neuropeptide y profile

Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

neuropeptide Y (2-36): antagonizes the inhibitory action of neuropeptide Y in guinea pig trachea [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	16132350
SCHEMBL ID	3051623
MeSH ID	M0014746
PubMed CID	155817422
MeSH ID	M0014746

Synonym
by7u39xxk0 ,
unii-by7u39xxk0
porcine neuropeptide y
neuropeptide y
NPY ,
NCGC00167146-01
82785-45-3
nucleopeptide y
neuropeptide-y
SCHEMBL3051623
neuropeptide tyrosine
tyr-pro-ser-lys-pro-asp-asn-pro-gly-glu-asp-ala-pro-ala-glu-asp-met-ala-arg-tyr-tyr-ser-ala-leu-arg-his-tyr-ile-asn-leu-ile-thr-arg-gln-arg-tyr-nh2
neuropeptide y human
pyy4
neuropeptide y, porcine
DTXSID4037164 ,
tyrosine, neuropeptide
neuropeptide y (2-36)
gtpl1549
npy-(2-36)

Excerpt	Reference
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide. "	( [D-TRP32]neuropeptide Y: a competitive antagonist of NPY in rat hypothalamus. Balasubramaniam, A; Chance, WT; Fischer, JE; Huang, Y; Johnson, ME; Prabhakaran, M; Sheriff, S, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide member of a family also including peptide YY and pancreatic polypeptide, which are all ligands to Gi/Go coupled receptors. "	( Neuropeptide Y as a risk factor for cardiorenal disease and cognitive dysfunction in chronic kidney disease: translational opportunities and challenges. Arici, M; Beck-Sickinger, AG; Blumbyte, IA; Bruchfeld, A; Carriazo, S; Figurek, A; Kurganaite, J; Mallamaci, F; Malyszko, J; Martino, G; Mayer, C; Okusa, M; Ortiz, A; Rastenyte, D; Remuzzi, G; Rroji, M; Rudolf, S; Rychlik, I; Sarkeviciene, V; Spasovski, G; Spoto, B; Tedeschi, G; Viggiano, D; Wiecek, A; Zoccali, C, 2021)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neurohormone in the central and peripheral nervous system involved in feeding behavior, energy balance, nociception, and anxiety. "	( Expression of hypoxia inducible factor-dependent neuropeptide Y receptors Y1 and Y5 sensitizes hypoxic cells to NPY stimulation. Al-Khazraji, BK; Kirsh, SM; Medeiros, PJ; Pascetta, SA; Uniacke, J, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide widely expressed in not only the central nervous system but also immune cells and the respiratory epithelium. "	( Protective effects of neuropeptide Y against elastase-induced pulmonary emphysema. Fujii, U; Guo, L; Itano, J; Kiura, K; Maeda, Y; Miyahara, N; Morichika, D; Oda, N; Senoo, S; Sunami, R; Taniguchi, A, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that participates in various physiological and pathological processes and exists in both the nerve system and bone tissue."	( The Role of NPY in the Regulation of Bone Metabolism. Chen, QC; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved endogenous peptide in the central and peripheral nervous systems, which has been implicated in nociceptive signaling in neuropathic pain. "	( Neuropeptide Y in the amygdala contributes to neuropathic pain-like behaviors in rats Liu, W; Shang, A; Wang, W; Wu, J; Wu, L; Xuan, S; Yan, W, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a significant neuromodulator implicated in a multitude of physiological functions via activating NPY receptors which belong to seven transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). "	( Localization of neuropeptide receptor NPY4R in rat retina. Jin, M; Li, C; Li, P; Liu, K; Pang, X; Sheng, W; Wang, X; Yu, M; Zhang, C; Zhang, S; Zhang, Y, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vastly studied biological peptide with numerous physiological functions that activate the NPY receptor family (Y"	( PET Imaging of the Neuropeptide Y System: A Systematic Review. Abrunhosa, AJ; Castelo-Branco, M; Cavadas, C; Fonseca, ICF, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY1-36) is a vasoconstrictor peptide co-secreted with catecholamines by sympathetic nerves, the adrenal medulla, and neoplasms such as pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs). "	( Proneuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y metabolites in healthy volunteers and patients with a pheochromocytoma or paraganglioma. Abid, K; Beuschlein, F; Bilz, S; Brown, NJ; Eugster, PJ; Fischli, S; Grouzmann, E; Henzen, C; Hubers, SA; Kolb, W; Matter, M; Maurer, J; Nölting, S; Reul, A; Schütze, I; Sigrist, S; Trepp, R; Vocat, C; Wuerzner, G, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a polypeptide sequence useful in regulating physiological functions like homeostasis, feeding, etc., but its usage is restricted due to its short half-life. "	( β-Cyclodextrin-crosslinked synthetic neuropeptide Y-based nanosponges in epilepsy by contributing GABAergic signal. Desai, D; Shende, P, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a pleiotropic peptide, which is involved in many biological mechanisms important in regulation of cell growth and survival. "	( Neuropeptide Y and its receptors in prostate cancer: associations with cancer invasiveness and perineural spread. Gruszecka, A; Gulczyński, J; Iżycka-Świeszewska, E; Kitlińska, J; Misiukiewicz, S; Sigorski, D; Wesołowski, W; Zieliński, P, 2023)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a widespread hormone in the central and peripheral nervous systems that maintains body homeostasis. "	( Neuropeptide Y regulates osteocyte phenotype and function through AHNAK-Smad signalling. Hao, Z; Ma, M; Ma, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Y; Wu, X, 2023)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neurohormone in human breast carcinomas that acts on a class of G-protein coupled receptors, of which NPY1R and NPY5R are the most highly expressed. "	( Pharmacological inhibition of neuropeptide Y receptors Y1 and Y5 reduces hypoxic breast cancer migration, proliferation, and signaling. Cameron, M; Kirsh, SM; Pascetta, SA; Uniacke, J, 2023)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous neuropeptide that is abundantly expressed in the central nervous system. "	( Overexpression of neuropeptide Y decreases responsiveness to neuropeptide Y. Bartley, AF; Corder, KM; Cortes, MA; Davis, TR; Dobrunz, LE; Li, Q, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide circulating at a subpicomolar concentration participating in multiple physiological and pathological processes. "	( Quantification of Neuropeptide Y and Four of Its Metabolites in Human Plasma by Micro-UHPLC-MS/MS. Bourdillon, N; Brown, NJ; Dunand, M; Eugster, PJ; Grouzmann, E; Hubers, SA; Millet, GP; Vocat, C; Wuerzner, G, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that is widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens (NAc) and hypothalamus. "	( Neuropeptide Y neurons in the nucleus accumbens modulate anxiety-like behavior. Bovee, S; Islam, MS; Oh, YM; Tanaka, M; Tsujimura, A; van Kooten, N; Watanabe, Y; Yamada, S, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter with effects on the regulation of inflammatory cells. "	( Serum Neuropeptide Y Levels Are Associated with TNF- Aceves-Aceves, JA; Cardona-Müller, D; Cardona-Muñoz, EG; Carrillo-Escalante, MO; Contreras-Haro, B; Fajardo-Robledo, NS; Gamez-Nava, JI; Gonzalez-Lopez, L; Huerta, M; Nava-Valdivia, CA; Perez-Guerrero, EE; Ramirez-Villafaña, M; Rodriguez-Jimenez, NA; Rubio-Arellano, ED; Salazar-Paramo, M; Saldaña-Cruz, AM; Totsuka-Sutto, SE, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an evolutionarily conserved neurosecretory molecule implicated in a diverse complement of functions across taxa and in regulating feeding behavior and reproductive maturation in Octopus. "	( Mapping of neuropeptide Y expression in Octopus brains. Di Cosmo, A; Moroz, LL; Polese, G; Winters, GC, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous peptide of the central and enteric nervous systems which has gained significant interest as a potential neuroprotective agent for treatment of neurodegenerative disease. "	( Pathogenic or protective? Neuropeptide Y in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clark, CM; Clark, RM; Dickson, TC; Hoyle, JA, 2021)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter that is widely expressed in the brain and peripheral nervous system. "	( [The role of neuropeptide Y for the development of allergic airway responses]. Miyahara, N, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a protein widely expressed in the central nervous system and involved in diverse physiological processes, such as emotional regulation, nutritional behavior, and stress. "	( [Relationship Between Alcohol Dependence and Neuropeptide Y (NPY) Gene Promoter Polymorphisms in A Turkish Sample]. Akel Bilgiç, H; Ayhan, Y; Babaoğlu, M; Demir, B; Dilbaz, N; Gürel, ŞC; Karaaslan, Ç; Karahan, S; Karakaya, İ; Uluğ, BD, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuroprotective agent widely expressed in the mammalian brain."	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) intranasal delivery alleviates Machado-Joseph disease. Cavadas, C; Duarte-Neves, J; Pereira de Almeida, L, 2021)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) family is a peptide-activated G protein-coupled receptor system conserved across all bilaterians, and is involved in food intake, learning, and behavior. "	( Structural Perspective on Ancient Neuropeptide Y-like System reveals Hallmark Features for Peptide Recognition and Receptor Activation. Gershkovich, MM; Groß, VE; Kaiser, A; Meiler, J; Prömel, S; Schoeder, CT; Vu, O, 2021)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved 36-amino acid neurotransmitter, which is primarily expressed in the mammalian arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. "	( Neuropeptide Y and its receptors are expressed in chicken skeletal muscle and regulate mitochondrial function. Dhamad, A; Dridi, S; Greene, ES; Sirri, F; Zampiga, M, 2021)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neurotransmitter in the brain that plays a pivotal role in food intake and energy storage. "	( Dcf1 regulates neuropeptide expression and maintains energy balance. Chen, Y; Li, Q; Liu, Q; Wen, T; Wu, L, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor involved in modulation of coronary vasomotor tone and may play a role in microvascular angina."	( Effects of neuropeptide Y on coronary artery vasomotion in patients with microvascular angina. Clarke, J; Davies, GJ; Kaski, JC; McFadden, E; Rosano, GMC; Tousoulis, D, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter released by sympathetic neurons, which is probably involved in pain modulation. "	( Pain modulation in patients with fibromyalgia undergoing acupuncture treatment is associated with fluctuations in serum neuropeptide Y levels. Alessandri, C; Atzeni, F; Di Franco, M; Gerardi, MC; Guzzo, MP; Iannuccelli, C; Mannocci, F; Valesini, G, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved endogenous peptide in the central and peripheral nervous systems of all mammals, which has been implicated in both pro- and antinociceptive effects."	( Neuropeptide Y and its Involvement in Chronic Pain. Diaz-delCastillo, M; Heegaard, AM; Woldbye, DPD, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuromodulator that is widely expressed throughout the central nervous system (CNS) and which is cosecreted with classic neurotransmitters including GABA and glutamate. "	( The Role of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Alcohol and Drug Abuse Disorders. Robinson, SL; Thiele, TE, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid amidated peptide of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP) family, which plays an important role in appetite regulation and energy expenditure in mammals. "	( Molecular cloning, tissue distribution, and effect of fasting and refeeding on the expression of neuropeptide Y in Channa argus. Li, R; Qin, CJ; Wang, J; Wen, ZY; Yang, S; Yuan, DY; Zou, YC, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an evolutionarily conserved neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation in vertebrates. "	( mRNA expression and metabolic regulation of npy and agrp1/2 in the zebrafish brain. Jeong, I; Kim, E; Kim, HK; Kim, S; Lee, DW; Park, HC; Seong, JY, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that has been implicated in various disorders including obesity, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular diseases."	( Neuropeptide Y and chronic kidney disease progression: a cohort study. Blankestijn, P; Bots, ML; D'Arrigo, G; Leonardis, D; Mallamaci, F; Pizzini, P; Postorino, M; Tripepi, G; van den Brand, J; van Zuilen, A; Wetzels, J; Zoccali, C, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important 36 amino acid peptide that is abundantly expressed in the mammalian CNS and is known to be an endogenous modulator of seizure activity, including in rat models of Genetic Generalised Epilepsy (GGE) with absence seizures. "	( Gene therapy mediated seizure suppression in Genetic Generalised Epilepsy: Neuropeptide Y overexpression in a rat model. Fitzgerald, X; Jovanovska, V; Klugmann, M; Morris, MJ; O'Brien, TJ; Powell, KL; Shallue, C; Von Jonquieres, G, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide neurotransmitter that is associated with modulation of the stress response."	( Biological profiling of plasma neuropeptide Y in relation to posttraumatic stress symptoms in two combat cohorts. Baker, DG; Eekhout, I; Geuze, E; Maihofer, AX; Nievergelt, CM; Reijnen, A; Vermetten, E, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a pleiotropic gene implicated in stress resilience that contains two well-studied functional SNPs: (1) rs16147, which lies in the NPY promoter and affects expression levels, and (2) rs16139, which lies in the coding sequence of NPY's precursor peptide, pre-pro NPY, and affects precursor processing."	( Neuropeptide Y, stressful life events and personality trait conscientiousness: Preliminary associations from a Swedish longitudinal study. Forsell, Y; Guban, P; Lavebratt, C; Melas, PA; Rahman, MS, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an appetite stimulating peptide released from the central nervous system and impacts the function of many different cell types. "	( Effect of incubation temperature on neuropeptide Y and neuropeptide Y receptors in turkey and chicken satellite cells. Clark, DL; McCormick, JL; Velleman, SG, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide neurotransmitter abundantly expressed in the mammalian retina. "	( Localization, distribution, and connectivity of neuropeptide Y in the human and porcine retinas-A comparative study. Christiansen, AT; Hannibal, J; Kiilgaard, JF; Klemp, K; Woldbye, DPD, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved peptide that appears to play a central role in nociceptive signaling in inflammatory and neuropathic pain."	( Neuropeptide Y is Up-regulated and Induces Antinociception in Cancer-induced Bone Pain. Appel, CK; Christiansen, SH; Diaz-delCastillo, M; Falk, S; Heegaard, AM; Woldbye, DPD, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide that regulates a multitude of physiological functions in the central nervous system and has been shown to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD). "	( Copper Binding Induces Nitration of NPY under Nitrative Stress: Complicating the Role of NPY in Alzheimer's Disease. Gao, Z; Li, H; Ye, H, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a multifunctional neurotransmitter acting via G protein-coupled receptors - Y1R, Y2R and Y5R. "	( Neuropeptide Y receptor interactions regulate its mitogenic activity. Cheema, A; Ciborowski, P; Czarnecka, M; Kitlinska, J; Lu, C; Maheswaran, I; Pons, J; Zhang, L, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter that is widely expressed in the brain and peripheral nervous system. "	( Requirement for neuropeptide Y in the development of type 2 responses and allergen-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation. Fujii, U; Gion, Y; Itano, J; Kanehiro, A; Kiura, K; Maeda, Y; Miyahara, N; Morichika, D; Oda, N; Senoo, S; Taniguchi, A, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a multifaceted sympathetic neurotransmitter regulating reflex cardiovascular control, myocardial cell growth, inflammation and innate immunity. "	( Neuropeptide Y predicts cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients: a cohort study. D'Arrigo, G; Leonardis, D; Mallamaci, F; Pizzini, P; Postorino, M; Tripepi, G; Zoccali, C, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuronal active substance taking part in the regulation of gastrointestinal (GI) tract activity. "	( Identification of neuropeptide y in superior cervical ganglion neurons that project to the oesophagus - A combined immunohistochemical labelling and retrograde tracing study in pigs. Gonkowski, S; Rytel, L; Snarska, A; Sobiech, P; Szenci, O; Wojtkiewicz, J, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y is a peptide neuromodulator with protective roles including anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects in animal models of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder. "	( Actions of Neuropeptide Y on Synaptic Transmission in the Lateral Habenula. Cheon, M; Chung, C; Park, H; Rhim, H, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Expression of neuropeptide Y is increased in an activated human HSC cell line. Dai, W; Liu, Y; Lv, X; Sun, C; Sun, Y; Zhang, Y, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y is a novel bioactive substance that plays a role in the modulation of neurogenesis and neurotransmitter release, and thereby exerts a protective influence against neurodegeneration. "	( Defects in the striatal neuropeptide Y system in X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism. Goto, S; Kaji, R; Kawarai, T; Koizumi, H; Lee, LV; Morigaki, R; Munoz, EL; Nagahiro, S; Okita, S, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic neuropeptide implicated in appetite regulation in mammals. "	( Effect of neuropeptide Y on food intake in bullfrog larvae. Azuma, M; Kikuyama, S; Matsuda, K; Morimoto, N; Shimizu, S, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide found in the brain and autonomic nervous system, which is associated with anxiety, depression, epilepsy, learning and memory, sleep, obesity and circadian rhythms. "	( Therapeutic concentrations of valproate but not amitriptyline increase neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression in the human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line. Farrelly, LA; O'Callaghan, C; Savage, NT; Toulouse, A; Yilmazer-Hanke, DM, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y is an abundantly expressed neurotransmitter capable of modulating both immune and metabolic responses related to the development of atherosclerosis. "	( Vascular neuropeptide Y contributes to atherosclerotic plaque progression and perivascular mast cell activation. Biessen, EA; Bot, I; Bot, M; Kuiper, J; Lagraauw, HM; Pasterkamp, G; van Santbrink, PJ; Westra, MM; Wezel, A, 2014)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene for coronary artery disease (CAD)."	( Association of neuropeptide Y gene rs16147 polymorphism with metabolic syndrome in patients with documented coronary artery disease. Ferns, GA; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M; Hosseini, N; Jamialahmadi, K; Masoudi-Kazemabad, A; Mirhafez, SR; Mohiti-Ardakani, J; Moohebati, M; Parizadeh, SA; Rooki, H; Zaim-Kohan, H, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays a prominent role in feeding and energy homeostasis. "	( Neuropeptide Y activity in the nucleus accumbens modulates feeding behavior and neuronal activity. DiLeone, RJ; Eggels, L; Fliers, E; Furman, K; Gumbs, MC; Kalsbeek, A; Kolk, SM; la Fleur, SE; Land, BB; Narayanan, NS; Opland, DM; van den Heuvel, JK, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an EWS-FLI1 transcriptional target; it is highly expressed in ES and exerts opposing effects, ranging from ES cell death to angiogenesis and cancer stem cell propagation."	( Systemic levels of neuropeptide Y and dipeptidyl peptidase activity in patients with Ewing sarcoma--associations with tumor phenotype and survival. Barkauskas, DA; Galli, S; Hawkins, K; Izycka-Swieszewska, E; Jeha, D; Kitlinska, JB; Krailo, M; Lawlor, ER; Long, J; Lu, C; Mtaweh, H; Tilan, JU; Toretsky, JA; Wang, H, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful orexigenic peptide secreted by hypothalamic neurons. "	( Neuropeptide-Y modulates eating patterns and masticatory muscle activity in rats. Kogo, M; Tanaka, S; Tsuji, T; Ushimura, A; Yamamoto, T, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y is an evolutionarily conserved neurotransmitter that stimulates food intake in higher vertebrate species and promotes adipogenesis in mammals. "	( Neuropeptide Y promotes adipogenesis in chicken adipose cells in vitro. Bai, S; Cline, MA; Gilbert, ER; Liu, D; Zhang, W, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptide that acts in the brain. "	( The responses of hypothalamic NPY and OBRb mRNA expression to food deprivation develop during the neonatal-prepubertal period and exhibit gender differences in rats. Irahara, M; Iwasa, T; Kato, T; Kawami, T; Kuwahara, A; Matsuzaki, T; Munkhzaya, M; Murakami, M; Tungalagsuvd, A; Yamasaki, M; Yasui, T, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NpY) is an important factor in neuropeptide signalling, and significantly change in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. "	( Neuropeptide Y levels are associated with nutritional status and cardiovascular events in adults with chronic kidney disease. Chen, DX; Huang, YF; Lu, L; Wang, M; Wei, LB; Zou, YC, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent endogenous vasoconstrictor and a role of NPY in the development of DCI has been proposed."	( High Plasma Levels of Neuropeptide Y Correlate With Good Clinical Outcome But are not Correlated to Cerebral Blood Flow or Vasospasm After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Jessing, IR; Johansson, PI; Juhler, M; Olsen, NV; Ostrowski, SR; Rasmussen, R; Skjøth-Rasmussen, J; Stavngaard, T, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter that is co-released with norepinephrine and is up-regulated during increased sympathetic activity."	( Neuropeptide Y as an indicator of successful alterations in sympathetic nervous activity after renal sympathetic denervation. Bauer, T; Böhm, M; Dörr, O; Ewen, S; Gaede, L; Hamm, C; Hohl, M; Liebetrau, C; Linz, D; Mahfoud, F; Möllmann, H; Nef, H; Troidl, C, 2015)
"NPY (neuropeptide Y) is an endogenous neuropeptide mainly produced by the hypothalamus."	( NPY/neuropeptide Y enhances autophagy in the hypothalamus: a mechanism to delay aging? Aveleira, CA; Botelho, M; Cavadas, C, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y is a key peptide affecting adiposity and has been related to obesity risk. "	( Neuropeptide Y genotype, central obesity, and abdominal fat distribution: the POUNDS LOST trial. Bray, GA; Huang, T; Lathrop, M; Liang, L; Lin, X; Qi, L; Qi, Q; Sacks, FM; Zelenika, D; Zheng, Y, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved neuropeptide that is specifically concentrated in limbic brain areas and signals via at least 5 different G-protein-coupled receptors."	( The role of Neuropeptide Y in fear conditioning and extinction. de Lima, TC; Herzog, H; Hörmer, B; Lach, G; Sperk, G; Tasan, RO; Verma, D; Wood, J, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous modulator of neuronal activity affecting both GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission. "	( Oestradiol Regulates Neuropeptide Y Release and Gene Coupling with the GABAergic and Glutamatergic Synapses in the Adult Female Rat Dentate Gyrus. Chachua, T; Iacobas, D; Iacobas, S; Sidyelyeva, G; Velíšek, L; Velíšková, J, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter with pleiotropic actions, many of which are highly relevant to tumor biology. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in tumor growth and progression: Lessons learned from pediatric oncology. Kitlinska, J; Tilan, J, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide secreted by sensory nerve fibers distributed in the marrow and vascular canals of bone tissue. "	( Neuropeptide Y stimulates osteoblastic differentiation and VEGF expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells related to canonical Wnt signaling activating in vitro. Fu, S; Jin, D; Liu, S; Ma, SH; Mei, G; Wu, JQ; Xu, ZY; Zou, ZL, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-established orexigenic peptide and hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVH) is one major brain site that mediates the orexigenic action of NPY. "	( An Indirect Action Contributes to C-Fos Induction in Paraventricular Hypothalamic Nucleus by Neuropeptide Y. Dakshinamoorthy, J; Fan, S; Huang, C; Kim, ER; Tong, Q; Xu, Y, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic molecule released in response to low-energy conditions and has an inhibitory effect on sexual behavior."	( Neuropeptide Y signaling in the dorsal raphe nucleus inhibits male sexual behavior in mice. Inaba, A; Ishii, T; Kinoshita, K; Komori, Y; Muroi, Y, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neurotransmitter in the control of energy metabolism. "	( Effects of Intracerebroventricular Administration of Neuropeptide Y on Metabolic Gene Expression and Energy Metabolism in Male Rats. Fliers, E; Foppen, E; Kalsbeek, A; Su, Y, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide known to be a strong orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) factor in many species. "	( The stimulatory effect of neuropeptide Y on growth hormone expression, food intake, and growth in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Jiao, S; Li, M; Sui, Y; Tan, X; Wang, L; Wu, Z; You, F, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neuropeptide in the mammalian brain important for behavioural consequences of stress and energy metabolism. "	( Effects of Di-isononyl Phthalate on Neuropeptide Y Expression in Differentiating Human Neuronal Cells. Alfredsson, CF; Bornehag, CG; Nånberg, E; Rendel, F; Sundström, BE, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a player in the latter."	( Genetic variation may influence obesity only under conditions of diet: analysis of three candidate genes. Aberle, J; Beck, NA; Beil, FU; Busch, P; Flitsch, J; Mann, O; Peitsmeier, P, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent neurotransmitter for feeding. "	( Feeding behavior and gene expression of appetite-related neuropeptides in mice lacking for neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor subclass. Higuchi, H; Niki, T; Shiiya, T, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y is a key neurotransmitter of the central nervous system which plays a vital role in the feed energy homeostasis in mammals. "	( Mapping of the transcription start site (TSS) and identification of SNPs in the bovine neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene. Bahar, B; Sweeney, T, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene for coronary artery disease (CAD). "	( Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms confer risk of early-onset atherosclerosis. Connelly, JJ; Crosslin, DR; Crossman, DC; Freedman, NJ; Ginsburg, GS; Goldschmidt-Clermont, PJ; Granger, CB; Gregory, SG; Hauser, ER; Haynes, C; Johnson, J; Jones, CJ; Kraus, WE; Muehlbauer, M; Nelson, S; Newgard, CB; Shah, SH; Sketch, MH; Stone, DH; Vance, J; Wang, L; Zhang, L, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter co-stored and co-released with noradrenaline and adrenaline. "	( Stress-induced hypertension and increased sympathetic activity in mice overexpressing neuropeptide Y in noradrenergic neurons. Cavadas, C; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Rinne, P; Rosmaninho-Salgado, J; Ruohonen, ST; Ruskoaho, H; Savontaus, E, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y is a signaling molecule that was recently found to stimulate adipose tissue growth in vitro by means of a peripherally acting mechanism involving the neuropeptide Y2 receptor found on adipocytes and endothelial cells. "	( The role of the neuropeptide Y2 receptor in liporemodeling: neuropeptide Y-mediated adipogenesis and adipose graft maintenance. Al-Attar, A; Baker, SB; Cohen, M; Johnson, M; Kuo, L; Zukowska, Z, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that increases food foraging and hoarding (appetitive behavior) and food intake (consummatory behavior)."	( Appetitive and consummatory ingestive behaviors stimulated by PVH and perifornical area NPY injections. Bartness, TJ; Dailey, MJ, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neuromodulator found in central and peripheral neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y in rat spiral ganglion neurons and inner hair cells of organ of corti and effects of a nontraumatic acoustic stimulation. Chadi, G; Gomide, VC; Laureano, MR; Silveira, GA, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant neuropeptide of the neocortex involved in numerous physiological and pathological processes. "	( Classification of NPY-expressing neocortical interneurons. Battaglia, D; Cauli, B; Dávid, C; Gallopin, T; Geoffroy, H; Hillman, EM; Karagiannis, A; Rossier, J; Staiger, JF, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a universally expressed neuropeptide involved in the regulation of several physiological functions. "	( The effect of endogenous preproneuropeptide Y leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism on growth and apoptosis in primary cultured HUVECs. Kaipio, K; Kallio, J; Pesonen, U, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide that is widely distributed in the brain, adrenal medulla, and sympathetic nervous system. "	( Association between neuropeptide Y gene and its receptor Y1 gene and methamphetamine dependence. Inada, T; Iwata, N; Iyo, M; Kodama, M; Kotaka, T; Kuroda, S; Morita, Y; Okahisa, Y; Ozaki, N; Sora, I; Ujike, H; Yamada, M, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a ubiquitous peptide with multiple effects on energy metabolism, reproduction, neurogenesis, and emotion. "	( Neuropeptide Y and neurovascular control in skeletal muscle and skin. Hodges, GJ; Jackson, DN; Johnson, JM; Mattar, L; Shoemaker, JK, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurohormone that is typically associated with food intake, but it has also been reported to affect the production of progesterone from luteal tissue in vitro. "	( Evidence for a potential role of neuropeptide Y in ovine corpus luteum function. Custer, EE; Hoagland, TA; Keator, CS; Lawson, AM; Mah, K; McCracken, JA; Schreiber, DT; Slayden, OD, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a physiological candidate gene for the regulation of body weight and has more recently been implicated in regulating bone mass. "	( Molecular variation in neuropeptide Y and bone mineral density among men of African ancestry. Bunker, CH; Goodrich, LJ; Kuipers, AL; Miljkovic, I; Nestlerode, CS; Patrick, AL; Wheeler, VW; Yerges-Armstrong, LM; Zmuda, JM, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a cotransmitter with norepinephrine (NE) and ATP in sympathetic nerves. "	( Inhibitory effects of angiotensin-(1-7) on the nerve stimulation-induced release of norepinephrine and neuropeptide Y from the mesenteric arterial bed. Byku, M; Macarthur, H; Westfall, TC, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an endogenous peptide with powerful anticonvulsant properties. "	( Anticonvulsant effects and behavioural outcomes of rAAV serotype 1 vector-mediated neuropeptide Y overexpression in rat hippocampus. Balducci, C; Bland, R; Carli, M; During, MJ; Fitzsimons, H; Noe, F; Sperk, G; Vaghi, V; Vezzani, A; Zardoni, D, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that acts on multiple receptors involved in cardiovascular remodelling and angiogenesis. "	( Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 gene polymorphism interacts with plasma neuropeptide Y levels in predicting left ventricular hypertrophy in dialysis patients. Benedetto, FA; Macrì, R; Malatino, LS; Mallamaci, F; Pisano, A; Spoto, B; Stancanelli, B; Testa, A; Tripepi, G; Zoccali, C, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a ubiquitous endocrine neuropeptide found in vertebrate and invertebrate. "	( Identification of neuropeptide Y-like conopeptides from the venom of Conus betulinus. Chi, CW; Guo, ZY; Shao, X; Wu, X, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important hormone in appetite regulation. "	( Plasma neuropeptide Y levels differ in distinct diabetic conditions. Base, W; Baumgartner-Parzer, S; Dimitrov, A; Gartner, W; Handisurya, A; Ilhan, A; Kautzky-Willer, A; Rasul, S; Wagner, L, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid neuromodulator that is distributed throughout the central nervous system and has been implicated in a wide range of neurobiological responses including the integration of emotional behavior. "	( Neuropeptide Y conjugated to saporin alters anxiety-like behavior when injected into the central nucleus of the amygdala or basomedial hypothalamus in BALB/cJ mice. Lyons, AM; Thiele, TE, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a central neuromodulator and peripheral sympathetic neurotransmitter that also has important regulatory roles in cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, immune and metabolic functions during stress. "	( Neuropeptide Y is a mediator of chronic vascular and metabolic maladaptations to stress and hypernutrition. Abe, K; Kuo, L; Zukowska, Z, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter widely distributed in the central nervous system. "	( The 1258 G>A polymorphism in the neuropeptide Y gene is associated with greater alcohol consumption in a Mediterranean population. Castelló, A; Corella, D; Francès, F; Guillen, M; Portolés, O; Sorlí, JV; Verdú, F, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide, which among others, plays a pivotal role in stress response. "	( A putative morphological substrate of the catecholamine-influenced neuropeptide Y (NPY) release in the human hypothalamus. Dudas, B; Grignol, G; Hu, W; Ko, L; Merchenthaler, I; Rotoli, G, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important orexigenic peptide that acts in the brain. "	( Changes in the responsiveness of serum leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y mRNA levels to food deprivation in developing rats. Gereltsetseg, G; Irahara, M; Iwasa, T; Kinouchi, R; Matsuzaki, T; Murakami, M; Nakazawa, H; Yasui, T, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide which exerts several regulatory actions within peripheral and central nervous systems. "	( Intraperitoneal injection of neuropeptide Y (NPY) alters neurotrophin rat hypothalamic levels: Implications for NPY potential role in stress-related disorders. Angelucci, F; Caltagirone, C; Croce, N; De Bartolo, P; Gelfo, F; Petrosini, L; Tirassa, P, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic agent. "	( Functional characterisation of the bovine neuropeptide Y gene promoter and evaluation of the transcriptional activities of promoter haplotypes. Alam, T; Bahar, B; McGee, M; O'Doherty, JV; Sweeney, T; Waters, SM, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved neuropeptide with orexigenic actions in discrete hypothalamic nuclei that plays a role in regulating energy homeostasis. "	( The role of NPY in hypothalamic mediated food intake. Chee, MJ; Colmers, WF; Mercer, RE, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly conserved neuropeptide belonging to the pancreatic polypeptide family. "	( Central functions of neuropeptide Y in mood and anxiety disorders. Bailey, C; Charney, D; Feder, A; Mathé, AA; Saxena, S; Wegener, G; Wu, G, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that suppresses focal and generalized seizures in animal models. "	( Focal administration of neuropeptide Y into the S2 somatosensory cortex maximally suppresses absence seizures in a genetic rat model. Jovanovska, V; Morris, MJ; O'Brien, TJ; van Raay, L, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic neuropeptide implicated in feeding regulation in mammals. "	( Neuropeptide Y stimulates food intake in the Zebrafish, Danio rerio. Azuma, M; Kamijo, M; Kang, KS; Matsuda, K; Nishiguchi, R; Uchiyama, M; Yokobori, E, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter and enhances the development of obesity and other aspects of MetS."	( Neuropeptide Y Leu7Pro polymorphism associated with the metabolic syndrome and its features in patients with coronary artery disease. Akhlaghi, S; Ferns, GA; Ghayour-Mobarhan, M; Jamialahmadi, K; Manshadi, RD; Masoudi-Kazemabad, A; Mojarrad, M; Moohebati, M, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neuronal element involved in cardiovascular regulation. "	( Long-term neuropeptide Y administration in the periphery induces abnormal baroreflex sensitivity and obesity in rats. Ai, J; Liu, J; Sun, L; Wang, N; Wei, R; Xie, F; Xu, Y; Yang, C; Zhang, R, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important regulator of reproductive axis, which mainly plays some roles in regulating secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in hypothalamus. "	( Role of neuropeptide Y in regulating hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis in the rats treated with electro-acupuncture. Guipeng, D; Jingzhu, Z; Xuesong, W; Yinping, W; Yuanming, Z; Yugui, C; Zhaohui, Z, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong candidate gene regarding the pathophysiology of tobacco dependence. "	( Genetic variation in the neuropeptide Y gene promoter is associated with increased risk of tobacco smoking. Abbruzzese, E; Brinkmeyer, J; Dahmen, N; Diaz-Lacava, A; Dinter, C; Gallinat, J; Gründer, G; Kiefer, F; Kornhuber, J; Majic, T; Mobascher, A; Mutschler, J; Petrovsky, N; Thiele, H; Thuerauf, N; von der Goltz, C; Wagner, M; Wienker, T; Winterer, G, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid polypeptide found abundantly in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Central hypotensive effects of neuropeptide Y are modulated by endothelial nitric oxide synthase after activation by ribosomal protein S6 kinase. Cheng, PW; Ho, WY; Hsiao, M; Lin, HC; Lu, PJ; Tseng, CJ; Wu, AT; Yang, YC, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide transmitter abundantly expressed in forebrain limbic and brain stem areas that regulate stress and emotional behaviors."	( Neuropeptide Y and posttraumatic stress disorder. Geracioti, TD; Sah, R, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide, widely distributed within central nervous system neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y protects rat cortical neurons against β-amyloid toxicity and re-establishes synthesis and release of nerve growth factor. Angelucci, F; Bernardini, S; Caltagirone, C; Ciotti, MT; Cortelli, S; Croce, N; Federici, G; Gelfo, F, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family which is a potent orexigenic peptide known to date in mammals and teleost. "	( Stimulatory effects of neuropeptide Y on the growth of orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides). Li, B; Li, W; Lin, H; Wu, S, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent hypothalamic orexigenic peptide. "	( Dorsomedial hypothalamic NPY and energy balance control. Bi, S; Kim, YJ; Zheng, F, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid neuropeptide that was first discovered in porcine brain extracts and later in the porcine intestine. "	( Neuronal circuits involving neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-mediated feeding regulation. Hirako, S; Inoue, S; Kageyama, H; Kintaka, Y; Ogawa, T; Ota, E; Shioda, S; Takenoya, F; Wada, N, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide distributed widely among vertebrates. "	( Neuroendocrine control of feeding behavior and psychomotor activity by neuropeptideY in fish. Azuma, M; Matsuda, K; Sakashita, A; Yokobori, E, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide involved in the regulation of appetite and energy homeostasis. "	( Bone-specific overexpression of NPY modulates osteogenesis. Adams, DJ; Igwe, JC; Kalajzic, I; Kizivat, T; Marijanovic, I; Matic, I; Matthews, BG; Ruohonen, ST; Savontaus, E, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y is a co-transmitter that is synthesized by chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. "	( Stress-induced changes in adrenal neuropeptide Y expression are regulated by a negative feedback loop. Wang, Q; Whim, MD, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide widely distributed in the central nervous system (CNS) that has been associated with the modulation of several functions including food intake, learning and memory, mood and neuroprotection. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) prevents depressive-like behavior, spatial memory deficits and oxidative stress following amyloid-β (Aβ(1-40)) administration in mice. De Lima, TC; dos Santos, VV; Farina, M; Lach, G; Prediger, RD; Rodrigues, AL; Santos, DB, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide well known for its role in regulating food intake and energy homeostasis. "	( Attenuation of hypercholesterolemia and hyperglycemia in ob/ob mice by NPY Y2 receptor ablation. Ekstrand, AJ; Ernfors, P; Naveilhan, P; Nyström, S; Svensson, L, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acids peptide amide that was isolated for the first time almost 20 years ago from porcine brain. "	( Biophysical methods to study ligand-receptor interactions of neuropeptide Y. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Bettio, A, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that was originally isolated from the porcine brain. "	( Plasma neuropeptide Y concentrations in patients on hemodialysis. Akagi, S; Ichikawa, H; Makino, H; Nagake, Y; Nakao, K; Sugimoto, T; Yamasaki, H, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that exhibits a large number of physiological activities in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Neuropeptide Y and its receptors as potential therapeutic drug targets. Cavadas, C; Grouzmann, E; Silva, AP, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent vaso-constrictor and angiogenic agent that is found in the retina. "	( Neuropeptide Y expression in a mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy. Geng, Y; Higgins, RD; Yan, Y; Yoon, HZ, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong orexigenic neurotransmitter also known to modulate several neuroendocrine axes. "	( The melanocortin agonist Melanotan-II reduces the orexigenic and adipogenic effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) but does not affect the NPY-driven suppressive effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes in the male rat. Aubert, ML; Raposinho, PD; White, RB, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a modulator of alcohol intake in animal models of alcoholism, and is potentially involved in alcohol dependence. "	( NPY Leu7Pro and alcohol dependence in Finnish and Swedish populations. Goldman, D; Heilig, M; Mottagui-Tabar, S; Pollak, L; Taubman, J; Virkkunen, M; Wahlestedt, C; Zhu, G, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic (appetite-stimulating) peptide that plays an important role in regulating energy balance. "	( NPY ablation in C57BL/6 mice leads to mild obesity and to an impaired refeeding response to fasting. Juthani, V; Maratos-Flier, E; Segal-Lieberman, G; Trombly, DJ; Wang, X, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic cotransmitter preferentially released during intense or prolonged stress, which causes vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by activating multiple Gi/o-coupled receptors, Y1 and Y5."	( Neuropeptide Y: a novel mechanism for ischemic angiogenesis. Grant, DS; Lee, EW; Zukowska, Z, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant brain peptide with endogenous antiepileptic activity. "	( Neuropeptide Y modulates a G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium current in the mouse hippocampus. Baraban, SC; Greenwood, J; Paredes, MF, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide with broad regulatory actions in the central nervous system."	( Neuropeptide Y and lipid increase apolipoprotein AIV gene expression in rat hypothalamus. Doi, T; Liu, M; Seeley, RJ; Shen, L; Tso, P; Woods, SC, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a molecule that may have both vasoconstrictive and vasodilatory actions. "	( Enhanced endothelium-dependent vasodilation in subjects with Proline7 substitution in the signal peptide of neuropeptide Y. Hammar, N; Jartti, L; Järvisalo, MJ; Kaprio, J; Karvonen, MK; Koulu, M; Marniemi, J; Paakkunainen, U; Pesonen, U; Raitakari, OT; Rönnemaa, T; Simell, O, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Changes in diurnal sympathoadrenal balance and pituitary hormone secretion in subjects with Leu7Pro polymorphism in the prepro-neuropeptide Y. Helenius, H; Jaakkola, U; Kallio, J; Karvonen, MK; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide and is concentrated in the hypothalamus which is an appetite-regulating area."	( Treadmill exercise suppresses diabetes-induced increment of neuropeptide Y expression in the hypothalamus of rats. Chang, HK; Jang, MH; Jeong, IG; Kim, CJ; Kim, H; Kim, YP; Lee, HH; Lee, TH; Lim, BV; Shin, MC; Shin, MS; Yoon, JH, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful orexigenic neurotransmitter. "	( Chronic neuropeptide Y infusion into the lateral ventricle induces sustained feeding and obesity in mice lacking either Npy1r or Npy5r expression. Aubert, ML; Palmiter, RD; Pedrazzini, T; Raposinho, PD; White, RB, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family. "	( Distribution of the NPY 1128C allele frequency in different populations. Ding, B, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a putative mediator of many physiological processes in the central nervous system including reproductive functions. "	( Effect of central infusions of neuropeptide Y on GnRH/LH axis in ewes during the early anoestrous period. Misztal, T; Polkowska, J; Romanowicz, K; Wańkowska, M; Wójcik-Gładysz, A, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y is a potent vasoconstrictor thought to enhance the development of atherosclerosis. "	( Leucine 7 to proline 7 polymorphism in the preproneuropeptide Y is associated with proteinuria, coronary heart disease, and glycemic control in type 1 diabetic patients. Fagerudd, JA; Forsblom, CM; Groop, PH; Kallio, J; Karvonen, MK; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Pettersson-Fernholm, K, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent inhibitory neuropeptide expressed by amacrine cells in the rat retina. "	( Y2 receptor expression and inhibition of voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx into rod bipolar cell terminals. Brecha, NC; D'Angelo, I, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y is a sympathetic neurotransmitter, a potent endothelium-derived angiogenic factor and a vascular mitogen. "	( Neuropeptide Y and Y2-receptor are involved in development of diabetic retinopathy and retinal neovascularization. Geng, Y; Higgins, RD; Jaakkola, U; Kaipio-Salmi, K; Kallio, J; Karvonen, MK; Koulu, M; Lee, EW; Movafagh, S; Pesonen, U; Pöllönen, M; Seppälä, H; Tuohimaa, J; Vainio-Jylhä, E; Zukowska, Z, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a versatile neurotransmitter that has recently been shown to regulate bone metabolism in animal and in vitro studies. "	( Leucine7 to proline7 polymorphism in prepro-NPY gene and femoral neck bone mineral density in postmenopausal women. Heikkinen, AM; Jurvelin, J; Komulainen, MH; Koulu, M; Kröger, H; Niskanen, LK; Pesonen, U; Saarikoski, S; Salmi, JA; Tuppurainen, MT; Uusitupa, MI, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an appetite stimulant that is widely distributed in the site of hypothalamus."	( Immunohistochemical and genomic evidence for the involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) in phenylpropranolamine-mediated appetite suppression. Hsieh, YS; Hsu, JD; Kuo, DY; Yang, SF, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y is a potent inhibitory neurotransmitter expressed in the central neurons that control blood pressure. "	( Central neuropeptide Y signaling ameliorates N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hypertension in the rat through a Y1 receptor mechanism. Jia, Z; Michalkiewicz, M; Michalkiewicz, T; Racadio, MJ; Zhao, G, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter recently found to be potently angiogenic and growth promoting for endothelial, vascular smooth muscle and neuronal cells. "	( Differential effects of neuropeptide Y on the growth and vascularization of neural crest-derived tumors. Abe, K; Everhart, L; Kitlinska, J; Kuo, L; Lee, EW; Li, L; Pons, J; Tilan, J; Toretsky, JA; Yu, M; Zukowska, Z, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major endogenous regulator of anxiety-related behaviors and emotionality. "	( A novel single nucleotide polymorphism of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene associated with alcohol dependence. Goldman, D; Heilig, M; Mottagui-Tabar, S; Prince, JA; Wahlestedt, C; Zhu, G, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide that is implicated in the feeding response to a variety of stimuli. "	( Attenuated feeding responses to circadian and palatability cues in mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Palmiter, RD; Schwartz, MW; Sindelar, DK; Woods, SC, 2005)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide with a role in the regulation of satiety and energy balance of body weight, insulin release, cardiovascular and central endocrine systems. "	( Leu7Pro polymorphism in the neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene is associated with impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in Swedish men. Brismar, K; Ding, B; Efendic, S; Gu, HF; Kärvestedt, L; Nordman, S; Ostenson, CG, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter expressed in the central nervous system and involved in learning and memory. "	( Polymorphism in neuropeptide Y influences CSF cholesterol levels but is no major risk factor of Alzheimer's disease. Heun, R; Jessen, F; Kölsch, H; Lütjohann, D; Maier, W; Urbach, H; von Bergmann, K, 2006)
"1 Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a prominent enteric neuropeptide with prolonged antisecretory effects in mammalian intestine. "	( The regulation of veratridine-stimulated electrogenic ion transport in mouse colon by neuropeptide Y (NPY), Y1 and Y2 receptors. Cox, HM; Hyland, NP, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide thought to play an important role in the regulation of food intake and energy expenditure. "	( Implantation of fibre encapsulated RIN 1056a cells transfected with NPY cDNA into the lateral ventricle of rats alters body weight. Asadi Karam, GR; Bloom, SR; Gardiner, JV; Ghatei, MA; Khaksari, M; Mahmoodi, M; Murphy, KG, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter facilitating adrenergic vasoconstriction via Y1-receptors on the vascular smooth muscle."	( Enhanced Y1-receptor-mediated vasoconstrictive action of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in superior mesenteric arteries in portal hypertension. Froh, M; Jurzik, L; Moleda, L; Schnabl, B; Schölmerich, J; Straub, RH; von Hörsten, S; Wiest, R, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important hypothalamic peptide involved in body weight regulation."	( Clozapine, but not haloperidol, increases neuropeptide Y neuronal expression in the rat hypothalamus. Cahir, M; Kirk, SL; Reynolds, GP, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter and a stress mediator with pleiotropic activities mediated by multiple receptors, Y1-Y5. "	( Atherosclerosis and angiogenesis: what do nerves have to do with it? Zukowska, Z, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter recently found to be a potent growth and angiogenic factor. "	( Neuropeptide Y in neural crest-derived tumors: effect on growth and vascularization. Kitlinska, J, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic neuropeptide, whose activity in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus governs appetite."	( Cigarette smoke exposure reprograms the hypothalamic neuropeptide Y axis to promote weight loss. Anderson, GP; Bozinovski, S; Chen, H; Hansen, MJ; Jones, JE; Morris, MJ; Vlahos, R, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-characterized neuropeptide transmitter in the peripheral sympathetic nervous system."	( Caries-induced changes in the expression of pulpal neuropeptide Y. Awawdeh, LA; El Karim, IA; Lamey, PJ; Linden, GJ; Lundy, FT, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide that may be involved with emotional regulation and drug addiction and may act as a neuroprotective agent during toxic insults, such as is associated with multiple, high doses of methamphetamine (METH). "	( Multiple high doses of methamphetamine increase the number of preproneuropeptide Y mRNA-expressing neurons in the striatum of rat via a dopamine D1 receptor-dependent mechanism. Hanson, GR; Horner, KA; Keefe, KA; Westwood, SC, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a key regulator of energy homeostasis and is implicated in the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes. "	( Combined deletion of Y1, Y2, and Y4 receptors prevents hypothalamic neuropeptide Y overexpression-induced hyperinsulinemia despite persistence of hyperphagia and obesity. Bland, R; Boey, D; Couzens, M; During, MJ; Enriquez, R; Herzog, H; Lee, NJ; Lin, EJ; Sainsbury, A; Slack, K, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-characterized neuromodulator in the central nervous system, primarily implicated in the regulation of feeding. "	( Central administration of neuropeptide Y induces wakefulness in rats. Krueger, JM; Szentirmai, E, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important peptide regulating gastrointestinal motility."	( Glial-derived neurotrophic factor modulates enteric neuronal survival and proliferation through neuropeptide Y. Anitha, M; Chandrasekharan, B; Grouzmann, E; Mwangi, S; Salgado, JR; Sitaraman, SV; Srinivasan, S, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-known stimulator of pathways favouring food intake and energy storage."	( Effects of ghrelin on circulating neuropeptide Y levels in humans. Chiodera, P; Coiro, V; Manfredi, G; Melani, A; Rubino, P; Saccani-Jotti, G, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic and hypothermic peptide. "	( Short-term cold exposure may cause a local decrease of neuropeptide Y in the rat hypothalamus. Kim, SJ; Lee, HK; Noh, SY; Park, JJ; Shin, J; Shin, MW; Yu, WS, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuromodulator with anxiolytic properties. "	( Elevated anxiety-like behavior following ethanol exposure in mutant mice lacking neuropeptide Y (NPY). Breese, GR; Fee, JR; Knapp, DJ; Sparta, DR; Thiele, TE, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that plays a role in e.g. "	( Impact of the Leu7Pro polymorphism of preproNPY on diurnal NPY and hormone secretion in type 2 diabetes. Jaakkola, U; Kallio, J; Karvonen, MK; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Seppälä, H; Vahlberg, T, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an appetite-controlling neuromodulator that contributes to the appetite-suppressing effect of phenylpropanolamine (PPA). "	( Transcript of protein kinase A knock-down modulates feeding behavior and neuropeptide Y gene expression in phenylpropanolamine-treated rats. Chu, SC; Hsieh, YS; Kuo, DY; Yang, SF, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that attenuates seizure activity following direct infusion or adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression in the central nervous system. "	( Adeno-associated virus-mediated expression and constitutive secretion of NPY or NPY13-36 suppresses seizure activity in vivo. Foti, S; Haberman, RP; McCown, TJ; Samulski, RJ, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful hypothalamic feeding stimulator that promotes obesity."	( Detrimental metabolic effects of combining long-term cigarette smoke exposure and high-fat diet in mice. Anderson, GP; Chen, H; Hansen, MJ; Jones, JE; Morris, MJ; Vlahos, R, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter that acts on multiple receptors (Y1-Y6) and exerts a variety of cardiovascular effects. "	( NPY and NPY receptors in vascular remodeling. Abe, K; Tilan, JU; Zukowska, Z, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide known for its anti-anxiety-like effects mediated via the amygdala."	( Neuropeptide Y in the amygdala induces long-term resilience to stress-induced reductions in social responses but not hypothalamic-adrenal-pituitary axis activity or hyperthermia. Dietrich, A; Fitz, SD; Gehlert, DR; Johnson, PL; Leitermann, RJ; Morin, M; Sajdyk, TJ; Shekhar, A; Urban, JH, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a small peptide important in cardiovascular physiology, feeding, anxiety, depression and epilepsy. "	( Neuropeptide Y as an endogenous antiepileptic, neuroprotective and pro-neurogenic peptide. Agasse, F; Ferreira, R; Malva, JO; Silva, AP; Xapelli, S, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important central regulator of food consumption and energy expenditure via the hypothalamus. "	( Monoaminergic compensation in the neuropeptide Y deficient mouse brain. Gehlert, DR; Hemrick-Luecke, SK; Shaw, J; Thompson, LK, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide widely present in the CNS, including the retina. "	( Neuropeptide Y stimulates retinal neural cell proliferation--involvement of nitric oxide. Alvaro, AR; Ambrósio, AF; Araújo, IM; Cavadas, C; Martins, J; Rosmaninho-Salgado, J, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) functions as a peptide neurotransmitter and as a neuroendocrine hormone. "	( Cathepsin L participates in the production of neuropeptide Y in secretory vesicles, demonstrated by protease gene knockout and expression. Funkelstein, L; Hook, V; Hwang, SR; Peters, C; Reinheckel, T; Toneff, T, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant and widespread peptide in mammalian nervous system, both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( NPY L7P polymorphism and metabolic diseases. Pesonen, U, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently discovered, amidated 36 amino acid residue neuropeptide present in many but not all sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y immunoreactive neurons in the guinea-pig uvea and retina. Bruun, A; Ehinger, B; Sundler, F; Tornqvist, K; Uddman, R, 1984)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide with potent cardiovascular effects. "	( Neuropeptide Y: a potent inducer of consummatory behavior in rats. Levine, AS; Morley, JE, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide known to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. "	( Immunolocalization of neuropeptide Y in human pancreatic endocrine tumors. Grouzmann, E; Hurlimann, J; Nicod, P; Waeber, G, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide present in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Role of protein kinase C in mediating NGF effect on neuropeptide Y expression in PC12 cells. Allen, JM; Balbi, D, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a widely distributed peptide with varied activities including inhibition of [3H]NE secretion from chromaffin cells. "	( Neuropeptide Y (18-36) modulates chromaffin cell catecholamine secretion by blocking the nicotinic receptor ion channel. Hexum, TD; Morrisett, RA; Zheng, J; Zhu, J, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid polypeptide that is widely distributed in the central nervous system and periphery. "	( Cloning and functional expression of a cDNA encoding a human type 2 neuropeptide Y receptor. Fernandes, P; Fisher, SM; Frazier, ST; Kienzle, B; Kodukula, K; Lynch, JS; Rose, PM; Seethala, R, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide belonging to the pancreatic polypeptide family that has marked and diverse biological activity across species. "	( Central nervous system pharmacology of neuropeptide Y. Earley, B; Junien, JL; Wettstein, JG, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful stimulus to food intake in the rat. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may integrate responses of hypothalamic feeding systems and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis. Dallman, MF; Hanson, ES, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor sympathetic cotransmitter and a modulator of adrenergic function whose role in hypertension is yet unknown. "	( Neuropeptide Y and alpha-adrenoceptor interactions in patients with essential hypertension. Ignatowska-Switalska, H; Januszewicz, W; Pruszczyk, P; Wocial, B; Zukowska-Grójec, Z, )
"Neuropeptide Y is a powerful vasoconstrictor in vivo; however, in vitro it shows weak constrictor effects. "	( Cocaine promotes an apparent direct vasoconstrictor effect of neuropeptide Y in the rat tail artery. Duckles, SP; Glenn, TC; Huang, SL, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide."	( Localization of fmrfamide-like immunoreactivity in the peripheral organs and its cross reaction with neuropeptide Y in the rat. Hung, MY; Shen, CL, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic cotransmitter and a platelet-derived factor which causes vasoconstriction, potentiation of norepinephrine (NE) action, and vascular mitogenic effects. "	( Modulation of vascular function by neuropeptide Y during development of hypertension in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Golczynska, M; Haass, M; Myers, AK; Shen, GH; Torres-Duarte, A; Wahlestedt, C; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide that was originally discovered in extracts of porcine brain. "	( Subtypes of receptors for neuropeptide Y: implications for the targeting of therapeutics. Gehlert, DR, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y is a vasoactive peptide and is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Neuropeptide Y and cardiovascular regulation. Brunner, HR; Pedrazzini, T; Waeber, B, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide that is widely distributed in the brain. "	( [Neuropeptide Y: psychopharmacological and clinical aspects]. Nakagawara, M; Sato, Y, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent vasoconstrictive polypeptide colocalized with norepinephrine in sympathetic neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y levels during ischemia and reperfusion in the canine infrarenal aortic revascularization model. Adrian, TE; Agrawal, DK; Dovgan, PS; Edwards, JD; Rowley, JM; Thorpe, PE, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a ubiquitous neuropeptide which may modulate several behavioral and physiological phenomena. "	( Effects of neuropeptide Y on short-term memory. Cleary, J; Levine, AS; Semotuk, M, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide belonging to the pancreatic polypeptide family of neuroendocrine hormones. "	( Neuropeptide Y: a central regulator of energy homeostasis. White, JD, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an extremely potent orexigenic agent. "	( Forebrain and hindbrain involvement of neuropeptide Y in ingestive behaviors of rats. Gunion, MW; Morley, JE; Steinman, JL, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent central appetite stimulant found in hypothalamic neurons that have close anatomical associations with neurons containing serotonin, a powerful anorectic agent. "	( Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic nuclei of the rat following treatment with methysergide: evidence that NPY may mediate serotonin's effects on food intake. Dryden, S; Malabu, UH; McCarthy, HD; Ware, M; Williams, G, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide released together with noradrenaline (NA) from sympathetic nerve endings. "	( Neuropeptide Y, noradrenaline and invasive haemodynamic data in mild to moderate chronic congestive heart failure. Hulting, J; Jensen-Urstad, M; Lundberg, JM; Ullman, B, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide that is colocalized and released with norepinephrine (NE) from central and peripheral adrenergic neurons and has been suggested to contribute to the control of vascular tone. "	( Neuropeptide Y modulates the vascular response to periarterial nerve stimulation primarily by a postjunctional action in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Malik, KU; Oellerich, WF, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino-acid peptide. "	( Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid levels in pre-obese and genetically obese (fa/fa) rats; potential regulation thereof by corticotropin-releasing factor. Bchini-Hooft van Huijsduijnen, OB; Jeanrenaud, B; Rohner-Jeanrenaud, F, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent central appetite stimulant whose concentrations rise markedly in hypothalamic appetite-regulating regions in food-deprived rats. "	( Intense exercise and food restriction cause similar hypothalamic neuropeptide Y increases in rats. Boer, DE; Koeslag, DG; Lewis, DE; McCarthy, HD; McKibbin, PE; Russell, JC; Shellard, L; Williams, G, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor released with norepinephrine from perivascular sympathetic nerves. "	( Mitogenic effect of neuropeptide Y in rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Colton, C; Myers, AK; Pruszczyk, P; Shen, GH; Wahlestedt, C; Yao, J; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, )
"Neuropeptide Y is a pancreatic polypeptide closely associated with noradrenergic activity both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Elevated plasma levels of neuropeptide Y in patients with panic disorder. Boulenger, JP; Cadieux, A; Jerabek, I; Jolicoeur, FB; Lavallée, YJ; Leduc, R, 1996)
"1. Neuropeptide Y is a potent appetite stimulant and has been found to modulate glucose metabolism when given chronically. "	( Acute effects of central neuropeptide Y injection on glucose metabolism in fasted rats. Bloom, SR; Kruszynska, YT; Lambert, PD; Wilding, IP, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide that exhibits actions on the cardiovascular system and the central nervous system. "	( Neuropeptide Y and the nonpeptide antagonist BIBP 3226 share an overlapping binding site at the human Y1 receptor. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Eberlein, W; Engel, W; Herzog, H; Martinez, R; Munoz, M; Rudolf, K; Sautel, M; Walker, P; Wittneben, H, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful stimulant of food intake and is proposed to activate a hypothalamic 'feeding' receptor distinct from previously cloned Y-type receptors. "	( A receptor subtype involved in neuropeptide-Y-induced food intake. Batzl-Hartmann, C; Branchek, TA; Criscione, L; Durkin, MM; Gerald, C; Gustafson, EL; Hofbauer, KG; Laz, TM; Linemeyer, DL; Schaffhauser, AO; Smith, KE; Taber, RI; Vaysse, P; Walker, MW; Weinshank, RL; Whitebread, S, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y is a regulatory peptide found in adrenergic and non-adrenergic neurons. "	( Differential increase in neuropeptide Y-like levels and myenteric neuronal staining in diabetic rat intestine. Eaker, EY; Kalra, SP; Marchand, SD; Sahu, A; Sallustio, JE; Sninsky, CA, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y is a sympathetic co-neurotransmitter released with noradrenaline upon sympathetic nerve stimulation. "	( alpha-Trinositol: a functional (non-receptor) neuropeptide Y antagonist in vasculature. Edvinsson, L; Erlinge, D; Fellström, B; Hedner, T; Sun, X; Wahlestedt, C; Yoo, H; You, J, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 aminoacid peptide known to inhibit glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. "	( Neuropeptide Y secretion from a human insulinoma. Gomez, F; Grouzmann, E; Haefliger, JA; Hurlimann, J; Nicod, P; Waeber, G, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y is a cotransmitter in the sympathetic nervous system with potent contractile effects on blood vessels. "	( Neuropeptide Y and hypertension. Erlinge, D; Thulin, T, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a highly potent endogenous peptide which when injected into the medial hypothalamus causes spontaneous eating behaviour and an intense fall in body temperature (Tb). "	( Antisense to NPY-Y1 demonstrates that Y1 receptors in the hypothalamus underlie NPY hypothermia and feeding in rats. Griffin-Biggs, TA; Ice, JC; Lopez-Valpuesta, FJ; Myers, RD; Nyce, JW, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a cotransmitter in noradrenergic neurotransmission."	( Changes of neuropeptide Y messenger RNA and peptide by drugs influencing endogenous norepinephrine content in cerebrocortex of the rat. Chang, TK; Cheng, JT; Niu, CS, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a widely distributed neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( Dexamethasone-induced neuropeptide Y expression in rat islet endocrine cells. Rapid reversibility and partial prevention by insulin. Ahrén, B; Myrsén, U; Sundler, F, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor peptide possibly involved in the regulation of renal sodium handling and renin release. "	( Effects of neuropeptide Y on intrarenal hemodynamics, plasma renin activity and urinary sodium excretion in rats. Aubert, JF; Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Diezi, J; Evéquoz, D; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide residing in sympathetic nerve terminals, originating from the superior cervical ganglion in oral tissues. "	( Neuropeptide Y expression in the trigeminal ganglion and mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve after inferior alveolar nerve axotomy in young rats. Fristad, I; Heyeraas, KJ; Kvinnsland, IH, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuromodulator implicated in the control of energy balance and is overproduced in the hypothalamus of ob/ob mice."	( Attenuation of the obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice by the loss of neuropeptide Y. Erickson, JC; Hollopeter, G; Palmiter, RD, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an amidated 36-amino acid peptide with a wide distribution in the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( Neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes. Lau, BH; Wan, CP, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-residue-long neuropeptide which has been implicated in the regulation of feeding behavior and modulation of the circadian rhythm. "	( Characterization of endogenous neuropeptide Y in rat hippocampus and its metabolism by nanospray mass spectrometry. Hellman, U; Silberring, J; Stenfors, C, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent inhibitor of neurotransmitter release through the Y2 receptor subtype. "	( Characterization of a selective antagonist of neuropeptide Y at the Y2 receptor. Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of a Y2 antagonist. Buclin, T; Cannizzaro, C; Dörner, B; Grouzmann, E; Martire, M; Mutter, M; Razaname, A, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent pressor agent that is stored in the sympathetic nerves. "	( Neuropeptide Y-mediated pressor responses following high-frequency stimulation of the rat sympathetic nervous system. Kennedy, B; Shen, GH; Ziegler, MG, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful inducer of food intake with a key site of action in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus. "	( Interaction of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus and central nucleus of the amygdala in naloxone blockade of neuropeptide Y-induced feeding revealed by c-fos expression. Billington, CJ; Levine, AS; Pomonis, JD, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide hormone that is expressed, stored, and released in sympathetic neurones together with noradrenaline. "	( Elevated plasma concentrations of neuropeptide Y in children and adults with chronic and terminal renal failure. Bald, M; Gerigk, M; Rascher, W, 1997)
"As neuropeptide Y is a potent orexigenic agent, this hypothalamic defect explains why obese rodents are hyperphagic."	( Central nervous system and body weight regulation. Jeanrenaud, B; Rohner-Jeanrenaud, E, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a co-transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system including the renal nerves. "	( Renal effects of neuropeptide Y. Bischoff, A; Michel, MC, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor peptide and a cotransmitter with norepinephrine (NE) in sympathetic nerve terminals and is thought to be involved in sympathetic nerve stimulation (SNS)-induced vasoconstriction. "	( Direct evidence for the role of neuropeptide Y in sympathetic nerve stimulation-induced vasoconstriction. Chen, X; Cox, BF; Han, S; Naes, L; Westfall, T; Yang, CL, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y is a neurotransmitter in both the central nervous system and the enteric nervous system. "	( Distribution of the NPY receptor subtype Y1 within human colon: evidence for NPY targeting a subpopulation of nitrergic neurons. Krantis, A; Peaire, AE; Staines, WA, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid neurotransmitter which is widely distributed throughout the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( Cardiovascular response, feeding behavior and locomotor activity in mice lacking the NPY Y1 receptor. Aubert, JF; Beermann, F; Brunner, HR; Grouzmann, E; Künstner, P; Pedrazzini, T; Seydoux, J, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique modulator of renal function that enhances urine flow and sodium excretion despite marked reductions in renal blood flow. "	( Indomethacin inhibits the natriuretic effects of neuropeptide Y in anesthetized rats. Bischoff, A; Limmroth, V; Michel, MC, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (1-36), NPY, is a sympathetic vasoconstrictor whose activities in blood vessels is determined by the presence of vasoconstrictive Y1 receptors and the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), which converts NPY to non-vasoconstrictive peptides. "	( Endogenous neuropeptide Y mediates vasoconstriction during endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock. Dayao, EK; Hauser, GJ; Qureshi, NU; Shirali, S; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a hexatriacontapeptide amide that is now well characterized as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system (CNS). "	( Neuropeptide Y levels in ethanol-naive alcohol-preferring and nonpreferring rats and in Wistar rats after ethanol exposure. Ehlers, CL; Hwang, BH; Jimenez, P; Li, TK; Lumeng, L; Mathé, AA; Somes, C, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important hypothalamic stimulator of food intake and body weight gain, and its levels are decreased by elevated insulin."	( Hypothalamic insulin and neuropeptide Y in the offspring of gestational diabetic mother rats. Dörner, G; Harder, T; Melchior, K; Plagemann, A; Rake, A; Rittel, F; Rohde, W, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a sympathetic neurotransmitter released with noradrenaline during sympathetic stimulation. "	( The effects of age on human venous responsiveness to neuropeptide Y. Arnold, JM; Callow, ID; Feng, QP; Lambert, ML, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide that has been demonstrated to produce anxiolytic effects when administered centrally. "	( Innate differences of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hypothalamic nuclei and central nucleus of the amygdala between selectively bred rats with high and low alcohol preference. Ehlers, CL; Hwang, BH; Li, TK; Lumeng, L; Zhang, JK, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide that is abundant in the brain and the peripheral sympathetic nervous system. "	( Elevated plasma immunoreactive neuropeptide Y concentrations and its increased urinary excretion in patients with advanced diabetic nephropathy. Fukuda, M; Mouri, T; Murakami, O; Nagakubo, H; Ogawa, S; Ohneda, M; Sato, T; Satoh, C; Satoh, F; Sone, M; Sugimura, K; Takahashi, K; Totsune, K; Yabe, T, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important regulator of energy balance in mammals through its orexigenic, antithermogenic, and insulin secretagogue actions. "	( Regulation of neuropeptide Y release by neuropeptide Y receptor ligands and calcium channel antagonists in hypothalamic slices. Doods, HN; King, PJ; Widdowson, PS; Williams, G, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a key modulator of the autonomic nervous system playing pivotal roles in cardiovascular and neuronal functions. "	( Cellular localization, expression and regulation of neuropeptide Y in kidneys of hypertensive rats. Braissant, O; Grouzmann, E; Haefliger, JA; Nicod, P; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B; Waeber, G, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent endogenous stimulator of food intake. "	( Intraventricular neuropeptide Y decreases need-induced sodium appetite and increases pica in rats. Madden, LJ; Seeley, RJ; Woods, SC, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a polypeptide containing 36 amino acids. "	( Effects of neuropeptide Y on appetite. Ficek, R; Kokot, F, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an established modulator of renal function. "	( Neuropeptide Y enhances potassium excretion by mechanisms distinct from those controlling sodium excretion. Bischoff, A; Michel, MC, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y is a potent vasoconstrictive substance that is released in response to sympathetic nerve stimulation."	( Increased concentrations of plasma neuropeptide Y in patients with eclampsia and preeclampsia. Begum, A; Belayet, HM; Bhuiyan, AB; Jahan, S; Kanayama, N; Khatun, S; Kobayashi, T; Terao, T, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic peptide. "	( Novel expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y during postnatal development in the rat. Brogan, RS; Grove, KL; Kuper, J; Singer, LK; Smith, MS, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a centrally acting neuromodulator that influences both consummatory behaviors and anxiety. "	( Increases in sucrose consumption, but not ethanol consumption, following ICV NPY administration. Betancourt, M; Ehlers, CL; Slawecki, CJ; Walpole, T, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a CRF secretagogue for human placental cells in culture. "	( Characterization of neuropeptide Y-mediated corticotropin-releasing factor synthesis and release from human placental trophoblasts. Lafond, J; Masse, A; Robidoux, J; Simoneau, L; St-Pierre, S, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neuromodulator in the central and peripheral nervous system. "	( Monitoring of the internalization of neuropeptide Y on neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-MC. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Fabry, M; Höcker, H; Langer, M; Rothen-Rutishauser, B; Wunderli-Allenspach, H, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a cotransmitter with noradrenaline in guinea pig inferior mesenteric vein. "	( Neuropeptide Y is a cotransmitter with norepinephrine in guinea pig inferior mesenteric vein. Bobalova, J; Mutafova-Yambolieva, VN; Smyth, L; Ward, SM, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid amidated peptide which has now emerged as an important regulator of feeding behaviour. "	( The role of NPY in metabolic homeostasis: implications for obesity therapy. Doods, HN; Hamilton, BS; Krist, B; Wieland, HA, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid peptide that is widely and abundantly expressed in the central nervous system of all vertebrates investigated. "	( Molecular evolution of the neuropeptide Y (NPY) family of peptides: cloning of three NPY-related peptides from the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Carrillo, M; Cerdá-Reverter, JM; Larhammar, D; Martínez-Rodríguez, G; Zanuy, S, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful orexigenic factor, and alphaMSH is a melanocortin (MC) peptide that induces satiety by activating the MC4 receptor subtype. "	( Chronic blockade of the melanocortin 4 receptor subtype leads to obesity independently of neuropeptide Y action, with no adverse effects on the gonadotropic and somatotropic axes. Aubert, ML; Broqua, P; Castillo, E; d'Alleves, V; Pralong, FP; Raposinho, PD, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide released in central and peripheral mammalian neurons, which appears to contribute to adiposity regulation by increasing food intake, thus promoting weight gain on animals. "	( A new NPY-antagonist strongly stimulates apoptosis and lipolysis on white adipocytes in an obesity model. Aguado, M; Aldana, I; Margareto, J; Marti, A; Martínez, JA; Monge, A; Osés-Prieto, JA; Rivero, I, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important vasoconstrictor in the cerebral circulation. "	( Neuropeptide Y-mediated constriction and dilation in rat middle cerebral arteries. Bryan, RM; Edvinsson, L; You, J, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a key factor in the neurochemical control of food intake, and obstructive cholestasis can be associated with disturbances in food intake. "	( Decreased orexigenic response to neuropeptide Y in rats with obstructive cholestasis. Le, T; Rioux, KP; Swain, MG, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent feeding stimulant acting at the level of the hypothalamus. "	( Does neuropeptide Y contribute to the anorectic action of amylin? Morris, MJ; Nguyen, T, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide neurotransmitter mediating feeding behavior and vasoconstriction."	( Y(1)-mediated effect of neuropeptide Y in cancer: breast carcinomas as targets. Gugger, M; Reubi, JC; Schaer, JC; Waser, B, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y, which is a cotransmitter with norepinephrine and epinephrine, is found in sympathetic neurons that are closely associated with and presumably innervate the juxtagolmerular cells."	( Peptides and neurotransmitters that affect renin secretion. Bahnson, TD; Ganong, WF; Porter, JP; Said, SI, 1984)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid neuropeptide that exerts its activity by at least five different receptor subtypes that belong to the family of G-protein-coupled receptors. "	( A Y2 receptor mimetic aptamer directed against neuropeptide Y. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Famulok, M; Höfliger, M; Proske, D; Söll, RM, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent modulator of excitatory synaptic transmission and limbic seizures. "	( Y5 receptors mediate neuropeptide Y actions at excitatory synapses in area CA3 of the mouse hippocampus. Baraban, SC; Castro, PA; Guo, H; Palmiter, RD, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a putative neuroregulator of the reproductive axis in the central nervous system. "	( Intracerebroventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y up-regulates synthesis and accumulation of luteinizing hormone but not follicle stimulating hormone in the pituitary cells of prepubertal female lambs. Counis, R; Lerrant, Y; Polkowska, J; Starzec, A; Wańkowska, M; Wójcik-Gładysz, A, 2002)
"As neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a common sympathetic co-transmitter, we investigated the effect of NPY on injured DRG neurons."	( Neuropeptide Y inhibits the hyperexcitability of type A neurons in chronically compressed dorsal root ganglion of the rat. Hu, S; Jiao, X; Tong, Y; Xu, H; Zhang, X, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent bioactive peptide that is widely expressed in the nervous system, including the retina. "	( Distribution and synaptic connectivity of neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive amacrine cells in the rat retina. Brecha, NC; Chun, MH; D'Angelo, I; Lee, EJ; Oh, SJ, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y is a widely distributed neuropeptide that elicits a plethora of physiological effects via interaction with six different receptors (Y(1)-y(6)). "	( Neuropeptide Y receptors as targets for anti-obesity drug development: perspective and current status. Parker, E; Stamford, A; Van Heek, M, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuropeptide with high distribution in the cardiovascular system of mammals, where it modulates heart and vessel contractility. "	( The direct stimulation of Gi proteins by neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the rat left ventricle. Banchelli, G; Matucci, R; Pirisino, R; Raimondi, L; Stillitano, F, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a polypeptide found in the peripheral and central nervous system and is involved in the regulation of feeding. "	( Novel sesquiterpenoids from the fermentation of Xylaria persicaria are selective ligands for the NPY Y5 receptor. Bills, GF; Dombrowski, AW; MacNeil, DJ; Morin, NR; Salituro, GM; Smith, CJ; Smith, SK; Zhao, A, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter in sympathetic nerve fibers in human nasal mucosa. "	( Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor in human nasal mucosa. Baraniuk, JN; Barnes, PJ; Kaliner, MA; Silver, PB, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important central and peripheral modulator of neural and endocrine functions. "	( Neuropeptide Y1 subtype pharmacology of a recombinantly expressed neuropeptide receptor. Eva, C; Krause, J; Seeburg, PH; Sprengel, R, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a known endogenous stimulator of feeding behavior and is elevated in the hypothalamus of food-deprived rats."	( Hypothalamic mechanism for cobalt protoporphyrin-induced hypophagia and weight loss: inhibition of the feeding response to NPY. Chua, SC; Galbraith, RA; Kappas, A, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y is a co-transmitter with noradrenaline in sympathetic neurons supplying arteries and veins with potent contractile effects. "	( Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity and hypertension. Edvinsson, L; Ekman, R; Erlinge, D; Thulin, T, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful appetite stimulant, and hypothalamic concentrations rise after food deprivation and in experimental diabetes. "	( Dexfenfluramine treatment and hypothalamic neuropeptides in diet-induced obesity in rats. Bloom, SR; Ghatei, MA; Gilbey, SG; Jones, PM; Mannan, MM; Wilding, JP, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major hypothalamic peptide which is implicated in the regulation of energy balance and in the activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary adrenal axis. "	( The effect of dexamethasone on neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions. Cotton, SJ; McCarthy, HD; McKibbin, PE; Williams, G, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a powerful vasoconstrictor in vivo but is usually much less active on isolated blood vessels. "	( Unmasking the vasoconstrictor response to neuropeptide Y and its interaction with vasodilating agents in vitro. Grundemar, L; Högestätt, ED, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y is an important regulator of energy intake and expenditure. "	( Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y regulation of feeding and energy metabolism. Billington, CJ; Levine, AS, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y is a potent central orexigenic agent and may therefore stimulate appetite during fasting."	( Peripheral insulin administration attenuates the increase in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus of fasted rats. Malabu, UH; McCarthy, HD; McKibbin, PE; Williams, G, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an abundant and widespread neuropeptide in the nervous system of mammals. "	( Strong evolutionary conservation of neuropeptide Y: sequences of chicken, goldfish, and Torpedo marmorata DNA clones. Blomqvist, AG; Larhammar, D; Lundell, I; Milner, RJ; Söderberg, C, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a strong stimulant of feed intake in sheep as well as in rodents. "	( Recent advances in the central control of intake in ruminants. Miner, JL, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important hypothalamic regulator of feeding behavior. "	( Effects of repeated administration of mifepristone and 8-OH-DPAT on expression of preproneuropeptide Y mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of obese Zucker rats. Huupponen, R; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Rouru, J, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent natural orexigenic signal in the rat. "	( Structure-function analysis of stimulation of food intake by neuropeptide Y: effects of receptor agonists. Dube, MG; Fournier, A; Kalra, PS; Kalra, SP, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an important neuropeptide in both central and peripheral neurones whereas peptide YY (PYY) is a gut hormone present in endocrine cells in the lower bowel. "	( Solubilization and affinity purification of the Y2 receptor for neuropeptide Y and peptide YY from rabbit kidney. Hansen, AP; Sheikh, SP; Williams, JA, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y is a peptide isolated from brain and neural tissue around human coronary arteries. "	( Haemodynamic effects of intracoronary neuropeptide Y in dogs: resistance to alpha adrenergic blockade. Patterson, RE; Stack, RK, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid, C-terminal amidated peptide that is found in bulbospinal pathways and can inhibit the release of the primary afferent C-fiber neurotransmitter, substance P. "	( The antinociceptive effects of spinally administered neuropeptide Y in the rat: systematic studies on structure-activity relationship. Boublik, JH; Brown, MR; Hua, XY; Rivier, JE; Spicer, MA; Yaksh, TL, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique 36 amino acid peptide with strong sequence homology to pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. "	( Inhibition of rat pancreatic exocrine secretion by neuropeptide Y: studies in vivo and in vitro. Lally, K; Mulholland, MW; Taborsky, GJ, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a well-established vasopressor agent present in sympathetic perivascular nerves. "	( C-terminal neuropeptide Y fragments are mast cell-dependent vasodepressor agents. Grundemar, L; Håkanson, R; Shen, GH; Wahlestedt, C; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique peptide with wide distribution in central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Inhibition of acetylcholine release from guinea pig myenteric neurons by neuropeptide Y: GTP-binding protein mediation. Jaffer, S; Mulholland, MW, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide found in a variety of hypothalamic loci which is frequently colocalized with catecholamines. "	( Physiologically significant effect of neuropeptide Y to suppress growth hormone release by stimulating somatostatin discharge. Aguila, MC; McCann, SM; Milenkovic, L; Rettori, V, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major hypothalamic peptide which powerfully stimulates feeding when injected into the hypothalamus and is implicated in circadian rhythmicity. "	( Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in the lateral hypothalamic area of the rat after the onset of darkness: possible relevance to the circadian periodicity of feeding behavior. McKibbin, PE; Rogers, P; Williams, G, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide present in the brain, the adrenal medulla and peripheral sympathetic nerves. "	( The role of neuropeptide Y in cardiovascular regulation. Burnier, M; Grouzmann, E; Waeber, B; Walker, P, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y is a neurotransmitter in enteric and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. "	( Effect of neuropeptide Y on jejunal water and ion transport in humans. Eherer, A; Hinterleitner, T; Holzer-Petsche, U; Krejs, GJ; Petritsch, W; Sperk, G, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a member of the pancreatic polypeptide family and consists of 36 amino acids, sharing sequence homologies with the putative gut hormone peptides YY and PP. "	( Neuropeptide Y and behaviour: effects of intrastriatal NPY on circling behaviour of rats. Beninger, RJ; Merali, Z; Moore, E, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide originally isolated from porcine brain and subsequently shown to be widely distributed in the body of several species, including man. "	( Physiological role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in control of anterior pituitary hormone release in the rat. McCann, SM; Milenkovic, L; Rettori, V; Riedel, M, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y is a peptide found in a variety of hypothalamic loci which is frequently colocalized with catecholamines. "	( The role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in control of gonadotropin and prolactin release in the rat. McCann, SM; Milenković, L; Rettori, V; Riedel, M, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide first isolated and characterized from porcine brain extracts. "	( Neuropeptide Y: localization in the central nervous system and neuroendocrine functions. Breton, B; Danger, JM; Fasolo, A; Jenks, BG; Martel, JC; Pelletier, G; Quirion, R; Saint-Pierre, S; Tonon, MC; Vaudry, H, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide recently discovered in the peripheral and central nervous systems."	( Neuropeptide Y and neuron-specific enolase levels in benign and malignant pheochromocytomas. Bohuon, C; Comoy, E; Gicquel, C; Grouzmann, E; Plouin, PF; Schlumberger, M, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent orexigenic agent capable of producing hyperphagia and obesity. "	( Increased hypothalamic content of preproneuropeptide Y messenger ribonucleic acid in genetically obese Zucker rats and its regulation by food deprivation. Finkelstein, JA; Kershaw, M; Sanacora, G; White, JD, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor."	( Vasomotor responses of rat intracerebral arterioles to vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, neuropeptide Y, and bradykinin. Bassett, JE; Dacey, RG; Takayasu, M, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a cotransmitter with noradrenaline in perivascular sympathetic nerves. "	( Characterization of neuropeptide Y receptors in rabbit kidney: preliminary comparisons with rat and human kidney. Leys, K; Miles, CM; Schachter, M; Sever, PS, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y is a potent vasoconstrictor and may be involved in the regulation of coronary blood flow."	( Regulation of release and function of neuropeptides in the heart. Archelos, J; Lang, RE; Reinecke, M; Xiang, JZ, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a unique 36-amino acid peptide found in high concentrations in brain and peripheral neurons. "	( Mechanism of neuropeptide Y inhibition of vasopressin action in rat cortical collecting tubule. Anderson, RJ; Dillingham, MA, 1989)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) appears to be a transmitter of the sympathetic nervous system, and its actions are similar to those of alpha 2-adrenergic receptor stimulation. "	( Interaction between alpha 2-adrenergic and NPY receptor pathways in human erythroleukemia cells. Michel, MC; Motulsky, HJ, 1989)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide which was shown to enhance memory retention, recall and prevent amnesia induced by either scopolamine or anisomycin. "	( Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y varies with brain injection site. Baker, ML; Flood, JF; Hernandez, EN; Morley, JE, 1989)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide contained in sympathetic nerve terminals and is co-released with norepinephrine. "	( Renal actions of neuropeptide Y in the primate. Dandridge, PF; Echtenkamp, SF, 1989)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide amide isolated from porcine brain. "	( Synthesis and biological properties of 4-norleucine-neuropeptide Y; secondary structure of neuropeptide Y. Balasubramaniam, A; Carreira, LA; Dobbs, JC; Fischer, JE; Nussbaum, MS; Rapaka, RS; Renugopalakrishnan, V; Rigel, DF, 1989)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently discovered neuropeptide with vasoconstrictor effects when given in vivo. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in guinea pig uterus is reduced during pregnancy in parallel with noradrenergic nerves. Fried, G; Goldstein, M; Hökfelt, T; Terenius, L, 1985)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide, widely distributed throughout the brain and is found in hypothalamic neurones. "	( Neuropeptide Y directly inhibits growth hormone secretion by human pituitary somatotropic tumours. Adams, EF; Burrin, JM; Lacoumenta, S; Venetikou, MS; Woods, CA, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently discovered polypeptide found in neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in especially high concentrations in the biliary tree. "	( Neuropeptide Y: a candidate neurotransmitter for biliary motility. Lillemoe, KD; Pitt, HA; Webb, TH, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NYP) is a 36 amino acid peptide which shares considerable sequence homology with pancreatic polypeptide and peptide YY. "	( Neuropeptide Y: anatomical distribution and possible function in mammalian nervous system. Gray, TS; Morley, JE, 1986)
"Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide that is abundant throughout the mammalian nervous system. "	( Structure and expression of the rat neuropeptide Y gene. Ericsson, A; Larhammar, D; Persson, H, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a peptide with vasoconstrictor properties known to be present in the central nervous system as well as in sympathetic nerve endings and the adrenal medulla. "	( Effects of a nonpressor dose of neuropeptide Y on cardiac output, regional blood flow distribution and plasma renin, vasopressin and catecholamine levels. Aubert, JF; Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Burris, JF; Dipette, DJ; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor peptide known to be present in the adrenal medulla, the terminal nerve endings, and in plasma. "	( Neuropeptide Y prevents the blood pressure fall induced by endotoxin in conscious rats with adrenal medullectomy. Aubert, JF; Brunner, HR; Evéquoz, D; Flückiger, JP; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a vasoconstrictor present in the sympatho-adrenomedullary system and may be co-released with norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) during sympathetic activation. "	( Differential plasma catecholamine and neuropeptide Y responses to acute stress in rats. Konarska, M; McCarty, R; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino-acid polypeptide which coexists with catecholamines in many adrenergic and noradrenergic neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y is a vasoconstrictor of human coronary arteries. Atkinson, JR; Light, RT; Robertson, D; Robertson, RM; Tseng, CJ, 1988)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid neuronal peptide which has previously been described within a subset of sympathetic neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y gene expression in PC12 cells and its regulation by nerve growth factor: a model for developmental regulation. Allen, JM; Heinrich, G; Martin, JB, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36-amino acid peptide found co-localised with catecholamines in many sympathetic postganglionic nerves. "	( Cardiac vagal action and plasma levels of neuropeptide Y following intravenous injection in the dog. Potter, EK, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a 36 amino acid peptide which occurs in high concentrations in the amygdala and the hippocampus. "	( Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Flood, JF; Hernandez, EN; Morley, JE, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a major gut peptide localized in the intestinal mucosa of several mammalian species. "	( Neuropeptide Y: a powerful modulator of epithelial ion transport. Friel, DD; Miller, RJ; Walker, MW, 1986)
"Neuropeptide Y is a 36-amino acid peptide that is found in high concentrations in cerebral cortex and is contained in cortical neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity is reduced in cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease. Beal, MF; Bird, ED; Chattha, GK; Martin, JB; Mazurek, MF; Svendsen, CN, 1986)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a potent stimulator of food and water intake in rats. "	( Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rat. Gosnell, BA; Grace, M; Kneip, J; Levine, AS; Morley, JE, 1987)
"Neuropeptide Y is a 36 amino acid peptide which is distributed unevenly throughout the brain and has an interneuronal location."	( Neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in neuritic plaques of Alzheimer's disease. Dawbarn, D; Emson, PC, 1985)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently isolated vasoactive peptide, which is present, together with catecholamines, in sympathetic nerves and in the adrenal medulla. "	( Mechanisms underlying changes in the contents of neuropeptide Y in cardiovascular nerves and adrenal gland induced by sympatholytic drugs. Franco-Cereceda, A; Lundberg, JM; Saria, A; Theodorsson-Norheim, E, 1985)

Excerpt	Reference
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a modulatory role in learning and memory, and is involved in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. "	( Plasma neuropeptide Y and cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke. Bi, Y; Dong, W; Ju, Z; Lu, Y; Peng, Y; Xu, T; Zhai, Y; Zhang, Y; Zhong, C; Zhong, X, 2022)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important role in neuroprotection against neurodegenerative diseases."	( Neuropeptide Y mitigates ER stress-induced neuronal cell death by activating the PI3K-XBP1 pathway. Hong, SH; Kim, B; Lee, DS; Lee, DY; Lee, KS; Yu, K, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a critical role in the maintenance of homeostasis in the immune system and coping of stress condition."	( Association study of two functional single nucleotide polymorphisms of neuropeptide y gene with multiple sclerosis. Behmanesh, M; Dosti, R; Mohammadi, SM; Sahraian, MA; Shirvani Farsani, Z, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important role in appetite and body weight regulation."	( Association study of arcuate nucleus neuropeptide Y neuron receptor gene variation and serum NPY levels in clozapine treated patients with schizophrenia. Hämäläinen, M; Kampman, O; Klemettilä, JP; Lehtimäki, T; Leinonen, E; Lyytikäinen, LP; Moilanen, E; Mononen, N; Seppälä, N; Solismaa, A; Viikki, M, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a number of functions in vertebrate physiology and also plays important roles in different sensory systems."	( First detection of neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in the lateral line: presence and distribution in the neuromasts of the Antarctic notothenioid fish Trematomus bernacchii. Bottaro, M; Ferrando, S; Gallus, L; Gambardella, C; Ravera, S; Tagliafierro, G; Vacchi, M, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has an important but still insufficiently defined role in pain modulation. "	( Attenuation of pain-related behavior evoked by injury through blockade of neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor. Kostić, S; Puljak, L; Sapunar, D; Vukojević, K, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a potent inhibitory effect on TRH gene expression in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and contributes to the fall in circulating thyroid hormone levels during fasting mediated by a reduction in serum leptin levels. "	( Central administration of neuropeptide Y reduces alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-induced cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation in pro-thyrotropin-releasing hormone neurons and increases CREB phospho Lechan, RM; Sarkar, S, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y has a role in alcohol intake and dependence. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in alcohol intake and dependence. Thorsell, A, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a single nucleotide polymorphism at T1128C, leading to change of Leucine7 to Proline7. "	( Neuropeptide Y signal peptide Pro7 substitution protects against coronary artery atherosclerosis: the Helsinki Sudden Death Study. Ilveskoski, E; Karhunen, PJ; Lehtimäki, T; Mikkelsson, J; Pörsti, I; Viiri, LE, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y has a high degree of sequence homology with peptide YY (70%), the newly isolated porcine intestinal peptide, and pancreatic polypeptide (50%)."	( Neuropeptide Y: complete amino acid sequence of the brain peptide. Tatemoto, K, 1982)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a potent orexigenic effect when administered either into the third ventricle or directly into hypothalamic nuclei, but the mechanism by which NPY increases intakes is poorly understood. "	( Neuropeptide Y fails to increase intraoral intake in rats. Payne, CJ; Seeley, RJ; Woods, SC, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a stimulatory effect on adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) release. "	( Neuropeptide Y increases the corticotropin-releasing factor messenger ribonucleic acid level in the rat hypothalamus. Demura, H; Iwai, I; Nakano, Y; Sato, Y; Suda, T; Sumitomo, T; Tozawa, F; Yamada, M, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a wide and specific distribution both in the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( Sodium ions attenuate the inhibitory effects of neuropeptide Y on norepinephrine release in rat hypothalamus. Goldstein, M; Masuyama, Y; Tsuda, K; Tsuda, S, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a number of functions in mammalian physiology. "	( Neuropeptide Y functions as a neuroproliferative factor. Eipper, BA; Hansel, DE; Ronnett, GV, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has a wide and specific distribution in the central nervous system, and is colocalized with catecholamines in specific neuronal systems. "	( Modulation of noradrenergic transmission by neuropeptide Y and presynaptic alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in the hypothalamus of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Goldstein, M; Masuyama, Y; Nishio, I; Tsuda, K; Tsuda, S, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated to be involved in the modulation of pain and emotion, and may play a role in migraine pathophysiology."	( Neuropeptide Y in the medial habenula alleviates migraine-like behaviors through the Y1 receptor. Dong, Z; Gong, Z; Han, X; Li, B; Miao, S; Wang, L; Wang, T; Xie, W; Yang, C; Yu, S; Zhang, X, 2023)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to have a prominent role in the control of bone formation through the regulation of osteoblast activity. "	( Neuropeptide Y knockdown in the dorsomedial hypothalamus improved basal and obesity-induced decrease in bone mass density. Chen, P; Cui, Z; Duan, X; Mei, X; Qin, Q; Wang, J; Wang, S; Xie, B; Zhang, J; Zhang, S, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been well known to induce Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy (CH), which is possibly caused by disruption of cardiac cell energy balance. "	( Neuropeptide Y Induces Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Hu, J; Li, C; Xie, S; Xie, Y; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z; Zhu, S; Zuo, Y, 2020)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has been recognized as one of the most critical molecules in the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucose metabolism. "	( Regulation of Pancreatic β-Cell Function by the NPY System. Galic, S; Loh, K; Oakhill, JS; Onda, DA; Scott, JW; Yang, CH, 2021)
"Neuropeptide Y has been shown to negatively regulate bone formation, with amygdala specific deletion of the Y2 receptor resulting in increased bone mass in mice."	( Neuropeptide Y Y2 antagonist treated ovariectomized mice exhibit greater bone mineral density. Brothers, SP; Carlsson, SK; Halley, PG; Hernandez, M; Pang, M; Rodríguez, MA; Seldeen, KL; Suva, LJ; Troen, BR; Volmar, CH; Wahlestedt, C, 2018)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported as a vasoconstrictive substance which might be associated with preeclampsia. "	( Placental Neuropeptide Y ( NPY) and NPY receptors expressions and serum NPY levels in preeclampsia. Chatree, S; Churintaraphan, M; Keadkraichaiwat, I; Klinjampa, R; Lertbunnaphong, T; Sitticharoon, C; Souvannavong-Vilivong, X; Sripong, C, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated to exert stress buffering effects and promote resilience. "	( Intranasal Neuropeptide Y Blunts Lipopolysaccharide-Evoked Sickness Behavior but Not the Immune Response in Mice. Farzi, A; Fröhlich, EE; Holzer, P; Reichmann, F; Zenz, G, 2019)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been associated with stress reactivity in affective disorders and is most densely expressed in the amygdala. "	( Interaction of neuropeptide Y genotype and childhood emotional maltreatment on brain activity during emotional processing. Aleman, A; Kortekaas, R; Opmeer, EM; Penninx, BW; van Buchem, MA; van der Wee, NJ; van Tol, MJ; Veltman, DJ; Woudstra, S, 2014)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in depression, emotional processing and stress response. "	( Allele-specific programming of Npy and epigenetic effects of physical activity in a genetic model of depression. Åberg, E; Brené, S; Lavebratt, C; Lennartsson, A; Mannervik, M; Mathé, AA; Melas, PA; Rogdaki, M; Vakifahmetoglu-Norberg, H; Wegener, G; Wei, Y; Werme, M, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of neuroprotection, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation."	( Association of age at onset in Huntington disease with functional promoter variations in NPY and NPY2R. Akkad, DA; Arning, L; Epplen, JT; Kloster, E; Saft, C, 2014)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of pain. "	( Novel expression pattern of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the peripheral nervous system in a rat model of neuropathic pain. Hung, SP; Magnussen, C; Ribeiro-da-Silva, A, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to exert potent neuroprotective effects by multiple pathways associated with the MJD mechanisms of disease."	( Neuropeptide Y mitigates neuropathology and motor deficits in mouse models of Machado-Joseph disease. Cavadas, C; Cunha-Santos, J; den Dunnen, WF; Duarte-Neves, J; Gonçalves, N; Hirai, H; Kügler, S; Pereira de Almeida, L; Simões, AT, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to play a critical role in various mental functions as a neurotransmitter and is involved in the development of schizophrenia, a particularly intractable psychiatric disease whose precise etiology remains unknown. "	( Neuropeptide Y neuronal network dysfunction in the frontal lobe of a genetic mouse model of schizophrenia. Fujishiro, H; Habuchi, C; Iritani, S; Kaibuchi, K; Kuroda, K; Morosawa, S; Ozaki, N; Sekiguchi, H; Torii, Y, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in depression, anxiety, and memory. "	( Positive correlation between the density of neuropeptide y positive neurons in the amygdala and parameters of self-reported anxiety and depression in mesiotemporal lobe epilepsy patients. Elger, CE; Frisch, C; Hanke, J; Helmstaedter, C; Kaaden, S; Kleinerüschkamp, S; Röske, S; Schramm, J; Yilmazer-Hanke, DM, 2009)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated to have critical roles in the physiological control of appetite and energy homeostasis through NPY Y1, Y2, Y4 and Y5 receptors. "	( Modulation of neuropeptide Y receptors for the treatment of obesity. Ando, M; Mashiko, S; Ogino, Y; Sato, N, 2009)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has been largely studied in relation to affective disorders, in particular for its role in the mechanisms regulating the pathophysiology of anxiety and depression and in the stress-related behaviours. "	( Chronic psychosocial stress alters NPY system: different effects in rat and tree shrew. Abumaria, N; Caberlotto, L; Domenici, E; Fuchs, E; Rygula, R; Zambello, E, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to play a role in the pathomechanism of both anxiety and depression. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene: Impact on emotional processing and treatment response in anxious depression. Arolt, V; Bauer, J; Baune, BT; Dannlowski, U; Deckert, J; Domschke, K; Heindel, W; Hohoff, C; Kugel, H; Ohrmann, P; Suslow, T; Zwanzger, P, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been found to be anxiolytic in animals and humans. "	( NPY moderates the relation between hurricane exposure and generalized anxiety disorder in an epidemiologic sample of hurricane-exposed adults. Acierno, R; Amstadter, AB; Galea, S; Gelernter, J; Kilpatrick, DG; Koenen, KC; Ruggiero, KJ, 2010)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system has been implicated in the regulation of bone homeostasis and osteoblast activity, but the mechanism behind this is unclear. "	( Critical role for Y1 receptors in mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation and osteoblast activity. Baldock, PA; Doyle, KL; Enriquez, RF; Herzog, H; Hort, YJ; Lee, NJ; Riepler, SJ; Sainsbury, A, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) gene has been shown to have a critical role in the regulation of satiety, reproduction, central endocrine and cardiovascular systems. "	( Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphisms are not associated with obesity in a South Indian population. Bhaskar, LV; Kumar, KP; Pardhasaradhi, G; Rao, VR; Singh, L; Thangaraj, K, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported to be a potent anti-inflammatory peptide with ability to directly modulate activity of granulocytes and macrophages. "	( Neuropeptide Y modulates functions of inflammatory cells in the rat: distinct role for Y1, Y2 and Y5 receptors. Dimitrijević, M; Kuštrimović, N; Mitić, K; Stanojević, S; Vujić, V, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to induce contraction of isolated human penile erectile tissue and potentiate the response to noradrenaline. "	( Systemic and cavernous plasma levels of neuropeptide Y during sexual arousal in healthy males. Becker, AJ; Kuczyk, MA; Soyk, L; Stief, CG; Trottmann, M; Ückert, S, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been investigated as a potential pharmacotherapeutic due to its ability to attenuate ethanol intake, particularly when administered into the CeA."	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) does not affect ethanol-reinforced responding in binge-drinking, nondependent rats. Czachowski, CL; Henderson, AN, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like behaviour as well as seizure-suppressant effects in rodents. "	( Y5 neuropeptide Y receptor overexpression in mice neither affects anxiety- and depression-like behaviours nor seizures but confers moderate hyperactivity. Christiansen, SH; Gøtzsche, CR; Holst, B; Kokaia, M; Olesen, MV; Woldbye, DP, 2012)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been suggested to act as a major regulator of emotional processes and body weight. "	( The selective neuropeptide Y Y5 agonist [cPP(1-7),NPY(19-23),Ala31,Aib32,Gln34]hPP differently modulates emotional processes and body weight in the rat. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Dominguez-Lopez, S; Gobbi, G; Morales-Medina, JC; Quirion, R, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of important features of neuronal physiology, including calcium homeostasis, neurotransmitter release and excitability. "	( Multifaces of neuropeptide Y in the brain--neuroprotection, neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. Agasse, F; Baptista, S; Ferreira, R; Malva, JO; Silva, AP; Valero, J; Xapelli, S, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology of depression and also to act as an endogenous anticonvulsant. "	( Extracellular levels of NPY in the dorsal hippocampus of freely moving rats are markedly elevated following a single electroconvulsive stimulation, irrespective of anticonvulsive Y1 receptor blockade. Bolwig, TG; Gruber, SH; Husum, H; Mathé, AA, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in antiepileptic action in different in vivo and in vitro epilepsy models in rats and mice. "	( Neuropeptide Y Y5 receptors suppress in vitro spontaneous epileptiform bursting in the rat hippocampus. Bolwig, TG; Husum, H; Kokaia, M; Nanobashvili, A; Woldbye, DP, 2004)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to participate in cardiac hypertrophy. "	( Neuropeptide Y induces cardiomyocyte hypertrophy via calcineurin signaling in rats. Chen, M; Dong, Q; Li, X; Li, Y; Liang, W, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the control of food intake and energy balance based on many observations in animals. "	( Human neuropeptide Y signal peptide gain-of-function polymorphism is associated with increased body mass index: possible mode of function. Arner, P; Brookes, AJ; Ding, B; Efendic, S; Eriksson, P; Grundemar, L; Gu, HF; Hamsten, A; Karlsson, C; Kull, B; Liu, Z; Monné, M; Mottagui-Tabar, S; Ostenson, CG; Thonberg, H; von Heijne, G; Wahlestedt, C, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the downstream mediation of ghrelin hyperphagia, with the site of action for both peptides considered to be intrinsic to the hypothalamus. "	( Distinct forebrain and caudal brainstem contributions to the neuropeptide Y mediation of ghrelin hyperphagia. Faulconbridge, LF; Grill, HJ; Kaplan, JM, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been identified in pituitary tumours and may serve as a biochemical marker of the propensity for headache."	( The relationship between neuropeptide Y expression and headache in pituitary tumours. Classey, JD; Goadsby, PJ; Levy, MJ; Maneesri, S; Meeran, K; Powell, M, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in a variety of behaviors including those associated with anxiety and ethanol administration. "	( Overexpression of neuropeptide Y in the central nucleus of the amygdala decreases ethanol self-administration in "anxious" rats. Bray, GA; Primeaux, SD; Wilson, MA; Wilson, SP; York, DA, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to modulate seizure activities. "	( Differential actions of NPY on seizure modulation via Y1 and Y2 receptors: evidence from receptor knockout mice. Baer, K; During, MJ; Herzog, H; Lin, EJ; Young, D, 2006)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to depress the hyperexcitability of neurons. "	( Neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and plasma neuropeptide Y level in febrile seizure patients in Taiwan. Lin, HS; Lin, LC; Yang, RC, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y neurons have been shown to be particularly vulnerable in AD."	( Progression of amyloid pathology to Alzheimer's disease pathology in an amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse model by removal of nitric oxide synthase 2. Colton, CA; Davis, J; Gharkholonarehe, N; Lewis, MR; Previti, ML; Van Nostrand, WE; Vitek, MP; Wilcock, DM, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been demonstrated in the human circle of Willis by specific radioimmunoassay. "	( Presence of neuropeptide Y in human circle of Willis and its possible role in cerebral vasospasm. Allen, JM; Bloom, SR; Crockard, HA; Schon, F; Todd, N; Yeats, JC, 1984)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been identified in nerves supplying the adrenal cortex of several mammalian species, although its function in this tissue is unknown. "	( Neuropeptide Y modulates the sensitivity of the rat adrenal cortex to stimulation by ACTH. Cameron, LA; Hinson, JP; Kapas, S, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y has been shown to inhibit contractility in the rat heart. "	( Neuropeptide Y prevents agonist-stimulated increases in contractility. Ganguly, PK; Woo, ND, 1995)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been established as a potent orexigenic peptide, and recent studies suggest that NPY stimulates cephalic phase secretion as well. "	( Neuropeptide Y functions as a physiologic regulator of cephalic phase acid secretion. Lawson, DC; Lee, MC; Pappas, TN, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the control of reproductive and cardiovascular function. "	( Aging-induced decrements in neuropeptide Y: the retention of ejaculatory behavior is associated with site-selective differences. Clark, JT, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recently characterized in the goldfish and the sequence deduced from goldfish brain cDNA clones reveals that goldfish NPY (gNPY) has over 86% identity with human NPY (hNPY) (Blomqvist et al., 1992, Proc. "	( Actions of goldfish neuropeptide Y on the secretion of growth hormone and gonadotropin-II in female goldfish. Blomqvist, AG; Humphries, S; Larhammar, D; Peng, C; Peter, RE; Rivier, JE, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recently characterised as a circulating vasoconstrictor peptide which is co-stored with noradrenaline (NA) in sympathetic neurons. "	( Elevated plasma concentration of neuropeptide Y in adolescents with primary hypertension. Hänze, J; Lang, RE; Lettgen, B; Rascher, W; Wagner, S, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y has been reported to inhibit the release of the adrenergic transmitter from sympathetic nerves in many tissues. "	( Neuropeptide Y inhibits adrenergic transmitter release in cultured rat superior cervical ganglion cells by restricting the availability of calcium through a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism. Malik, KU; Oellerich, WF; Schwartz, DD, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to increase basal gastric acid secretion in dogs. "	( Intracerebroventricular neuropeptide Y increases gastric acid secretion by decreasing tonic adrenergic inhibition of acid in dogs. Cheng, CA; Geoghegan, JG; Lawson, DC; Pappas, TN, 1994)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be localized in a number of CNS regions, including the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). "	( Visceroendocrine responses elicited by neuropeptide Y in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Barraco, RA; Dunbar, JC; Ergene, E, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been localized in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc), where it may influence dopamine (DA) neurotransmission. "	( Neuropeptide Y: intraaccumbens injections produce a place preference that is blocked by cis-flupenthixol. Beninger, RJ; Josselyn, SA, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to mimic the effects of some sigma receptor agonists in the brain and to possess the same proabsorptive effect as these agonists in the isolated mouse jejunum. "	( Neuropeptide Y and sigma receptor agonists act through a common pathway to stimulate duodenal alkaline secretion in rats. Chovet, M; Junien, JL; Pascaud, XB; Roze, C, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been detected immunocytochemically in cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter of the primate frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes. "	( Immunocytochemical staining of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the insular lobe of the monkey: a light microscopic study. Augustine, JR; Blake, CA; Mascagni, F; McDonald, AJ, 1993)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to increase gonadotropin secretion directly at the level of the anterior pituitary (AP) in both the absence and the presence of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH). "	( Evidence that the posterior pituitary plays a role in neuropeptide Y and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone-stimulated gonadotropin secretion in vitro. O'Conner, JL; Wade, MF, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recently characterized as a circulating vasoconstrictor peptide which is co-stored with noradrenaline in sympathetic neurons. "	( [Concentration of neuropeptide Y in serum of patients with primary hypertension]. Halawa, B; Salomon, P, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to potentiate the effects of various vasoactive agents in both in vitro and in vivo experiments. "	( Cardiovascular responses and interactions by neuropeptide Y in rats with congestive heart failure. Feng, QP; Hedner, T; Sun, XY, 1996)
"1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported to enhance diuresis and natriuresis in anaesthetized rats although it is a potent renal vasoconstrictor in vitro in vivo in several species. "	( Neuropeptide Y-enhanced diuresis and natriuresis in anaesthetized rats is independent of renal blood flow reduction. Bischoff, A; Erdbrügger, W; Michel, MC; Smits, J, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the hypothalamic regulation of reproduction and energy homeostasis. "	( Nutritional infertility: the role of the interconnected hypothalamic neuropeptide Y-galanin-opioid network. Kalra, PS; Kalra, SP, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be involved in the control of several neuroendocrine functions. "	( Correlation between clinical characteristics and cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y levels in dementia of the Alzheimer type and frontotemporal dementia. Edvinsson, L; Gustafson, L; Minthon, L, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to decrease insulin secretion from rodent islets. "	( Presence of neuropeptide Y and its messenger ribonucleic acid in human islets: evidence for a possible paracrine role. Bennet, WM; Bloom, SR; Ghatei, MA; James, RF; Jones, PM; London, NJ; Wang, RM; Wang, ZL, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y-(2-36) has been reported by several research groups to be a more potent orexigenic agent than intact neuropeptide Y. "	( Pharmacological characterization of neuropeptide Y-(2-36) binding to neuropeptide Y Y1 and Y2 receptors. Gackenheimer, SL; Gehlert, DR; Schober, DA, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be associated with insulin resistance, since central administration of the peptide induces muscular insulin resistance. "	( Plasma neuropeptide Y in impaired glucose tolerance. Ahrén, B; Larsson, H, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to stimulate hypothalamic release of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) both in vitro and in vivo. "	( Steroid modulation of neuropeptide Y-induced luteinizing hormone releasing hormone release from median eminence fragments from male rats. Das, I; Levine, JE; Urban, JH, 1996)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to modulate blood pressure, heart rate and to inhibit the baroreceptor reflex at the level of nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). "	( Inhibition of stimulated cyclic AMP production by multiple neuropeptide Y receptors in the rat brainstem. Grundemar, L; Ny, L, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the sexual maturation process in chicks and other species. "	( Effect of sulfamethazine on sexual precocity and neuropeptide Y neurons within the tuberoinfundibular region of the chick brain. Kuenzel, WJ; Walsh, KM, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been named as a possible endogenous ligand for a subpopulation of sigma receptors on the basis of its ability to compete for sigma receptor binding."	( Modulation of [3H]Dopamine release from rat nucleus accumbens by neuropeptide Y may involve a sigma1-like receptor. Ault, DT; Radeff, JM; Werling, LL, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y receptors have been demonstrated by in situ hybridization and ligand binding techniques to be present in both of these systems."	( Distribution of the NPY receptor subtype Y1 within human colon: evidence for NPY targeting a subpopulation of nitrergic neurons. Krantis, A; Peaire, AE; Staines, WA, 1997)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the phase shifting of circadian rhythms in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). "	( Phase shifting of circadian rhythms and depression of neuronal activity in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus by neuropeptide Y: mediation by different receptor subtypes. Gribkoff, VK; Pieschl, RL; van den Pol, AN; Wisialowski, TA; Yocca, FD, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the control of a number of physiological functions in birds including food intake and reproduction. "	( Cellular localization of neuropeptide Y mRNA and peptide in the brain of the Japanese quail and domestic chicken. Boswell, T; Dunn, IC; Li, Q; Millam, JR, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y has been implicated in the activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the regulation of growth and sexual function, and is the most potent stimulant of feeding yet reported. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) actions on the corticotroph cell of the anterior pituitary gland are not mediated by a direct effect. Bloom, SR; Ghatei, M; Small, CJ; Smith, DM; Todd, JF, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the control of ingestive, cardiovascular, and reproductive function. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) levels in alcoholic and food restricted male rats: implications for site selective function. Clark, JT; Gudger, JN; Kalra, SP; Keaton, AK; Mahajan, SC; Sahu, A, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to inhibit insulin secretion from the islets of Langerhans. "	( Inhibition of glucose stimulated insulin secretion by neuropeptide Y is mediated via the Y1 receptor and inhibition of adenylyl cyclase in RIN 5AH rat insulinoma cells. Bloom, SR; Ghatei, MA; Hurley, JD; Karlsen, AE; Kulkarni, RN; Morgan, DG; Smith, DM; Wang, RM; Wang, ZL, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been proposed as the candidate inhibitory peptide mediating interactions between sympathetic and vagal neurotransmission in several species, including man. "	( Heterogeneity of prejunctional NPY receptor-mediated inhibition of cardiac neurotransmission. Angus, JA; Serone, AP; Wright, CE, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to depress hyperexcitable activity that has been acutely induced in the normal rat brain. "	( NPY inhibits glutamatergic excitation in the epileptic human dentate gyrus. Patrylo, PR; Spencer, DD; van den Pol, AN; Williamson, A, 1999)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to participate in the cardiovascular response mediated by the sympathetic system. "	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY) potentiates phenylephrine-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation in primary cardiomyocytes via NPY Y5 receptors. Brunner, HR; Domenighetti, A; Marsh, DJ; Palmiter, RD; Pedrazzini, T; Pellieux, C; Sauthier, T, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of affective disorders, and chronic treatment with lithium or electroconvulsive stimuli (ECS) has been shown to increase mRNA and peptide levels of NPY in rat brain tissue. "	( Involvement of hippocampal neuropeptide Y in mediating the chronic actions of lithium, electroconvulsive stimulation and citalopram. Hogg, S; Husum, H; Mathé, AA; Mikkelsen, JD; Mørk, A, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY), has been implicated in the pathophysiology of depression and the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). "	( Neuropeptide Y in brains of the Flinders Sensitive Line rat, a model of depression. Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli and d-amphetamine on peptide concentrations and locomotion. Ahlenius, S; Jiménez Vasquez, PA; Mathé, AA; Salmi, P, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported to profoundly influence and regulate brain circuits involved in a number of behaviours, like anxiety, alcohol intake, pain and energy homeostasis. "	( Neuropeptide Y alters sedation through a hypothalamic Y1-mediated mechanism. Arenas, E; Canals, JM; Ernfors, P; Naveilhan, P; Valjakka, A; Vartiainen, J, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recently characterised as one of the strongest circulating vasoconstrictor peptides, its elevated level may cause coronary artery spasm and increase of peripheral vascular resistance. "	( [Plasma levels of neuropeptide Y i patients with current myocardial infarction]. Halawa, B; Salomon, P, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to suppress synaptic excitation in rat hippocampus by a presynaptic action. "	( Blockade of neuropeptide Y(2) receptors and suppression of NPY's anti-epileptic actions in the rat hippocampal slice by BIIE0246. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Cao, JQ; Colmers, WF; El Bahh, B, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the alcohol-drinking behaviors of rodents. "	( The decreased cellular expression of neuropeptide Y protein in rat brain structures during ethanol withdrawal after chronic ethanol exposure. Pandey, SC; Roy, A, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been implicated in the modulation of hippocampal neuronal activity and in the pathophysiology of several neurological disorders involving the hippocampal formation. "	( Ultrastructural localization of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampal formation. Milner, TA; Veznedaroglu, E, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y has been extensively studied in the central nervous system due to a possible involvement of neuropeptide Y-containing neurons in cognitive functions. "	( Neuropeptide Y-containing interneurons in the hippocampus receive synaptic input from median raphe and GABAergic septal afferents. Freund, TF; Miettinen, R, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported to potentiate N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced neuronal activation in the rat CA3 region of the dorsal hippocampus in vivo. "	( Neuropeptide Y potentiates selectively the N-methyl-D-aspartate response in the rat CA3 dorsal hippocampus. I. Involvement of an atypical neuropeptide Y receptor. de Montigny, C; Debonnel, G; Fournier, A; Monnet, FP, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been isolated from brain extracts of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and subjected to structural analyses. "	( Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) neuropeptide Y. Barton, CL; Halton, DW; Shaw, C; Thim, L, )
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been isolated and sequenced from brain extracts of the European common frog, Rana temporaria. "	( The primary structure and tissue distribution of an amphibian neuropeptide Y. Buchanan, KD; Halton, DW; McKay, DM; Shaw, C; Thim, L, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to modulate synaptic transmission in both peripheral and central tissues via both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms. "	( Neuropeptide Y selectively inhibits slow synaptic potentials in rat dorsal raphe nucleus in vitro by a presynaptic action. Colmers, WF; Kombian, SB, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been reported to inhibit excitatory neurotransmission in hippocampus presynaptically. "	( Neuropeptide Y does not alter NMDA conductances in CA3 pyramidal neurons: a slice-patch study. Colmers, WF; McQuiston, AR, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to cause direct vasoconstriction of coronary arteries in many species, including dogs, rabbits and man, which is selectively inhibited by calcium-channel blocking agents. "	( Magnesium inhibits the responses to neuropeptide Y in the rabbit coronary artery. Burnstock, G; Corr, L; Poole-Wilson, P, 1991)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to be capable of both the enhancement and suppression of gonadotropin secretion from pituitary cells. "	( Direct neuropeptide Y-induced modulation of gonadotrope intracellular calcium transients and gonadotropin secretion. Miller, RJ; Shangold, GA, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to potentiate the response of the isolated rabbit ear artery to field stimulation, provided that the vascular endothelium is intact. "	( Studies on the mechanism of neuropeptide Y induced potentiation of neurogenic vasoconstriction in the isolated rabbit ear artery. Daly, RN; Duesler, JG; Hieble, JP, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to modulate gonadotropin secretion in an estrogen-dependent manner in the rat and rabbit, and to act centrally in these species to alter GnRH release. "	( Third-ventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y suppresses luteinizing hormone secretion in ovariectomized rhesus macaques. Hess, DL; Kaynard, AH; Pau, KY; Spies, HG, 1990)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been recently localized in several hypothalamic nuclei in the mammalian brain. "	( Effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on the release of anterior pituitary hormones in the rat. Guy, J; Kerkerian, L; Lefèvre, G; Pelletier, G, )

Excerpt	Reference
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a crucial role in many neurobiological functions, such as cognition and memory. "	( Neuropeptide Y system mRNA expression changes in the hippocampus of a type I diabetes rat model. Ambrósio, AF; Brudzewsky, D; Campos, EJ; Martins, J; Woldbye, DPD, 2020)
"The neuropeptide Y (NPY) system plays an important role in mediating resilience to the harmful effect of stress in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). "	( Activation of NPY receptor subtype 1 by [D-His McCloskey, J; Nahvi, RJ; Nwokafor, C; Sabban, EL; Serova, LI, 2020)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays different roles in mammals such as: regulate food intake, memory retention, cardiovascular functions, and anxiety. "	( New immunomodulatory role of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Salmo salar leucocytes. Enríquez, R; Figueroa, J; González-Stegmaier, R; López, M; Manríquez, R; Monrás, M; Romero, A; Villarroel-Espíndola, F, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure (BP), as well as myocardial contractility."	( Plasma Neuropeptide Y Levels in Vasovagal Syncope in Children. Du, JB; Jin, HF; Li, HX; Liao, Y; Tang, CS; Xu, WR, 2017)
"Neuropeptide Y plays the main role in the regulation of energetic homeostasis of the organism, feeding customs, sexual and reproductive functions."	( [Assessment of neuropeptide Y, leptin and leptin-receptor concentrations in teenagers suffering from anorexia nervosa]. Bartoszewicz, Z; Brzozowska, A; Jagielska, G; Karowicz-Bilińska, A; Kondracka, A; Niedźwiedzka, B, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may enhance resilience to chronic stress. "	( Cerebrospinal fluid neuropeptide Y levels in major depression and reported childhood trauma. Mann, JJ; Mathé, AA; Oquendo, MA; Soleimani, L; Sullivan, GM, 2014)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases including stress cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, hypertension, and so on. "	( Neuropeptide Y damages the integrity of mitochondrial structure and disrupts energy metabolism in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Guo, W; Luo, C; Luo, G; Meng, X; Wang, H; Wei, Y; Xu, X; Zhu, S, 2015)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a trophic role in the nervous and vascular systems and in cardiac hypertrophy. "	( Development of neuropeptide Y-mediated heart innervation in rats. Anikina, TA; Emanuilov, AI; Masliukov, PM; Moiseev, K; Nozdrachev, AD; Zverev, AA, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) promotes adipogenesis in both birds and mammals, although mechanisms in avians remain unclear. "	( Promotion of adipogenesis by neuropeptide Y during the later stages of chicken preadipocyte differentiation. Cline, MA; Gilbert, ER; Shipp, SL, 2016)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in BP homeostasis."	( Neuropeptide Y gene functional polymorphism influences susceptibility to hypertension in Indian population. Bhaskar, LV; Non, AL; Pardhasaradhi, G; Praveen Kumar, K; Rao, VR; Singh, L; Thangaraj, K, 2010)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in stress regulation and genetic variation in NPY may influence stress responses."	( An interaction between a neuropeptide Y gene polymorphism and early adversity modulates endocrine stress responses. Bidlingmaier, M; Blomeyer, D; Buchmann, AF; Esser, G; Laucht, M; Nieratschker, V; Rietschel, M; Schmidt, MH; Treutlein, J; Wiedemann, K; Witt, SH; Wüst, S; Zimmermann, US, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y promotes the differentiation and Proliferation of 3T3-L1 cells, this effect may be related to up-regulation of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α."	( [Neuropeptide Y promotes the proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes]. Ding, KX; Hu, PA; Liu, M, 2011)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in regulating appetite and hunger in vertebrates. "	( Neuropeptide Y enhances olfactory mucosa responses to odorant in hungry rats. Baly, C; Caillol, M; Congar, P; Meunier, N; Monnerie, R; Negroni, J; Salesse, R, 2012)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) promotes positive energy balance in part by suppressing α-MSH and TRH."	( Mechanisms by which the orexigen NPY regulates anorexigenic α-MSH and TRH. Cyr, NE; Hyner, S; Nillni, EA; Perello, M; Sochat, MM; Steger, JS; Stuart, R; Toorie, AM, 2013)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a modulatory role in processing nociceptive information. "	( Neuropeptide Y inhibits axonal transport of particles in neurites of cultured adult mouse dorsal root ganglion cells. Hiruma, H; Kawakami, T; Kusakabe, T; Saito, A; Takenaka, T, 2002)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in the central and sympathetic regulation of food intake and blood pressure. "	( Leptin-induced transactivation of NPY gene promoter mediated by JAK1, JAK2 and STAT3 in the neural cell lines. Akira, S; Higuchi, H; Muraoka, O; Tsurumaki, T; Xu, B; Yamaguchi, T, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a key role in both food intake and GnRH secretion. "	( Abnormal response of the neuropeptide Y-deficient mouse reproductive axis to food deprivation but not lactation. Hill, JW; Levine, JE, 2003)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a major role in the regulation of food intake, regulation of homeostasis, and neuroendocrine function. "	( Y2 receptor-selective agonist delays the estrogen-induced luteinizing hormone surge in ovariectomized ewes, but y1-receptor-selective agonist stimulates voluntary food intake. Backholer, K; Clarke, IJ; Tilbrook, AJ, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a role in angiogenesis, cardiovascular regulation, and hormone secretion. "	( The Leu7Pro polymorphism of preproNPY is associated with decreased insulin secretion, delayed ghrelin suppression, and increased cardiovascular responsiveness to norepinephrine during oral glucose tolerance test. Jaakkola, U; Jartti, T; Kallio, J; Koulu, M; Kuusela, T; Pesonen, U; Vahlberg, T, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in pain modulation at different levels in the central nervous system. "	( Involvement of neuropeptide Y and Y1 receptor in antinociception in the arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus, an immunohistochemical and pharmacological study in intact rats and rats with inflammation. Li, JJ; Yu, LC; Zhou, X, 2005)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays a central in energy homeostasis and potentially in the development of obesity-related comorbidities, like type II diabetes. "	( Leu7Pro polymorphism of PreproNPY associated with an increased risk for type II diabetes in middle-aged subjects. Kesäniemi, YA; Ukkola, O, 2007)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampal subgranular layer and the olfactory epithelium and may be useful for the stimulation of SVZ dynamic in brain repair purposes."	( Neuropeptide Y promotes neurogenesis in murine subventricular zone. Agasse, F; Bernardino, L; Christiansen, SH; Ferreira, R; Grade, S; Kristiansen, H; Malva, JO; Silva, B; Woldbye, DP, 2008)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays important roles in the central control of appetite and energy balance, but the receptor subtype responsible for this function has not been cloned. "	( Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior. Bloomquist, BT; Cornfield, LJ; DeCarr, LB; Flores-Riveros, JR; Friedman, L; Hu, Y; Jiang, P; Lewis-Higgins, L; McCaleb, ML; Sadlowski, Y; Schaefer, J; Velazquez, N, 1996)
"1. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) may inhibit sympathetic and vagal transmission via presynaptic Y2 receptors and cause vasoconstriction via postsynaptic Y1 receptors. "	( Exogenous NPY modulation of cardiac autonomic reflexes and its pressor effect in the conscious rabbit. Angus, JA; Serone, AP; Wright, CE, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y plays a role in human ovarian steroidogenesis directly at the level of the granulosa cells of the follicles in the early stage of luteinization. "	( Effects of the neuropeptide Y on estradiol and progesterone secretion by human granulosa cells in culture. Arvigo, M; Balasini, M; Barreca, A; Battista La Sala, G; Cesarone, A; Garrone, S; Giordano, G; Minuto, F; Valli, B, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) can cause diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis in rats independently of the pressure-natriuresis mechanism (A. "	( Bradykinin may be involved in neuropeptide Y-induced diuresis, natriuresis, and calciuresis. Bischoff, A; Michel, MC; Rascher, W, 1998)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in the central regulation of neuronal activity, endocrine and sexual behavior, and food intake. "	( Molecular cloning, expression, and characterization of rat homolog of human AP-2alpha that stimulates neuropeptide Y transcription activity in response to nerve growth factor. Kramer, PR; Li, BS; Ma, W; Stenger, DA; Zhang, L; Zhao, W, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) plays an important role in the hypothalamic regulation of food intake and energy balance. "	( Neuropeptide Y polymorphism and alcohol consumption in middle-aged men. Karvonen, MK; Kauhanen, J; Koulu, M; Pesonen, U; Salonen, JT; Tuomainen, TP; Uusitupa, MI, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y displays diverse modes of action in the CNS including the modulation of cortical/limbic function. "	( Neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor protein in the cortical/limbic system and brainstem of the rat: expression on gamma-aminobutyric acid and corticotropin-releasing hormone neurons. Campbell, RE; Cowley, MA; Ffrench-Mullen, JM; Grove, KL; Smith, MS, 2000)
"Neuropeptide Y (NPY) displays diverse modes of action in the CNS including the modulation of feeding behavior, gonadotropin releasing hormone release, and stress responses. "	( Hypothalamic circuitry of neuropeptide Y regulation of neuroendocrine function and food intake via the Y5 receptor subtype. Campbell, RE; Cowley, MA; ffrench-Mullen, JM; Grove, KL; Smith, MS, 2001)
"Neuropeptide Y, PYY, and PP increase intracolonic pressure +2.2, +3.3, and +3.7 mmHg from saline baseline, respectively."	( Neuropeptide Y, peptide YY, and pancreatic polypeptide modulate duodenal and colonic motility at a thoracic spinal site in rats. Anderson, W; Davison, JS; Ghazali, B; Veale, WL; Wager-Pagé, SA, )
"Neuropeptide Y produced an increase in the maximal CCP in animals with aortic occlusion, and a minor increase in the time interval until return of CCP values to steady state levels in both aortic nonocclusion and occlusion."	( Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide, peptide histidine methionine, and neuropeptide Y on intracavernous pressure in the rabbit. Djurhuus, JC; Forman, A; Kirkeby, HJ; Lundbech, PE, 1992)
"Neuropeptide Y is known to enhance blood pressure responsiveness to various constrictors, including angiotensin II, and to suppress renin secretion. "	( Prevention of renal hypertension in the rat by neuropeptide Y. Aubert, JF; Brunner, HR; Evéquoz, D; Flückiger, JP; Juillerat, L; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1990)

Excerpt	Reference
"Neuropeptide Y treatment had no significant effect on hepatosomatic index and muscle moisture content."	( Cloning, expression and growth promoting action of Red tilapia (Oreochromis sp.) neuropeptide Y. Acosta, J; Carpio, Y; Estrada, MP; González, LJ; Herrera, F; Morales, A, 2006)
"Pre-treatment with neuropeptide Y (30 nM) showed remarkable desensitization to neuropeptide Y (30 nM)."	( Neuropeptide Y-induced contraction and its desensitization through the neuropeptide Y receptor subtype in several rat veins. Higuchi, H; Muraoka, O; Tsurumaki, T; Yamaguchi, T, 2003)
"Treatment of neuropeptide Y (NPY, 1) for 20 hr with a 20 equivalent excess of N-propionyl succinimide (2) in 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 6.0, yields NPY and N alpha-propionyl-NPY (3) as major products, and at pH 7.5 the major product is N alpha, N epsilon-dipropionyl-NPY. "	( Neuropeptide Y acylation chemistry in aqueous solution: significance to synthesis of a peptide-based photoaffinity label. Doughty, MB; Hu, L, 1994)
"Pretreatment with neuropeptide Y (10, 30 and 100 nM) increased in a concentration-dependent manner the vascular contraction to sympathetic stimulation at every temperature studied, but this potentiation was greater during cooling (34 degrees C -24 degrees C) than at 37 degrees C or warming (41 degrees C)."	( Peptidergic modulation of the sympathetic contraction in the rabbit ear artery: effects of temperature. Diéguez, G; Fernández, N; García, JL; García-Villalón, AL; Gómez, B; Monge, L; Padilla, J, 1997)
"Pretreatment with neuropeptide Y (NPY) (10[-7] M) inhibited relaxations induced by VIP, but not those induced by PACAP-27 or PACAP-38."	( Distinct receptors mediate pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide- and vasoactive intestinal peptide-induced relaxation of rat ileal longitudinal muscle. Ekblad, E; Sundler, F, 1997)
"treatment. The neuropeptide Y receptor antagonist, neuropeptide Y-(27-36), totally counteracted the stimulatory action of neuropeptide Y on feeding."	( Neuropeptide Y has a stimulatory action on feeding behavior in goldfish (Carassius auratus). Alonso-Bedate, M; de Pedro, N; Delgado, MJ; Guijarro, AI; Isorna, E; López-Patiño, MA, 1999)
"pretreatment with neuropeptide Y (NPY) antiserum 24 h before orexin administration significantly decreased the hypothermic effect of orexin-A."	( The role of NPY in the mediation of orexin-induced hypothermia. Bujdosó, E; Jászberényi, M; Kiss, E; Pataki, I; Telegdy, G, 2002)

Excerpt	Reference
" Since expression of the inducible 72 kDa heat shock protein (HSP72) is a sensitive indicator of potentially toxic neuronal stress, we next determined if cocaine evoked HSP72 expression."	( Cocaine neurotoxicity and altered neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the rat hippocampus; a silver degeneration and immunocytochemical study. Goodman, JH; Sloviter, RS, 1993)
"Neurotoxicity may be defined as any adverse effect on the structure or function of the central and/or peripheral nervous system by a biological, chemical, or physical agent."	( Biomarkers of adult and developmental neurotoxicity. Bowyer, JF; Slikker, W, 2005)
" In order to evoke toxic effects, primary cultures were exposed to 150 munic acid (KA) for 24 h (hippocampus) or for 48 h (neocortex)."	( Neuroprotective effects of MTEP, a selective mGluR5 antagonists and neuropeptide Y on the kainate-induced toxicity in primary neuronal cultures. Domin, H; Kajta, M; Smiałowska, M, )
"To test this hypothesis, we exposed the SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell line to toxic concentrations of β-amyloid (Aβ) peptide fragment 25-35 (Aβ(25-35)) and measured cell survival and neurotrophin expression before and after a preincubation with NPY in the growth medium."	( Neuroprotective effect of neuropeptide Y against β-amyloid 25-35 toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is associated with increased neurotrophin production. Angelucci, F; Bernardini, S; Caltagirone, C; Croce, N; Dinallo, V; Federici, G; Ricci, V, 2011)
"Our results demonstrated that preincubation with NPY prevented cell loss due to the toxic effect of Aβ(25-35)."	( Neuroprotective effect of neuropeptide Y against β-amyloid 25-35 toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is associated with increased neurotrophin production. Angelucci, F; Bernardini, S; Caltagirone, C; Croce, N; Dinallo, V; Federici, G; Ricci, V, 2011)
"In conclusion, this study demonstrates that NPY increases the survival of SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells and counteracts the toxic effect of Aβ."	( Neuroprotective effect of neuropeptide Y against β-amyloid 25-35 toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is associated with increased neurotrophin production. Angelucci, F; Bernardini, S; Caltagirone, C; Croce, N; Dinallo, V; Federici, G; Ricci, V, 2011)
" Our results showed that a preincubation with NPY counteracted the toxic effect of Aβ, as measured by increased cell viability."	( Neuropeptide Y protects rat cortical neurons against β-amyloid toxicity and re-establishes synthesis and release of nerve growth factor. Angelucci, F; Bernardini, S; Caltagirone, C; Ciotti, MT; Cortelli, S; Croce, N; Federici, G; Gelfo, F, 2012)
"The side effects of chemotherapy can be overcome by linking toxic agents to tumor-targeting peptides with cleavable linkers."	( Controlling toxicity of Peptide-drug conjugates by different chemical linker structures. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Böhme, D, 2015)
" Various mechanisms such as DNA adduct formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and apoptosis are involved in the adverse effect induced by cisplatin treatment."	( Neuropeptide Y protects kidney against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by regulating p53-dependent apoptosis pathway. Bae, JS; Jin, HK; Kim, N; Lee, JK; Min, WK; Park, MH, 2016)
"Bioconjugates containing the neuropeptide Y (NPY) analogue [F(7),P(34)]-NPY as targeting moiety are able to deliver toxic agents specifically to breast cancer cells that overexpress the human Y1-receptor (hY1R)."	( Double Methotrexate-Modified Neuropeptide Y Analogues Express Increased Toxicity and Overcome Drug Resistance in Breast Cancer Cells. Beck-Sickinger, AG; Böhme, D; Krieghoff, J, 2016)

Excerpt	Reference
" Here we discuss how chronic stress, when combined with an HFS diet, leads to abdominal obesity by releasing a sympathetic neurotransmitter, neuropeptide Y (NPY), directly into the adipose tissue."	( Chronic stress, combined with a high-fat/high-sugar diet, shifts sympathetic signaling toward neuropeptide Y and leads to obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Czarnecka, M; Kitlinska, JB; Kuo, LE; Kvetnanský, R; Tilan, JU; Zukowska, Z, 2008)
"We tested the effects of intra-lateral septal infusions of neuropeptide Y (NPY) combined with systemic injections of topiramate in the DRL-72s paradigm and the elevated plus-maze test in male Wistar rats."	( Antidepressant-like or anxiolytic-like actions of topiramate alone or co-administered with intra-lateral septal infusions of neuropeptide Y in male Wistar rats. Jaramillo, MT; Molina-Hernández, M; Olivera-Lopez, JI; Téllez-Alcántara, NP, 2010)
"Folic acid is antidepressant, either alone or combined with several antidepressant drugs."	( Fluoxetine, 17-β estradiol or folic acid combined with intra-lateral septal infusions of neuropeptide Y produced antidepressant-like actions in ovariectomized rats forced to swim. Molina-Hernández, M; Téllez-Alcántara, NP, 2011)
"Chronic stress combined with a fructose-enriched diet reduced protein content and stimulatory phosphorylation of Akt kinase, and elevated 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and glucocorticoid receptor expression, while alterations in appetite regulation (NPY, AgRP, POMC, CART, leptin receptor, and SOCS3 expression) were not observed."	( Chronic Stress Combined with a Fructose Diet Reduces Hypothalamic Insulin Signaling and Antioxidative Defense in Female Rats. Elaković, I; Kovačević, S; Matić, G; Nestorov, J, 2019)
"To explore the effect and safety of mild hypothermia therapy combined with monosialotetrahexosylganglioside (GM1) on neural function recovery of neonatal asphyxia complicated by hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE)."	( Neural Function Recovery and Safety of Mild Hypothermia Therapy Combined with Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside on Neonatal Asphyxia Complicated by Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Ge, J; Jiao, X; Li, H; Qi, F, 2021)
"Mild hypothermia therapy combined with GM1 for the treatment of neonatal asphyxia complicated by HIE can promote the recovery of neural function and reduce the incidence of complications in neonates."	( Neural Function Recovery and Safety of Mild Hypothermia Therapy Combined with Monosialotetrahexosylganglioside on Neonatal Asphyxia Complicated by Hypoxic Ischemic Encephalopathy. Ge, J; Jiao, X; Li, H; Qi, F, 2021)

Excerpt	Reference
" These findings suggested that J-104870 is a selective and potent nonpeptide Y(1) antagonist with oral bioavailability and brain penetrability."	( The novel neuropeptide Y Y(1) receptor antagonist J-104870: a potent feeding suppressant with oral bioavailability. Fukami, T; Fukuroda, T; Hata, M; Ihara, M; Ishihara, A; Kanatani, A; Kanno, T; Mase, T; Sakuraba, A; Tanaka, T; Tsuchiya, Y, 1999)
" These findings suggest that L-152,804 is a selective and potent non-peptide Y5 antagonist with oral bioavailability and brain penetrability."	( L-152,804: orally active and selective neuropeptide Y Y5 receptor antagonist. Fukami, T; Fukuroda, T; Hidaka, M; Ihara, M; Ishihara, A; Ishii, Y; Ito, J; Iwaasa, H; Kanatani, A; MacNeil, DJ; Nakamura, K; Okabe, T; Okamoto, O; Van der Ploeg, LH, 2000)
" The following study addressed the hypothesis that neuropeptide Y bioavailability is blunted in female rats under baseline conditions."	( Neuropeptide Y bioavailability is suppressed in the hindlimb of female Sprague-Dawley rats. Jackson, DN; Milne, KJ; Noble, EG; Shoemaker, JK, 2005)
" These results demonstrate that the reduction in the bioavailability of NO as a result of elevated oxidative stress contributes to the increase in norepinephrine overflow from the SHR mesenteric sympathetic neuroeffector junction."	( Oxidative stress attenuates NO-induced modulation of sympathetic neurotransmission in the mesenteric arterial bed of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Macarthur, H; Westfall, TC; Wilken, GH, 2008)
" These significant differences in the NO bioavailability may explain the association of the L7P polymorphism with several cardiovascular complications."	( The role of non-synonymous NPY gene polymorphism in the nitric oxide production in HUVECs. Kaipio, K; Pesonen, U; Suominen, M; Vahlberg, T, 2009)
" To transform these peptides into potential neurotherapeutics, their systemic bioavailability and metabolic stability must be improved."	( Introduction of lipidization-cationization motifs affords systemically bioavailable neuropeptide Y and neurotensin analogs with anticonvulsant activities. Bulaj, G; Green, BR; Klein, B; McDougle, DR; Pruess, TH; Scholl, EA; White, HS; White, KL; Zhang, L, 2010)
" The authors report a previously unrecognized axis, in which expression of the enzyme dipeptidylpeptidase-4 (DPP4)/CD26 by endothelial cells activates NPY-mediated signaling by increasing the bioavailability of the truncated form of NPY."	( Open the gates: vascular neurocrine signaling mobilizes hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Gómez-Salinero, JM; Itkin, T; Rafii, S, 2017)
" The glucose-lowering and β-cell-protective effects of BIBO3304, a selective orally bioavailable Y1 receptor antagonist, in high-fat diet (HFD)/multiple low-dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced and genetically obese (db/db) T2D mouse models were assessed."	( Neuropeptide Y1 receptor antagonism protects β-cells and improves glycemic control in type 2 diabetes. Ann-Onda, D; Eizirik, DL; Fynch, S; Galic, S; Herzog, H; Laybutt, DR; Levinger, I; Lin, X; Liu, X; Loh, K; Loudovaris, T; Moreno-Asso, A; Nadarajah, S; Oakhill, JS; Pappas, EG; Scott, JW; Shi, Y; Smith, C; Thomas, HE; Yang, CH, 2022)

Excerpt	Reference
"05) without affecting exogenously applied acetylcholine dose-response curves."	( Role of K+ channels in the modulation of cholinergic neural responses in guinea-pig and human airways. Barnes, PJ; Belvisi, MG; Miura, M; Stretton, CD; Yacoub, MH, 1992)
" The greatest effect was seen after the highest dosage tested."	( Neuropeptide Y 16-36 inhibits mucociliary activity but does not affect blood flow in the rabbit maxillary sinus in vivo. Cervin, A, 1992)
" The inhibitory dose-response curve of NPY on isoproterenol-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity was shifted parallel to the right by NPY(17-36) (1 microM), suggesting that it is an antagonist of NPY at high concentrations."	( Inhibitory and stimulatory effects of neuropeptide Y(17-36) on rat cardiac adenylate cyclase activity. Structure-function studies. Balasubramaniam, A; Sheriff, S, 1992)
" Even so, these satiating factors are able to reduce feeding in the face of at least one dosage of exogenous NPY."	( Recent advances in the central control of intake in ruminants. Miner, JL, 1992)
" Moreover, the specific pattern of cardiorespiratory responses elicited by NPY(13-36) was remarkably similar, over approximately the same dosage range, with the cardiorespiratory response pattern elicited by intact NPY."	( Y2 receptors for neuropeptide Y in the nucleus of the solitary tract mediate depressor responses. Anderson, GF; Barraco, RA; Dunbar, JC; Ergene, E; Ganduri, YL, )
" Dose-response curves (n = 7) were obtained for NPY by measuring renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine excretion (VU), sodium excretion (VNa), potassium excretion (VK) and plasma renin activity (PRA) at different infusion rates."	( Effects of neuropeptide-Y on renal function and its interaction with sympathetic stimulation in conscious dogs. Dietrich, MS; Ehmke, H; Hackenthal, E; Kirchheim, HR; Lang, R; Nafz, B; Nobiling, R; Persson, PB, 1991)
" bolus reduced the entire NPY dose-response curve (0."	( D-myo-inositol-1,2,6-trisphosphate is a selective antagonist of neuropeptide Y-induced pressor responses in the pithed rat. Dahlöf, C; Edvinsson, L; Hedner, T; Sun, XY, 1991)
" Dose-response curves were obtained for the inotropic, chronotropic and pressor responses to cumulative infusions of noradrenaline (n = 6) and dobutamine (n = 6)."	( The effects of neuropeptide Y on myocardial contractility and coronary blood flow. Awad, SJ; Einstein, R; Potter, EK; Richardson, DP, 1991)
" IC50s determined from dose-response curves of inhibition are consistent with the known abilities of these ligands to modulate cyclic AMP and physiological responses in other tissues."	( Neuropeptide Y and somatostatin inhibit stimulated cyclic AMP production in rabbit ciliary processes. Bausher, LP; Horio, B, 1990)
" Porcine and human NPY and porcine PYY gave similar dose-response curves."	( Characterization of functional neuropeptide Y receptors in a human neuroblastoma cell line. Fishman, PH; Gordon, EA; Kohout, TA, 1990)
" Consistent with this observation, the presence of NPY (18-36) (1 microM) shifted the inhibitory adenylate cyclase activity dose-response curve of NPY to the right in a parallel fashion."	( Neuropeptide Y (18-36) is a competitive antagonist of neuropeptide Y in rat cardiac ventricular membranes. Balasubramaniam, A; Sheriff, S, 1990)
"The dose-response curve for the vasopressor effect of alpha, beta-methylene ATP in pithed rats was influenced by four suramin-related drugs (each at 100 mumol/kg)."	( Antagonistic properties of four suramin-related compounds at vascular purine P2X receptors in the pithed rat. Nickel, P; Schlicker, E; Urbanek, E, 1990)
" The effects of NPY microinjections at the same dosage on NTS-mediated cardiorespiratory response patterns were subsequently compared among the intact, decerebrate and vagotomized rats."	( Cardiorespiratory response patterns elicited by microinjections of neuropeptide Y in the nucleus tractus solitarius. Barraco, RA; Dunbar, JC; el-Ridi, MR; Ergene, E, 1990)
" The effects of NPY on RQ were unusual both in respect to their dose-response and time-dose-response characteristics."	( Metabolic effects of neuropeptide Y injections into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. Atrens, DM; Healey, PA; Leibowitz, SF; McGregor, IS; Menéndez, JA, 1990)
" Using this technique we measured the ovary blood flow rate and investigated the dose-response relationship between close intraarterial-injected NPY and the ovary blood flow rate."	( Neuropeptide Y reduces ovarian blood flow in the rabbit. Jørgensen, JC; Sejrsen, P, )
" A dose of 6 pmol CGRP shifted the dose-response curve of SP to the left by a factor of about 100."	( Potentiation of tachykinin-induced plasma protein extravasation by calcitonin gene-related peptide. Gamse, R; Saria, A, 1985)
" In the present study we examined dose-response effects of excitotoxins acting at the three subtypes of glutamate receptors: N-methyl-D-aspartate (AA1), quisqualate (AA2), and kainic acid (AA3)."	( Differential sparing of somatostatin-neuropeptide Y and cholinergic neurons following striatal excitotoxin lesions. Beal, MF; Ferrante, RJ; Kowall, NW; Martin, JB; Swartz, KJ, 1989)
" Pretreating the coronary system of these hearts with NPY caused a marked potentiation of the vasocontractile effect of noradrenaline, displacing its dose-response curve to the left in a non-parallel fashion."	( Neuropeptide Y (NPY): a coronary vasoconstrictor and potentiator of catecholamine-induced coronary constriction. Domenech, RJ; Huidobro-Toro, JP; Macho, P; Pérez, R, 1989)
" The contractile responses to VIP were unchanged after beta-adrenergic blockade with nadolol at a concentration (10 microM) that shifted the ISO dose-response curve two to three orders of magnitude to the right."	( Contractile effects of cardiac neuropeptides in isolated canine atrial and ventricular muscles. Balasubramaniam, A; Grupp, G; Grupp, IL; Rigel, DF, 1989)
" Potencies and efficacies of these peptides relative to NPY were determined by comparison of dose-response curves."	( Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions. Boublik, JH; Brown, MR; Rivier, JE; Scott, NA, 1989)
" NPY injection increased significantly IR-ANF while PYY decreased IR-ANF in the dose-response manner in normally-hydrated rats as well as in water-loaded rats."	( Opposite effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and polypeptide YY (PYY) on plasma immunoreactive atrial natriuretic factor (IR-ANF) in rats. Baranowska, B; Cantin, M; Genest, J; Gutkowska, J; Lemire, A, 1987)
"8% of the MER) without altering the EC50 value (5 X 10(-6) M) of the phenylephrine dose-response curve."	( Effects of neuropeptide Y on the isolated rabbit iris dilator muscle. Davis, M; Krupin, T; Littzi, J; Piccone, M; Stone, RA; Wax, MB, 1988)
" A comparison of the IC50 values from dose-response curves using 10(-14) to 10(-7) M peptides (IC50 is the peptide concentration that produced a 50% decrease of the maximal effect) indicated that NPY was more potent as inhibitor of contractility and less potently inhibited coronary flow and heart rate, whereas 4-norleucine-NPY had more inhibitory influence on coronary flow and heart rate and less on cardiac contractility."	( Comparison of the effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and 4-norleucine-NPY on isolated perfused rat hearts; effects of NPY on atrial and ventricular strips of rat heart and on rabbit heart mitochondria. Balasubramaniam, A; Benza, R; Fischer, JE; Grupp, G; Grupp, I; Jackson, RL; Matlib, MA, 1988)
" Post-training administration of NPY produced a dose-dependent, inverted U-shaped dose-response curve for retention of both passive and active avoidance conditioning."	( Modulation of memory processing by neuropeptide Y. Flood, JF; Hernandez, EN; Morley, JE, 1987)
" Dose-response curves were constructed for neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline after pretreatment with atropine sulphate."	( Comparison of the haemodynamic actions of neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline in anaesthetised cats. Corder, R; Lowry, PJ; Ramage, AG; Wilkinson, SJ, 1986)
" When the doses of NPY was changed, a dose-response relation was found (n = 4)."	( Vasoconstrictor effect of neuropeptide Y (NPY) on canine coronary artery. Aizawa, Y; Funazaki, T; Hayashi, M; Ito, S; Murata, M; Shibata, A, 1985)
" NPY decreased LCX flow and increased CVR dose dependently in both groups, and there was no significant difference in the dose-response relation between the two groups."	( Influence of inhibition of endothelium-derived nitric oxide formation to effects of vasoconstrictor agents neuropeptide Y, clonidine, and ergonovine on coronary vascular resistance. Ishizaka, H; Matsunaga, T; Okumura, K; Tsunoda, R; Yasue, H, 1994)
" to construct dose-response curves."	( Effect of neuropeptide Y on endotoxin-induced suppression of the response to various agonists in conscious rats. Dayao, EK; Hauser, GJ; Zukowska-Grojec, Z, 1995)
" To test whether NPY also exerts regional myocardial electrophysiological effects, dose-response and time course changes resulting from intravenous and regional intracoronary infusions of NPY were obtained in 14 alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs."	( Myocardial electrophysiological effects of neuropeptide Y in dogs. Anderson, FL; Hanson, GR; Kralios, AC; Kralios, FA, 1995)
" However preinjection flow of a second dose-response curve of ET-1 was significantly higher in captopril-treated as compared with control animals."	( Interference of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition with vasoactive peptides in the coronary circulation of dogs. Bauer, B; Becker, HH; Dürr, R; Ertl, G; Neubauer, S; Spindler, M, 1995)
" In rabbit isolated saphenous vein, cumulative dose-response curves to various NPY agonists were obtained."	( Discrimination by benextramine between the NPY-Y1 receptor subtypes present in rabbit isolated vas deferens and saphenous vein. Corsi, M; Palea, S; Rimland, JM; Trist, DG, 1995)
" In ovariectomized monkeys, NPY infusion into the stalk-median eminence reportedly causes a dose-response increase in GnRH secretion in the absence of gonadal steroids."	( Neuropeptide Y system of the female monkey hypothalamus: retrograde tracing and immunostaining. Boggan, JE; Goldsmith, PC; Thind, KK, 1993)
" The dose-response relationships of gNPY on GH and GtH-II release were first tested using an in vitro perifusion system for pituitary fragments."	( Actions of goldfish neuropeptide Y on the secretion of growth hormone and gonadotropin-II in female goldfish. Blomqvist, AG; Humphries, S; Larhammar, D; Peng, C; Peter, RE; Rivier, JE, 1993)
" The augmenting effect of neuropeptide Y at 1 nM on vasoconstriction induced by lower doses of noradrenaline was antagonized by alpha-trinositol (1 microM), producing a shift to the right of the dose-response curve."	( Inhibition of neuropeptide Y-induced augmentation of noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction by D-myo-inositol 1,2,6-trisphosphate in the rat mesenteric arterial bed. Burnstock, G; Edvinsson, L; Ralevic, V, 1994)
" NPY treatment increased LPL mRNA, but a smooth dosing effect was not evident."	( Neuropeptide Y in hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: a center coordinating energy metabolism. Billington, CJ; Briggs, JE; Grace, M; Harker, S; Levine, AS, 1994)
" The presence of 30 and 300 nM concentrations of [D-Trp32]NPY shifted the inhibitory dose-response curve of NPY on isoproterenol-stimulated hypothalamic membrane adenylate cyclase activity parallel to the right with comparable KB values."	( [D-TRP32]neuropeptide Y: a competitive antagonist of NPY in rat hypothalamus. Balasubramaniam, A; Chance, WT; Fischer, JE; Huang, Y; Johnson, ME; Prabhakaran, M; Sheriff, S, 1994)
" Heart rate did not change in the SHR, whereas it was significantly increased at the highest dosage (400 mg/kg) in the WKY rats."	( Cardiovascular effects of alpha-trinositol in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats. Edvinsson, L; Hedner, T; Sun, X, 1993)
" Additionally, dose-response effects of NPY were examined at two points: the first hour of both the dark and the light phases."	( Feeding responses to perifornical hypothalamic injection of neuropeptide Y in relation to circadian rhythms of eating behavior. Stanley, BG; Thomas, WJ, )
" The pial vessel study demonstrated that PP56 shifted the dose-response curve for the vasoconstrictor effect of NPY with a maximal reduction of 22 +/- 6%."	( Examination of the involvement of neuropeptide Y (NPY) in cerebral autoregulation using the novel NPY antagonist PP56. Edvinsson, L; Goadsby, PJ, 1993)
" Furthermore, NPY was without effect on the dose-response curve to ATP in resting conditions."	( Failure of the putative neuropeptide Y antagonists, benextramine and PYX-2, to inhibit Y2 receptors in rat isolated prostatic vas deferens. Corsi, M; Palea, S; Ratti, E; Rimland, JM; Trist, DG, 1995)
" A two-bottle taste aversion paradigm was employed to determine the behavioral specificity of the anorectic effect, and the phosphorothioate oligonucleotide was found not to be aversive at the dosage used."	( ICV administration of anti-NPY antisense oligonucleotide: effects on feeding behavior, body weight, peptide content and peptide release. Hulsey, MG; Martin, RJ; Pless, CM; White, BD, 1995)
" This analog also shifted the dose-response curve of NPY on blood pressure in anesthetized rats."	( Antagonistic properties of centrally truncated analogs of [D-Trp(32)]NPY. Balasubramaniam, A; Borchers, M; Fischer, JE; Huang, Y; Johnson, M; Sheriff, S; Ujhelyi, M; Zhai, W; Zhou, Y, 1996)
" Diabetic rats rendered nearly normoglycaemic through food restriction showed dose-response curves that were very similar to the untreated diabetic group (P = NS)."	( Vascular reactivity to noradrenaline and neuropeptide Y in the streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat. Bodmer, CW; Buchan, IE; Masson, EA; Savage, MW; Walker, AB; Williams, G, 1995)
" Increasing concentrations (10(-9) - 10(-6) M) of BIBP 3226 caused a parallel and rightward shift in the neuropeptide Y dose-response curve but did not significantly change the effect of noradrenaline."	( Neuropeptide Y accounts for sympathetic vasoconstriction in guinea-pig vena cava: evidence using BIBP 3226 and 3435. Lundberg, JM; Malmstrom, RE, 1995)
" On separate days, cumulative dose-response curves to phenylephrine alone and with coadministration of 1 or 30 pmol neuropeptide Y per minute were constructed, and the responses were fitted to a four-parameter logistic equation."	( Subconstrictor doses of neuropeptide Y potentiate alpha 1-adrenergic venoconstriction in vivo. Haefeli, WE; Lautenschlager, BM; Linder, L, 1996)
" The fragments NPY(2-36) and NPY(3-36), which bind Y1 only poorly, were injected intracerebroventricularly (icv) and found to have similar dose-response relationships to NPY in the stimulation of feeding."	( Neuropeptide Y induced feeding in the rat is mediated by a novel receptor. Bloom, CI; Bloom, SR; Callinan, W; Choi, SJ; Edwards, CM; Ghatei, MA; Gunn, I; Haddo, O; Heath, MM; Howard, JK; Ma, JJ; Meeran, K; Morgan, DG; O'Shea, D; Small, CJ; Smith, DM; Taylor, GM; Turton, MD, 1997)
" When eNPY and adrenaline (AD) were applied simultaneously, the effects were additive only at lower dosage (3 x 10(-8) M for eNPY, 3 x 10(-8) M for AD), but not at high dosage (10(-6) M eNPY, 10(-7) M AD)."	( Effects of eel neuropeptide Y on ion transport across the seawater eel intestine. Ando, M; Sugimoto, S; Uesaka, T; Yano, K, 1996)
" MK-801 increased CGRP in a dose-response manner in frontal cortex, and NKA-LI in occipital cortex."	( Effects of electroconvulsive stimuli and MK-801 on neuropeptide Y, neurokinin A, and calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat brain. Gruber, S; Jiménez, PA; Mathé, AA; Stenfors, C; Theodorsson, E, 1997)
" The dose-response curves obtained with neuropeptide Y, peptide YY and with C-terminal fragments such as neuropeptide Y-(2-26), neuropeptide Y-(13-36) and peptide YY-(3-36) have similar slopes and maxima."	( The dog saphenous vein: a sensitive and selective preparation for the Y2 receptor of neuropeptide Y. Dumont, Y; Fournier, A; Pheng, LH; Quirion, R; Regoli, D, 1997)
" Furthermore, 5 microM BIBP-3226, a Y1-receptor antagonist, shifted both dose-response curves to the right in a similar fashion for both peptides."	( Human syncytiotrophoblast NPY receptors are located on BBM and activate PLC-to-PKC axis. Ech-Chadli, H; Lafond, J; Robidoux, J; Simoneau, L; St-Pierre, S, 1998)
" There was no effect of NPY on postjunctional ACh or isoprenaline agonist dose-response curves."	( Exogenous NPY modulation of cardiac autonomic reflexes and its pressor effect in the conscious rabbit. Angus, JA; Serone, AP; Wright, CE, 1998)
" Dose-response curves were constructed to intravenously infuse phenylephrine with and without coinfusion with two different doses of hNPY (1."	( Human neuropeptide Y potentiates alpha1-adrenergic blood pressure responses in vivo. Grouzmann, E; Haefeli, WE; Linder, LM; Schuerch, LV, 1998)
" However, in renovascular Goldblatt hypertensive rats, the dose-response curves for both NPY and NA were significantly displaced to the left, approximately threefold."	( Increased neuropeptide Y pressor activity in Goldblatt hypertensive rats: in vivo studies with BIBP 3226. Capurro, D; Donoso, V; Huidobro-Toro, JP; Mezzano, V, 1998)
" NPY injection shows a dose-response pattern, with 1 microg (the most potent dose) causing a decrease (-42."	( Unilateral injection of neuropeptide Y decreases blood flow in the injected testis but may also increase blood flow in the contralateral testis. Aström, M; Bergh, A; Collin, O; Enfält, E; Lissbrant, E, )
" [Leu31 Pro34]-rNPY (agonist potency: Y1 > Y5 > Y4 = y6) and human pancreatic polypeptide (hPP) produced flatter dose-response curves, suggesting partial agonism at the receptor(s)."	( Characterisation of the neuropeptide Y receptor that mediates feeding in the rat: a role for the Y5 receptor? Arch, JR; Buckingham, RE; Haynes, AC; McClue, S; Wilson, S, 1998)
") in rats (full dose-response curves) to estimate their half-effective dose (ED50) on feeding."	( The pharmacology of neuropeptide Y (NPY) receptor-mediated feeding in rats characterizes better Y5 than Y1, but not Y2 or Y4 subtypes. Brunner, L; Criscione, L; Crossthwaite, A; Miller, J; Stricker-Krongrad, A; Whitebread, S; Wyss, P, 1998)
" Dose-response curves to NPY were constructed and the peak venoconstriction was calculated."	( The effects of age on human venous responsiveness to neuropeptide Y. Arnold, JM; Callow, ID; Feng, QP; Lambert, ML, 1999)
" When subjects were ranked from youngest to oldest and divided into tertiles, (20-40 years, n = 8; 41-55 years, n = 8; 56-72 years, n = 8), mean dose-response curves were different with the oldest tertile being significantly less responsive (P<0."	( The effects of age on human venous responsiveness to neuropeptide Y. Arnold, JM; Callow, ID; Feng, QP; Lambert, ML, 1999)
"5 fold rightward the pressor dose-response curve elicited by exogenous neuropeptide Y, without altering the norepinephrine curve."	( The involvement of neuropeptide Y Y1 receptors in the blood pressure baroreflex: studies with BIBP 3226 and BIBO 3304. Capurro, D; Huidobro-Toro, JP, 1999)
" Recently, comprehensive dose-response studies of GH have been conducted in broilers during late post-hatch development (8 to 9 weeks of age)."	( New insights into the mechanism and actions of growth hormone (GH) in poultry. Beard, JL; Buys, N; Darras, V; Day, JR; Decuypere, E; McMurtry, JP; Rosebrough, RW; Tomas, F; Vasilatos-Younken, R; Wang, XH; Zhou, Y, 1999)
" It is not known, however, whether the same neural circuits mediate leptin action across its full biologic dose-response curve, which extends over a broad range, from low levels seen during starvation to high levels characteristic of obesity."	( Distinct physiologic and neuronal responses to decreased leptin and mild hyperleptinemia. Ahima, RS; Elmquist, JK; Flier, JS; Kelly, J, 1999)
" Biochemical dosage of proteins and of noradrenaline amount was performed."	( Occurrence of adrenergic nerve fibers and of noradrenaline in thymus gland of juvenile and aged rats. Artico, M; Cavallotti, C; Cavallotti, D, 1999)
" The neuropeptide Y dose-response curve in patients with LVEF values from 20% to 35% was significantly shifted to the left compared with patients with LVEF values <20% and control subjects (P < ."	( Venous neuropeptide Y receptor responsiveness in patients with chronic heart failure. Arnold, JM; Callow, ID; Feng, Q; Lambert, ML, 2000)
" The purpose of this investigation was to explore the dose-response nature of the appetite-suppressive effect of GH in juvenile broilers, and the possible involvement of NPY and monoamines in this process."	( Evidence of a role for neuropeptide Y and monoamines in mediating the appetite-suppressive effect of GH. Beard, JL; Day, JR; Vasilatos-Younken, R; Wang, X; Zhou, Y, 2000)
" At the 120-min time point, PYY was 2- to 10-times as potent as NPY over the dose-response range and stimulated twice the total intake at the maximally effective dose (2-fold greater efficacy)."	( Feeding after fourth ventricular administration of neuropeptide Y receptor agonists in rats. Conze, DB; Corp, ES; Krasnicki, S; McQuade, J, 2001)
" The inhibitory actions of the antagonist and the antiserum were revealed by the dose-response curve; the highest concentrations practically abolished the HPA activation evoked by the orexins."	( The role of neuropeptide Y in orexin-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activation. Bujdosó, E; Jászberényi, M; Telegdy, G, 2001)
" Orexin-A decreased both the basal colon temperature and the lipopolysaccharide-induced fever and exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve."	( The role of NPY in the mediation of orexin-induced hypothermia. Bujdosó, E; Jászberényi, M; Kiss, E; Pataki, I; Telegdy, G, 2002)
" Both alpha-adrenoceptor blockade and neurogenic blockade induced an upward shift in the dose-response curve for both EDV and EIDV."	( Effects of blockade of alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and neuropeptide Y(1) receptors, as well as brachial plexus blockade, on endothelium-dependent vasodilation in the human forearm. Eriksson, M; Johansson, K; Lind, L; von zur Mühlen, B; Wahlqvist, I, 2002)
" These effects were probably not mediated by peripheral effects of centrally administered peptides or by the gastrokinetic effects of central NPY or leptin, because the dose-response relationship between gastric load volume and neurophysiological firing rate was unchanged in gastric load-sensitive vagal afferent fibers."	( Leptin and neuropeptide y have opposing modulatory effects on nucleus of the solitary tract neurophysiological responses to gastric loads: implications for the control of food intake. Moran, TH; Schwartz, GJ, 2002)
" A large dosage of Dex was found to evoke a decrease of blood pressure and heart rate, and an increase of serum NO concentration."	( [Effects of glucocorticoids on cardiovascular response after microinjection of noradrenaline/neuropeptide Y into nucleus tractus solitarius and the underlying mechanism in rats]. Ming, OY, 1998)
" Microinjections of NPY(3-36), an NPY Y(2) preferring agonist, into the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA) produced bi-directional dose-response curve."	( Neuropeptide Y receptor subtypes in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala modulate anxiogenic responses in rats. Gehlert, DR; Sajdyk, TJ; Schober, DA, 2002)
" Biochemical dosage of proteins and of norepinephrine was also performed, and morphological data were compared with biochemical ones."	( Age-related changes in catecholaminergic nerve fibers of rat heart and coronary vessels. Bruzzone, P; Cavallotti, C; Mancone, M; Tranquilli Leali, F, )
"Hemodynamic parameters using right heart catheter were recorded and dosage of catecholamines, neuropeptide Y (NPY), endothelin-1, and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were performed at baseline and during 60 min following envenomation."	( A canine study of immunotherapy in scorpion envenomation. Abroug, F; Barthelemy, C; Besbes, L; Boukef, R; Boussarsar, M; Carayon, A; Dellagi, K; El Atrous, S; El Ayeb, M; Eurin, J; Marghli, S; Nouira, S, 2003)
" Increased remifentanil dosage was associated with reduced plasma cortisol during surgery (P<0."	( Effect of remifentanil infusion rate on stress response to the pre-bypass phase of paediatric cardiac surgery. Cooper, R; Nolan, J; Rogers, CA; Weale, NK; Wolf, AR, 2004)
" The dosage was 5 ml/d for 30 days by gastric gavage."	( [Effects of kidney-tonifying Chinese herbal medicine on hypothalamic-pituitary gonadotrophic function]. Cai, DP; Chen, BY; Shen, H, 2004)
" Although the anorectic effects of AMPH on the first day of dosing were similar between diabetic and control rats, diabetic rats developed tolerance to this anorexia more rapidly than control rats."	( Involvement of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in regulating the amphetamine-induced appetite suppression in streptozotocin diabetic rats. Kuo, DY, 2005)
" This was confirmed by investigating the corticosterone dose-response to ACTH in adrenals from the two strains incubated in vitro."	( Intra-adrenal mechanisms in the response to chronic stress: investigation in a rat model of emotionality. Hinson, JP; Kosti, O; Raven, PW; Renshaw, D, 2006)
" Both the anorectic response on the first day of dosing and the tolerant response on the subsequent days were attenuated."	( Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y (NPY) and the attenuation of hyperphagia in streptozotocin diabetic rats treated with dopamine D1/D2 agonists. Kuo, DY, 2006)
" Individual NPY-immunoreactive neurones were laser-microdissected from the caudal arcuate nucleus after single or serial dosing with neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin (NPH), and evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for the assessment of neurotransmitter and receptor gene expression."	( Effects of hypoglycaemia on neurotransmitter and hormone receptor gene expression in laser-dissected arcuate neuropeptide Y/agouti-related peptide neurones. Briski, KP; Koshy Cherian, A; Nedungadi, TP, 2010)
" We conclude that the feeding produced by BT is sensitive to dose and dosing paradigm."	( Effects of butorphanol on feeding and neuropeptide Y in the rat. Billington, CJ; Grace, MK; Kim, EM; Kotz, CM; Kuskowski, MA; Levine, AS; Mitra, A, 2012)
" To examine further if NF-κB was involved, intracerebroventricular infusion of NF-κB antisense oligonucleotide was performed 1 h before the daily AMPH dosing in freely moving rats."	( NF-κB knockdown can modulate amphetamine-mediated feeding response. Chen, CH; Chen, PN; Chu, SC; Hsieh, YS; Kuo, DY; Kuo, MH, 2012)
" The dose-response inhibition by both antivenoms indicates that AAV neutralizes better than SAV at the used doses."	( Neuropeptide Y family-degrading metallopeptidases in the Tityus serrulatus venom partially blocked by commercial antivenoms. Cajado Carvalho, D; Kodama, RT; Kuniyoshi, AK; Oliveira, AK; Portaro, FV; Serrano, SM; Tambourgi, DV, 2014)
" Dose-response curves to KCl (30-300 mM) were used to bypass G protein-coupled receptor mechanisms."	( Neuropeptide Y restores non-receptor-mediated vasoconstrictive action in superior mesenteric arteries in portal hypertension. Dietrich, P; Hartl, J; Moleda, L; Müller-Schilling, M; Wiest, R, 2015)
" Each individual was dosed with neuropeptide Y or placebo on separate treatment days 1 week apart in random order under double-blind conditions."	( A Randomized Dose-Ranging Study of Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. Charney, DS; Collins, KA; Costi, S; Feder, A; Horn, SR; Iacoviello, B; Iosifescu, DV; Kautz, MM; Mathé, AA; Murrough, JW; Parides, M; Sayed, S; Southwick, SM; Van Dam, NT, 2018)
" In the present study, we showed that with an inverted U-shape dose-response curve, olanzapine increased NPY expression in the NPY-GFP hypothalamic neurons; however, this was not the case in the hypothalamic neurons of H1R knockout mice."	( Olanzapine increases AMPK-NPY orexigenic signaling by disrupting H1R-GHSR1a interaction in the hypothalamic neurons of mice. Chen, X; He, M; Huang, XF; Jin, T; Jones, A; Song, X; Yu, Y; Zheng, M; Zheng, P, 2020)
" Elucidation of the dose-response relationship and mechanism of action of PBA may position this compound as a potential therapeutic for eating disorders where Npy is dysregulated, such as anorexia nervosa."	( Phenylbutyric acid robustly increases Npy mRNA expression in hypothalamic neurons by increasing H3K9/14 acetylation at the Npy promoter. Belsham, DD; Krunic, A; Loganathan, N; Nkechika, V, 2023)

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0014	0.0002	0.7031	8.3700	AID146430; AID346437; AID414235
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0048	0.0001	0.2295	2.3150	AID1607554; AID219917; AID346437; AID414235
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0003	0.0002	0.7480	4.4000	AID146431; AID346438
Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0002	0.0001	0.0026	0.0050	AID219923; AID346438
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
outflow tract morphogenesis	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose metabolic process	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway, coupled to cyclic nucleotide second messenger	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
feeding behavior	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of pain	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of multicellular organism growth	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
outflow tract morphogenesis	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac left ventricle morphogenesis	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide signaling pathway	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
locomotory behavior	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
peptide YY receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
pancreatic polypeptide receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide Y receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide binding	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide YY receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuropeptide Y receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium channel regulator activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor activity	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
non-motile cilium	Neuropeptide Y receptor type 2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID180142	Inhibitory activity against isoproterenol-stimulated hyphalamic membrane adenylate cyclase activity	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-18, Volume: 37, Issue:6	[D-TRP32]neuropeptide Y: a competitive antagonist of NPY in rat hypothalamus.
AID219917	Affinity against Neuropeptide Y1 receptor on SK-N-MC human neuroblastoma cells	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 36, Issue:24	Neuropeptide Y: Y1 and Y2 affinities of the complete series of analogues with single D-residue substitutions.
AID1607554	Displacement of (sCy5)-[Lys2 Arg4]-BVD15 from GFP-tagged Y1R in human HEK293T cells assessed as inhibitory constant incubated for 5 mins followed by (sCy5)-[Lys2 Arg4]-BVD15 addition and measured after 30 mins by fluorescence based assay	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10	Heterodimeric Analogues of the Potent Y1R Antagonist 1229U91, Lacking One of the Pharmacophoric C-Terminal Structures, Retain Potent Y1R Affinity and Show Improved Selectivity over Y4R.
AID156920	Antisecretory potency, affinity for intestinal PYY of rat jejunum by using short circuit current (SCC) method.	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Structure-activity studies including a Psi(CH(2)-NH) scan of peptide YY (PYY) active site, PYY(22-36), for interaction with rat intestinal PYY receptors: development of analogues with potent in vivo activity in the intestine.
AID346438	Displacement of radiolabeled NPY from human neuropeptide Y2 receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	cis-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-5,6,7a,8,9,10,11,11a-octahydrobenzofuro[2,3-h]quinazolin-2-amine (A-987306), a new histamine H4R antagonist that blocks pain responses against carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.
AID174743	Mean arterial pressure was measured in conscious rats after intra arterial administration at 400 ug/kg dosage; ND is not determined	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions.
AID219923	Affinity against Neuropeptide Y2 receptor on SK-N-BE2 human neuroblastoma cells	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-26, Volume: 36, Issue:24	Neuropeptide Y: Y1 and Y2 affinities of the complete series of analogues with single D-residue substitutions.
AID414235	Displacement of [3H]UR-MK114 from neuropeptide Y1 receptor in human SK-N-MC cells	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-25, Volume: 51, Issue:24	Guanidine-acylguanidine bioisosteric approach in the design of radioligands: synthesis of a tritium-labeled N(G)-propionylargininamide ([3H]-UR-MK114) as a highly potent and selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist.
AID232001	Relative potency measured as ratio of ED50 of NPY to ED50 of analogue	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions.
AID346437	Displacement of radiolabeled NPY from human neuropeptide Y1 receptor	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-27, Volume: 51, Issue:22	cis-4-(Piperazin-1-yl)-5,6,7a,8,9,10,11,11a-octahydrobenzofuro[2,3-h]quinazolin-2-amine (A-987306), a new histamine H4R antagonist that blocks pain responses against carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia.
AID27110	Dissociation constant of the compound	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Probing the functional conformation of neuropeptide Y through the design and study of cyclic analogues.
AID179229	Compound was tested for the inhibition of electrically stimulated contractions of rat vas deferens	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Probing the functional conformation of neuropeptide Y through the design and study of cyclic analogues.
AID146422	Compound was tested for the inhibition of [125I]BH-NPY binding to Neuropeptide Y receptor in rat cortical membranes	1992	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-20, Volume: 35, Issue:6	Probing the functional conformation of neuropeptide Y through the design and study of cyclic analogues.
AID146431	Affinity against Neuropeptide Y receptor Y2 in SK-N-BE2 cell line	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Structure-activity studies including a Psi(CH(2)-NH) scan of peptide YY (PYY) active site, PYY(22-36), for interaction with rat intestinal PYY receptors: development of analogues with potent in vivo activity in the intestine.
AID146430	Affinity against Neuropeptide Y receptor Y1 in SK-N-MC cell line	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-07, Volume: 43, Issue:18	Structure-activity studies including a Psi(CH(2)-NH) scan of peptide YY (PYY) active site, PYY(22-36), for interaction with rat intestinal PYY receptors: development of analogues with potent in vivo activity in the intestine.
AID174744	Mean arterial pressure was measured in conscious rats after intra arterial administration at 40 ug/kg dosage.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions.
AID146049	Inhibition of [125I]-labeled NPY binding to rat hyphalamic membranes	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-18, Volume: 37, Issue:6	[D-TRP32]neuropeptide Y: a competitive antagonist of NPY in rat hypothalamus.
AID176589	Hypertensive potency in conscious rats after intra arterial administration.	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Synthesis and hypertensive activity of neuropeptide Y fragments and analogues with modified N- or C-termini or D-substitutions.
AID1346414	Human Y5 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1996	The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 271, Issue:42	Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior.
AID1346409	Mouse Y4 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1996	FEBS letters, Feb-26, Volume: 381, Issue:1-2	Cloning and characterization of a novel receptor to pancreatic polypeptide, a member of the neuropeptide Y receptor family.
AID1346410	Human Y2 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1995	The Journal of biological chemistry, Nov-10, Volume: 270, Issue:45	Expression cloning and pharmacological characterization of a human hippocampal neuropeptide Y/peptide YY Y2 receptor subtype.
AID1346322	Rat Y4 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1997	Peptides, , Volume: 18, Issue:3	[125I]Leu31, Pro34-PYY is a high affinity radioligand for rat PP1/Y4 and Y1 receptors: evidence for heterogeneity in pancreatic polypeptide receptors.
AID1346317	Rat Y1 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1997	Peptides, , Volume: 18, Issue:3	[125I]Leu31, Pro34-PYY is a high affinity radioligand for rat PP1/Y4 and Y1 receptors: evidence for heterogeneity in pancreatic polypeptide receptors.
AID1346388	Rat Y5 receptor (Neuropeptide Y receptors)	1996	The Journal of biological chemistry, Oct-18, Volume: 271, Issue:42	Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1071 (10.42)	18.7374
1990's	3724 (36.23)	18.2507
2000's	2944 (28.64)	29.6817
2010's	2096 (20.39)	24.3611
2020's	443 (4.31)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	152 (1.43%)	5.53%
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	901 (8.45%)	6.00%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	29 (0.27%)	4.05%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	7 (0.07%)	0.25%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	9,574 (89.79%)	84.16%
Other	9 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.47	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	11.66	225	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.4	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	3.58	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.74	3	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
agmatine Agmatine: Decarboxylated arginine, isolated from several plant and animal sources, e.g., pollen, ergot, herring sperm, octopus muscle.	4.58	5	1	guanidines; primary amino compound	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.69	3	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2	1	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.02	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.46	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.77	3	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	7.42	2	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.31	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	7.88	4	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.34	2	2	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.55	25	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.42	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	2.1	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.96	4	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	4.38	21	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.73	3	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.27	12	1	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	2.06	1	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.69	3	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.72	10	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	4.8	10	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	11.1	11	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
glyoxylic acid glyoxylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. glyoxylic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid bearing an oxo group at the alpha carbon atom.	1.98	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; aldehydic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	3.86	12	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	8.85	38	2	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.09	5	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.68	6	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.24	6	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	3.12	5	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.73	3	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	6.74	31	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.68	3	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.39	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.4	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.17	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.7	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	2.59	2	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
phenol [no description available]	9.25	5	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	3.27	6	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pteridines [no description available]	1.98	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; pteridines
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.72	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.1	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	4.91	14	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	8.7	1	1	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurine [no description available]	7.52	7	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	1.98	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.66	9	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	4.22	17	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	3.51	8	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	4	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	3.39	7	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	4.61	10	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	2.7	3	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	2.41	2	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
(alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine (alpha-carboxycyclopropyl)glycine: structure given in first source; glutamate receptor agonist	2.03	1	0	alpha-amino acid
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	2.04	1	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.41	2	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	1.99	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.43	7	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	2	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	2.42	2	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.05	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.15	1	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.4	2	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
n-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine N-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine: An N-substituted amphetamine analog. It is a widely abused drug classified as a hallucinogen and causes marked, long-lasting changes in brain serotonergic systems. It is commonly referred to as MDMA or ecstasy.. 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole substituted by a 2-(methylamino)propyl group at position 5.	2.71	3	0	amphetamines; benzodioxoles	neurotoxin
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine 3-hydroxybenzylhydrazine: decarboxylase inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.69	3	0	phenols
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.69	3	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
3-nitropropionic acid 3-nitropropionic acid: succinate dehydrogenase inactivator; biosynthesized by FABACEAE plants from ASPARAGINE. 3-nitropropanoic acid : A C-nitro compound that is propanoic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a nitro group.	1.98	1	0	C-nitro compound	antimycobacterial drug; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; mycotoxin; neurotoxin
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	3.78	11	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	6.62	16	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	1.98	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	6.25	19	2	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-chlorokynurenic acid 7-chlorokynurenic acid: selective antagonist at the glycine modulatory site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor complex; structure given in first source. 7-chlorokynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinaldic acid which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and by a chlorine at position 7. It is a potent NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist which antagonizes the strychnine-insensitive glycine site of the NMDA receptor. It also prevents neurodegeneration produced by quinolinic acid.	2.02	1	0	organochlorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	1.97	1	0
8-phenyltheophylline 8-phenyltheophylline: purinergic P1 receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
tyrphostin ag 1024 tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor	2.11	1	0	alkylbenzene
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	1.97	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.03	1	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	3.16	5	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	3.37	1	1	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	1.99	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
theophylline [no description available]	8.22	6	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	8.87	2	1	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	2.41	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid 2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid: glutamate antagonist in locust muscle; structure; do not confuse with L-AP4, which is the propionic acid version	2	1	0
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.38	2	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	3.07	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.4	2	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	4.65	6	1	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azepexole [no description available]	2.37	2	0
baclofen [no description available]	8.22	25	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	3.68	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.06	15	0
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	2.15	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.1	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.09	5	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bifemelane bifemelane: structure given in first source	8.37	1	1	diarylmethane
bisbenzimidazole Bisbenzimidazole: A benzimidazole antifilarial agent; it is fluorescent when it binds to certain nucleotides in DNA, thus providing a tool for the study of DNA replication; it also interferes with mitosis.	1.99	1	0	bibenzimidazole; N-methylpiperazine	anthelminthic drug; fluorochrome
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	3.4	7	0
bretylium bretylium: RN given refers to parent cpd. bretylium : A quaternary ammonium cation having 2-bromobenzyl, ethyl and two methyl groups attached to the nitrogen. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.41	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
bumetanide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	10.58	5	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	3.08	5	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.38	2	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.88	2	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carvedilol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	2.1	1	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	2.4	2	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chloral hydrate [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.4	2	0	benzodiazepine
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.38	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	2.92	4	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	2.68	3	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	1.98	1	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	5.45	5	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.38	2	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	8.82	61	3	clonidine; imidazoline
phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide phenylalanyl-cyclo(cysteinyltyrosyl-tryptophyl-ornithyl-threonyl-penicillamine)threoninamide: cyclic somatostatin octapeptide analog with high affinity & selectivity toward mu opioid receptors	2.02	1	0
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	1.99	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	1.99	1	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	2.31	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	9.12	16	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.46	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	9.29	19	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	4.98	37	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.88	12	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	2.7	3	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.25	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	1.98	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	2.91	4	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
disulfiram [no description available]	6.86	4	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	11.79	13	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.77	11	0
p-chloroamphetamine p-Chloroamphetamine: Chlorinated analog of AMPHETAMINE. Potent neurotoxin that causes release and eventually depletion of serotonin in the CNS. It is used as a research tool.	3.06	1	0
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.51	8	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.01	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	2.39	2	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	5.31	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	2.11	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	2.39	2	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fluphenazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	1.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	5.57	22	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	7.44	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	2	1	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	7.4	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	4.07	3	1	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.44	2	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	2.02	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
guanidinoethylmercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	1.98	1	0
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	7.05	1	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	1.98	1	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	3.24	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
go 6976 [no description available]	1.99	1	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	4.81	33	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	1.97	1	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	2.01	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
gyki 52466 GYKI 52466: an AMPA (non-NMDA) receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.9	4	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	isoquinolines
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	7.45	38	1	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	6.97	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	4	14	0	quaternary ammonium salt
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	2.01	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.47	2	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	1.99	1	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	1.99	1	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	3.26	6	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ici 118551 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	indanes
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.1	1	0	piperidines
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.04	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	3.79	11	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	4.43	22	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	3.08	5	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.93	4	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.39	2	0	tetrahydropyridine
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	4.5	24	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	5.24	51	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.7	3	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.68	3	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	8.62	9	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.91	4	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lamotrigine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	2.4	2	0	catecholamine
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	2.1	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	9.61	8	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	3.42	7	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mebeverine mebeverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.39	1	1	methoxybenzoic acid
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	1.97	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
memantine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	1.99	1	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.95	8	1	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methoctramine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; tetramine	muscarinic antagonist
nocodazole [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	5.2	6	2	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	1.99	1	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	8.81	2	1	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
milrinone [no description available]	1.99	1	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	2.13	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	2.4	2	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	10.45	20	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine 1-(3-trifluoromethylphenyl)piperazine: acts as serotonin agonist; structure. 1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group at position 1. A serotonergic agonist used as a recreational drug.	2.4	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; N-arylpiperazine	environmental contaminant; psychotropic drug; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	7.37	2	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	3.49	2	0
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.77	3	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	6.26	35	1	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	2.37	2	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	1.97	1	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nisoxetine nisoxetine: potent inhibitor for norepinephrine uptake into rat brain synaptosomes & brain; NM refers to (+-)-isomer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. nisoxetine : A secondary amino compound that is N-methyl-3-phenylpropan-1-amine substituted at position 3 by a 2-methoxyphenoxy group.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.89	4	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	4.63	6	1	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.51	2	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	6.86	4	0	carbazoles
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	6.56	64	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	2.67	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	4.62	6	1	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	3.39	7	0	phenylalanine derivative
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	7.39	2	0	aromatic amine
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	2.93	4	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.7	10	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.72	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	5.6	24	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	2.01	1	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	2.66	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	2.7	3	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.21	1	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	1.98	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	2.9	4	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	4.54	5	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	4.09	3	1	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	6.84	50	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.72	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	10.39	59	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	2	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	1.98	1	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	2.4	2	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.4	2	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	11.75	58	1	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.04	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.38	7	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.95	8	1	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	1.97	1	0	methoxybenzenes
rolipram [no description available]	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	7.94	4	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	7.25	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	4.78	7	1	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.4	2	0	morpholines
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.07	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	6.99	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	3.39	7	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	3.44	1	1	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	8.87	12	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	azepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	2.99	1	0	benzodiazepine
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.4	2	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.39	2	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2	1	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	4.19	5	0	quaternary ammonium ion
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.98	1	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2	1	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.68	3	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
triclosan [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	2.41	2	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	5.15	11	1	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urethane [no description available]	7.02	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vigabatrin [no description available]	7.4	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	1.98	1	0
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	2.39	2	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	7.02	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
corticosterone [no description available]	11.53	192	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.7	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	6.97	1	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	5.49	66	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	11.76	47	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	2.44	2	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	8.6	9	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	10.6	23	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.24	6	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	6.97	38	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	1.98	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	8.8	36	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	2.9	4	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.04	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
norethandrolone Norethandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties and moderate progestational activity.	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	2.43	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	7.72	3	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	12.33	10	1	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.39	2	0
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	5.81	28	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	3.59	9	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	9.41	21	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	10.38	18	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	1.99	1	0
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	2.08	1	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	8.5	8	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.03	1	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	5.03	13	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	9.42	21	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	1.98	1	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.38	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	6.02	35	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	7.1	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.06	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.79	11	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.03	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	2.92	4	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.76	30	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.71	50	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	1.98	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0	azobenzenes
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	4.36	20	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.36	7	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	8.59	9	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	5.24	3	1	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	1.98	1	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.77	35	2	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	3.09	5	0	quaternary ammonium salt
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	5.23	6	2	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.73	3	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.03	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	4.65	6	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.36	7	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.08	43	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	3.37	7	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	3.6	9	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	4.68	9	0	isoindoles
cytarabine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	2.4	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	7.94	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
veratridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	steroid	sodium channel modulator
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.84	11	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.83	8	3	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.69	3	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	11.27	296	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	8.05	4	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tribromoethanol tribromoethanol: major descriptor (66-90); on-line search ETHANOL (66-90); INDEX MEDICUS search TRIBROMOETHANOL (66-90)	2	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
trichloroacetaldehyde trichloroacetaldehyde : An organochlorine compound that consists of acetaldehyde where all the methyl hydrogens are replaced by chloro groups.	1.98	1	0	aldehyde; organochlorine compound	mouse metabolite
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	7.7	3	0	fluoroalcohol
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.78	11	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	3.89	2	1	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
acrylamide [no description available]	2.39	2	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	1.97	1	0	piperidines
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	2.96	3	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.38	2	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	1.97	1	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	4.44	22	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
3,3'-diaminobenzidine 3,3'-Diaminobenzidine: A chemically and thermodynamically stable derivative of BENZIDINE.. 3,3'-diaminobenzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is benzidine in which one of the hydrogens ortho to each of the amino groups has been replaced by an amino group.	3.23	6	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	histological dye
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	1.97	1	0
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	4.82	10	0	xanthene
benzidine benzidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzidine : A member of the class of biphenyls that is 1,1'-biphenyl in which the hydrogen at the para-position of each phenyl group has been replaced by an amino group.	1.98	1	0	biphenyls; substituted aniline	carcinogenic agent
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.8	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	3.08	5	0	toluenes
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	3.1	5	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
benzonitrile benzonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a phenyl group.	7.02	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
acrolein [no description available]	2.13	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.97	4	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.1	5	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.44	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.21	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
triethylene glycol triethylene glycol : A poly(ethylene glycol) that is octane-1,8-diol in which the carbon atoms at positions 3 and 6 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	2.17	1	0	diol; poly(ethylene glycol); primary alcohol	plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.03	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
triethylamine [no description available]	2	1	0	tertiary amine
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.21	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
iodoantipyrine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.11	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
cupric acetate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
pregnenolone [no description available]	2.44	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	8.14	56	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	6.98	1	0	purine nucleoside
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	1.98	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	4.28	5	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
benzoxazoles 1,3-benzoxazole : A benzoxazole in which the benzene ring is fused to a 1,3-oxazole ring across positions 4 and 5.. benzoxazole : Compounds based on a fused 1,2- or 1,3-oxazole and benzene bicyclic ring skeleton.	3.16	5	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.46	7	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	2.02	1	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.41	2	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	6.51	14	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	3.87	4	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	2.68	3	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	3.1	5	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
2h-benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy- 2H-Benzo(a)quinolizin-2-ol, 2-Ethyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-3-isobutyl-9,10-dimethoxy-: Proposed catecholamine depletor.	1.97	1	0
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.67	3	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	2.1	1	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.51	2	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.41	2	0	ether
trifluoroethene [no description available]	2.01	1	0
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.15	1	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	3.31	6	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	7.38	2	0	ergoline alkaloid
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	7.4	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
cyanamide Cyanamide: A cyanide compound which has been used as a fertilizer, defoliant and in many manufacturing processes. It often occurs as the calcium salt, sometimes also referred to as cyanamide. The citrated calcium salt is used in the treatment of alcoholism.. cyanamide : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by an amino group.	2	1	0	nitrile; one-carbon compound	EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	2.15	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ketene ketene: structure. ketene : Carbonyl compounds where the C=O bond is conjugated to an alkylidene group.	7.02	1	0	ketene
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	6.98	1	0	phthalazines
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	10.36	18	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	6.43	66	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	4	13	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.13	1	0	thiazolidine
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.44	2	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.08	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	8.39	1	1	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	2.53	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.08	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	6.99	16	2	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	4.06	14	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	9.56	5	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.72	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.44	2	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.02	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
18-hydroxycorticosterone [no description available]	1.97	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
megestrol acetate [no description available]	7.4	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycopyrrolate Glycopyrrolate: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in some disorders of the gastrointestinal tract, and to reduce salivation with some anesthetics.. glycopyrronium bromide : A quaternary ammonium salt composed of 3-{[cyclopentyl(hydroxy)phenylacetyl]oxy}-1,1-dimethylpyrrolidin-1-ium and bromide ions in a 1:1 ratio.	1.97	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.46	2	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	2.15	1	0
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	4.11	3	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	indoles
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	1.98	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one 3-methyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one: in a releaser significantly reduced trap catches and spruce beetle attacks on standing live spruce by 96 and 87%, respectively	2.01	1	0	cyclic olefin
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	4.58	8	0
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.44	2	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
digoxigenin Digoxigenin: 3 beta,12 beta,14-Trihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)-enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digoxin. Can be obtained by hydrolysis of digoxin or from Digitalis orientalis L. and Digitalis lanata Ehrh.. digoxigenin : A hydroxy steroid that consists of 5beta-cardanolide having a double bond at the 20(22)-position as well as hydroxy groups at the 3beta-, 12beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Digitalis.	2.69	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol	hapten; plant metabolite
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	10.23	27	0	tertiary amine
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.71	3	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	7.68	3	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.69	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	1.99	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	2.92	4	0	thioxanthenes
benzyl acetone benzyl acetone: a dominant floral attractant	2.13	1	0	ketone
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	2.5	2	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.91	4	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	6.98	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.4	2	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
acetylthiocholine Acetylthiocholine: An agent used as a substrate in assays for cholinesterases, especially to discriminate among enzyme types.	2.11	1	0
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	2.71	3	0	catecholamine
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	7.13	1	0	aromatic amine
limonene Limonene: A naturally-occurring class of MONOTERPENES which occur as a clear colorless liquid at room temperature. Limonene is the major component in the oil of oranges which has many uses, including as flavor and fragrance. It is recognized as safe in food by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).. limonene : A monoterpene that is cyclohex-1-ene substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4 respectively.	3.46	1	1	cycloalkene; p-menthadiene	human metabolite
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	4.91	36	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.7	3	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	1.98	1	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.31	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	2.89	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	2.41	2	0	manganese group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	2.67	3	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	1.99	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.71	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.6	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.67	3	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.01	1	0	dihydrogen
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	9.22	5	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	1.99	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2	1	0	cadmium coordination entity
cesium sulfate cesium sulfate: used in forming density gradients	2.02	1	0
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	5.68	15	0
4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid carrying a chloro substituent at position 4.	2.05	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	phenoxy herbicide
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	2.91	4	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
eedq EEDQ: peptide coupling reagent	1.97	1	0
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	5.15	46	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.38	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.93	4	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.41	1	0	tin oxide
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	3.1	5	0
iodine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.11	1	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	1.97	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.66	6	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.37	1	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.05	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	8.82	3	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	3.79	11	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	2.06	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	8.48	74	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.97	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
torpedo Torpedo: A genus of the Torpedinidae family consisting of several species. Members of this family have powerful electric organs and are commonly called electric rays.	7.68	3	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.41	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	1.98	1	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	3.07	5	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	7	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	8.45	1	1	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2.4	2	0
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	3.24	6	0
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	2.03	1	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
substance p [no description available]	18.37	785	8	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.9	4	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
butaclamol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	amino alcohol; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.91	4	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.92	4	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.43	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	5.96	25	1	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
quisqualic acid Quisqualic Acid: An agonist at two subsets of excitatory amino acid receptors, ionotropic receptors that directly control membrane channels and metabotropic receptors that indirectly mediate calcium mobilization from intracellular stores. The compound is obtained from the seeds and fruit of Quisqualis chinensis.	3.08	5	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
pinaverium pinaverium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.39	1	1	monoterpenoid
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.38	2	0
impromidine Impromidine: A highly potent and specific histamine H2 receptor agonist. It has been used diagnostically as a gastric secretion indicator.	1.97	1	0
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	6.9	90	0
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.98	1	0
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	3.1	5	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	4.12	3	1	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	10.72	11	2	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ethylcholine aziridinium ethylcholine aziridinium: causes passive avoidance deficits	6.97	1	0
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	1.98	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	7.05	104	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
pimonidazole pimonidazole: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	3.4	1	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	7.03	43	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
rimcazole rimcazole: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	carbazoles
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	3.44	1	1	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	8.99	14	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	2.92	4	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.25	1	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	9.87	8	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
temelastine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidone
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	4.34	20	0
flesinoxan [no description available]	6.99	1	0
cy 208-243 CY 208-243: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	phenanthridines
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	2.02	1	0	imidazopyridine
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	2.08	1	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	4.32	1	1	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	3.56	1	1	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	1.98	1	0	organoiodine compound
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.53	2	0	proline derivative
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	6.33	21	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	2.41	2	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.05	1	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
tenocyclidine tenocyclidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and thiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A dissociative anaesthetic drug with halluccinogenic and stimulant effects. Its effects are similar to those of phencyclidine (PCP, an analogue with the thienyl group replaced by phenyl), but it is rather more potent.	1.97	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.07	1	0	hydrochloride
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	2.81	3	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.05	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
3-methylhistidine 3-methylhistidine: marker for myofibrillar-protein breakdown; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 3-methylhistidine : A methylhistidine in which the methyl group is located at N-3.. N(pros)-methyl-L-histidine : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine substituted by a methyl group at position 3 on the imidazole ring.	2.15	1	0	L-histidine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; zwitterion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	2.41	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.04	1	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	3.14	5	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2',5'-dideoxyadenosine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	deoxyribonucleoside
tenilsetam tenilsetam: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	2.05	1	0	beta-carbolines
atrinositol [no description available]	6.36	39	1
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.05	1	0	acetamides
anpirtoline anpirtoline: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide
arpromidine arpromidine: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	3.43	1	1	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	2.43	2	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
lithium sulfate lithium sulfate : A metal sulfate in which the counterion is lithium and the ratio of lithium to sulfate is 2:1.	2.01	1	0	metal sulfate	antidepressant
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	2.38	2	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.25	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.04	1	0
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.73	3	0	1,2,3-triazole
spiramide spiramide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. spiramide : An azaspiro compound that consists of 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decan-4-one having a phenyl group attached to N-1 and a 3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl attached to N-8. Selective 5-HT antagonist, which binds to 5-HT2 sites as potently as spiperone but has lower affinity for 5-HT2C receptors. Also a high affinity D2 receptor antagonist (Ki = 3 nM). Lacks the disruptive effect of spiperone on animal behaviour.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
duroquinone tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone: structure in first source. duroquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	1.99	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate methyl 2-tetradecylglycidate: structure	2.02	1	0
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	3.97	2	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	7.41	2	0	isourea
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	4.17	5	0
mesulergine mesulergine: RN given refers to parent cpd; CU 32-085 is synonymous to mono-HCl; metabolized into dopaminergic agonists; structure given in first source. mesulergine : A member of the class of ergot alkaloids that is known to act on serotonin and dopamine receptors.	1.98	1	0	ergot alkaloid; sulfamides	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic antagonist
tyrosyltyrosine tyrosyltyrosine: RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer. tyrosyltyrosine : A dipeptide comprising tyrosine with a tyrosyl residue attached to the alpha-nitrogen.. Tyr-Tyr : Tyrosyltyrosine in which each tyrosine residue has L-configuration.	4.56	4	0	tyrosyltyrosine	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	6.86	4	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	1.97	1	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	2.38	2	0
atipamezole [no description available]	1.98	1	0
trichlorosucrose trichlorosucrose: sweetness intensity roughly 600 times that of sucrose and is nonnutritive and noncaloric; largely unabsorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. sucralose : A disaccharide derivative consisting of 4-chloro-4-deoxy-alpha-D-galactopyranose and 1,6-dichloro-1,6-dideoxy-beta-D-fructofuranose units linked by a glycosidic bond.	2.58	2	0	disaccharide derivative; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
efaroxan efaroxan: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0	1-benzofurans
jatrorrhizine jatrorrhizine: isolated from bark of Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae); structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	alkaloid
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.01	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	2.11	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.25	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.43	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
rosiglitazone [no description available]	9.31	4	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
lithium bromide lithium bromide: denatures ribonuclease A; also sedative. lithium bromide : A lithium salt in which the counterion is bromide. The anhydrous salt forms cubic crystals similar to common salt.	2.02	1	0	bromide salt; lithium salt
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	3.97	13	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
d-aspartic acid [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aspartic acid; D-alpha-amino acid	mouse metabolite
5-thio-d-glucose 5-thio-D-glucose: RN given refers to 5-thio-D-glucose	2.42	2	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.79	51	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	3.78	2	1	iditol	fungal metabolite
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid	2	1	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	3.36	7	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	9.06	3	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.47	23	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.39	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
acid violet 17 violet BNP: structure given in first source	2.15	1	0
n-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid N-(4,4-diphenyl-3-butenyl)nipecotic acid: structure given in first source	2.08	1	0	diarylmethane
melanotan-ii melanotan-II: synthetic cyclic heptapeptide, an analog of alpha-melanotropin (4,10); capable of stimulating melanin synthesis & promoting rapid tanning of skin; currently in trials for use in the prevention of sunlight-induced skin cancer	8.14	5	0	organic molecular entity
indole-3-lactic acid indole-3-lactic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3-(indol-3-yl)lactic acid : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is lactic acid substituted by a 1H-indol-3-yl group at position 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	3.87	2	1	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	human metabolite
diprotin a [no description available]	2.02	1	0	peptide
2-phenyl-5,5-dimethyltetrahydro-1,4-oxazine 2-phenyl-5,5-dimethyltetrahydro-1,4-oxazine: anorectic; CNS stimulant; synonym G 130 refers to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2	1	0
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins	3.48	8	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	1.98	1	0
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	2.38	2	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.39	2	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane 1-amino-1,3-dicarboxycyclopentane: RN given refers to (cis)-isomer	1.99	1	0
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.39	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	3.26	6	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
sr141716 [no description available]	3.27	6	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
cp-55,940 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	1.98	1	0
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	2.05	1	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.01	1	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	3.53	2	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	2.4	2	0
satratoxin g [no description available]	2.11	1	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	2.67	3	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	2.02	1	0
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	1.98	1	0
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	1.98	1	0	inositol phosphate
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.02	1	0
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	2	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	2.01	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	2	1	0	oligopeptide
afdx 116 otenzepad: cardioselective muscarinic receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	benzodiazepine
sr 95531 [no description available]	2.75	3	0	methoxybenzenes
1,9-dideoxyforskolin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acetate ester; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound	plant metabolite
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	2.9	4	0
5-methoxy 3-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl)1h indole [no description available]	2.4	2	0	indoles
alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol alpha-(4-fluorophenyl)-4-(5-fluoro-2-pyrimidinyl)-1-piperazine butanol: NM refers to free form; BMY 14802-1 is the HCl; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0	N-arylpiperazine
dynorphin (1-8) dynorphin (1-8): opioid octapeptide from porcine hypothalamus; comprises the N-terminal eight residues of dynorphin	2.38	2	0
senktide [no description available]	7.71	3	0
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	5.43	6	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	9.99	38	0
tadalafil [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
st 587 St 587: clonidine derivative which is selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulator with lipophilic properties; structure in first source	1.97	1	0
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	catecholamine
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	1.98	1	0
gastrodin gastrodin: the glucoside of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (gastrodigenin); isolated from Gastrodia elata Blume;	2.13	1	0	glycoside
tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide tyrosyl-prolyl-leucyl-glycinamide: found in rat brain	3.15	1	0
3'-o-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate 3'-O-(4-benzoyl)benzoyladenosine 5'-triphosphate: purinergic receptors agonist; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	purine ribonucleoside triphosphate
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (304-313): from Bacillus stearothermophilus	2.11	1	0
morphiceptin morphiceptin: synthetic tetrapeptide with morphinelike activities, highly specific for morphine receptors, but not for enkephalin receptors; is the amide of a fragment of the milk protein beta casein; deproceptin is the D-Pro(4)-isomer; see also related heptapeptide beta-casomorphin; RN given refers to parent cpd(L-Tyr-L-Pro-L-Phe-L-Pro)-isomer	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.1	1	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane- 1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid: structure given in first source. DOTA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 of a twelve-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	azamacrocycle	chelator; copper chelator
zd 7114 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
alliin alliin: nutritional supplement in diet; possible therapeutic use in anemia and splenic hypertrophy; structure. alliin : An L-alanine derivative in which one of the methyl hydrogens of L-alanine has been replaced by an (S)-allylsulfinyl group.	7.31	1	0	alpha-amino acid
indanidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0
dup 734 DuP 734: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0
bw a868c BW A868C: a selective DP receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
pd 142893 PD 142893: functional antagonist of endothelin-stimulated vasoconstriction	2.01	1	0
arginylphenylalaninamide arginylphenylalaninamide: RN given refers to (L,L)-isomer; fragment of FMRamide; may be used as a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator by optic lobe neurons of different types	2.49	2	0
brl 35135 BRL 35135: structure given in first source	2.39	2	0
alanyl-prolyl-glycyl-tryptophanamide alanyl-prolyl-glycyl-tryptophanamide: molluscan neuropeptide related to the N-terminal tetrapeptide of the crustacean hormone, RPCH	2	1	0
celastrol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
cholecystokinin (27-33) [no description available]	1.96	1	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.04	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.	2.04	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane 7,8-(methylenedioxy)-14-hydroxyberbane: structure given in first source	2	1	0
nnc 711 NNC 711: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
lhrh, gln(8)- [no description available]	1.99	1	0
neurotensin (8-13) neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity	2.13	1	0
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	2.39	2	0
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-phe(7)- [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	2.39	2	0
enkephalin-met, arg(6)-gly(7)-leu(8)- enkephalin-Met, Arg(6)-Gly(7)-Leu(8)-: from bovine adrenal medulla; has 35% the opiate receptor binding activity of Met-enkephalin	3.77	11	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	3.3	6	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	3.57	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2.02	1	0
glycylglutamine glycylglutamine: inhibitory neuropeptide derived from beta-endorphin; RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.25	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite; protective agent
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.49	2	0
n(g)-aminoarginine N(G)-aminoarginine: potent antagonist of L-arginine-mediated endothelium-dependent relaxation	2.1	1	0	arginine derivative
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2.38	2	0
glicentin Glicentin: A 69-amino acid peptide derived from the N-terminal of PROGLUCAGON. It is mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. Further processing of glicentin yield a 30-amino acid N-terminal peptide (glicentin-related polypeptide) and a 37-amino acid peptide OXYNTOMODULIN. Both glicentin and oxyntomodulin can reduce digestive secretions and delay gastric emptying.	1.99	1	0
bd 1008 BD 1008: structure in first source	1.99	1	0	primary amine
methotrexate [no description available]	7.79	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
tamsulosin [no description available]	1.99	1	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rg 6866 RG 6866: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
endothelin (16-21) endothelin (16-21): C-terminal hexapeptide of endothelin; amino acid seq. given in first source	1.98	1	0	peptide
tyrosyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide tyrosyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: RN from Toxlit	2.15	1	0
bd 737 BD 737: structure given in first source; BD737 and 738 are enantiomers; have high affinity for sigma receptors	2.91	4	0
serotonin-o-carboxymethyl-gly-tyr serotonin-O-carboxymethyl-Gly-Tyr: structure given in first source; ligand for serotonin receptor subtypes	1.99	1	0
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	2.92	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
abiraterone [no description available]	3.56	1	1	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
leucinal leucinal: RN given refers to (S)-isomer	2.44	2	0
ethylketocyclazocine Ethylketocyclazocine: A kappa opioid receptor agonist. The compound has analgesic action and shows positive inotropic effects on the electrically stimulated left atrium. It also affects various types of behavior in mammals such as locomotion, rearing, and grooming.	1.97	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	9.36	40	3	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.56	1	1	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
evodiamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	beta-carbolines
3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid 3,17-diacetoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
glycylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide glycylphenylalanine 2-naphthylamide: cathepsin C substrate; RN given refers to (L)-isomer. glycyl-L-phenylalanine 2-naphthylamide : An N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycyl-L-phenylalanine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.	2.05	1	0	dipeptide; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide	chromogenic compound
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.46	2	0
cyanopindolol [no description available]	1.98	1	0	indoles
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	3.39	1	1	morpholines
ym 09151-2 nemonapride: structure in first source; RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. nemonapride : A racemate composed of (2S,3S)- and (2R,3R)-enantiomers of nemonapride. Highly potent dopamine D2-like receptor antagonist; selective over D1-like receptors (Ki values are 0.1 and 740 nM for D2-like and D1-like receptors respectively). Also potent 5-HT1A receptor agonist (IC50 = 34 nM) and has affinity for sigma receptors.. (2R,3R)-nemonapride : An optically active form of nemonapride having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.21	1	0	N-(1-benzyl-2-methylpyrrolidin-3-yl)-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-(methylamino)benzamide
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	1.99	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	1.98	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
fidarestat fidarestat: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
6-hydroxytryptamine 6-hydroxytryptamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
gyki 12743 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	2.01	1	0
4-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate 4-(2'-pyridyldithio)benzyldiazoacetate: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-n-oxide-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	aminoxyls; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	9.26	18	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	10.41	83	1	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	10.05	42	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
nbi 27914 [no description available]	2.98	4	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
homocysteic acid homocysteic acid: promotes growth in hypophysectomized rats; RN given refers to parent cpd. homocysteic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group has benn oxidised to the corresponding sulfonic acid.. L-homocysteic acid : A homocysteic acid with L-configuration.	7.38	2	0	homocysteic acid	NMDA receptor agonist
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.05	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.42	2	0
bd 1047 N-(2-(3,4-Dichlorphenyl)ethyl)-N,N',N'-trimethyl-1,2-ethandiamin: sigma receptor ligand; putative sigma receptor antagonist with antidystonic activity	2.03	1	0	primary amine
enkephalin-met, lys(6)- enkephalin-Met, Lys(6)-: opioid hexapeptide found in adrenal medulla & brain	1.96	1	0
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.	2.04	1	0
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	2.21	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	2.25	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	3.53	8	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	2.67	3	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.07	1	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2	1	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	4.87	11	0
wortmannin [no description available]	3.26	6	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	8.42	7	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	1.97	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.4	7	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	3.65	9	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	3.5	2	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2	1	0	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	7.32	45	0	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.06	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	4.02	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.98	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	11.14	49	5	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	8.69	10	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	9.69	9	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.97	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	3.69	10	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 3-phosphate inositol 3-phosphate: RN given refers to (myo)-isomer	2.4	2	0
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
psicose, (d)-isomer [no description available]	2.41	1	0	monosaccharide
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	1.99	1	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	8.5	8	0	benzazocine
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	8.24	6	0
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	2.31	1	0
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.4	2	0	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	2.91	4	0	tripeptide
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.39	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.08	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	dipeptide
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	6.98	1	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	organic molecular entity
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.76	3	0	cyclodextrin
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	2.47	2	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.72	10	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.39	2	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	1.98	1	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.88	3	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.8	3	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.72	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	2.39	2	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	6.11	23	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	6.97	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	3.94	13	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	2.1	1	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
apstatin apstatin: inhibits aminopeptidase P; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
argininamide argininamide: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. L-arginine amide : An amino acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-arginine with ammonia.	7.05	1	0	amino acid amide; guanidines; L-arginine derivative
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	2.41	2	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
benzoylecgonine benzoylecgonine: cocaine is benzoyl methyl ecgonine; RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; structure. ecgonine benzoate : A benzoate ester metabolite of cocaine formed by hydrolysis of the methyl ester group, catalysed by carboxylesterases.	6.99	1	0	benzoate ester; tropane alkaloid	epitope; human xenobiotic metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	9.04	4	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.31	7	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	2.11	1	0	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
decitabine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.09	5	0	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	11.85	226	1	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
sodium perchlorate sodium perchlorate : An inorganic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and perchlorate ions.	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt
diisononyl phthalate diisononyl phthalate: dielectric (electric insulating) fluid. diisononyl phthalate : The diisononyl ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	7.15	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	plasticiser
alpha-asarone asarone: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #847. asarone : A phenylpropanoid that is benzene substituted by methoxy groups at positions 1, 2 and 4 and a propen-1-yl group at position 5. It has been isolated from Acorus.. alpha-asarone : The trans-isomer of asarone.	2.03	1	0	asarone	anticonvulsant; GABA modulator
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.13	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.88	3	0	stilbene
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.02	1	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
cocaethylene cocaethylene: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer; cocaine metabolite produced in vivo when cocaine and ethanol are taken together; as potent as cocaine in blocking uptake of the neurotransmitter dopamine synapses	6.99	1	0	benzoate ester
malonyl coenzyme a Malonyl Coenzyme A: A coenzyme A derivative which plays a key role in the fatty acid synthesis in the cytoplasmic and microsomal systems.. omega-carboxyacyl-CoA : An acyl-CoA that results from the formal condensation of the thiol group of coenzyme A with one of the carboxy groups of any alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid.	3.86	4	0	malonyl-CoAs	EC 2.3.1.21 (carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	7.88	65	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	2.06	1	0	benzamides
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	3.11	5	0	phosphocholines	detergent
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.89	4	0
isopropyl thiogalactoside Isopropyl Thiogalactoside: A non-metabolizable galactose analog that induces expression of the LAC OPERON.. isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside : An S-glycosyl compound consisting of beta-D-1-thiogalactose having an isopropyl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	1.98	1	0	S-glycosyl compound
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.98	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	2	1	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.01	1	0
bemesetron [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.42	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.59	2	0	biphenyls
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	8.4	60	1	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	2.45	2	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	9.9	20	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
tamoxifen [no description available]	2.41	2	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	3.11	5	0
horminone horminone: RN refers to (4bS-(4balpha,8abeta,10beta))-isomer; from root of Salvia officinalis; structure given in second source. horminone : An abietane diterpenoid that is abieta-8,12-diene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 12 and oxo groups at positions 11 and 14 (the 7alpha stereoisomer) .	2.03	1	0
5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine: structure in first source. 5-carboxytetramethylrhodamine : A tetramethylrhodamine compound having a carboxy substituent at the 5-position	2.11	1	0	xanthenes	fluorochrome
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	2	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	1.99	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	3.15	5	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
pica Pica: The persistent eating of non-nutritive substances for a period of at least one month.	8.5	2	0
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.04	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine 6-methyl-2-(phenylethynyl)pyridine: an mGlu5 antagonist. 2-methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine : A methylpyridine that coinsists of 2-methylp[yridine bearing an additional phenylethynyl group at position 6. Potent and highly selective non-competitive antagonist at the mGlu5 receptor subtype (IC50 = 36 nM) and a positive allosteric modulator at mGlu4 receptors. Centrally active following systemic administration in vivo. Reverses mechanical hyperalgesia in the inflamed rat hind paw.	2.02	1	0	acetylenic compound; methylpyridines	anxiolytic drug; metabotropic glutamate receptor antagonist
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	4.76	7	1	alkali metal atom
nitromifene Nitromifene: A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.	2.02	1	0
raclopride Raclopride: A substituted benzamide that has antipsychotic properties. It is a dopamine D2 receptor (see RECEPTORS, DOPAMINE D2) antagonist.	2.05	1	0	salicylamides
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.72	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	2.7	3	0
boc-tyr(s03)-nle-gly-trp-nle-asp-2-phenylethyl ester JMV 180: distinguishes high-affinity cholecystokinin receptors from low-affinity cholecystokinin receptors; RN given refers to (S)-isomer	1.98	1	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	2.17	1	0
bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(iv) bis(maltolato)oxovanadium(IV): a hypoglycemic agentt; structure given in first source	2	1	0
suberoylbisphosphonic acid suberoylbisphosphonic acid: structure given in first source; inhibits hydroxyapatite formation, dissolution in vitro, and the calcification of bioprosthetic tissue implanted subdermally in rats	2.6	1	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.93	4	0	primary aliphatic amine
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	8.12	5	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.45	2	0	benzazepine
cholecystokinin (26-33) cholecystokinin (26-33): cholecystokinin receptor antagonists	1.98	1	0
silicon nitride [no description available]	2.31	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.52	2	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.4	2	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.95	4	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	4.31	4	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	naphthoic acid
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2.05	1	0
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	1.98	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
rs 102221 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	3.84	11	0	quinoxaline derivative
l 152804 L 152804: structure in first source	3.53	8	0	xanthenes
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
a 61603 A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0	tetralins
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	7.38	2	0
d 609 [no description available]	2	1	0
gr 103691 GR 103691: dopamine D3 receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0	aromatic ketone
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	4.1	4	0	long-chain fatty acid
3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol 3-(2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl)-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol: (-)-CP-55,940 and (+)-CP-56,667 are enantiomers; RN refers to CP-55,940	2.74	3	0	alkylbenzene; ring assembly
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.93	4	0
jnj 7777120 1-((5-chloro-1H-indol-2-yl)carbonyl)-4-methylpiperazine: an H4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.91	4	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.41	2	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	5.29	17	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	3.77	11	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.31	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.03	1	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	2.03	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.11	1	0
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	2.01	1	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	3.1	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	7.91	4	0	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
alprostadil [no description available]	2.91	4	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	3.25	1	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	2.89	4	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	2.4	2	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
genistein [no description available]	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
daidzein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	3.16	5	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cerulenin Cerulenin: An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including ACREMONIUM, Acrocylindrum, and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.. cerulenin : An epoxydodecadienamide isolated from several species, including Acremonium, Acrocylindrum and Helicoceras. It inhibits the biosynthesis of several lipids by interfering with enzyme function.	3.35	2	0	epoxide; monocarboxylic acid amide	antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor
domoic acid domoic acid: kainic acid analog, heterocyclic amino acid from seaweed; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. domoic acid : An L-proline derivative that is L-proline substituted by a carboxymethyl group at position 3 and a 6-carboxyhepta-2,4-dien-2-yl group at position 4. It is produced by the diatomic algal Pseudo-nitzschia. It is an analogue of kainic acid and a neurotoxin which causes amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).	2.02	1	0	L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; tricarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; hapten; marine metabolite; neuromuscular agent; neurotoxin
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	2.01	1	0	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	2.98	4	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
11-ketotestosterone 11-ketotestosterone: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 11-oxotestosterone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is testosterone carrying an additional oxo substituent at position 11.	2.17	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	9.07	3	1	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.07	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
n-oleoylethanolamine N-oleoylethanolamine: ceramidase inhibitor. oleoyl ethanolamide : An N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine that is the ethanolamide of oleic acid. The monounsaturated analogue of the endocannabinoid anandamide.	2.06	1	0	endocannabinoid; N-(long-chain-acyl)ethanolamine; N-acylethanolamine 18:1	EC 3.5.1.23 (ceramidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.03	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
codeine [no description available]	6.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	1.98	1	0	hydrochloride
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	9.54	5	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	4.98	39	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.3	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	7.9	13	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	4.31	19	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
acipimox acipimox: lipolysis inhibitor	2.98	1	0	pyrazinecarboxylic acid
alpha-neoendorphin alpha-neoendorphin: precursor or leucine enkephalin family	1.97	1	0
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	6.53	58	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	7.56	169	0
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.01	1	0	monoterpenoid
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.08	1	0
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	2.39	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	3.21	1	0	peptide
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	2	1	0	organic molecular entity
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.43	2	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	1.98	1	0
l 365260 L 365260: a CCK-B antagonist; structure given in first source; potent & selective CCK-B & gastrin receptor ligand; L 365260 and L 365346 are (R)- and (S)-stereoisomers, respectively	2	1	0	benzodiazepine
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.01	1	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.76	3	0
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	11.33	65	2
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	4.98	12	0	polypeptide
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	4.06	4	0	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
h 409-22 H 409-22: a neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; H 510-45 is the inactive enantiomer; structure in first source	3.11	5	0
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
cl 316243 disodium (R,R)-5-(2-((2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)-amino)propyl)-1,3-benzodioxole-2,3-dicarboxylate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	1.99	1	0	piperazines
sr 120819a SR 120819A: a selective neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.9	4	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.01	1	0	prostanoid
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.04	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
caulerpin caulerpin: pigment from green algae, Caulerpa lamourouxii; structure	7.21	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.1	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	7.31	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	3.79	11	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	2.44	2	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	3.94	13	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
trimethyltin trimethyltin : An organotin compound that consists of stannane in which three of the four hydrogens are substituted by methyl groups.	2.74	3	0
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	8.81	3	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.7	3	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	2.41	1	0	boron group element atom
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	8.16	18	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.1	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	2.44	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	7	1	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	8.78	2	1	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
methylazoxymethanol acetate Methylazoxymethanol Acetate: The aglycone of CYCASIN. It acts as a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin and inhibits hepatic DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis.	2.01	1	0	azoxy compound
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	2.38	2	0	styrenes
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid: an inhibitor of peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide amidating enzyme); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.06	1	0
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	1.97	1	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	2.67	3	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	3.43	1	1	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	7.67	3	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	8.14	5	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
thyronines Thyronines: A group of metabolites derived from THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE via the peripheral enzymatic removal of iodines from the thyroxine nucleus. Thyronine is the thyroxine nucleus devoid of its four iodine atoms.. thyronine : A tyrosine derivative where the phenolic hydrogen of tyrosine is substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl.	1.97	1	0	thyronine
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.13	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	7.25	1	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	7.96	4	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- [no description available]	2.04	1	0	peptide
ramiprilat ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.	1.99	1	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.09	5	0	isoquinolines
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	1.97	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	3.88	12	0
n-methylnaloxone N-methylnaloxone: quaternary derivative of naloxone	2	1	0
neuromedin c neuromedin C: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord; corresponds to the C-terminal decapeptide of gastrin-releasing peptide; bombesin-like peptide; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
seryl-isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valinamide seryl-isoleucyl-lysyl-valyl-alanyl-valinamide: laminin-derived SIKVAV-containing peptide can promote angiogenesis & tumor growth	3.1	1	0
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	2.94	4	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	2.67	3	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
true blue true blue: RN given refers to parent cpd	4.46	7	0
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	4.01	14	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2.39	2	0
mastoparan [no description available]	2.39	2	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	2.69	3	0	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	6.57	64	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	1.97	1	0
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	9.18	17	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
methylazoxymethanol methylazoxymethanol: a neuroteratogen; reacts with guanine residues of DNA & RNA forming 7-methylguanine adduct products; carcinogenicity probably related to biological decomposition into methyldiazonium ion, the ultimate methylating agent; structure in first source	2.01	1	0	azoxy compound
pumiliotoxin b pumiliotoxin B: saturated indolizidine alkaloid from skin of panamanian frog Dendrobates pumilio; see also records for pumiliotoxin A, pumiliotoxin C & pumiliotoxins	2.4	2	0
sphingosine phosphorylcholine sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent	2.03	1	0
igmesine [no description available]	3.59	9	0
ibutamoren mesylate ibutamoren mesylate: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	4.06	4	0
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	quinolines
ro 25-6981 Ro 25-6981: blocks NMDA receptors containg NR2B subunit; structure in first source. Ro 25-6981 : A member of the class of piperidines that is 4-benzylpiperidine substituted by a 3-hydroxy-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpropyl group at position 1 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a potent antagonist of the GluN2B subunit of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor.	2.1	1	0	benzenes; phenols; piperidines; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
sb 334867-a 1-(2-methylbenzoxazol-6-yl)-3-(1,5)naphthyridin-4-yl urea: selective OX1 receptor antagonist	3.16	5	0	naphthyridine derivative
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.43	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	2.39	2	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	3.1	5	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	3.09	5	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	2	1	0
oleoyl-estrone oleoyl-estrone: induces the loss of body fat in rats	6.99	1	0
vildagliptin [no description available]	8.17	5	0	amino acid amide
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	8.5	8	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	2.67	3	0
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2.05	1	0
macimorelin [no description available]	2.08	1	0
tabimorelin tabimorelin: a growth hormone secretagogue; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
biie 0246 BIIE 0246: a neuropeptide Y Y2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	7.5	62	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	6.2	44	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cgp 71683 a CGP 71683 A: selective NPY Y(5) receptor antagonist; structure in first source	5.2	15	0
sr 146131 SR 146131: a cholecystokinin subtype 1 receptor agonist; structure in first source	2	1	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	2.38	2	0	organic molecular entity
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.74	3	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	2.01	1	0
4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid 4-methylene-2-octyl-5-oxofuran-3-carboxylic acid: an anorectic fatty acid synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. (2R,3S)-C75 : A 4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid that has 2R,3S-configuration.	3.8	3	0	4-methylidene-2-octyl-5-oxotetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylic acid; gamma-lactone
ngb 2904 NGB 2904: a dopamine D3 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	fluorenes
shu 9119 SHU 9119: an agouti mimetic; structure in first source	4.24	17	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	2.52	2	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
pasireotide pasireotide : A six-membered homodetic cyclic peptide composed from L-phenylglycyl, D-tryptophyl, L-lysyl, O-benzyl-L-tyrosyl, L-phenylalanyl and modified L-hydroxyproline residues joined in sequence. A somatostatin analogue with pharmacologic properties mimicking those of the natural hormone somatostatin; used (as its diaspartate salt) for treatment of Cushing's disease.	2.15	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	antineoplastic agent
cgp 55845a CGP 55845A: GABA-B receptor antagonist; RN refers to cpd with no isomeric designation; CGP 55845 is the (1S,2S)-isomer	2.08	1	0
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	3.7	1	1	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	1.97	1	0
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	6.43	33	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	3.55	2	0
jnj-5207787 N-(1-Acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-6-yl)-3-(3-cyano-phenyl)-N-(1-(2-cyclopentyl-ethyl)-piperidin-4yl)acrylamide: structure in first source	3.64	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	2.91	4	0
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	2.68	3	0
palytoxin palytoxin: coelenterate toxin; composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides. palytoxin : A polyol marine coelenterate toxin composed of substituted N-3-hydroxypropyl-trans-3-amidoacrylamides and produced by species of Palythoa and Zoanthus soft corals (collectively called zoantharians), either as a defence mechanism or to assist them in capturing prey. An ionophore that forms cation channels through Na+/K+-ATPase, it is a potent vasoconstrictor useful in evaluation of anti-angina agents. It is considered to be one of the most poisonous non-protein substances known, second only to maitotoxin in terms of toxicity in mice.	2.38	2	0	polyol	toxin
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	3.85	12	0
norquetiapine norquetiapine: metabolite of quetiapine	3.46	1	1	dibenzothiazepine
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	2.15	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
snap7941 SNAP7941: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.76	3	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ro 31-8425 Ro 31-8425: structure given in first source	2	1	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	4.75	6	1
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	9.33	6	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	2.71	3	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	3.23	6	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	1.98	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	2.9	4	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	9.8	64	1
24-hydroxycholesterol 24-hydroxycholesterol : An oxysterol that is cholesterol which is substituted by a hydroxy group at position 24.	2.03	1	0	24-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; oxysterol
enerbol Life: The state that distinguishes organisms from inorganic matter, manifested by growth, metabolism, reproduction, and adaptation. It includes the course of existence, the sum of experiences, the mode of existing, or the fact of being. Over the centuries inquiries into the nature of life have crossed the boundaries from philosophy to biology, forensic medicine, anthropology, etc., in creative as well as scientific literature. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed; Dr. James H. Cassedy, NLM History of Medicine Division)	3.09	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	2.67	3	0
mefloquine Mefloquine: A phospholipid-interacting antimalarial drug (ANTIMALARIALS). It is very effective against PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM with very few side effects.. mefloquine : A racemate composed of (+)-(11R,2'S)- and (-)-(11S,2'R)-enantiomers of mefloquine. An antimalarial agent which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	2.05	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.08	1	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	2.93	4	0
jaw [no description available]	6.99	1	0	indolecarboxamide
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	2.7	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
calcitonin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	1.97	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.41	2	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	12.58	223	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	3.99	4	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
motilin Motilin: A peptide of about 22-amino acids isolated from the DUODENUM. At low pH it inhibits gastric motor activity, whereas at high pH it has a stimulating effect.	13.73	14	5
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	8.72	58	1
somatostatin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	11.48	63	7	polypeptide
magainin 2 peptide, xenopus magainin 2 peptide, Xenopus: from skin of Xenopus laevis; 23-amino acid sequence given in first source; differs from magainin 1 by substitution of Lys instead of Gly at position 10 & Asn instead of Lys at position 22; also used to prevent development of malarial oocysts in mosquito vector; Z-12 is magainin 2 with Lys and Phe residues replaced with their respective D-isomers; homologue of the Xenopus laevis cement; GenBank AF004262 (mouse), AF007791, AF038451-2 (human)	1.98	1	0
lhrh, his(5)-trp(7)-tyr(8)- LHRH, His(5)-Trp(7)-Tyr(8)-: isolated from chicken hypothalamus; also ostrich; RN given refers to all-(L)-isomer	2.5	2	0
neuropeptide f neuropeptide F: amino acid sequence given in first source; MW 4433 Da; from tubellarian Artioposthia triangulata	9.83	10	0
xenin 25 xenin 25: 25 amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.76	2	1
neuropeptide y (24-36) amide, n-acetyl-(leu(28,31))- neuropeptide Y (24-36) amide, N-acetyl-(Leu(28,31))-: a presynaptic (Y2) receptor-specific neuropeptide Y analog	2.68	3	0
m 35 galanin-(1-13)-bradykinin-(2-9)-amide: a high-affinity galanin receptor antagonist	2.71	3	0
ro 25-1553 Ro 25-1553: a cyclic peptide analog and agonist of vasoactive intestinal peptide; a VPAC(2) receptor agonist; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.02	1	0
galanin (1-15) galanin (1-15): modulates 5-HT(1A) receptors in dorsal hippocampus	3.19	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	8.38	15	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
galantide galantide: consists of 20-amino acid residues, 12 AA from the N-terminal of galanin and the C-terminal part of Substance P; blocks the galanin-mediated inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.39	2	0
pyx 2 PYX 2: neuropeptide Y receptor antagonist	3.49	8	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	2.38	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	2.9	4	0
galanin (1-13)-spantide amide galanin (1-13)-spantide amide: a galanin receptor antagonist which blocks galanin induced feeding; some authors list C7 as being galanin(1-12)-Pro-spantide-amide while others claim it's galanin(1-13)-Pro-spantide-amide--most seem to prefer the latter	2.39	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	5.35	18	0
urotensin i urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II	2.02	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.05	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	10.59	71	1	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	10	65	3
somatostatin-28 prosomatostatin: see also preprosomatostatins: 75037-28-4	2.03	1	0
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	3.99	4	0
bam 22p [no description available]	1.97	1	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.02	1	0
peptide phi Peptide PHI: A 27-amino acid peptide with histidine at the N-terminal and isoleucine amide at the C-terminal. The exact amino acid composition of the peptide is species dependent. The peptide is secreted in the intestine, but is found in the nervous system, many organs, and in the majority of peripheral tissues. It has a wide range of biological actions, affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and central nervous systems.	7.57	59	0
pancreastatin pancreastatin: A 49 residue post-translational fragment of chromogranin A that inhibits insulin secretion; amino acid sequence given in first source; the 49-amino acid peptide is from pig; human pancreastatin has 52 amino acids (hCgA 250-310) ; see also record for human pancreastatin	4	4	0
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	2.01	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	2	1	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	3.08	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	3.13	5	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	4.6	4	0
m40 [no description available]	2.7	3	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.1	5	0
liraglutide [no description available]	3.16	4	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	16.96	45	2
insulin detemir Insulin Detemir: A recombinant long-acting insulin and hypoglycemic agent in which a MYRISTIC ACID is conjugated to a LYSINE at position B29. It is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE levels in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.1	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	3.55	2	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2.7	3	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	3.51	8	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	2.47	2	0
exendin (9-39) exendin (9-39): a peptide from the venom of the lizard Heloderma suspectum; inhibits glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) induced cAMP production; its structure is related to exendin-4	2.7	3	0
bombesin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.03	1	0	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	9.8	33	4
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	1.98	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
(9R)-9-chloro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxy-1-oxoethyl)-10,13,16-trimethyl-6,7,8,11,12,14,15,16-octahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one Beclomethasone: An anti-inflammatory, synthetic glucocorticoid. It is used topically as an anti-inflammatory agent and in aerosol form for the treatment of ASTHMA.. beclomethasone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is prednisolone in which the hydrogens at the 9alpha and 16beta positions are substituted by a chlorine and a methyl group, respectively.	1.99	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
nocistatin nocistatin: a peptide that blocks nociceptin action in pain transmission; amino acid sequence in first source	2	1	0
dinophysistoxin 1 dinophysistoxin 1: from toxic dinoflagellate Dinophysis fortii; RN given for (35R)-isomer; structure given in first source. dinophysistoxin 1 : A ketal that is a marine toxin structurally related to okadaic acid. Produced by dinoflagellates it is known to accumulate in shellfish and cause diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. It is an inhibitor of serine/threonine protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and PP2A and has been shown to promote cancer cell growth in tumour cell lines and animal models.	2.11	1	0	ketal	animal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; marine metabolite; toxin
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.4	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.05	1	0
septide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	2.7	3	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	2.04	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	3.59	9	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	4.7	29	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ru 28318 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.98	1	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	1.97	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	3.54	8	0
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	2.05	1	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	5.03	40	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	BODIPY compound
quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	3.46	1	1	fumarate salt
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	5.82	6	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	2.42	2	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	11.97	117	2	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
cerebellin cerebellin: cerebellum-specific hexadecapeptide marker for Purkinje cells	2.39	2	0
jnj-31020028 [no description available]	3.01	4	0
mannans [no description available]	2.11	1	0
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.98	1	0
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2	1	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
dynole 34-2 dynole 34-2: a dynamin inhibitor; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	8.06	27	1
endothelins [no description available]	2.04	1	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.02	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	3.16	5	0
ingenol dibenzoate ingenol dibenzoate: antileukemic component of Euphorbia esula L. extract; structure	2.03	1	0
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	3.98	4	0
gsk4112 GSK4112: a Rev-erbalpha agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	18.04	938	6
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	4.73	9	0	polypeptide
sr 8278 SR 8278: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
jmv 236 JMV 236: cholecystokinin antagonist	1.97	1	0
neuromedin b neuromedin B: decapeptide isolated from porcine spinal cord	9	4	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.7	3	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	4.58	8	0
omega-agatoxin iva omega-Agatoxin IVA: A neuropeptide toxin from the venom of the funnel web spider, Agelenopsis aperta. It inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, P-TYPE by altering the voltage-dependent gating so that very large depolarizations are needed for channel opening. It also inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, Q-TYPE.	2.41	2	0
snx 230 omega-conotoxin-MVIIC: isolated from Conus magus; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.73	3	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.95	4	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	7.15	49	0
calca protein, human CALCA protein, human: RefSeq NM_001741	1.98	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.43	2	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-phe(6)-leu(17)- vasoactive intestinal peptide, 4-chloro-Phe(6)-Leu(17)-: VIP receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
charybdotoxin [no description available]	3.24	6	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	5.12	14	0
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	2.11	1	0
semaglutide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	lipopeptide; polypeptide	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent
saxitoxin Saxitoxin: A compound that contains a reduced purine ring system but is not biosynthetically related to the purine alkaloids. It is a poison found in certain edible mollusks at certain times; elaborated by GONYAULAX and consumed by mollusks, fishes, etc. without ill effects. It is neurotoxic and causes RESPIRATORY PARALYSIS and other effects in MAMMALS, known as paralytic SHELLFISH poisoning.. saxitoxin : An alkaloid isolated from the marine dinoflagellates and cyanobacteria that causes paralytic shellfish poisoning.	1.99	1	0	alkaloid; carbamate ester; guanidines; ketone hydrate; paralytic shellfish toxin; pyrrolopurine	cyanotoxin; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; sodium channel blocker; toxin
bms 193885 BMS 193885: a neuropeptide YY1 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.19	5	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	7.82	3	0	ketal
sybr green i SYBR Green I: binds to double stranded DNA of less than 20 pg following agarose or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis; excited at 497 nm and emits at 520 nm. SYBR Green I : A benzothiazolium ion resulting from the methylation of the nitrogen of the benzothiazole group of N-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylmethylene)-1-phenyl-1,4-dihydroquinolin-2-yl]-N',N'-dimethyl-N-propylpropane-1,3-diamine. A cationic unsymmetrical cyanine dye that binds to double-stranded DNA and is used as a nucleic acid stain in molecular biology.	2.01	1	0	benzothiazolium ion; cyanine dye; quinolines; tertiary amine	fluorescent dye
jd5037 JD5037: a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
globotriaosylceramide globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.	2.05	1	0
am4113 AM4113: a cannabinoid CB1 receptor neutral antagonist	2.31	1	0
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	7.03	29	0
neuropeptide y (18-36) neuropeptide Y (18-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	4.55	25	0
as 1842856 5-amino-7-(cyclohexylamino)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: inhibits Foxo1 transactivation; inhibits mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; structure in first source. AS1842856 : A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.	2.41	1	0	organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; forkhead box protein O1 inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
glutaminase [no description available]	2.4	2	0
astressin b [no description available]	2.46	2	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2	1	0
gamma2-msh gamma2-MSH: The 11-residue peptide that is without amidation.	3.82	3	0
bassianolide bassianolide: cyclodepsipeptide from mycelia of Beauveria bassiana; inhibits isotonic contractions induced by acetylcholine. bassianolide : A cyclodepsipeptide consisting of a cyclic tetramer of the depsipeptide D-Hiv-N-methyl-L-leucine (where D-Hiv = D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid). Found in the fungal species Beauveria bassiana and Verticillium lecanii, it has insecticidal properties and is used as a commercial biopesticide to control of insects of agricultural, veterinary and medical significance. For elucidation of the structure, see Suzuki et al., Tetrahedron Lett. 1977 v25, 2167-2170.	4.04	14	0	cyclodepsipeptide; cyclooctadepsipeptide	antineoplastic agent; fungal metabolite; insecticide
lewis x antigen Lewis X Antigen: A trisaccharide antigen expressed on glycolipids and many cell-surface glycoproteins. In the blood the antigen is found on the surface of NEUTROPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES. In addition, Lewis X antigen is a stage-specific embryonic antigen.	2.42	2	0
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	5.93	101	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	5.77	33	0
glucagon-like peptide 2 Glucagon-Like Peptide 2: A 33-amino acid peptide derived from the C-terminal of PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. It stimulates intestinal mucosal growth and decreased apoptosis of ENTEROCYTES. GLP-2 enhances gastrointestinal function and plays an important role in nutrient homeostasis.	4.23	5	0
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	4.05	4	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	5.83	9	0
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	2.4	2	0
mesotocin [no description available]	3.08	1	0
lipofectamine Lipofectamine: mediates gene transfer; a polycationic lipid reagent	1.99	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	1.98	1	0
insulin glargine Insulin Glargine: A recombinant LONG ACTING INSULIN and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that is used to manage BLOOD GLUCOSE in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS.	2.1	1	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	2.05	1	0
sermorelin Sermorelin: The biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor, consisting of GHRH(1-29)-amide. This N-terminal sequence is identical in several mammalian species, such as human, pig, and cattle. It is used to diagnose or treat patients with GROWTH HORMONE deficiency.. sermorelin : A 29 amino acid polypeptide that is used to treat growth problems (usually in children) due to growth hormone deficiency. It is the biologically active fragment of human growth hormone-releasing factor (GHRH).	2.41	2	0
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	5.97	14	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.41	2	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.69	3	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	15.06	403	3
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	1.97	1	0
myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (35-55) [no description available]	2.01	1	0
peptide t Peptide T: N-(N-(N(2)-(N-(N-(N-(N-D-Alanyl L-seryl)-L-threonyl)-L-threonyl) L-threonyl)-L-asparaginyl)-L-tyrosyl) L-threonine. Octapeptide sharing sequence homology with HIV envelope protein gp120. It is potentially useful as antiviral agent in AIDS therapy. The core pentapeptide sequence, TTNYT, consisting of amino acids 4-8 in peptide T, is the HIV envelope sequence required for attachment to the CD4 receptor.	1.99	1	0
protopanaxadiol protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0
carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid carboxypiperazinyl propylphosphonic acid: a competitive NMDA receptor (Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate) antagonist	2.05	1	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.67	3	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	3.12	5	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.31	1	0
protopanaxatriol protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.05	1	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	11.95	70	0
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	5.8	17	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.79	11	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	7.39	2	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	4.17	17	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
inosinic acid Inosine Monophosphate: Inosine 5'-Monophosphate. A purine nucleotide which has hypoxanthine as the base and one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.98	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.99	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	8.18	5	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	4.3	19	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	5.22	15	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	6.39	14	3	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	1.99	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	1.97	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	3.36	7	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridine: used as a synthetic cofactor in place of tetrahydrofolate; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.98	1	0	pterins
5,11-methenyltetrahydrohomofolate [no description available]	2.25	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	2.7	3	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.53	2	0	dibenzodiazepine
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	2.38	2	0
dyngo-4a [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aromatic alcohol	EC 3.6.5.5 (dynamin GTPase) inhibitor
eye [no description available]	4.96	12	0
hs 024 HS 024: a melanocortin-4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.46	2	0
prolyl-glycyl-proline [no description available]	2.04	1	0	peptide
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.91	4	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.55	2	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	4.19	5	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.4	2	0
galanin-like peptide Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.	3.73	10	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	9.41	21	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	20.96	842	22
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	1.98	1	0
res 701-1 RES 701-1: a cyclic polypeptide consisting of 16 amino acids; isolated from Streptomyces sp RE-701; amino acid sequence given in first source; an ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist	2.01	1	0
tetrafluoroaluminate tetrafluoroaluminate: induces inositol phosphate formation	1.98	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.42	2	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.98	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	1.98	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	1.98	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	1.99	1	0
pyx 2 PYX 2: neuropeptide Y receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	1.98	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	8.49	114	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	14.96	446	0
Allodynia [description not available]	6.58	46	0
Ache [description not available]	11.66	75	1
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	11.66	75	1
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	2.46	2	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	3.53	8	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	6.29	13	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	7.79	30	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	7.79	30	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	11.29	13	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	14.76	152	5
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	14.15	287	2
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	15.22	38	0
Social Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Phobia, Social Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations.	2.69	2	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	20.21	647	16
Breast Cancer [description not available]	8.06	26	1
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	8.06	26	1
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	5.15	6	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.61	26	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	5.15	6	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	5.11	9	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	7.38	26	1
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	7.38	26	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	12.92	105	2
Nasal Catarrh [description not available]	4.77	7	0
Sinus Infections [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Rhinitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA, the mucous membrane lining the NASAL CAVITIES.	4.77	7	0
Sinusitis Inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA in one or more of the PARANASAL SINUSES.	2.31	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	7.02	19	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	6.97	20	0
Acoustic Neuroma [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	7.02	19	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	5.54	8	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	5.54	8	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	5.98	8	1
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.74	8	0
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	3.4	7	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	5.98	8	1
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	8.74	8	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	3.08	4	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	17.9	657	8
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	5.9	12	2
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	5.9	12	2
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	13.14	145	4
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	4.15	3	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	4.76	11	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	4.76	11	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	12.39	59	3
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	12.39	59	3
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	6.09	20	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	6.09	20	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	5.38	13	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	5.38	13	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	4.37	4	1
Asphyxia Neonatorum Respiratory failure in the newborn. (Dorland, 27th ed)	3.7	1	1
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	4.37	4	1
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	7.3	17	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	12.3	17	0
Aura [description not available]	11.14	102	2
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	3.66	9	0
Absence Status [description not available]	6.57	33	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	11.14	102	2
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	6.57	33	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	7.41	1	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	3.45	7	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	3.45	7	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	4.2	6	0
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	3.13	4	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	3.13	4	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	3.41	7	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	16.22	181	18
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	16.22	181	18
Nerve Pain [description not available]	5.5	23	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	5.5	23	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Intrahepatic [description not available]	3.1	4	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	4.08	14	0
Cholestasis, Intrahepatic Impairment of bile flow due to injury to the HEPATOCYTES; BILE CANALICULI; or the intrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC).	3.1	4	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	12.27	257	3
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	7.02	51	0
Chromosomal Instability An increased tendency to acquire CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS when various processes involved in chromosome replication, repair, or segregation are dysfunctional.	7.41	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	6.07	45	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	5.36	9	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	6.07	45	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	3.99	4	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	5.36	9	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	7.39	26	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	7.39	26	1
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	14.56	32	1
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	8.59	33	1
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	10.09	51	2
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	10.09	51	2
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	4.21	6	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	4.21	6	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	8.42	121	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	4.02	14	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	4.02	14	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.41	7	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	9.3	54	3
Paraganglioma, Gangliocytic [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	10.2	66	4
Paraganglioma A neural crest tumor usually derived from the chromoreceptor tissue of a paraganglion, such as the carotid body, or medulla of the adrenal gland (usually called a chromaffinoma or pheochromocytoma). It is more common in women than in men. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	7.71	3	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	10.2	66	4
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	10.23	149	2
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.94	3	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.94	3	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	4.92	13	0
Acute Ischemic Stroke [description not available]	7.41	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	10.97	25	0
Ischemic Stroke Stroke due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA resulting in interruption or reduction of blood flow to a part of the brain. When obstruction is due to a BLOOD CLOT formed within in a cerebral blood vessel it is a thrombotic stroke. When obstruction is formed elsewhere and moved to block a cerebral blood vessel (see CEREBRAL EMBOLISM) it is referred to as embolic stroke. Wake-up stroke refers to ischemic stroke occurring during sleep while cryptogenic stroke refers to ischemic stroke of unknown origin.	7.41	1	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	5.97	25	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	4.92	13	0
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	2.41	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	17.3	74	4
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	12.3	74	4
Atherogenesis [description not available]	6.35	19	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	6.35	19	0
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	2.41	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.19	12	3
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	9.99	74	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	6.28	24	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	6.28	24	0
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	4.16	16	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	8.96	21	5
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	8.96	21	5
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	7.44	2	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	4.02	14	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	9.02	14	0
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	3.19	5	0
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	8.19	5	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	3.61	8	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	5.05	9	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	6.94	11	1
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	3.61	8	0
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	5.05	9	0
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	6.94	11	1
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	4.85	7	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	13.12	96	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	13.12	96	5
Skin Ulcer An ULCER of the skin and underlying tissues.	3.52	1	0
Debility [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Low Back Ache [description not available]	3.76	3	0
Low Back Pain Acute or chronic pain in the lumbar or sacral regions, which may be associated with musculo-ligamentous SPRAINS AND STRAINS; INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT; and other conditions.	3.76	3	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	8.82	102	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	8.82	102	0
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	10.48	123	1
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	7.61	2	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	14.13	61	5
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	14.13	61	5
Light Sensitivity [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	7.75	17	1
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.75	17	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.99	4	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	6.17	17	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.99	4	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	6.17	17	0
Itching [description not available]	6.4	8	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	6.4	8	1
Chronic Illness [description not available]	8.63	52	1
Autoimmune Urticaria [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Hives [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	8.63	52	1
Urticaria A vascular reaction of the skin characterized by erythema and wheal formation due to localized increase of vascular permeability. The causative mechanism may be allergy, infection, or stress.	7.59	2	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	3.22	5	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	3.22	5	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	6.34	6	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	6.34	6	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	12.99	83	6
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	12.99	83	6
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	7.93	41	2
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	7.93	41	2
Acute Autoimmune Neuropathy [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Guillain-Barre Syndrome An acute inflammatory autoimmune neuritis caused by T cell- mediated cellular immune response directed towards peripheral myelin. Demyelination occurs in peripheral nerves and nerve roots. The process is often preceded by a viral or bacterial infection, surgery, immunization, lymphoma, or exposure to toxins. Common clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, loss of sensation, and loss of deep tendon reflexes. Weakness of respiratory muscles and autonomic dysfunction may occur. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1312-1314)	7.25	1	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	3.84	11	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	8.84	11	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	5.24	18	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	10.24	18	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	4.11	3	1
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	4.11	3	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	13.47	64	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.8	3	0
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	8.28	6	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	3.91	4	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	7.25	1	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	2.93	3	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	2.93	3	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	7.44	2	0
Acquired Aphasia with Convulsive Disorder [description not available]	3.12	1	0
Drug Refractory Epilepsy [description not available]	3.51	2	0
Landau-Kleffner Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the onset of isolated language dysfunction in otherwise normal children (age of onset 4-7 years) and epileptiform discharges on ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY. Seizures, including atypical absence (EPILEPSY, ABSENCE), complex partial (EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL), and other types may occur. The electroencephalographic abnormalities and seizures tend to resolve by puberty. The language disorder may also resolve although some individuals are left with severe language dysfunction, including APHASIA and auditory AGNOSIA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, pp749-50; J Child Neurol 1997 Nov;12(8):489-495).	3.12	1	0
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	11.11	44	6
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	11.11	44	6
Sudden Unexpected Death in Epilepsy Sudden death in a patient with EPILEPSY associated with SEIZURES and seizure-related symptoms (e.g., APNEA; HYPOXEMIA) without other identifiable accidental causes (e.g., DROWNING; WOUNDS AND INJURIES).	2.25	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	3.83	4	0
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	7.81	3	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	2.81	3	0
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	7.25	1	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	3.41	7	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	8.41	7	0
Joint Pain [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Arthralgia Pain in the joint.	2.8	3	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	3.29	6	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	7.97	4	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	2.21	1	0
Glenoid Labral Tears [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Rotator Cuff Injuries Injuries to the ROTATOR CUFF of the shoulder joint.	2.31	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Fractures, Ununited A fracture in which union fails to occur, the ends of the bone becoming rounded and eburnated, and a false joint occurs. (Stedman, 25th ed)	3.17	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	3.17	1	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	4.66	5	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	4.66	5	0
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	3.95	13	0
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	3.95	13	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	5.69	19	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	5.69	19	1
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	2.59	2	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	3.3	6	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.52	2	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	3.3	6	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.19	6	0
Spinal Stenosis Narrowing of the spinal canal.	2.47	2	0
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	2.89	3	0
Combat Disorders Neurotic reactions to unusual, severe, or overwhelming military stress.	5.3	7	0
Suicidal Ideation A risk factor for suicide attempts and completions, it is the most common of all suicidal behavior, but only a minority of ideators engage in overt self-harm.	2.84	3	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	4.89	13	0
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	9.89	13	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	3.91	4	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	8.91	4	0
Cocaine Abuse [description not available]	3.74	3	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	7.17	39	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	7.17	39	0
Cocaine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of cocaine.	3.74	3	0
Appetite Disorders [description not available]	9.33	16	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	10.15	32	1
Feeding and Eating Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physiological and psychological disturbances in appetite or food intake.	9.33	16	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	5.03	3	1
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	3.5	8	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	5.03	3	1
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	3.5	8	0
Diathesis [description not available]	5.62	17	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	3.17	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.85	3	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.85	3	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	2.61	2	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	2.74	3	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.79	3	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.79	3	0
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	9.75	40	4
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	9.75	40	4
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	2.61	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	2.61	2	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	3.68	9	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	3.68	9	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.84	3	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	2.31	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	17.35	66	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	12.35	66	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	2.31	1	0
Autosomal Dominant Striatonigral Degeneration [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Machado-Joseph Disease A dominantly-inherited ATAXIA first described in people of Azorean and Portuguese descent, and subsequently identified in Brazil, Japan, China, and Australia. This disorder is classified as one of the SPINOCEREBELLAR ATAXIAS (Type 3) and has been associated with a mutation of the MJD1 gene on chromosome 14. Clinical features include progressive ataxia, DYSARTHRIA, postural instability, nystagmus, eyelid retraction, and facial FASCICULATIONS. DYSTONIA is prominent in younger patients (referred to as Type I Machado-Joseph Disease). Type II features ataxia and ocular signs; Type III features MUSCULAR ATROPHY and a sensorimotor neuropathy; and Type IV features extrapyramidal signs combined with a sensorimotor neuropathy. (From Clin Neurosci 1995;3(1):17-22; Ann Neurol 1998 Mar;43(3):288-96)	2.58	2	0
Deficiency, Vitamin A [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Vitamin A Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN A in the diet, characterized by NIGHT BLINDNESS and other ocular manifestations such as dryness of the conjunctiva and later of the cornea (XEROPHTHALMIA). Vitamin A deficiency is a very common problem worldwide, particularly in developing countries as a consequence of famine or shortages of vitamin A-rich foods. In the United States it is found among the urban poor, the elderly, alcoholics, and patients with malabsorption. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1179)	2.41	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	3.81	11	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	9.95	81	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	14.95	81	1
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	6.62	19	0
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	8.4	7	0
Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning A condition caused by ingestion of shellfish contaminated by domoic acid-producing diatoms of the genus Pseudo-nitzschia.	2.31	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	8.15	10	4
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	5.4	7	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	5.4	7	0
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	4.2	6	0
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	4.2	6	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	7.44	10	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	7.44	10	1
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	3.97	13	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	3.97	13	0
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.54	2	0
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	4.49	8	0
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	4.49	8	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	7.04	16	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	2.71	3	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.77	3	0
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	2.52	2	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	2.52	2	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	9.81	7	1
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	3.88	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	7.27	21	2
Hypernutrition [description not available]	9.1	5	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	3.83	11	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	3.72	10	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	3.72	10	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	9.3	23	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	3.46	7	0
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	5.03	9	1
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	8.46	7	0
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	5.03	9	1
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	9.3	23	1
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	3.06	1	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	2.15	1	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	2.15	1	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	4.57	9	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	2.15	1	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	2.15	1	0
Familial Precocious Puberty [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Puberty, Precocious Development of SEXUAL MATURATION in boys and girls at a chronological age that is 2.5 standard deviations below the mean age at onset of PUBERTY in the population. This early maturation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis results in sexual precocity, elevated serum levels of GONADOTROPINS and GONADAL STEROID HORMONES such as ESTRADIOL and TESTOSTERONE.	2.71	3	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	11.57	18	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	2.49	2	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	3.1	5	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	3.1	5	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	4.69	6	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	4.69	6	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	2.87	3	0
Astasia-Abasia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	3.89	4	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	5.23	8	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	5.23	8	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	4.54	5	1
Amphetamine Abuse [description not available]	3.67	3	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	5.13	5	0
Addiction, Opioid [description not available]	3.39	2	0
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	4.85	7	0
Opioid-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of OPIOIDS.	3.39	2	0
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	4.85	7	0
Amphetamine-Related Disorders Disorders related or resulting from use of amphetamines.	3.67	3	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	5.13	5	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	6.03	14	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	2.74	3	0
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.	3.56	1	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	3.09	1	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	6.8	23	1
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	6.8	23	1
Cannabis Abuse [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Marijuana Abuse Use of marijuana associated with abnormal psychological, social, and or occupational functioning.	2.17	1	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Central Nervous System Origin Vertigo [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Vertigo An illusion of movement, either of the external world revolving around the individual or of the individual revolving in space. Vertigo may be associated with disorders of the inner ear (EAR, INNER); VESTIBULAR NERVE; BRAINSTEM; or CEREBRAL CORTEX. Lesions in the TEMPORAL LOBE and PARIETAL LOBE may be associated with FOCAL SEIZURES that may feature vertigo as an ictal manifestation. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp300-1)	7.17	1	0
Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva [description not available]	2.17	1	0
ADPKD [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Myositis Ossificans A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.	2.17	1	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	2.17	1	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	7.96	4	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	3.4	2	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	5.65	18	0
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	5.65	18	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	6.89	8	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	6.89	8	0
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	6.77	42	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	3.38	2	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	2.17	1	0
47,XX,+21 [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Down Syndrome A chromosome disorder associated either with an extra chromosome 21 or an effective trisomy for chromosome 21. Clinical manifestations include hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthus, Brushfield spots on the iris, protruding tongue, small ears, short, broad hands, fifth finger clinodactyly, Simian crease, and moderate to severe INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY. Cardiac and gastrointestinal malformations, a marked increase in the incidence of LEUKEMIA, and the early onset of ALZHEIMER DISEASE are also associated with this condition. Pathologic features include the development of NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES in neurons and the deposition of AMYLOID BETA-PROTEIN, similar to the pathology of ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p213)	2.71	3	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	4.45	8	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	4.45	8	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	5.39	8	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	5.39	8	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.75	3	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.47	2	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	2.46	2	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	8.69	3	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	3.69	3	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	2.5	2	0
ADDH [description not available]	3.33	6	0
Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V)	3.33	6	0
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	4.43	4	0
Cervical Spondylosis [description not available]	3.56	1	1
Spondylosis A degenerative spinal disease that can involve any part of the VERTEBRA, the INTERVERTEBRAL DISK, and the surrounding soft tissue.	3.56	1	1
Cancer-Associated Pain [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Cancer Pain Pain that may be caused by or related to cellular, tissue, and systemic changes that occur during NEOPLASM growth, tissue invasion, and METASTASIS.	2.17	1	0
Musculoskeletal Pain Discomfort stemming from muscles, LIGAMENTS, tendons, and bones.	2.17	1	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	3.36	2	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.17	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	3.12	5	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	7.04	22	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	2.17	1	0
Concussive Convulsion [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	3.09	1	0
Pericementitis [description not available]	3.85	4	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	3.85	4	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	8.87	31	2
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	13.87	31	2
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	5.22	19	0
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	5.22	19	0
Infections, Orthomyxoviridae [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Orthomyxoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE.	2.21	1	0
Anankastic Personality [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension.	2.45	2	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	2.99	4	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	2.99	4	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	8.3	6	0
Necrotizing Enterocolitis [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Enterocolitis, Necrotizing ENTEROCOLITIS with extensive ulceration (ULCER) and NECROSIS. It is observed primarily in LOW BIRTH WEIGHT INFANT.	2.21	1	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	7.93	4	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	5.01	9	1
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	5.01	9	1
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	3.88	4	0
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	2.81	3	0
Anasarca [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	8.13	5	0
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	3.88	4	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	2.81	3	0
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	2.21	1	0
DDPAC [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Frontotemporal Dementia The most common clinical form of FRONTOTEMPORAL LOBAR DEGENERATION, this dementia presents with personality and behavioral changes often associated with disinhibition, apathy, and lack of insight.	2.21	1	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	5.47	24	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	5.47	24	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	2.21	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	3.55	8	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	3.55	8	0
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	2.21	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	3.83	4	0
Androgenization [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	6.97	10	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	6.97	10	0
Atheroma [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	2.53	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	2.53	2	0
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	2.08	1	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	4.3	4	1
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	4.3	4	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	6.29	36	1
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	2.42	2	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	5.73	20	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	5.73	20	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	8.61	9	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	6.4	8	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	3.14	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	4.92	14	0
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	4.92	14	0
Genetic Diseases, X-Chromosome Linked [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset.	2.49	2	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	6.6	8	1
Sterility, Female [description not available]	4.55	9	0
Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine salpinx, the trumpet-shaped FALLOPIAN TUBES, usually caused by ascending infections of organisms from the lower reproductive tract. Salpingitis can lead to tubal scarring, hydrosalpinx, tubal occlusion, INFERTILITY, and ectopic pregnancy (PREGNANCY, ECTOPIC)	2.08	1	0
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	4.55	9	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.49	2	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	2.08	1	0
Convulsions, Febrile [description not available]	4.22	6	0
Seizures, Febrile Seizures that occur during a febrile episode. It is a common condition, affecting 2-5% of children aged 3 months to five years. An autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance has been identified in some families. The majority are simple febrile seizures (generally defined as generalized onset, single seizures with a duration of less than 30 minutes). Complex febrile seizures are characterized by focal onset, duration greater than 30 minutes, and/or more than one seizure in a 24 hour period. The likelihood of developing epilepsy (i.e., a nonfebrile seizure disorder) following simple febrile seizures is low. Complex febrile seizures are associated with a moderately increased incidence of epilepsy. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p784)	4.22	6	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	3.64	3	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	8.64	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	8.4	7	0
Segond Fracture [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Tibial Fractures Fractures of the TIBIA.	7.96	4	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	2.08	1	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	6.11	13	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	6.11	13	0
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	2.44	2	0
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	3.44	7	0
Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hepatitis, Autoimmune A chronic self-perpetuating hepatocellular INFLAMMATION of unknown cause, usually with HYPERGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA and serum AUTOANTIBODIES.	2.08	1	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Angiospasm, Intracranial [description not available]	2.97	4	0
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	2.68	3	0
Vasospasm, Intracranial Constriction of arteries in the SKULL due to sudden, sharp, and often persistent smooth muscle contraction in blood vessels. Intracranial vasospasm results in reduced vessel lumen caliber, restricted blood flow to the brain, and BRAIN ISCHEMIA that may lead to hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HYPOXIA-ISCHEMIA, BRAIN).	2.97	4	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	5.72	4	1
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	5.18	11	0
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	5.18	11	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	4.84	7	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	4.84	7	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	3.91	12	0
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	4.14	3	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	6.77	14	1
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	5.45	5	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	3.01	1	0
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	6.77	14	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	5.45	5	1
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	4.14	3	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	8.87	2	1
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	10.02	9	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.43	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	4.04	5	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	4.04	5	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	2.73	3	0
Dermatoses [description not available]	3.66	3	0
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	3.66	3	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	3.35	2	0
Metastase [description not available]	9.03	5	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	4.03	5	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	13.5	159	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	2.1	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.69	3	0
Labhart-Willi Syndrome [description not available]	5.36	7	2
Prader-Willi Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder caused by deletion of the proximal long arm of the paternal chromosome 15 (15q11-q13) or by inheritance of both of the pair of chromosomes 15 from the mother (UNIPARENTAL DISOMY) which are imprinted (GENETIC IMPRINTING) and hence silenced. Clinical manifestations include MENTAL RETARDATION; MUSCULAR HYPOTONIA; HYPERPHAGIA; OBESITY; short stature; HYPOGONADISM; STRABISMUS; and HYPERSOMNOLENCE. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p229)	10.36	7	2
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.46	2	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.42	7	0
Convalescence The period of recovery following an illness.	3.62	3	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	2.52	2	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	5.77	7	1
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	5.77	7	1
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	3.12	5	0
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	3.12	5	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	3.38	2	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	2.1	1	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	5.92	9	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	5.92	9	0
MODS [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.5	2	0
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.5	2	0
Psychological Trauma An emotionally painful, shocking, stressful, and sometimes life-threatening experience. It can result from witnessing distressing events such as natural disasters, physical or sexual abuse, and terrorism or other acts of violence. (https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/)	2.11	1	0
Aggressive Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of PERIODONTIUM that is characterized by rapid attachment loss and bone destruction in the presence of little local factors such as DENTAL PLAQUE and DENTAL CALCULUS. This highly destructive form of periodontitis often occurs in young people and was called early-onset periodontitis, but this disease also appears in old people.	2.1	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	2.11	1	0
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	2.96	4	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	2.71	3	0
Lumbar Osteoarthritis [description not available]	3.01	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Spine A degenerative joint disease involving the SPINE. It is characterized by progressive deterioration of the spinal articular cartilage (CARTILAGE, ARTICULAR), usually with hardening of the subchondral bone and outgrowth of bone spurs (OSTEOPHYTE).	3.01	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	7.69	3	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.69	3	0
Cacosmia [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	5.46	15	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	5.46	15	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.94	4	0
Tendinitis Inflammation of TENDONS. It is characterized by the degeneration of tendons accompanied by an inflammatory repair response, fibroblastic proliferation, and formation of granulation tissue. Tendinitis is not a clinical diagnosis and can be confirmed only by histopathological findings.	3.89	4	0
Tendinopathy Clinical syndrome describing overuse tendon injuries characterized by a combination of PAIN, diffuse or localized swelling, and impaired performance.	3.89	4	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	3.87	12	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	3.87	12	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	12.41	7	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	7.41	7	1
Leanness [description not available]	10.5	15	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	3.87	4	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	4.05	5	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	2.11	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	4.3	2	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	2.11	1	0
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	2.11	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	9.8	2	1
Acute Post-operative Pain [description not available]	2.8	3	0
Pain, Postoperative Pain during the period after surgery.	2.8	3	0
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	2.96	4	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	2.96	4	0
ARC [description not available]	2.11	1	0
AIDS-Related Complex A prodromal phase of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Laboratory criteria separating AIDS-related complex (ARC) from AIDS include elevated or hyperactive B-cell humoral immune responses, compared to depressed or normal antibody reactivity in AIDS; follicular or mixed hyperplasia in ARC lymph nodes, leading to lymphocyte degeneration and depletion more typical of AIDS; evolving succession of histopathological lesions such as localization of Kaposi's sarcoma, signaling the transition to the full-blown AIDS.	2.11	1	0
Adenomatosis, Familial Endocrine [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	8.41	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA).	2.13	1	0
Seasonal Affective Disorders [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Seasonal Affective Disorder A syndrome characterized by depressions that recur annually at the same time each year, usually during the winter months. Other symptoms include anxiety, irritability, decreased energy, increased appetite (carbohydrate cravings), increased duration of sleep, and weight gain. SAD (seasonal affective disorder) can be treated by daily exposure to bright artificial lights (PHOTOTHERAPY), during the season of recurrence.	2.43	2	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	3.5	1	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	8.5	1	1
Acromegaly Due To Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.26	6	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	3.51	8	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	2.43	2	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.26	6	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	3.51	8	0
Infections, Retroviridae [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Retroviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the RETROVIRIDAE.	2.11	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	6.73	13	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	6.73	13	1
Meningitis, Tuberculous [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Tuberculosis, Miliary An acute form of TUBERCULOSIS in which minute tubercles are formed in a number of organs of the body due to dissemination of the bacilli through the blood stream.	2.13	1	0
Tuberculosis, Meningeal A form of bacterial meningitis caused by MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS or rarely MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS. The organism seeds the meninges and forms microtuberculomas which subsequently rupture. The clinical course tends to be subacute, with progressions occurring over a period of several days or longer. Headache and meningeal irritation may be followed by SEIZURES, cranial neuropathies, focal neurologic deficits, somnolence, and eventually COMA. The illness may occur in immunocompetent individuals or as an OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION in the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and other immunodeficiency syndromes. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp717-9)	2.13	1	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	9.43	8	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	4.43	8	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	2.13	1	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	2.77	3	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	2.95	4	0
Freckle, Melanotic [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	2.77	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	2.95	4	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Traumatic Bleeding within the brain as a result of penetrating and nonpenetrating CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA. Traumatically induced hemorrhages may occur in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRUM; BRAIN STEM (see BRAIN STEM HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC); and CEREBELLUM.	2.15	1	0
Basal Ganglia Hemorrhage Bleeding within the subcortical regions of cerebral hemispheres (BASAL GANGLIA). It is often associated with HYPERTENSION or ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS. Clinical manifestations may include HEADACHE; DYSKINESIAS; and HEMIPARESIS.	2.15	1	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	2.15	1	0
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less.	5.23	4	1
Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections.	5.23	4	1
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	4.08	3	1
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	4.08	3	1
Hypolipoproteinemia [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	2.45	2	0
Blast Injuries Injuries resulting when a person is struck by particles impelled with violent force from an explosion. Blast causes pulmonary concussion and hemorrhage, laceration of other thoracic and abdominal viscera, ruptured ear drums, and minor effects in the central nervous system. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.15	1	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	5.1	17	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	5.1	17	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	6.36	6	0
Odontalgia [description not available]	4.72	2	0
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	4.28	2	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	6.36	6	0
Toothache Pain in the adjacent areas of the teeth.	4.72	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	6.89	26	1
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	3.14	5	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	3.14	5	0
Alcohol Abuse, Nervous System [description not available]	4.52	5	0
Indigestion [description not available]	3.43	1	1
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	3.43	1	1
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	3.62	3	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	4.27	2	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	4.27	2	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.46	2	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.46	2	0
Urogenital Prolapse [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Pelvic Organ Prolapse Abnormal descent of a pelvic organ resulting in the protrusion of the organ beyond its normal anatomical confines. Symptoms often include vaginal discomfort, DYSPAREUNIA; URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE; and FECAL INCONTINENCE.	2.46	2	0
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	2.05	1	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	2.04	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	3.86	12	0
Impotence [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	2.41	2	0
Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.	2.05	1	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neuroses [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	2.42	2	0
Bacteroidaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family BACTEROIDACEAE.	2.05	1	0
Anterior Cervical Pain [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Neck Pain Discomfort or more intense forms of pain that are localized to the cervical region. This term generally refers to pain in the posterior or lateral regions of the neck.	2.05	1	0
Medial Neuropathy, Distal [description not available]	2.46	2	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Chronic [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Arthritis, Juvenile Arthritis in children, with onset before 16 years of age. The terms juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) refer to classification systems for chronic arthritis in children. Only one subtype of juvenile arthritis (polyarticular-onset, rheumatoid factor-positive) clinically resembles adult rheumatoid arthritis and is considered its childhood equivalent.	2.05	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	2.93	4	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	5.13	17	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	5.13	17	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	5.8	8	1
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	10.8	8	1
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	7.3	24	1
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	7.3	24	1
ACL Injuries [description not available]	2.44	2	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	2.05	1	0
Pain, Intractable Persistent pain that is refractory to some or all forms of treatment.	2.41	2	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	4.3	4	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	4.3	4	1
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	8.26	6	0
Psychoses [description not available]	4.35	4	1
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	4.35	4	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	2.71	3	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	4.41	8	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	4.41	8	0
Bulimia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by a cycle of binge eating (BULIMIA or bingeing) followed by inappropriate acts (purging) to avert weight gain. Purging methods often include self-induced VOMITING, use of LAXATIVES or DIURETICS, excessive exercise, and FASTING.	4.99	5	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	3.61	3	0
Hypesthesia Absent or reduced sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation.	2.45	2	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	4.3	7	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	4.3	7	0
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	3.31	6	0
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	3.31	6	0
Greater Tuberosity Fractures [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Shoulder Pain Unilateral or bilateral pain of the shoulder. It is often caused by physical activities such as work or sports participation, but may also be pathologic in origin.	2.05	1	0
Shingles [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Herpes Zoster An acute infectious, usually self-limited, disease believed to represent activation of latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN) in those who have been rendered partially immune after a previous attack of CHICKENPOX. It involves the SENSORY GANGLIA and their areas of innervation and is characterized by severe neuralgic pain along the distribution of the affected nerve and crops of clustered vesicles over the area. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	3.36	2	0
Malabsorption Syndromes General term for a group of MALNUTRITION syndromes caused by failure of normal INTESTINAL ABSORPTION of nutrients.	3.35	2	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	2.05	1	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	3.37	7	0
Headache, Tension [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Tension-Type Headache A common primary headache disorder, characterized by a dull, non-pulsatile, diffuse, band-like (or vice-like) PAIN of mild to moderate intensity in the HEAD; SCALP; or NECK. The subtypes are classified by frequency and severity of symptoms. There is no clear cause even though it has been associated with MUSCLE CONTRACTION and stress. (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	7.42	2	0
Binge-Eating Disorder A disorder associated with three or more of the following: eating until feeling uncomfortably full; eating large amounts of food when not physically hungry; eating much more rapidly than normal; eating alone due to embarrassment; feeling of disgust, DEPRESSION, or guilt after overeating. Criteria includes occurrence on average, at least 2 days a week for 6 months. The binge eating is not associated with the regular use of inappropriate compensatory behavior (i.e. purging, excessive exercise, etc.) and does not co-occur exclusively with BULIMIA NERVOSA or ANOREXIA NERVOSA. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	2.46	2	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	2.47	2	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	2.06	1	0
Caries, Dental [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	2.72	3	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	2.05	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	4.05	5	0
Stress Disorders, Traumatic Anxiety disorders manifested by the development of characteristic symptoms following a psychologically traumatic event that is outside the normal range of usual human experience. Symptoms include re-experiencing the traumatic event, increased arousal, and numbing of responsiveness to or reduced involvement with the external world. Traumatic stress disorders can be further classified by the time of onset and the duration of these symptoms.	4.13	3	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	4.77	2	1
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	3.6	3	0
Marasmus [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	3.6	3	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	2.93	4	0
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	4.77	2	1
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	3.62	9	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	8.62	9	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	4.64	6	1
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	2.43	2	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	2.05	1	0
Chronic Fatigue and Immune Dysfunction Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Gulf War Syndrome [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic A syndrome characterized by persistent or recurrent fatigue, diffuse musculoskeletal pain, sleep disturbances, and subjective cognitive impairment of 6 months duration or longer. Symptoms are not caused by ongoing exertion; are not relieved by rest; and result in a substantial reduction of previous levels of occupational, educational, social, or personal activities. Minor alterations of immune, neuroendocrine, and autonomic function may be associated with this syndrome. There is also considerable overlap between this condition and FIBROMYALGIA. (From Semin Neurol 1998;18(2):237-42; Ann Intern Med 1994 Dec 15;121(12): 953-9)	2.05	1	0
Persian Gulf Syndrome Unexplained symptoms reported by veterans of the Persian Gulf War with Iraq in 1991. The symptoms reported include fatigue, skin rash, muscle and joint pain, headaches, loss of memory, shortness of breath, gastrointestinal and respiratory symptoms, and extreme sensitivity to commonly occurring chemicals. (Nature 1994 May 5;369(6475):8)	2.05	1	0
Allergic Conjunctivitis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Conjunctivitis, Allergic Conjunctivitis due to hypersensitivity to various allergens.	2.06	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	3.36	2	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	3.36	2	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	7.06	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	2.06	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Eosinophilia, Tropical [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Eosinophilia Abnormal increase of EOSINOPHILS in the blood, tissues or organs.	2.06	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.06	1	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	3.09	5	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	2.06	1	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	7.42	2	0
Nevi, Melanocytic [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Nevus, Pigmented A nevus containing melanin. The term is usually restricted to nevocytic nevi (round or oval collections of melanin-containing nevus cells occurring at the dermoepidermal junction of the skin or in the dermis proper) or moles, but may be applied to other pigmented nevi.	2.07	1	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	4.64	6	1
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	9.64	6	1
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	2.93	4	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	2.93	4	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Dry Eye [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Dry Eye Syndromes Corneal and conjunctival dryness due to deficient tear production, predominantly in menopausal and post-menopausal women. Filamentary keratitis or erosion of the conjunctival and corneal epithelium may be caused by these disorders. Sensation of the presence of a foreign body in the eye and burning of the eyes may occur.	2.06	1	0
Dysentery Acute inflammation of the intestine associated with infectious DIARRHEA of various etiologies, generally acquired by eating contaminated food containing TOXINS, BIOLOGICAL derived from BACTERIA or other microorganisms. Dysentery is characterized initially by watery FECES then by bloody mucoid stools. It is often associated with ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; and DEHYDRATION.	2.99	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Stable [description not available]	3.46	1	1
Angina, Stable Persistent and reproducible chest discomfort usually precipitated by a physical exertion that dissipates upon cessation of such an activity. The symptoms are manifestations of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA.	3.46	1	1
Binge Eating [description not available]	4.64	6	0
Bulimia Eating an excess amount of food in a short period of time, as seen in the disorder of BULIMIA NERVOSA. It is caused by an abnormal craving for food, or insatiable hunger also known as ox hunger.	4.64	6	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	2.73	3	0
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	8.09	5	0
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	2.06	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.06	1	0
Claustrophobia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Phobic Disorders Anxiety disorders in which the essential feature is persistent and irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation that the individual feels compelled to avoid. The individual recognizes the fear as excessive or unreasonable.	2.07	1	0
Tauopathies Neurodegenerative disorders involving deposition of abnormal tau protein isoforms (TAU PROTEINS) in neurons and glial cells in the brain. Pathological aggregations of tau proteins are associated with mutation of the tau gene on chromosome 17 in patients with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; DEMENTIA; PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS; progressive supranuclear palsy (SUPRANUCLEAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE); and corticobasal degeneration.	2.07	1	0
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	2.48	2	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	2.07	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	2.69	3	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	2.42	2	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	2.68	3	0
Haemophilus Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus HAEMOPHILUS.	2.07	1	0
Moraxella Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Parasite Infections [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	2.91	4	0
Adiposalgia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Leiomyomatosis The state of having multiple leiomyomas throughout the body. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.08	1	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	2.08	1	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	2.42	2	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.73	3	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	2.07	1	0
As If Personality [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	3	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	3	1	0
Humeral Fractures Fractures of the HUMERUS.	2.08	1	0
Bleeding [description not available]	3.78	11	0
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	8.78	11	0
Anorectal Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Sigmoid Colon Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Rectal Diseases Pathological developments in the RECTUM region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	2.07	1	0
Autism [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	2.08	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	3.09	5	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	2.42	2	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	7.01	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	2.01	1	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	2.01	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Craniofacial Pain [description not available]	4.49	5	0
Facial Pain Pain in the facial region including orofacial pain and craniofacial pain. Associated conditions include local inflammatory and neoplastic disorders and neuralgic syndromes involving the trigeminal, facial, and glossopharyngeal nerves. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent facial pain as the primary manifestation of disease are referred to as FACIAL PAIN SYNDROMES.	4.49	5	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	2.7	3	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.01	1	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.01	1	0
Menstruation, Painful [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstruation.	2.01	1	0
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	3.39	1	1
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	4.42	3	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	4.42	3	0
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	2.4	2	0
Colonic Diseases, Functional Chronic or recurrent colonic disorders without an identifiable structural or biochemical explanation. The widely recognized IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME falls into this category.	5.78	4	2
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	8.83	4	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	2.01	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	3.34	2	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	3.34	2	0
Hypocapnia Clinical manifestation consisting of a deficiency of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	2.71	3	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	3.38	7	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Mononeuritis [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	2.01	1	0
Mononeuropathies Disease or trauma involving a single peripheral nerve in isolation, or out of proportion to evidence of diffuse peripheral nerve dysfunction. Mononeuropathy multiplex refers to a condition characterized by multiple isolated nerve injuries. Mononeuropathies may result from a wide variety of causes, including ISCHEMIA; traumatic injury; compression; CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISEASES; CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS; and other conditions.	2.42	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital, Nervous System [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	7.42	2	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.01	1	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	2.01	1	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	7.91	4	0
Arachnidism [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	3.62	3	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	4.3	4	1
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	2.92	1	0
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Thyrotoxicosis A hypermetabolic syndrome caused by excess THYROID HORMONES which may come from endogenous or exogenous sources. The endogenous source of hormone may be thyroid HYPERPLASIA; THYROID NEOPLASMS; or hormone-producing extrathyroidal tissue. Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by NERVOUSNESS; TACHYCARDIA; FATIGUE; WEIGHT LOSS; heat intolerance; and excessive SWEATING.	7.42	2	0
Delusional Disorder Disorder with presentation of a facade of coldness with characteristic pervasive mistrust and suspiciousness of others.	2.02	1	0
Affective Disorders, Psychotic Disorders in which the essential feature is a severe disturbance in mood (depression, anxiety, elation, and excitement) accompanied by psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, gross impairment in reality testing, etc.	2.02	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	2.02	1	0
Uterine Prolapse Downward displacement of the UTERUS. It is classified in various degrees: in the first degree the UTERINE CERVIX is within the vaginal orifice; in the second degree the cervix is outside the orifice; in the third degree the entire uterus is outside the orifice.	2.43	2	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	2.93	1	0
Oligohydramnios A condition of abnormally low AMNIOTIC FLUID volume. Principal causes include malformations of fetal URINARY TRACT; FETAL GROWTH RETARDATION; GESTATIONAL HYPERTENSION; nicotine poisoning; and PROLONGED PREGNANCY.	2.93	1	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	7.4	2	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	2.02	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	9.09	3	0
Dermatomyositis, Adult Type [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Dermatomyositis A subacute or chronic inflammatory disease of muscle and skin, marked by proximal muscle weakness and a characteristic skin rash. The illness occurs with approximately equal frequency in children and adults. The skin lesions usually take the form of a purplish rash (or less often an exfoliative dermatitis) involving the nose, cheeks, forehead, upper trunk, and arms. The disease is associated with a complement mediated intramuscular microangiopathy, leading to loss of capillaries, muscle ischemia, muscle-fiber necrosis, and perifascicular atrophy. The childhood form of this disease tends to evolve into a systemic vasculitis. Dermatomyositis may occur in association with malignant neoplasms. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1405-6)	2.02	1	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	2.4	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.02	1	0
Borna Disease An encephalomyelitis of horses, sheep and cattle caused by BORNA DISEASE VIRUS.	7.02	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.02	1	0
Infections, Morbillivirus [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	2.02	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.02	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.39	2	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Delayed Puberty [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Nonseasonal [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose similar to that found in hay fever except that symptoms persist throughout the year. The causes are usually air-borne allergens, particularly dusts, feathers, molds, animal fur, etc.	4.16	6	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Carditis [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	3.31	2	0
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.94	1	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	2.94	1	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	2.02	1	0
Niemann-Pick Disease [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Niemann-Pick Diseases A group of autosomal recessive disorders in which harmful quantities of lipids accumulate in the viscera and the central nervous system. They can be caused by deficiencies of enzyme activities (SPHINGOMYELIN PHOSPHODIESTERASE) or defects in intracellular transport, resulting in the accumulation of SPHINGOMYELINS and CHOLESTEROL. There are various subtypes based on their clinical and genetic differences.	2.02	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.94	1	0
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	2.42	2	0
Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse Malignant lymphoma composed of large B lymphoid cells whose nuclear size can exceed normal macrophage nuclei, or more than twice the size of a normal lymphocyte. The pattern is predominantly diffuse. Most of these lymphomas represent the malignant counterpart of B-lymphocytes at midstage in the process of differentiation.	2.02	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	2.4	2	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.43	2	0
(pPNET) Peripheral Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors, Primitive, Peripheral A group of highly cellular primitive round cell neoplasms which occur extracranially in soft tissue and bone and are derived from embryonal neural crest cells. These tumors occur primarily in children and adolescents and share a number of characteristics with EWING SARCOMA.	3.09	5	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	7.94	1	0
Postpartum Amenorrhea [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Amenorrhea Absence of menstruation.	7.72	3	0
Postherpetic Neuralgia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Neuralgia, Postherpetic Pain in nerves, frequently involving facial SKIN, resulting from the activation the latent varicella-zoster virus (HERPESVIRUS 3, HUMAN). The two forms of the condition preceding the pain are HERPES ZOSTER OTICUS; and HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS. Following the healing of the rashes and blisters, the pain sometimes persists.	2.02	1	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	2.02	1	0
Bertielliasis [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	3.83	4	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	3.83	4	0
Acquired Meningomyelocele [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Neoplasms, Bone Marrow [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Bone Marrow Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the bone marrow. They are differentiated from neoplasms composed of bone marrow cells, such as MULTIPLE MYELOMA. Most bone marrow neoplasms are metastatic.	2.03	1	0
Colonic Polyps Discrete tissue masses that protrude into the lumen of the COLON. These POLYPS are connected to the wall of the colon either by a stalk, pedunculus, or by a broad base.	2.03	1	0
Neoplasms, Nerve Tissue Neoplasms composed of nerve tissue. This concept does not refer to neoplasms located in the nervous system or its component nerves.	3.33	2	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	2.03	1	0
Exposure, Dental Pulp [description not available]	3.32	2	0
Dental Pulp Exposure The result of pathological changes in the hard tissue of a tooth caused by carious lesions, mechanical factors, or trauma, which render the pulp susceptible to bacterial invasion from the external environment.	3.32	2	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.03	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	2.03	1	0
Dentin, Secondary Dentin formed by normal pulp after completion of root end formation.	2.94	1	0
Cystic Periventricular Leukomalacia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Leukomalacia, Periventricular Degeneration of white matter adjacent to the CEREBRAL VENTRICLES following cerebral hypoxia or BRAIN ISCHEMIA in neonates. The condition primarily affects white matter in the perfusion zone between superficial and deep branches of the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY. Clinical manifestations include VISION DISORDERS; CEREBRAL PALSY; PARAPLEGIA; SEIZURES; and cognitive disorders. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1021; Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1997, Ch4, pp30-1)	2.03	1	0
Cochlear Diseases Pathological processes of the snail-like structure (COCHLEA) of the inner ear (LABYRINTH) which can involve its nervous tissue, blood vessels, or fluid (ENDOLYMPH).	2.03	1	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.41	2	0
Empyema, Gall Bladder [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Cholecystitis Inflammation of the GALLBLADDER; generally caused by impairment of BILE flow, GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, infections, or other diseases.	2.03	1	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	2.41	2	0
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	3.38	7	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	3.38	7	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	2.03	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	2.03	1	0
Gambling, Pathologic [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	2.03	1	0
Gambling An activity distinguished primarily by an element of risk in trying to obtain a desired goal, e.g., playing a game of chance for money.	2.4	2	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Thrombosis [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	7.03	1	0
Cancer of Endocrine Gland [description not available]	2.95	1	0
Endocrine Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS.	2.95	1	0
Neuralgia, Sciatic [description not available]	2.42	2	0
Sciatica A condition characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and posterior/lateral aspects of the leg. Sciatica may be a manifestation of SCIATIC NEUROPATHY; RADICULOPATHY (involving the SPINAL NERVE ROOTS; L4, L5, S1, or S2, often associated with INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISPLACEMENT); or lesions of the CAUDA EQUINA.	2.42	2	0
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	2.03	1	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	7.03	1	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	7.03	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	2.03	1	0
Hydrophobia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
MEA 2a [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Angiomatosis Retinae [description not available]	2.03	1	0
von Hippel-Lindau Disease An autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in a tumor suppressor gene. This syndrome is characterized by abnormal growth of small blood vessels leading to a host of neoplasms. They include HEMANGIOBLASTOMA in the RETINA; CEREBELLUM; and SPINAL CORD; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; pancreatic tumors; and renal cell carcinoma (see CARCINOMA, RENAL CELL). Common clinical signs include HYPERTENSION and neurological dysfunctions.	2.03	1	0
Mole, Skin [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	3.37	7	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	3.37	7	0
Cancer of the Tongue [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Tongue Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TONGUE.	2.03	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	3.78	2	0
Bilophila Infections [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	2.04	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	2.04	1	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	2.04	1	0
Agyria-Pachygyria-Band Spectrum [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	2.04	1	0
Cot Death [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Gangliocytoma [description not available]	3.48	8	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	5.2	19	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	5.2	19	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	3.07	5	0
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	3.07	5	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	4.06	3	1
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	4.06	3	1
Argentaffinoma [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Carcinoid Tumor A usually small, slow-growing neoplasm composed of islands of rounded, oxyphilic, or spindle-shaped cells of medium size, with moderately small vesicular nuclei, and covered by intact mucosa with a yellow cut surface. The tumor can occur anywhere in the gastrointestinal tract (and in the lungs and other sites); approximately 90% arise in the appendix. It is now established that these tumors are of neuroendocrine origin and derive from a primitive stem cell. (From Stedman, 25th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1182)	2.67	3	0
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	1.98	1	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	1.98	1	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	2.4	2	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	2.4	2	0
Hemiplegia, Crossed [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemiplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.	1.98	1	0
Adenolymphoma A benign tumor characterized histologically by tall columnar epithelium within a lymphoid tissue stroma. It is usually found in the salivary glands, especially the parotid.	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Parotid [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Parotid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PAROTID GLAND.	1.98	1	0
Atypical Cluster Headache [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nasal Polyps Focal accumulations of EDEMA fluid in the NASAL MUCOSA accompanied by HYPERPLASIA of the associated submucosal connective tissue. Polyps may be NEOPLASMS, foci of INFLAMMATION, degenerative lesions, or malformations.	3.3	2	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	1.98	1	0
Achalasia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	2.38	2	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	2.38	2	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	2.38	2	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	1.98	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	1.98	1	0
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Temporomandibular Disorders [description not available]	5.51	16	0
Psoriasis Arthropathica [description not available]	2.68	3	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	2.39	2	0
Temporomandibular Joint Disorders A variety of conditions affecting the anatomic and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Factors contributing to the complexity of temporomandibular diseases are its relation to dentition and mastication and the symptomatic effects in other areas which account for referred pain to the joint and the difficulties in applying traditional diagnostic procedures to temporomandibular joint pathology where tissue is rarely obtained and x-rays are often inadequate or nonspecific. Common diseases are developmental abnormalities, trauma, subluxation, luxation, arthritis, and neoplasia. (From Thoma's Oral Pathology, 6th ed, pp577-600)	5.51	16	0
Arthritis, Psoriatic A type of inflammatory arthritis associated with PSORIASIS, often involving the axial joints and the peripheral terminal interphalangeal joints. It is characterized by the presence of HLA-B27-associated SPONDYLARTHROPATHY, and the absence of rheumatoid factor.	2.68	3	0
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	3.08	5	0
Environmental Hypersensitivities [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Di Guglielmo Disease [description not available]	3.77	11	0
Leukemia, Erythroblastic, Acute A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by neoplastic proliferation of erythroblastic and myeloblastic elements with atypical erythroblasts and myeloblasts in the peripheral blood.	3.77	11	0
Amyotrophy, Thenar, Of Carpal Origin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Entrapment of the MEDIAN NERVE in the carpal tunnel, which is formed by the flexor retinaculum and the CARPAL BONES. This syndrome may be associated with repetitive occupational trauma (CUMULATIVE TRAUMA DISORDERS); wrist injuries; AMYLOID NEUROPATHIES; rheumatoid arthritis (see ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID); ACROMEGALY; PREGNANCY; and other conditions. Symptoms include burning pain and paresthesias involving the ventral surface of the hand and fingers which may radiate proximally. Impairment of sensation in the distribution of the median nerve and thenar muscle atrophy may occur. (Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, p45)	1.98	1	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dejerine-Thomas Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	2.39	2	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	4.23	18	0
Multiple Hemangioblastomas [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Benign Cerebellar Neoplasms [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hemangioblastoma A benign tumor of the nervous system that may occur sporadically or in association with VON HIPPEL-LINDAU DISEASE. It accounts for approximately 2% of intracranial tumors, arising most frequently in the cerebellar hemispheres and vermis. Histologically, the tumors are composed of multiple capillary and sinusoidal channels lined with endothelial cells and clusters of lipid-laden pseudoxanthoma cells. Usually solitary, these tumors can be multiple and may also occur in the brain stem, spinal cord, retina, and supratentorial compartment. Cerebellar hemangioblastomas usually present in the third decade with INTRACRANIAL HYPERTENSION, and ataxia. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2071-2)	1.98	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.23	6	0
Diarrheogenic Islet Cell Tumor [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	2.38	2	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	2.38	2	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	4.84	4	2
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	4.84	4	2
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	2.68	3	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Cancer of Larynx [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Laryngeal Neoplasms Cancers or tumors of the LARYNX or any of its parts: the GLOTTIS; EPIGLOTTIS; LARYNGEAL CARTILAGES; LARYNGEAL MUSCLES; and VOCAL CORDS.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	2.39	2	0
Aganglionic Megacolon [description not available]	3.22	6	0
Hirschsprung Disease Congenital MEGACOLON resulting from the absence of ganglion cells (aganglionosis) in a distal segment of the LARGE INTESTINE. The aganglionic segment is permanently contracted thus causing dilatation proximal to it. In most cases, the aganglionic segment is within the RECTUM and SIGMOID COLON.	3.22	6	0
Granuloma, Hodgkin [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hodgkin Disease A malignant disease characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, spleen, and general lymphoid tissue. In the classical variant, giant usually multinucleate Hodgkin's and REED-STERNBERG CELLS are present; in the nodular lymphocyte predominant variant, lymphocytic and histiocytic cells are seen.	1.98	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	1.98	1	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	1.98	1	0
Complex Partial Epilepsy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Epilepsy, Complex Partial A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)	1.98	1	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	2.89	4	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	1.98	1	0
Pachymeningitis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Disease, Peripheral [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Meningitis Inflammation of the coverings of the brain and/or spinal cord, which consist of the PIA MATER; ARACHNOID; and DURA MATER. Infections (viral, bacterial, and fungal) are the most common causes of this condition, but subarachnoid hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGES, SUBARACHNOID), chemical irritation (chemical MENINGITIS), granulomatous conditions, neoplastic conditions (CARCINOMATOUS MENINGITIS), and other inflammatory conditions may produce this syndrome. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1994, Ch24, p6)	1.98	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Chromosomal Triplication [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Causalgia Syndrome [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Causalgia A complex regional pain syndrome characterized by burning pain and marked sensitivity to touch (HYPERESTHESIA) in the distribution of an injured peripheral nerve. Autonomic dysfunction in the form of sudomotor (i.e., sympathetic innervation to sweat glands), vasomotor, and trophic skin changes may also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1359)	3.78	2	1
Mesenchymoma A mixed mesenchymal tumor composed of two or more mesodermal cellular elements not commonly associated, not counting fibrous tissue as one of the elements. Mesenchymomas are widely distributed in the body and about 75% are malignant. (Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1866)	1.98	1	0
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.9	1	0
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.9	1	0
Hakim Syndrome [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hydrocephalus, Normal Pressure A form of compensated hydrocephalus characterized clinically by a slowly progressive gait disorder (see GAIT DISORDERS, NEUROLOGIC), progressive intellectual decline, and URINARY INCONTINENCE. Spinal fluid pressure tends to be in the high normal range. This condition may result from processes which interfere with the absorption of CSF including SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, chronic MENINGITIS, and other conditions. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp631-3)	2.4	2	0
Sensation Disorders Disorders of the special senses (i.e., VISION; HEARING; TASTE; and SMELL) or somatosensory system (i.e., afferent components of the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM).	2.4	2	0
Maculopapular Cutaneous Mastocytosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	1.98	1	0
B-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	1.98	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Precordial Catch [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	2.38	2	0
Chest Pain Pressure, burning, or numbness in the chest.	1.98	1	0
Gastrin-Producing Tumor [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Somatostatinoma A SOMATOSTATIN-secreting tumor derived from the pancreatic delta cells (SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS). It is also found in the INTESTINE. Somatostatinomas are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS; CHOLELITHIASIS; STEATORRHEA; and HYPOCHLORHYDRIA. The majority of somatostatinomas have the potential for METASTASIS.	1.98	1	0
Gastrinoma A GASTRIN-secreting neuroendocrine tumor of the non-beta ISLET CELLS, the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS. This type of tumor is primarily located in the PANCREAS or the DUODENUM. Majority of gastrinomas are malignant. They metastasize to the LIVER; LYMPH NODES; and BONE but rarely elsewhere. The presence of gastrinoma is one of three requirements to be met for identification of ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME, which sometimes occurs in families with MULTIPLE ENDOCRINE NEOPLASIA TYPE 1; (MEN 1).	2.39	2	0
Anophthalmia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Iritis Inflammation of the iris characterized by circumcorneal injection, aqueous flare, keratotic precipitates, and constricted and sluggish pupil along with discoloration of the iris.	1.98	1	0
Adenocystic Carcinoma [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma characterized by bands or cylinders of hyalinized or mucinous stroma separating or surrounded by nests or cords of small epithelial cells. When the cylinders occur within masses of epithelial cells, they give the tissue a perforated, sievelike, or cribriform appearance. Such tumors occur in the mammary glands, the mucous glands of the upper and lower respiratory tract, and the salivary glands. They are malignant but slow-growing, and tend to spread locally via the nerves. (Dorland, 27th ed)	1.98	1	0
Gastric Fistula Abnormal passage communicating with the STOMACH.	1.98	1	0
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	3.82	4	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	1.98	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	2.91	4	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	2.91	4	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.4	2	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	6.98	1	0
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	1.98	1	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	2.89	4	0
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	2.89	4	0
Cranial Nerve V Injury [description not available]	3.25	6	0
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	2.69	3	0
Amentia [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	3.08	5	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	1.98	1	0
AIDS Seroconversion [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Acquired-Immune Deficiency Syndrome Dementia Complex [description not available]	3.37	1	1
AIDS Dementia Complex A neurologic condition associated with the ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME and characterized by impaired concentration and memory, slowness of hand movements, ATAXIA, incontinence, apathy, and gait difficulties associated with HIV-1 viral infection of the central nervous system. Pathologic examination of the brain reveals white matter rarefaction, perivascular infiltrates of lymphocytes, foamy macrophages, and multinucleated giant cells. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp760-1; N Engl J Med, 1995 Apr 6;332(14):934-40)	3.37	1	1
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	3.37	1	1
Injuries, Teeth [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Rida [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Paranoia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	1.99	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Orbital Diseases Diseases of the bony orbit and contents except the eyeball.	1.99	1	0
Adenitis, Salivary Gland [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Microphthalmia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	1.99	1	0
Bare Lymphocyte Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Group of rare congenital disorders characterized by impairment of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity, leukopenia, and low or absent antibody levels. It is inherited as an X-linked or autosomal recessive defect. Mutations occurring in many different genes cause human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID).	1.99	1	0
Epicondylitis, Lateral Humeral [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Tennis Elbow A condition characterized by pain in or near the lateral humeral epicondyle or in the forearm extensor muscle mass as a result of unusual strain. It occurs due repetitive stresses on the elbow from activities such as tennis playing.	2.69	3	0
Carcinoma, Embryonal A highly malignant, primitive form of carcinoma, probably of germinal cell or teratomatous derivation, usually arising in a gonad and rarely in other sites. It is rare in the female ovary, but in the male it accounts for 20% of all testicular tumors. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1595)	1.99	1	0
Nasal Diseases [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Megacolon Dilatation of the COLON, often to alarming dimensions. There are various types of megacolon including congenital megacolon in HIRSCHSPRUNG DISEASE, idiopathic megacolon in CONSTIPATION, and TOXIC MEGACOLON.	2.38	2	0
Bilateral Nasal Obstruction [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cerebrospinal Fluid Rhinorrhea Discharge of cerebrospinal fluid through the nose. Common etiologies include trauma, neoplasms, and prior surgery, although the condition may occur spontaneously. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 1997 Apr;116(4):442-9)	1.99	1	0
Nasal Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the nose. The obstruction may be unilateral or bilateral, and may involve any part of the NASAL CAVITY.	1.99	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	2.4	2	0
Bladder Exstrophy A birth defect in which the URINARY BLADDER is malformed and exposed, inside out, and protruded through the ABDOMINAL WALL. It is caused by closure defects involving the top front surface of the bladder, as well as the lower abdominal wall; SKIN; MUSCLES; and the pubic bone.	1.99	1	0
Epispadias A birth defect due to malformation of the URETHRA in which the urethral opening is above its normal location. In the male, the malformed urethra generally opens on the top or the side of the PENIS, but the urethra can also be open the entire length of the penis. In the female, the malformed urethral opening is often between the CLITORIS and the labia, or in the ABDOMEN.	1.99	1	0
Arteriovenous Malformations, Cerebral [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Angiomatosis Oculoorbital-Thalamic Syndrome [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Intracranial Arteriovenous Malformations Congenital vascular anomalies in the brain characterized by direct communication between an artery and a vein without passing through the CAPILLARIES. The locations and size of the shunts determine the symptoms including HEADACHES; SEIZURES; STROKE; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; mass effect; and vascular steal effect.	1.99	1	0
Sturge-Weber Syndrome A non-inherited congenital condition with vascular and neurological abnormalities. It is characterized by facial vascular nevi (PORT-WINE STAIN), and capillary angiomatosis of intracranial membranes (MENINGES; CHOROID). Neurological features include EPILEPSY; cognitive deficits; GLAUCOMA; and visual defects.	1.99	1	0
Amaurosis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Blindness The inability to see or the loss or absence of perception of visual stimuli. This condition may be the result of EYE DISEASES; OPTIC NERVE DISEASES; OPTIC CHIASM diseases; or BRAIN DISEASES affecting the VISUAL PATHWAYS or OCCIPITAL LOBE.	1.99	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Colonic Diseases Pathological processes in the COLON region of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	3.79	2	1
Flushing A transient reddening of the face that may be due to fever, certain drugs, exertion, or stress.	3.38	1	1
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	3.38	1	1
Ectopic Ossification [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Adenoma, alpha-Cell [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	3.08	5	0
Nodular Goiter [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Goiter, Nodular An enlarged THYROID GLAND containing multiple nodules (THYROID NODULE), usually resulting from recurrent thyroid HYPERPLASIA and involution over many years to produce the irregular enlargement. Multinodular goiters may be nontoxic or may induce THYROTOXICOSIS.	1.99	1	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	3.08	5	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	1.99	1	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	3.78	2	1
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	8.78	2	1
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	1.99	1	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	1.99	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	1.99	1	0
Failure to Thrive A condition of substandard growth or diminished capacity to maintain normal function.	1.99	1	0
Benign Cranial Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Neuroma A tumor made up of nerve cells and nerve fibers. (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.08	5	0
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms, Primary [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Choroid Plexus Neoplasms Benign or malignant tumors which arise from the choroid plexus of the ventricles of the brain. Papillomas (see PAPILLOMA, CHOROID PLEXUS) and carcinomas are the most common histologic subtypes, and tend to seed throughout the ventricular and subarachnoid spaces. Clinical features include headaches, ataxia and alterations of consciousness, primarily resulting from associated HYDROCEPHALUS. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2072; J Neurosurg 1998 Mar;88(3):521-8)	1.99	1	0
Dementias, Transmissible [description not available]	3.79	2	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	6.99	1	0
Acroosteolysis, Giaccai Type [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Hereditary Sensory and Autonomic Neuropathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by degeneration of dorsal root and autonomic ganglion cells, and clinically by loss of sensation and autonomic dysfunction. There are five subtypes. Type I features autosomal dominant inheritance and distal sensory involvement. Type II is characterized by autosomal inheritance and distal and proximal sensory loss. Type III is DYSAUTONOMIA, FAMILIAL. Type IV features insensitivity to pain, heat intolerance, and mental deficiency. Type V is characterized by a selective loss of pain with intact light touch and vibratory sensation. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1995, Ch51, pp142-4)	2.4	2	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	1.99	1	0
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	2.4	2	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	6.99	1	0
Allotriophagy An unusual desire or craving for abnormal foods.	3.32	2	0
Leishmaniasis, American [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous An endemic disease that is characterized by the development of single or multiple localized lesions on exposed areas of skin that typically ulcerate. The disease has been divided into Old and New World forms. Old World leishmaniasis is separated into three distinct types according to epidemiology and clinical manifestations and is caused by species of the L. tropica and L. aethiopica complexes as well as by species of the L. major genus. New World leishmaniasis, also called American leishmaniasis, occurs in South and Central America and is caused by species of the L. mexicana or L. braziliensis complexes.	1.99	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Suffocation [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	7.39	2	0
Neuroectodermal Tumors Malignant neoplasms arising in the neuroectoderm, the portion of the ectoderm of the early embryo that gives rise to the central and peripheral nervous systems, including some glial cells.	1.99	1	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	2.4	2	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	2.4	2	0
Aberrant Tissue [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2	1	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	4.62	6	1
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	3.38	1	1
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	9.62	6	1
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	3.38	1	1
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	2	1	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	2.91	1	0
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Prosthesis Durability [description not available]	2	1	0
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	2	1	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Injury, Chronic Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.	2	1	0
Cephalgia Syndromes [description not available]	2	1	0
Headache Disorders Various conditions with the symptom of HEADACHE. Headache disorders are classified into major groups, such as PRIMARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on characteristics of their headache symptoms) and SECONDARY HEADACHE DISORDERS (based on their etiologies). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	2	1	0
Acoustic Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	2	1	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	2	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.39	2	0
Catatonic Rigidity [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Muscle Rigidity Continuous involuntary sustained muscle contraction which is often a manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES. When an affected muscle is passively stretched, the degree of resistance remains constant regardless of the rate at which the muscle is stretched. This feature helps to distinguish rigidity from MUSCLE SPASTICITY. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p73)	2.39	2	0
Anovulation Suspension or cessation of OVULATION in animals or humans with follicle-containing ovaries (OVARIAN FOLLICLE). Depending on the etiology, OVULATION may be induced with appropriate therapy.	2	1	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	2.67	3	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	7	1	0
Angiostrongylus Infections [description not available]	2	1	0
Tricuspid Incompetence [description not available]	2	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	2	1	0
Mouth Diseases Diseases involving the MOUTH.	2	1	0
Mucositis, Oral [description not available]	2	1	0
Stomatitis INFLAMMATION of the soft tissues of the MOUTH, such as MUCOSA; PALATE; GINGIVA; and LIP.	2	1	0
Lichen Planus, Oral Oral lesions accompanying cutaneous lichen planus or often occurring alone. The buccal mucosa, lips, gingivae, floor of the mouth, and palate are usually affected (in a descending order of frequency). Typically, oral lesions consist of radiating white or gray, velvety, threadlike lines, arranged in a reticular pattern, at the intersection of which there may be minute, white, elevated dots or streaks (Wickham's striae). (Jablonski, Illustrated Dictionary of Dentistry)	2	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	2.92	1	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	2	1	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	2	1	0
Adult Neuroaxonal Dystrophy [description not available]	2	1	0
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	2	1	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	2.39	2	0
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	2	1	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	2.39	2	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2	1	0
Teratocarcinoma A malignant neoplasm consisting of elements of teratoma with those of embryonal carcinoma or choriocarcinoma, or both. It occurs most often in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	2	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	2	1	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	2	1	0
Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Injuries [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	7.01	1	0
Apertognathia [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Yang [description not available]	3.39	1	1
Epileptiform Neuralgia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Trigeminal Neuralgia A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)	2.01	1	0
Parodontosis [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Periodontal Diseases Pathological processes involving the PERIODONTIUM including the gum (GINGIVA), the alveolar bone (ALVEOLAR PROCESS), the DENTAL CEMENTUM, and the PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.	2.01	1	0
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Contusion [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	1.98	1	0
Curling Ulcer Acute stress DUODENAL ULCER, usually observed in patients with extensive third-degree burns.	1.98	1	0
Duodenal Ulcer A PEPTIC ULCER located in the DUODENUM.	1.98	1	0
Chemodectoma [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	1.98	1	0
Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7)	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	1.98	1	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Pre-B-Cell [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Precursor B-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and adolescents and characterized by a high number of lymphoblasts and solid tumor lesions. Frequent sites involve LYMPH NODES, skin, and bones. It most commonly presents as leukemia.	1.98	1	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	1.98	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	1.98	1	0
Aldosteronism [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	1.98	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Neoplasms [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from peripheral nerve tissue. This includes NEUROFIBROMAS; SCHWANNOMAS; GRANULAR CELL TUMORS; and malignant peripheral NERVE SHEATH NEOPLASMS. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp1750-1)	2.38	2	0
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	1.98	1	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	1.97	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	1.97	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	1.97	1	0
Diverticula [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infections, Togaviridae [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.38	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	7.37	2	0
Plica Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Synovitis Inflammation of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.	1.97	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	1.98	1	0
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	2.66	3	0
Sneezing The sudden, forceful, involuntary expulsion of air from the NOSE and MOUTH caused by irritation to the MUCOUS MEMBRANES of the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.	1.97	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	1.97	1	0
Chorea Disorders [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Chorea Involuntary, forcible, rapid, jerky movements that may be subtle or become confluent, markedly altering normal patterns of movement. Hypotonia and pendular reflexes are often associated. Conditions which feature recurrent or persistent episodes of chorea as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as CHOREATIC DISORDERS. Chorea is also a frequent manifestation of BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES.	1.97	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	1.97	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	1.97	1	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	1.97	1	0
Neoplasms, Nervous System [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	7.37	2	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	7.37	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	1.96	1	0
Pyloric Stenosis Narrowing of the pyloric canal with varied etiology. A common form is due to muscle hypertrophy (PYLORIC STENOSIS, HYPERTROPHIC) seen in infants.	1.97	1	0
Bleb [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Congenital Myotonic Dystrophy [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Myotonic Dystrophy Neuromuscular disorder characterized by PROGRESSIVE MUSCULAR ATROPHY; MYOTONIA, and various multisystem atrophies. Mild INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY may also occur. Abnormal TRINUCLEOTIDE REPEAT EXPANSION in the 3' UNTRANSLATED REGIONS of DMPK PROTEIN gene is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 1. DNA REPEAT EXPANSION of zinc finger protein-9 gene intron is associated with Myotonic Dystrophy 2.	1.97	1	0
Middle Ear Inflammation [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Otitis Media Inflammation of the MIDDLE EAR including the AUDITORY OSSICLES and the EUSTACHIAN TUBE.	1.97	1	0
Hansen Disease [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Leprosy A chronic granulomatous infection caused by MYCOBACTERIUM LEPRAE. The granulomatous lesions are manifested in the skin, the mucous membranes, and the peripheral nerves. Two polar or principal types are lepromatous and tuberculoid.	1.97	1	0
Genito-urinary Cancer [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Urogenital Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UROGENITAL SYSTEM in either the male or the female.	1.97	1	0
Proctitis INFLAMMATION of the MUCOUS MEMBRANE of the RECTUM, the distal end of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE).	1.97	1	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	1.97	1	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	7.89	1	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	1.97	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease, Demyelinating, Type 4f [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Benign Supratentorial Neoplasms [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Infarct [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Hernia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.97	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	1.97	1	0
Adult Rickets [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Osteomalacia Disorder caused by an interruption of the mineralization of organic bone matrix leading to bone softening, bone pain, and weakness. It is the adult form of rickets resulting from disruption of VITAMIN D; PHOSPHORUS; or CALCIUM homeostasis.	6.96	1	0

neuropeptide y

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (20)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (11)

Molecular Functions (8)

Ceullar Components (4)

Bioassays (24)

Research

Studies (10,278)

Study Types