guan, R; Lei, H; Wu, Y; Xin, H; Xin, Z; Xu, Y; Yang, Y, 2017)	1.09
" This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effects of icariin combined with adipose-derived stem cells on osteoporosis in a postmenopausal osteoporosis model after ovariectomy in rats."	( Therapeutic effect of icariin combined with stem cells on postmenopausal osteoporosis in rats. Ju, C; Liu, Y; Tang, D; Wang, D; Wang, Z; Xu, F, 2018)	1.04
" The aforementioned results suggested that such a strategy of icariin combined with the snailase held a great potential in promoting the intestinal hydrolysis and absorption of icariin in the osteoporosis status, providing new research ideas for the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine with similar properties."	( Icariin combined with snailase shows improved intestinal hydrolysis and absorption in osteoporosis rats. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Huang, M; Liu, C; Liu, Y; Qu, D, 2017)	2.14
"ICS combined with CSSH could promote the repair of osteochondral defect in rabbit knees."	( Repair of osteochondral defect using icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan in rabbit knees. Ji, Q; Jiao, J; Liu, A; Ming, D; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2020)	0.83
"ICS combined with CSSH attenuated cartilage injury and abnormal subchondral remodeling in rabbits with KOA."	( Icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan attenuates cartilage injury in rabbit knees with osteochondral defect. Fan, F; Liu, A; Meng, L; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2023)	2.35
"ICS combined with CSSH could promote the repair of osteochondral defect and stabilize subchondral bone remodeling in rabbit knees."	( Icariin-conditioned serum combined with chitosan attenuates cartilage injury in rabbit knees with osteochondral defect. Fan, F; Liu, A; Meng, L; Shang, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, J, 2023)	2.35

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Poor bioavailability of prenylated flavonoids results from their poor intrinsic permeation and transporter-mediated efflux."	( Intestinal absorption mechanisms of prenylated flavonoids present in the heat-processed Epimedium koreanum Nakai (Yin Yanghuo). Chen, Y; Hu, M; Jia, XB; Zhao, YH, 2008)	0.35
" Some ingredients in GKG may increase the dissolution and absorption, and improve bioavailability of icariin, emodin and psoralen in rats."	( In vivo pharmacokinetics comparisons of icariin, emodin and psoralen from gan-kang granules and extracts of herba Epimedii, Nepal dock root, Ficus hirta yahl. Chen, Y; Duan, J; Guo, T; Li, B; Li, Y; Xie, W; Yan, S; Zhou, Y, 2009)	0.84
" Icariin with the poor solubility and low bioavailability limited the treatment of many diseases in clinic."	( Colon targeted oral drug delivery system based on alginate-chitosan microspheres loaded with icariin in the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Cui, YL; Gao, LN; Wang, GF; Wang, QS; Zhou, J, 2016)	1.56
"Icariin has a significant anti-osteoporotic activity, but its clinical application is limited due to a poor oral bioavailability especially under pathological conditions like osteoporosis."	( Icariin combined with snailase shows improved intestinal hydrolysis and absorption in osteoporosis rats. Chen, Y; Gao, X; Huang, M; Liu, C; Liu, Y; Qu, D, 2017)	3.34
" Furthermore, Preliminary pharmacokinetics evaluation also indicated an excellent oral bioavailability of 29."	( Synthesis and biological evaluation of methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene analogs as novel oral anti-late-onset hypogonadism agents. Bai, J; Liu, M; Liu, T; Qiu, WW; Tang, J; Wang, LT; Xie, J; Xing, Y; Yang, F; Yi, Z, 2019)	0.51
" Typical osteoporosis fracture treatments, such as bisphosphonates and hormone replacement, present important challenges because of their low bioavailability on the site of action."	( In vitro effects of the co-release of icariin and strontium from bioactive glass submicron spheres on the reduced osteogenic potential of rat osteoporotic bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Barrioni, BR; Martins, T; Mosqueira, L; Ocarino, NM; Pereira, MM; Serakides, R, 2020)	0.83
"Although icariin has been reported to have antidepressant-like effects in different animal models, its poor oral bioavailability and low efficiency of delivery to the brain limit its application."	( Intranasal delivery of icariin via a nanogel-thermoresponsive hydrogel compound system to improve its antidepressant-like activity. Cui, YL; Hu, MJ; Kou, N; Lu, YR; Wang, QS; Xu, D, 2020)	1.29
" All these strategies manage to improve the bioavailability of the above-mentioned flavonoids, thus increasing their concentration in the desired places."	( Bioavailability Improvement Strategies for Icariin and Its Derivates: A Review. Dulf, FV; Rácz, CP; Szabó, R, 2022)	0.98
" However, pharmacokinetic studies have shown that its poor bioavailability limited its application."	( Nanotherapy for bone repair: milk-derived small extracellular vesicles delivery of icariin. Dong, J; Dong, M; Han, W; Kong, Y; Liu, T; Niu, W; Wang, L; Yang, Q; Yu, X, 2023)	1.14

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Icarrin also exerted a stimulatory effect on corticosterone production at the highest dosage (1000 micrograms/L)."	( [Effects of icarrin on secretive function of cultured granulosa and adrenal cortical cells of rats]. Li, E; Li, F; Lu, Z; Song, S; Tong, X; Wang, X, 1997)	0.3
"Female Wistar rats were ovariectomized and administered different dosage of Icariin and 17beta-estradiol for eight weeks."	( [Effects of Icariin on ovariectomized osteoporotic rats]. Bao, JR; Li, SF; Yan, Y; Yang, JW; Zhang, Q; Zhao, W, 2005)	0.94
"The epididymis impair was induced by injection of streptozocin at dosage of 60 mg/kg ip in SD rats."	( [Amelioration of icariin for the epididymis impairment induced by streptozocin (STZ) in rats]. Gong, Y; Liu, HR; Qi, MY; Shi, J; Xie, GY, 2013)	0.73
" Furthermore, dosage response studies showed that icariin at 10(-6)M (a physiologically achievable concentration in vivo) also activated this signal pathway."	( Icariin stimulates the osteogenic differentiation of rat bone marrow stromal cells via activating the PI3K-AKT-eNOS-NO-cGMP-PKG. Chen, KM; Ge, BF; Guo, XY; Ma, HP; Ma, XN; Xian, CJ; Zhai, YK; Zhen, P; Zhou, J, 2014)	2.1
"In vivo, BALB/c mice were exposed to smoke of 15 cigarettes for 1 h/day, 6 days/week for 3 months and dosed with icariin (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) or dexamethasone (1 mg/kg)."	( Icariin ameliorates cigarette smoke induced inflammatory responses via suppression of NF-κB and modulation of GR in vivo and in vitro. Dong, J; Li, L; Liu, B; Sun, J; Wu, J; Xu, C; Zhang, H, 2014)	2.06
"Ten participants with bipolar I or bipolar II disorders, currently depressed, and with active alcohol abuse or dependence were given open-label icariin of up to 300 mg/day for 8 weeks using a flexible dosing strategy."	( An open-label pilot study of icariin for co-morbid bipolar and alcohol use disorder. Brown, ES; Wignall, N; Xiao, H, 2016)	0.93
"The findings of the present study demonstrated that low dosage of icariin could promote BMSCs proliferation."	( [Wnt/β-catenin signaling is involved in the Icariin induced proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells]. Fu, S; Hong, H; Yang, L; Zhang, R, 2016)	0.93
" BLIN stimulated total anti-DHAV-1 antibody secretion in ducklings at the dosage of 4 mg per duckling, but did not stimulate IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion significantly."	( Anti-DHAV-1 reproduction and immuno-regulatory effects of a flavonoid prescription on duck virus hepatitis. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Liu, J; Wang, D; Wang, Y; Wu, Y; Yang, J; Yao, F; Zeng, L, 2017)	0.46
"In a puncture-induced LBP rat model, the severity of LBP was quantified using the paw/foot withdrawal threshold method after intragastric administration of ICA at a dosage of 50 mg/kg/d or 100 mg/kg/d."	( Icariin Ameliorates Lower Back Pain in Rats via Suppressing the Secretion of Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoatractant-1. Guo, Z; Han, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Luo, M; Ma, Y; Tang, G; Wang, S, 2020)	2
"ICA treatment resulted in a significant amelioration of mechanical allodynia in a dose-response manner, and the analgesic effect could last for two weeks even during the washout period."	( Icariin Ameliorates Lower Back Pain in Rats via Suppressing the Secretion of Cytokine-Induced Neutrophil Chemoatractant-1. Guo, Z; Han, Z; Jin, G; Li, J; Luo, M; Ma, Y; Tang, G; Wang, S, 2020)	2
"Icariin at the dosage of 100 mg/kg/d and 200 mg/kg/d markedly ameliorated rat renal function in a dose-dependent manner."	( Icariin, the main prenylflavonoid of Epimedii Folium, ameliorated chronic kidney disease by modulating energy metabolism via AMPK activation. Lu, J; Lv, C; Yang, W; Zhang, X; Zhao, Y, 2023)	3.8

Role	Description
bone density conservation agent	An agent that inhibits bone resorption and/or favor bone mineralization and bone regeneration. Used to heal bone fractures and to treat bone diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis.
phytoestrogen	Any compound produced by a plant that happens to have estrogenic activity.
EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor	An EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor that blocks the action of 3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.35).
antioxidant	A substance that opposes oxidation or inhibits reactions brought about by dioxygen or peroxides.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
glycosyloxyflavone	A member of the class of flavones having one or more glycosyl residues attached at unspecified positions.
flavonols	Any hydroxyflavone in which is the ring hydrogen at position 3 of the heterocyclic ring is replaced by a hydroxy group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID2517
Chain A, Beta-lactamase	Escherichia coli K-12	Potency	12.5893	0.0447	17.8581	100.0000	AID485341
DNA polymerase beta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	63.0957	0.0224	21.0102	89.1251	AID485314
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	26.4400	0.0031	2.1602	9.6000	AID1515260
cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.9000	0.0000	1.1843	9.6140	AID362785
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
regulation of double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein ubiquitination	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein localization	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair-dependent chromatin remodeling	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein demethylation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of epithelial to mesenchymal transition	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron projection development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebral cortex development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron maturation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell size	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine metabolic process	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
muscle cell development	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of androgen receptor signaling pathway	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fungicide	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMP	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA methylation-dependent heterochromatin formation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neural precursor cell proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of stem cell proliferation	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin remodeling	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of nitric oxide mediated signal transduction	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell proliferation	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP catabolic process	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
oocyte development	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle contraction	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
relaxation of cardiac muscle	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of oocyte development	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP-mediated signaling	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
telomeric DNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor coactivator activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K4 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
histone H3K9 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
MRF binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear androgen receptor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
telomeric repeat-containing RNA binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
FAD-dependent H3K4me/H3K4me3 demethylase activity	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription factor binding	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cGMP binding	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
3',5'-cyclic-AMP phosphodiesterase activity	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
chromatin	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome, telomeric region	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA repair complex	Lysine-specific histone demethylase 1A	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular_component	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	cGMP-specific 3',5'-cyclic phosphodiesterase	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1159550	Human Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD) Inhibitor Screening	2015	Nature cell biology, Nov, Volume: 17, Issue:11	6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase links oxidative PPP, lipogenesis and tumour growth by inhibiting LKB1-AMPK signalling.
AID428313	Reversal of P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in human MCF7 cells assessed as assessed as increase in intracellular adriamycin accumulation at 5 uM incubated 2 hrs before adriamycin challenge by spectrophotometry	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 19, Issue:15	Synthesis and antimultidrug resistance evaluation of icariin and its derivatives.
AID1515260	Inhibition of LSD1 (unknown origin) by fluorescence assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 27, Issue:2	Flavone-based natural product agents as new lysine-specific demethylase 1 inhibitors exhibiting cytotoxicity against breast cancer cells in vitro.
AID671761	Inhibition of SARS coronavirus nsP13 helicase activity expressed in Escherichia coli Rosetta assessed inhibition of DNA unwinding activity at 10 uM by FRET assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 22, Issue:12	Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13.
AID977599	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B1-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID1555262	Cytotoxicity against mouse TM3 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability measured after 24 hrs by sulforhodamine B assay	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 176	Synthesis and biological evaluation of methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene analogs as novel oral anti-late-onset hypogonadism agents.
AID671764	Inhibition of HCV NS3 helicase ATP hydrolysis activity overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as inhibition of inorganic phosphate release by AM/MG-based colometric analysis in the presence of M13 ssDNA	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 22, Issue:12	Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13.
AID1555261	Induction of testosterone production in mouse TM3 cells assessed as increase in testosterone level at 20 uM measured after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 176	Synthesis and biological evaluation of methylpyrimidine-fused tricyclic diterpene analogs as novel oral anti-late-onset hypogonadism agents.
AID1256912	Inhibition of human IDH1 R132H mutant expressed in IPTG-induced Escherichia coli BL21 cells assessed as oxidation of NADPH to NADP+ after 5 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Discovery of α-mangostin as a novel competitive inhibitor against mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase-1.
AID1256913	Inhibition of human IDH1 expressed in IPTG-induced Escherichia coli BL21 cells assessed as reduction of NADP+ to NADPH after 5 mins by spectrophotometry	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-01, Volume: 25, Issue:23	Discovery of α-mangostin as a novel competitive inhibitor against mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase-1.
AID362788	Inhibition of human PDE6C at 10 uM	2008	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9	Potent inhibition of human phosphodiesterase-5 by icariin derivatives.
AID362785	Inhibition of human recombinant PDE5A1 expressed in COS7 cells	2008	Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 71, Issue:9	Potent inhibition of human phosphodiesterase-5 by icariin derivatives.
AID977602	Inhibition of sodium fluorescein uptake in OATP1B3-transfected CHO cells at an equimolar substrate-inhibitor concentration of 10 uM	2013	Molecular pharmacology, Jun, Volume: 83, Issue:6	Structure-based identification of OATP1B1/3 inhibitors.
AID671762	Inhibition of HCV NS3 helicase overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as inhibition of DNA unwinding activity at 10 uM by FRET assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 22, Issue:12	Identification of myricetin and scutellarein as novel chemical inhibitors of the SARS coronavirus helicase, nsP13.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	2 (0.26)	18.7374
1990's	19 (2.48)	18.2507
2000's	90 (11.75)	29.6817
2010's	453 (59.14)	24.3611
2020's	202 (26.37)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	5 (0.64%)	5.53%
Reviews	38 (4.89%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	734 (94.47%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	2.1	1	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
adenine [no description available]	2.6	1	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
choline [no description available]	7.6	1	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.03	1	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	2.8	3	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	2.11	1	alpha-amino acid
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	7.13	1	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
racemethionine Racemethionine: A preparation of METHIONINE that includes a mixture of D-methionine and L-methionine isomers.	2.6	1	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; sulfur-containing amino acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.05	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.6	1	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phthalic acid phthalic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7178. phthalic acid : A benzenedicarboxylic acid cosisting of two carboxy groups at ortho positions.	2.21	1	benzenedicarboxylic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	7.52	2	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.11	1	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	7.13	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
huperzine a huperzine A: RN given refers to 5R-(5alpha,9beta,11E)-isomer; structure given in first source. huperzine A : A sesquiterpene alkaloid isolated from a club moss Huperzia serrata that has been shown to exhibit neuroprotective activity. It is also an effective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and has attracted interest as a therapeutic candidate for Alzheimer's disease.	3.23	1	quinolone
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	2.21	1	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.15	1	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.43	2	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	2.03	1	monoazo compound
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	2.63	2	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
azobenzene azobenzene: photosensor molecule known to undergo reversible isomerization from trans to cis on illumination with photons of appropriate wavelength; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. (E)-azobenzene : The (E)-isomer of azobenzene.. (Z)-azobenzene : The (Z)-isomer of azobenzene.. azobenzene : A molecule whose structure comprises two phenyl rings linked by a N=N double bond; the parent compound of the azobenzene class of compounds.	2.25	1	azobenzenes
berberine [no description available]	3.64	2	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.11	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	2.21	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	7.47	2	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	2.31	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	7.1	1	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	7.75	3	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	2.03	1	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.02	1	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.05	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	2.49	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	8.03	4	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	2.05	1	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.03	1	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
letrozole [no description available]	8.01	2	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.38	6	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	2.11	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	2.05	1	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	2.21	1	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
nilutamide [no description available]	2.05	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.21	1	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	2.42	2	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.79	3	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.08	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.11	1	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.6	1	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
temozolomide [no description available]	7.11	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	2.03	1	quaternary ammonium ion
thiram Thiram: A dithiocarbamate chemical, used commercially in the rubber processing industry and as a fungicide. In vivo studies indicate that it inactivates the enzyme GLUTATHIONE REDUCTASE. It has mutagenic activity and may induce chromosomal aberrations.. thiram : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamic acid. It is widely used as a fungicidal seed treatment.	2.17	1	organic disulfide	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
corticosterone [no description available]	3.46	7	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	2.06	1	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.03	1	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	7.6	1	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.03	1	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	1.98	1	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.47	2	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.14	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.15	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.03	4	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.31	1	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.04	1	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.6	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ficusin Ficusin: A naturally occurring furocoumarin, found in PSORALEA. After photoactivation with UV radiation, it binds DNA via single and double-stranded cross-linking.. psoralen : The simplest member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromene having a keto group at position 7. It has been found in plants like Psoralea corylifolia and Ficus salicifolia.	2.05	1	psoralens	plant metabolite
alizarin [no description available]	2.06	1	dihydroxyanthraquinone	chromophore; dye; plant metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	2.11	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.15	1	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.93	3	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.43	2	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.06	1
isopropyl myristate isopropyl myristate: used for microemulsions; structure	2.17	1	fatty acid ester
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.69	2	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.08	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.11	1	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.17	1	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	3.23	1	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
thiazoles [no description available]	2.77	3	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.13	1	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
cuprizone [no description available]	7.31	1	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	2.49	2	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	3.87	3	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
oleanolic acid [no description available]	7.82	3	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.31	1	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	9.13	4	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4.44	20	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.13	1	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.75	3	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	7.03	1	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.08	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.1	1	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.13	1	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.25	5
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	2.51	2
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	7.08	1	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	3.13	1	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
selenomethionine [no description available]	7.41	1	selenoamino acid; selenomethionines	plant metabolite
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	2.11	1	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.21	1	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.68	8	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.05	1	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.03	1	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.1	1	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	8.4	6	calcium phosphate
rhamnose [no description available]	2.15	1	L-rhamnose
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.66	2	titanium oxides	food colouring
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.55	2	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
substance p [no description available]	7.11	1	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.53	2	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	2.77	3	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.44	2	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	2.13	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	2.17	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	7.08	1	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.02	1	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.2	5	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
ursolic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.46	2	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.49	2	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
arctigenin arctigenin: precursor to catechols; in many plants	2.07	1	lignan
baicalin [no description available]	4.62	7	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.17	1	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
acemannan acemannan: prepared from extract of the Aloe barbadensis plant	3.23	1
hesperetin [no description available]	3.66	2	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
magnolol [no description available]	3.13	1	biphenyls
picropodophyllin picropodophyllin: isolated from American May apple (Podophyllum); inhibits IGF-I autophosphorylation without interfering with tyrosine kinase activity. picropodophyllotoxin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that has a furonaphthodioxole skeleton bearing 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl and hydroxy substituents.	2.31	1	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 antagonist; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
alpha-amyrin alpha-amyrin: beta-amyrin is also available; a 5 ring triterpene derived from taraxasterol that differs from beta-amyrin in having the 29-carbon at the 19 position. alpha-amyrin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is ursane which contains a double bond between positions 12 and 13 and in which the hydrogen at the 3beta position is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.49	2	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.41	1	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.25	1	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
friedelin 3-friedelanone: from the stem bark of Irvingia gabonensis; structure in first source. friedelin : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is perhydropicene which is substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and by methyl groups at the 4, 4a, 6b, 8a, 11, 11, 12b, and 14a-positions (the 4R,4aS,6aS,6bR,8aR,12aR,12bS,14aS,14bS-enantiomer). It is the major triterpenoid constituent of cork.	2.49	2	cyclic terpene ketone; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; plant metabolite
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	3.69	3	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
taraxerol taraxerol: structure. taraxerol : A pentacyclic triterpenoid that is oleanan-3-ol lacking the methyl group at position 14, with an alpha-methyl substituent at position 13 and a double bond between positions 14 and 15.	2.49	2	pentacyclic triterpenoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
spathulenol [no description available]	2.49	2	carbotricyclic compound; olefinic compound; sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	anaesthetic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; volatile oil component
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.13	1	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.19	5	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.08	1
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.17	1	proanthocyanidin
daidzin daidzin: a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of human mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase. daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucoside : A glycosyloxyisoflavone that is daidzein attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage. It is used in the treatment of alcohol dependency (antidipsotropic).	2.07	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones 7-O-beta-D-glucoside; hydroxyisoflavone; monosaccharide derivative	plant metabolite
asiaticoside [no description available]	3.23	1
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	3.23	1	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
astragaloside a [no description available]	2.45	2
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	2.11	1	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
evodiamine [no description available]	3.23	1	beta-carbolines
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.21	1	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
rhodioloside [no description available]	2.07	1	glycoside
maprounic acid maprounic acid: from Maprounea africana; structure given in first source. maprounic acid : A pentacyclic triterpenoid isolated from Maprounea africana and has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase.	2.49	2	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; plant metabolite
hamaudol hamaudol: intermediate in the synthesis of furanochromones	2.49	2	chromenes
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	8.25	5	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.75	3	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
helioxanthin helioxanthin: structure in first source. helioxanthin : A furonaphthodioxole that is furo[3',4':6,7]naphtho[1,2-d][1,3]dioxol-7(9H)-one substituted by a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at posiiton 10. It is a inhibitor of HBV, HCV and HSV-1 viruses.	2.05	1	benzodioxoles; furonaphthodioxole; lignan	anti-HBV agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarin scutellarin: see scutellarein for aglycone. scutellarin : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of scutellarein.	2.78	3	glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
6-o-veratroyl catalpol [no description available]	2.49	2
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.49	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	2.07	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol: structure in first source. 4-allyl-2,6-dimethoxyphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is phenol substituted by an allyl group at position 4 and methoxy groups at positions 2 and 6 respectively.	2.49	2	dimethoxybenzene; phenols; phenylpropanoid
wortmannin [no description available]	2.05	1	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en 4-oxy-6-(4-oxybezoyloxy)dauc-8,9-en: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,3abeta,4beta,8aalpha))-isomer; a natural benzyl ester of a carotyl type azulene sesquiterpenoid; structure in first source	2.04	1
8-deoxygartanin 8-deoxygartanin: a butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor; isolated from Garcinia mangostana; structure in first source	2.49	2	xanthones
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	2.08	1	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	2.76	3	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.8	3	cellotriose
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	3.23	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.86	3	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
naringin [no description available]	3.23	5	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	3.84	3
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.52	2	cyclodextrin
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.02	1	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	8.63	2	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.21	1	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.5	2	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	2.11	1	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.05	1	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine: structure in first source	2.1	1
8-isopentenylnaringenin 8-isopentenylnaringenin: a non-steroidal phytoestrogen from Anaxagorea luzonensis; structure in first source	2.04	1	flavanones
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.04	1	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
glycosides [no description available]	3.91	11
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.17	1	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	2.48	2	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	2.49	2	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.64	2
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	2.1	1	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
tetrahydropalmatine [no description available]	1.99	1
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.8	3	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.49	2	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	2.08	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	2.96	3	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	7.21	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	2.13	1
t 0070907 T 0070907: a PPARgamma antagonist; structure in first source	2.6	1	carbonyl compound; organohalogen compound
sirtinol [no description available]	2.17	1	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
wogonoside wogonoside: from Scutellaria baicalensis; structure in first source. wogonin 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide : The glycosyloxyflavone which is the 7-O-glucuronide of wogonin.	2.21	1	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monohydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.95	6
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.21	5
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.03	1	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.6	1	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	4.41	19	long-chain fatty acid
timosaponin b-ii timosaponin B-II: from Anemarrhenae asphodeloides; improved memory and learning dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia in rats; structure in first source	2.13	1	steroid saponin
rhodamine 123 Rhodamine 123: A fluorescent probe with low toxicity which is a potent substrate for ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 and the bacterial multidrug efflux transporter. It is used to assess mitochondrial bioenergetics in living cells and to measure the efflux activity of ATP BINDING CASSETTE TRANSPORTER, SUBFAMILY B, MEMBER 1 in both normal and malignant cells. (Leukemia 1997;11(7):1124-30). rhodamine 123(1+) : A cationic fluorescent dye derived from 9-phenylxanthene.	2.17	1	organic cation; xanthene dye	fluorochrome
quercetin [no description available]	8.33	6	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.99	4	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.03	1	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formononetin [no description available]	7.31	1	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	7.76	3	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.47	2	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	7.03	1	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.49	2	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
quercetin 3-o-glucopyranoside quercetin 3-O-glucopyranoside: structure in first source. quercetin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside : A quercetin O-glucoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Lepisorus contortus, it exhibits antineoplastic activityand has been found to decrease the rate of polymerization and sickling of red blood cells	2.52	2	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antipruritic drug; bone density conservation agent; geroprotector; histamine antagonist; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.59	2	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	2.49	2	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
genistein [no description available]	4.8	9	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
cucurbitacin i cucurbitacin I: toxic constituent in edible gourd; see also records for cucurbitacins & specific cucurbitacins. cucurbitacin I : A cucurbitacin that is 9,10,14-trimethyl-4,9-cyclo-9,10-secocholesta-2,5,23-triene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2, 16, 20 and 25 and oxo groups at positions 1, 11 and 22.	2.17	1	cucurbitacin; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
amentoflavone [no description available]	2.07	1	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavone; ring assembly	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiviral agent; cathepsin B inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; plant metabolite
baicalein [no description available]	2.52	2	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	2.49	2	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmetin [no description available]	2.21	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
diosmin [no description available]	2.21	1	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
galangin 5,7-dihydroxyflavonol: antimicrobial from the twigs of Populus nigra x Populus deltoides; structure in first source. galangin : A 7-hydroxyflavonol with additional hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5 respectively; a growth inhibitor of breast tumor cells.	2.49	2	7-hydroxyflavonol; trihydroxyflavone	antimicrobial agent; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
hispidulin hispidulin : A monomethoxyflavone that is scutellarein methylated at position 6.	7.1	1	monomethoxyflavone; trihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
gartanin gartanin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthen-9-one substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, 5 and 8 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 4.	2.11	1	polyphenol; xanthones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.77	3	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	2.49	2	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.49	2	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
scutellarein scutellarein: aglycone of scutellarin from Scutellaria baicalensis; carthamidin is 2S isomer of scutellarein; do not confuse with isoscutellarein and/or isocarthamidin which are respective regioisomers, or with the scutelarin protein. scutellarein : Flavone substituted with hydroxy groups at C-4', -5, -6 and -7.	2.49	2	tetrahydroxyflavone	metabolite
wogonin wogonin: structure in first source. wogonin : A dihydroxy- and monomethoxy-flavone in which the hydroxy groups are positioned at C-5 and C-7 and the methoxy group is at C-8.	2.21	1	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; plant metabolite
coumestrol Coumestrol: A daidzein derivative occurring naturally in forage crops which has some estrogenic activity.. coumestrol : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 9.	2.13	1	coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.03	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	7.31	1	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.63	2	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
isochlorogenic acid [no description available]	2.1	1	quinic acid
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.86	3
desmethylicaritin desmethylicaritin: structure in first source	7.94	4
icaritin icaritin: structure in first source	5.68	23
sophoricoside sophoricoside: from fruit of Sophora japonica; structure in first source	2.07	1	acrovestone; isoflavonoid
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	2.05	1	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	2.69	2	alkaline earth metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.51	2	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.1	1	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.52	2	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
gamma-mangostin gamma-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antitumour activity.	2.49	2	phenols; xanthones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor
baohuoside ii baohuoside II: a flavonol glycoside from the aerial parts of Epimedium acuminatum	2.41	2
baohuoside i baohuoside I: structure given in first source; isolated from the herb Epimedium davidii	10.74	25	glycosyloxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
h 1356 H 1356: an insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-I) analog; inhibits autophosphorylation of IGF-I receptor	2.13	1
beta-Mangostin [no description available]	2.11	1	xanthones
9-Hydroxycalabaxanthone [no description available]	2.11	1	xanthones
lyoniside daucosterol : A steroid saponin that is sitosterol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. It has bee isolated from Panax japonicus var. major and Breynia fruticosa.	2.49	2	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; steroid saponin	plant metabolite
icariside i icariside I: structure in first source	2.73	3
epimedin b epimedin B: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.	4.55	23	flavonoids; glycoside
epimedin c epimedin C: structure given in first source; from Epimedium sp.	4.78	29	flavonoids; glycoside
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.9	2	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.07	1
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.17	1
beta-escin [no description available]	3.3	6
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	2.15	1	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.05	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.49	2	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
sagittatoside b sagittatoside B: isolated from plant Epimedium wanshanense; structure in first source	2.96	4	flavonoids; glycoside
licoflavone c licoflavone C: Antimutagenic Agent; a naturally occurring prenyl-flavone extracted from Genista ephedroides; structure in first source	2.04	1
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.11	1
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.43	2
Diosmetin 7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside [no description available]	2.55	2	flavonoids; glycoside
verproside verproside: from Pseudolysimachion longifolium; structure in first source	2.49	2	glycoside	metabolite
minecoside [no description available]	2.49	2	hydroxycinnamic acid	metabolite
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.31	1
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.15	5
astragaloside ii astragaloside II: a potent multidrug resistance (MDR) reversal agent from Astragalus; structure in first source. astragaloside II : A triterpenoid saponin that is cycloastragenol glycosylated at positions 3 and 6 by 2-O-acetyl-beta-D-xylosyl and beta-D-glucosyl residues respectively.	2.15	1	beta-D-glucoside; monosaccharide derivative; oxolanes; pentacyclic triterpenoid; triterpenoid saponin	plant metabolite
prim-o-glucosylcimifugin prim-O-glucosylcimifugin: from Peucedanum dissolutum; structure in first source	2.49	2	organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle
curcumol [no description available]	7.6	1	sesquiterpenoid
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.41	1	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mdv 3100 [no description available]	3.14	1	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzamides; imidazolidinone; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; thiocarbonyl compound	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.55	2
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	2.21	1	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	2.06	1	polypeptide
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	2.21	1
chitosan [no description available]	3.77	9
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.13	1
albiflorin albiflorin: glucoside in peony roots. albiflorin : A monoterpene glycoside with formula C23H28O11, originally isolated from the roots of Paeonia lactiflora.	2.31	1	benzoate ester; beta-D-glucoside; bridged compound; gamma-lactone; monoterpene glycoside; secondary alcohol	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	3.82	3
mannans [no description available]	3.23	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.55	2
gypenoside XVII gypenoside XVII : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->6)-beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.49	2	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	2.06	1	polypeptide
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.03	1	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	2.21	1
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	3.87	3	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.06	1
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.31	1
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	3.31	6
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	4.43	6
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.93	3
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.15	1
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.31	1
epimedin a [no description available]	4.39	19
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.13	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.49	2
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.75	3
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	9.94	11	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	2.11	1	dacarbazine
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	2.04	1	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	2.74	3	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.13	1
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.13	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Impotence [description not available]	4.82	11	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	4.82	11	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	5.75	4	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	5.75	4	1
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	7.55	2	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	2.21	1	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	2.31	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	8.23	85	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.72	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	4.09	13	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	4.13	4	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	4.44	7	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	4.13	4	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	2.69	2	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	3.27	5	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	3.27	5	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	7.29	33	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.62	8	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.29	33	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	3.62	8	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.41	1	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	7.41	1	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	7.41	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.76	2	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	4.44	7	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	4.44	7	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	3.16	3	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.78	3	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.78	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	3.16	3	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	2.91	3	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	5.26	6	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	6.73	27	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	6.73	27	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	5.26	6	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.35	5	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	3.35	5	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	2.41	1	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	2.41	1	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	3.33	1	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	4.24	5	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	4.07	3	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	3.69	8	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	3.69	8	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	7.41	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	5.3	11	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.82	10	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	5.45	21	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.72	2	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	7.72	2	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	7.85	52	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	7.85	52	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	2.69	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	4.91	7	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	4.91	7	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.89	9	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	7.69	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.89	9	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	3.2	4	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.89	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	7.76	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	3.19	5	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	2.89	3	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	3.09	4	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	2.96	3	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	3.48	7	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	3.48	7	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	3.11	3	0
Infarct [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	7.87	3	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.87	3	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	3.11	3	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	2.9	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	3.33	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	2.9	2	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.41	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.12	4	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	2.41	1	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	7.9	2	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	4	2	1
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	2.9	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	3.55	2	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	3.55	2	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	3.63	8	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.9	3	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	2.41	1	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	7.41	1	0
Endomyometritis Inflammation of both the ENDOMETRIUM and the MYOMETRIUM, usually caused by infections after a CESAREAN SECTION.	2.41	1	0
Endometritis Inflammation of the ENDOMETRIUM, usually caused by intrauterine infections. Endometritis is the most common cause of postpartum fever.	2.41	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	6.88	15	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	6.88	15	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	2.9	2	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.36	5	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	3.36	5	0
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	8.58	7	0
Periimplantitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Peri-Implantitis An inflammatory process with loss of supporting bone in the tissues surrounding functioning DENTAL IMPLANTS.	2.41	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	3.16	4	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	3.16	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	2.86	3	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	2.86	3	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	3.01	2	0
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	3.01	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	8.78	9	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	3.78	9	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	7.6	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.91	3	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	7.61	2	0
Intra-Articular Fractures Fractures of the articular surface of a bone.	2.6	1	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.6	1	0
Autism [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	2.6	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.59	7	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	3.37	4	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	3.37	4	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	2.6	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	2.84	3	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	7.84	3	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	2.63	2	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	3.76	8	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	3.76	8	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Femur Head [description not available]	3.59	7	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	2.6	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	3.6	8	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	3.6	8	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	2.6	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	2.6	1	0
Root Resorption Resorption in which cementum or dentin is lost from the root of a tooth owing to cementoclastic or osteoclastic activity in conditions such as trauma of occlusion or neoplasms. (Dorland, 27th ed)	7.57	2	0
Avulsed Tooth [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Aura [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	2.76	2	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.6	1	0
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	7.55	2	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	7.21	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.12	4	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.12	4	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	2.21	1	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.21	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	3.09	4	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	3.09	4	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.42	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.21	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	3.42	2	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	2.55	2	0
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.55	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	7.21	1	0
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.31	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.25	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	2.25	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.25	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.25	1	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Arachnoidal Cerebellar Sarcoma, Circumscribed [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	3.04	4	0
Medulloblastoma A malignant neoplasm that may be classified either as a glioma or as a primitive neuroectodermal tumor of childhood (see NEUROECTODERMAL TUMOR, PRIMITIVE). The tumor occurs most frequently in the first decade of life with the most typical location being the cerebellar vermis. Histologic features include a high degree of cellularity, frequent mitotic figures, and a tendency for the cells to organize into sheets or form rosettes. Medulloblastoma have a high propensity to spread throughout the craniospinal intradural axis. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2060-1)	2.58	2	0
Bone Stress Reaction [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	2.85	3	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	2.61	2	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	2.57	2	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	3.17	1	0
Bisphosphonate Osteonecrosis [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.25	1	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Knee [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Knee Injuries Injuries to the knee or the knee joint.	2.25	1	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	2.31	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	2.53	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	2.25	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Acute Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.69	2	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.78	3	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.25	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis, Relapsing-Remitting The most common clinical variant of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, characterized by recurrent acute exacerbations of neurologic dysfunction followed by partial or complete recovery. Common clinical manifestations include loss of visual (see OPTIC NEURITIS), motor, sensory, or bladder function. Acute episodes of demyelination may occur at any site in the central nervous system, and commonly involve the optic nerves, spinal cord, brain stem, and cerebellum. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp903-914)	2.25	1	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	7.25	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.25	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	2.25	1	0
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.25	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.91	3	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	2.91	3	0
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	2.41	1	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	2.31	1	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	7.31	1	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	7.31	1	0
Caliciviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by CALICIVIRIDAE. They include HEPATITIS E; VESICULAR EXANTHEMA OF SWINE; acute respiratory infections in felines, rabbit hemorrhagic disease, and some cases of gastroenteritis in humans.	2.66	2	0
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	2.31	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	2.55	2	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	2.59	2	0
Infections, Picornaviridae [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	5.19	5	2
Hepatitis, Viral, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in animals due to viral infection.	4.78	3	2
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	3.23	1	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	3.23	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.88	3	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	2.53	2	0
Chondrosarcoma A slowly growing malignant neoplasm derived from cartilage cells, occurring most frequently in pelvic bones or near the ends of long bones, in middle-aged and old people. Most chondrosarcomas arise de novo, but some may develop in a preexisting benign cartilaginous lesion or in patients with ENCHONDROMATOSIS. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.8	3	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.54	2	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.15	1	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.15	1	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	7.54	2	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	7.53	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.53	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	2.17	1	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	2.17	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	3.38	6	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	2.15	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	7.54	2	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.97	4	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	2.59	2	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	3.91	2	1
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	3.91	2	1
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	7.17	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	7.17	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Bacteroides Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BACTEROIDES.	2.17	1	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.21	1	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	7.21	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	2.21	1	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.21	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	2.21	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.21	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.96	4	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.21	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.08	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.08	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.76	3	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.76	3	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	2.46	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	3.01	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	3.01	1	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	3.01	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	2.5	2	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.76	3	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.76	3	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.11	1	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	3.03	1	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	3.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	7.11	1	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	2.13	1	0
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.11	1	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.98	4	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.11	1	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	2.11	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.51	1	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	3.51	1	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.51	1	1
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	2.13	1	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Hepatitis, Animal INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in non-human animals.	2.15	1	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.49	2	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2.74	3	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Arthritides, Bacterial [description not available]	2.97	1	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.05	1	0
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	2.05	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	7.05	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	7.46	2	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Allergic Rhinitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	2.06	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic An inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA triggered by ALLERGENS.	2.06	1	0
Acne [description not available]	7.07	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	2.07	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.08	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.08	1	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	2.44	2	0
Cancer of Gallbladder [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Gallbladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the gallbladder.	2.08	1	0
Amentia [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Giant Cell An epithelial neoplasm characterized by unusually large anaplastic cells. It is highly malignant with fulminant clinical course, bizarre histologic appearance and poor prognosis. It is most common in the lung and thyroid. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2	1	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	2.03	1	0
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	2.04	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.99	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	1.99	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	1.99	1	0

icariin

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Overview

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Pharmacokinetics

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Dosage Studied

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Biological Processes (42)

Molecular Functions (27)

Ceullar Components (9)

Bioassays (17)

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Studies (766)

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Research Demand Index: 42.78

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icariin

Related Flora

Cross-References

Synonyms (69)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (4)

Drug Classes (2)

Protein Targets (5)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (42)

Molecular Functions (27)

Ceullar Components (9)

Bioassays (17)

Research

Studies (766)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 42.78

Study Types

Related Drugs (304)

Related Conditions (384)