ractopamine profile

Ractopamine is a beta-agonist used in livestock to increase lean muscle mass and reduce fat deposition. It works by mimicking the effects of adrenaline and noradrenaline, promoting protein synthesis and inhibiting fat storage. Ractopamine is synthesized through a series of chemical reactions starting with a precursor molecule. Studies on ractopamine focus on its potential to enhance animal productivity, improve meat quality, and reduce environmental impact. However, concerns exist about its potential health effects in humans and the environment, leading to ongoing research and debate on its use in agriculture.'

ractopamine: veterinary growth stimulant [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ractopamine : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible diastereoisomers of 4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol. A beta-adrenergic agonist, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) as a feed additive for use in pigs and other livestock to promote protein deposition, resulting in leaner meat. The R,R diastereoisomer, butopamine, is responsible for most of the leanness-enhancing effects. While use of ractopamine has been banned in over 120 countries including throughout the EU, in the US it used in an estimated 80% of all beef, pork and turkey production. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	56052
CHEMBL ID	509336
CHEBI ID	82647
CHEBI ID	82644
SCHEMBL ID	144797
MeSH ID	M0168987

Synonym
AC-716
97825-25-7
ractopaminum [latin]
el 737
hsdb 7441
ractopamina [spanish]
ractopamine
4-hydroxy-alpha-(((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)benzenemethanol
ractopamine [inn]
benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-alpha-(((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)-
bdbm27959
4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-yl]amino}ethyl)phenol
HMS2089M10
chebi:82647 ,
CHEMBL509336
4-[3-[[2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]amino]butyl]phenol
A845753
unii-57370oz3p1
57370oz3p1 ,
ractopaminum
ractopamina
(+/-)-all-rac-p-hydroxy-alpha-(((3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
paylean
optaflexx
FT-0600189
AKOS015889248
ractopamine [mi]
ractopamine [hsdb]
(+/-)-all-rac-p-hydroxy-.alpha.-(((3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-.alpha.-(((3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)-
SCHEMBL144797
DTXSID7048378 ,
benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-.alpha.-[[[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]methyl]-
AB01562962_01
AB01562962_02
SR-05000001437-1
sr-05000001437
4-(1-hydroxy-2-(4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)butan-2-ylamino)ethyl)phenol
DB11541
ractopamin
tomax
gtpl10455
Q722419
NCGC00164602-03
755 - ractopamine (ss-agonist) in meat
4-hydroxy-?-[[[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]methyl]benzenemethanol; ractopamine; benzenemethanol, 4-hydroxy-?-[[[3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl]amino]methyl]-
ractopamine 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
(+-)-all-rac-p-hydroxy-alpha-(((3-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-1-methylpropyl)amino)methyl)benzyl alcohol
dtxcid7028352
1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2-
chebi:82644
4-hydroxy-alpha-
ractopaminum (latin)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Ractopamine (RAC) is a beta adrenergic agonist used as a growth promoter in swine, cattle and turkeys. It is a feed additive with serious side effects that is forbidden in many countries.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ractopamine (RAC) is a beta-adrenoceptor agonist that is used to promote lean and increased food conversion efficiency in livestock. "	( Evaluation of Effects of Ractopamine on Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Locomotory Physiology in Animal Model Zebrafish Larvae. Abbas, K; Chen, KH; Hsiao, CD; Huang, JC; Lai, YH; Lin, YT; Saputra, F; Suryanto, ME; Yu, WH, 2021)	2.37
"Ractopamine (RAC) is a feed additive that stimulates rate of gain, feed efficiency, and carcass leanness in finishing cattle. "	( Ractopamine and age alter oxygen use and nitrogen metabolism in tissues of beef steers. Eisemann, JH; Huntington, GB; Nienaber, JA, 2022)	3.61
"Ractopamine (RAC) is a synthetic phenethanolamine, β-adrenergic agonist used as a feed additive to develop leanness and increase feed conversion efficiency in different farm animals. "	( Ractopamine at the Center of Decades-Long Scientific and Legal Disputes: A Lesson on Benefits, Safety Issues, and Conflicts. Abbas, K; Buenafe, OEM; Chen, KH; Hsiao, CD; Huang, JC; Liang, SS; Malhotra, N; Raza, A; Roldan, MJM; Vasquez, RD, 2022)	3.61
"Ractopamine hydrochloride is a commercial beta-adrenergic agonist commonly used as a dietary supplement in cattle production for improved feed efficiency and growth promotion. "	( Quantification of ractopamine residues on and in beef digestive tract tissues. Badger, CD; Belk, K; Brophy, P; Burnett, TJ; Davis, HE; Geornaras, I; Prenni, J; Scanga, J, 2019)	2.29
"Ractopamine (RAC) is a feed additive with serious side effects that is forbidden in many countries."	( AgNPs/QDs@GQDs nanocomposites developed as an ultrasensitive impedimetric aptasensor for ractopamine detection. Ghanbarzadeh, M; Roushani, M; Sahraei, R; Shahdost-Fard, F; Soheyli, E, 2020)	1.5
"CON. Ractopamine is an effective medicated feed a"	( Effect of ractopamine hydrochloride on environmental gas emissions, growth performance, and carcass characteristics in feedlot steers. Ball, JJ; Meinert, TR; Mejia-Turcios, SE; Mitloehner, FM; Pan, Y; Ross, EG; Taube, PC; Van Engen, NK; Werth, SJ; Zhao, Y, 2021)	1.48
"Ractopamine is a β-adrenergic agonist used as an energy repartitioning agent in the diets of finishing pigs. "	( Stress susceptibility in pigs supplemented with ractopamine. Athayde, NB; Dalla Costa, OA; Guidoni, AL; Lima, GJ; Ludtke, CB; Oba, E; Roça, RO; Takahira, RK, 2013)	2.09
"Ractopamine is a beta adrenergic agonist used as a growth promoter in swine, cattle and turkeys. "	( Ractopamine up take by alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) from soil. DeSutter, TM; Shelver, WL, 2015)	3.3
"Ractopamine-HCl (RAC) is a beta-adrenergic agonist with variable effects on cattle performance and carcass variables. "	( Differential response of cull cow muscles to the hypertrophic actions of ractopamine-hydrogen chloride. Carter, JN; Dijkhuis, RD; Gonzalez, JM; Johnson, DD; Johnson, SE, 2008)	2.02
"Ractopamine (RAC) is a β-adrenoreceptor agonist that enhances growth but increases aggressive behaviors in female pigs."	( Gene expression of serotonin and dopamine receptors and monoamine oxidase-A in the brain of dominant and subordinate pubertal domestic pigs (Sus scrofa) fed a β-adrenoreceptor agonist. Cheng, HW; Marchant, JN; Meisel, RL; Poletto, R; Richert, BT, 2011)	1.09
"Ractopamine is a β(2)-adrenergic agonist, which reduces fat deposition and promotes muscle growth in animals for meat production. "	( UPLC-MS/MS determination of ractopamine residues in retinal tissue of treated food-producing pigs. Milić, D; Perši, N; Pleadin, J; Radeck, W; Vulić, A, 2012)	2.12
"Ractopamine HCl is a beta-adrenergic agonist (beta-agonist) recently approved by the U.S. "	( Liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometric analysis of incurred ractopamine residues in livestock tissues. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Holder, CL; Little, D; Preece, S; Smith, DJ, 2002)	1.98
"Ractopamine HCl is a beta-adrenergic receptor ((betaAR) ligand approved for use in swine to enhance carcass leanness. "	( Stereoselectivity of porcine beta-adrenergic receptors for ractopamine stereoisomers. Bidwell, CA; Kissel, J; Mills, SE; Smith, DJ, 2003)	2
"Ractopamine HCl is an beta-adrenergic receptor (betaAR) ligand that was recently approved for use in swine to enhance carcass leanness. "	( Beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes that mediate ractopamine stimulation of lipolysis. Mills, SE; Smith, DJ; Spurlock, ME, 2003)	2.02
"Ractopamine hydrochloride is a beta-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent approved for use in swine in the United States. "	( Residue depletion of ractopamine and its metabolites in swine tissues, urine, and serum. Chang, J; Qiang, Z; Shen, J; Shentu, F; Wang, B; Wang, J, 2007)	2.1
"Ractopamine (RCT) is a member of the beta-2-agonist (beta-agonist) family. "	( Effective monitoring for ractopamine residues in samples of animal origin by SPR biosensor and mass spectrometry. Antignac, JP; Crooks, SR; Elliott, CT; Fodey, TL; Haughey, SA; Le Bizec, B; Thompson, CS; Traynor, IM, 2008)	2.09
"Ractopamine (RCT) is a phenethanolamine member of the family of beta-adrenergic agonists (beta-agonists). "	( Screening and confirmatory determination of ractopamine residues in calves treated with growth promoting doses of the beta-agonist. Arts, CJ; Baxter, GA; Crooks, SR; Elliott, CT; Thompson, CS; van Baak, MJ; Verheij, ER, 1998)	2
"Ractopamine HCl is a beta-adrenergic leanness-enhancing agent recently approved for use in swine. "	( Tissue residues of ractopamine and urinary excretion of ractopamine and metabolites in animals treated for 7 days with dietary ractopamine. Shelver, WL; Smith, DJ, 2002)	2.09
"Ractopamine is a forbidden molecule in the EU, but is registered as an additive in other countries such as in the USA for pigs."	( Identification of ractopamine residues in tissue and urine samples at ultra-trace level using liquid chromatography-positive electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Andre, F; Antignac, JP; Le Bizec, B; Marchand, P, 2002)	1.37

Effects

Ractopamine has been approved as a feed additive for swine, cattle or turkey. It is likely to have residue in edible animal products and may pose a potential risk for consumer health.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ractopamine has been authorized as a feed additive and permitted in animal husbandry. "	( Development of a lateral flow immunoassays-based method for the screening of ractopamine in foods and evaluation of the optimal strategy in combination of screening and confirmatory tests. Chen, CS; Chen, YC; Chen, YT; Hsu, JY; Liao, PC, 2023)	2.58
"Ractopamine glucuronides have been identified in cattle urine sampled by LC-MS/MS. "	( Identification of ractopamine glucuronides and determination of bioactive ractopamine residues and its metabolites in food animal urine by ELISA, LC-MS/MS and GC-MS. Jiang, XF; Liu, XY; Zhu, YH, 2014)	2.18
"Ractopamine (RAC) has been approved as a feed additive for swine, cattle or turkey, and is likely to have residue in edible animal products and may pose a potential risk for consumer health. "	( Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of ractopamine residue in pork samples by solid phase extraction and pre-column derivatization. Cao, Y; Ding, G; Geng, Q; Guo, M; Li, D; Punyapitak, D; Qin, J; Wang, B; Zhu, J, 2015)	2.08

Treatment

No ractopamine treatment effect (P greater than .05) was observed for either daily gain or gain/feed. Gain/feed was improved by 8% in both of the ad libitum groups. Ractopamines had no effect on LM quality, sensory attributes, or instrumental measures of palatability.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Ractopamine treatment biases were found for equations in which midline backfat, ribbed carcass, and live ultrasonic measures were used as single technology sets of measurements."	( Ractopamine treatment biases in the prediction of pork carcass composition. Einstein, ME; Forrest, JC; Herr, CT; Richert, BT; Schinckel, AP, 2003)	2.48
"Ractopamine treatment increased ADG (P < 0.01) and LM area (P < 0.05), but had no effect (P > 0.05) on LM quality, sensory attributes, or instrumental measures of palatability."	( The effect of feeding ractopamine (Paylean) on muscle quality and sensory characteristics in three diverse genetic lines of swine. Baas, TJ; Johnson, C; Moeller, SJ; Stoller, GM; Watkins, LE; Zerby, HN, 2003)	1.35
"The ractopamine treatments were imposed when the gilts reached a BW of 85.7 kg and lasted for the duration of the final 4 wk until carcass data were collected."	( Evaluation of the effects of dietary fat, conjugated linoleic acid, and ractopamine on growth performance, pork quality, and fatty acid profiles in genetically lean gilts. Belury, MA; Enright, K; Gu, Y; Richert, BT; Schinckel, AP; Weber, TE, 2006)	1.05
"No ractopamine treatment effect (P greater than .05) was observed for either daily gain or gain/feed, although gain/feed was improved by 8% in both of the ad libitum groups."	( Influence of level of dietary protein or energy on effects of ractopamine in finishing swine. Mitchell, AD; Solomon, MB; Steele, NC, 1991)	1.04

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" It consists of enzyme-mediated digestion and deconjugation steps; modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction; and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS)."	( Application of Enzyme Digestion and Deconjugation Followed by Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, Safe Extraction and Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry Methodology To Determine Ractopamine Residue in Pork. Costa, OAD; Feddern, V; Gressler, V; Ledur, MC; Lima, GJMM; Peixoto, JO, 2018)	0.67

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Nevertheless, pharmacokinetic studies of ractopamine have not been completed."	( Pharmacokinetics of ractopamine and its organ distribution in rats. Ho, JK; Huo, TI; Lin, LC; Tsai, TH, 2014)	0.99

Bioavailability

The oral bioavailability of ractopamine was 2.5%. The study demonstrated the rapid elimination and high bioavailability.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" This study demonstrated the rapid elimination and high bioavailability of ractopamine in urine and plasma in cattle."	( Ractopamine residues in urine, plasma and hair of cattle during and after treatment. Bu, D; Li, L; Tang, C; Zhang, J; Zhao, Q, 2014)	2.08

Dosage Studied

Ractopamine metabolism has not been evaluated in turkeys. The aim of this study was to determine the stereoselective metabolism and tissue distribution of [14C]ractopamine HCl in orally dosed turkey poults. Ractopamines exhibited differential effects on muscle morphometrics and MyHC gene expression.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Because ractopamine metabolism has not been evaluated in turkeys, the objectives of this study were to synthesize and identify products of ractopamine metabolism and to determine the stereoselective metabolism and tissue distribution of [14C]ractopamine HCl in orally dosed turkey poults."	( Metabolism and disposition of ractopamine hydrochloride by turkey poults. Feil, VJ; Huwe, JK; Paulson, GD; Smith, DJ, )	0.84
" Rats dosed with the RR stereoisomer responded similarly to rats dosed with RAC, except for carcass lipid."	( Effects of ractopamine HCl stereoisomers on growth, nitrogen retention, and carcass composition in rats. Caton, JS; Feil, VJ; Larsen, GL; Ricke, EA; Smith, DJ, 1999)	0.69
" The bile duct cannulated turkey poult (n = 3) dosed orally with [14C]ractopamine HCl [(1R,3R),(1R,3S)-4-hydroxy-alpha-[[[3-(4-hydroxy[14C]phenyl)-1-methy lpropyl]amino]methyl]-benzenemethanol hydrochloride; 19."	( Identification of turkey biliary metabolites of ractopamine hydrochloride and the metabolism and distribution of synthetic [14C]ractopamine glucuronides in the turkey. Feil, VJ; Paulson, GD; Smith, DJ, 2000)	0.8
" In the present study, 28 d of supplementation with RAC at a dosage rate of 200 mg x steer(-1) x d(-1) elicited consistent responses in growth performance and carcass traits among 3 diverse biological cattle types."	( Effects of ractopamine supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type. Engle, TE; Gruber, SL; Laudert, SB; Mitchell, MA; Platter, WJ; Schroeder, AL; Tatum, JD, 2007)	0.73
" Ractopamine dosage exhibited differential effects on muscle morphometrics and MyHC gene expression."	( Differential response of cull cow muscles to the hypertrophic actions of ractopamine-hydrogen chloride. Carter, JN; Dijkhuis, RD; Gonzalez, JM; Johnson, DD; Johnson, SE, 2008)	1.49
" Two dogs developing persistent conduction abnormalities with biochemical evidence of heart injury were euthanized and necropsied--one 4 days and the other 17 days after dosage This report is based on findings and comparisons of the canine abdominal and coronary arteries to segmental arterial mediolysis."	( Segmental arterial mediolysis--an iatrogenic vascular disorder induced by ractopamine. Slavin, RE; Yaeger, MJ, )	0.36
" Less than 20% of the fortified dose remained in the liquid layer after 4hr, and recoveries of dosed ractopamine ranged from 8 to 18% in the liquid layer at 336hr."	( Fate and transport of the β-adrenergic agonist ractopamine hydrochloride in soil-water systems. Casey, FX; Hakk, H; Shelver, WL, 2016)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
polyphenol	Members of the class of phenols that contain 2 or more benzene rings each of which is substituted by at least one hydroxy group.
secondary amino compound	A compound formally derived from ammonia by replacing two hydrogen atoms by organyl groups.
benzyl alcohols	Compounds containing a phenylmethanol skeleton.
secondary alcohol	A secondary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has two other carbon atoms attached to it.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
GLS protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	14.1254	0.3548	7.9355	39.8107	AID624170
peripheral myelin protein 22	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	2.0315	0.0056	12.3677	36.1254	AID624032
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.3300	0.0002	0.9326	7.2000	AID395056
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1800	0.0000	0.6635	9.5499	AID1798855; AID395056
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Delta-type opioid receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0062	0.0005	0.3649	6.9000	AID395059
Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0062	0.0002	0.8843	8.2000	AID395059
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	2.1000	2.1000	5.3900	8.6000	AID1769498
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
diet induced thermogenesis	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transport	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription by RNA polymerase II	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor-mediated endocytosis	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
smooth muscle contraction	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-modulating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome to lysosome transport	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to cold	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein kinase A signaling	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralization	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
heat generation	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of multicellular organism growth	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of MAPK cascade	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bone resorption	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle contraction	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
brown fat cell differentiation	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mini excitatory postsynaptic potential	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase-activating adrenergic receptor signaling pathway	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein serine/threonine kinase activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagosome maturation	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipophagy	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to amyloid-beta	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to psychosocial stress	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of AMPA receptor activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine-epinephrine-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
amyloid-beta binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
beta2-adrenergic receptor activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
potassium channel regulator activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
norepinephrine binding	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA binding	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
clathrin-coated endocytic vesicle membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal dense core vesicle	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Beta-2 adrenergic receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	POU domain, class 2, transcription factor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID1769499	Substrate activity at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in compound uptake by measuring Vmax incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5	Identification of Novel High-Affinity Substrates of OCT1 Using Machine Learning-Guided Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation.
AID1769501	Ratio of drug uptake in human OCT1 expressing HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM to drug uptake in empty vector transfected human HEK293 cells at 2.5 uM	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5	Identification of Novel High-Affinity Substrates of OCT1 Using Machine Learning-Guided Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation.
AID395056	Displacement of [3H]CGP1217 from human recombinant adrenergic beta2 receptor transfected in insect Sf9 cells by scintillation counting	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of beta2-adrenergic agonist enantiomers: zilpaterol.
AID395059	Agonist activity at adrenergic beta2 receptor in guinea pig trachea assessed as relaxation of carbachol-induced tissue contraction	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of beta2-adrenergic agonist enantiomers: zilpaterol.
AID1769500	Substrate activity at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in compound uptake by measuring intrinsic clearance incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5	Identification of Novel High-Affinity Substrates of OCT1 Using Machine Learning-Guided Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation.
AID1769498	Substrate activity at human OCT1 expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as increase in compound uptake by measuring Km incubated for 2 mins by LC-MS/MS analysis	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 03-11, Volume: 64, Issue:5	Identification of Novel High-Affinity Substrates of OCT1 Using Machine Learning-Guided Virtual Screening and Experimental Validation.
AID1798855	Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor Binding Assay and Agonist Functionality Assay from Article 10.1021/jm801211c: \\Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of beta2-adrenergic agonist enantiomers: zilpaterol.\\	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-26, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Synthesis and pharmacological characterization of beta2-adrenergic agonist enantiomers: zilpaterol.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	5 (1.23)	18.7374
1990's	45 (11.08)	18.2507
2000's	69 (17.00)	29.6817
2010's	232 (57.14)	24.3611
2020's	55 (13.55)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	52 (12.24%)	5.53%
Reviews	6 (1.41%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	367 (86.35%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	2.63	2	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	2.78	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	4.21	3	1	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.08	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.05	1	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.13	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.96	4	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.38	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	4.7	3	2	diatomic iodine	nutrient
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.05	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.13	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
phosphoric acid phosphoric acid: concise etchant is 37% H3PO4. phosphoric acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of one oxo and three hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central phosphorus atom.	2.05	1	0	phosphoric acids	algal metabolite; fertilizer; human metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4.5	2	2	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
taurine [no description available]	7.08	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.01	4	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide [no description available]	2.31	1	0	piperazines
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	4.9	32	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
theophylline [no description available]	2.66	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
cimaterol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzenes; nitrile
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	5.3	50	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.6	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.31	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.69	3	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	2.31	1	0	acetamides
halothane [no description available]	7.6	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
ici 118551 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	indanes
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	1.98	1	0	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	8.69	10	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.76	3	0	alkylbenzene
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	2.31	1	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	2.51	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
norfenefrine norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.31	1	0	phenols
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	2.31	1	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
pindobind [no description available]	1.99	1	0
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	1.99	1	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	7.13	1	0	quinolines
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	3.23	6	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	2.31	1	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.01	4	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
tulobuterol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	organochlorine compound
tyramine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	1.99	1	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	2.31	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
amifampridine Amifampridine: 4-Aminopyridine derivative that acts as a POTASSIUM CHANNEL blocker to increase release of ACETYLCHOLINE from nerve terminals. It is used in the treatment of CONGENITAL MYASTHENIC SYNDROMES.	2.31	1	0	aminopyridine
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.13	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	5.24	6	2	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.31	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	1.98	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	8.5	1	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.05	1	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methanesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	alkanesulfonic acid; one-carbon compound	Escherichia coli metabolite
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.6	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pantothenic acid Pantothenic Acid: A butyryl-beta-alanine that can also be viewed as pantoic acid complexed with BETA ALANINE. It is incorporated into COENZYME A and protects cells against peroxidative damage by increasing the level of GLUTATHIONE.. pantothenic acid : A member of the class of pantothenic acids that is an amide formed from pantoic acid and beta-alanine.. vitamin B5 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pantothenic acids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B5 deficiency. Deficiency of vitamin B5 is rare due to its widespread distribution in whole grain cereals, legumes and meat. Symptoms associated with vitamin B5 deficiency are difficult to asses since they are subtle and resemble those of other B vitamin deficiencies. The vitamers include (R)-pantothenic acid and its ionized and salt forms.. (R)-pantothenate : A pantothenate that is the conjugate base of (R)-pantothenic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. (R)-pantothenic acid : A pantothenic acid having R-configuration.	8.42	1	1	pantothenic acid; vitamin B5	antidote to curare poisoning; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite
glutaric anhydride glutaric anhydride: RN given in first source. glutaric anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is oxane which carries oxo groups at positions 2 and 6. It is used as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals, corrosion inhibitors, and polymers (E.g. epoxy polyesters).	2	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; oxanes
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	7.49	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
2-aminothiophenol 2-aminothiophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-aminothiophenol : An aryl thiol that is thiophenol substituted at position 2 by an amino group.	2.49	2	0	aryl thiol; substituted aniline	plant metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	7.25	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene 3,5-dinitro-4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: affects mitochondria isolated from rat liver; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.11	1	0
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	7.55	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	2.11	1	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.8	3	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	7.6	1	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.07	1	0	alkali metal hydroxide
[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)ammonium denatonium: a potent bittering agent	2.31	1	0	amino acid amide
1,6-dichlorohexane [no description available]	2.11	1	0
benzyltriethylammonium benzyltriethylammonium: a surface-active agent	2.31	1	0
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	2.15	1	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
lanthanum [no description available]	7.6	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.13	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	7.58	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.21	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	7.89	3	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	7.41	1	0	titanium group element atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	3.93	2	1	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	4.25	15	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.08	1	0	titanium group element atom
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	2.05	1	0	dihydrogen
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.13	1	0	tin oxide
indium phosphide indium phosphide: molecular formula - InP	2.31	1	0
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	1.97	1	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.17	1	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	2.31	1	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	2.1	1	0	ethanolamines
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether
sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.31	1	0
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	2.31	1	0	organoiodine compound
tretoquinol Tretoquinol: An adrenergic beta-agonist used as a bronchodilator agent in asthma therapy.	1.99	1	0	isoquinolines
milnacipran Milnacipran: A cyclopropanecarboxamide serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI) that is used in the treatment of FIBROMYALGIA.	2.31	1	0	acetamides
trenbolone acetate Trenbolone Acetate: An anabolic steroid used mainly as an anabolic agent in veterinary practice.	6.34	10	4	steroid ester
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.31	1	0
fenpiverinium fenpiverinium: RN given refers to bromide; structure	2.31	1	0	diarylmethane
frovatriptan [no description available]	2.31	1	0	carbazoles
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.6	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.08	1	0
pyridinoline pyridinoline: 3-hydroxypyridinium derivative collagen crosslink; structure	2.11	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
zd 7114 [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ici 89406 ICI 89406: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0	ureas
l 644969 [no description available]	2.4	2	0
dialuminum magnesium tetraoxide spinell: mineral that can be colored to match dentin	3.14	1	0
revalor Revalor: trenbolone acetate & estradiol	3.84	2	1
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.07	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.5	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
nandrolone phenpropionate nandrolone phenpropionate: RN given refers to (17 beta)-isomer	2.15	1	0	3-phenylpropionate ester	anabolic agent; androgen
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.82	2	0
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.07	1	0
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	9.72	3	2	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	2.72	2	0	cyclodextrin
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	2.15	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	7.6	1	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
ru 42173 RU 42173: structure given in first source	9.87	26	8	benzazepine
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.1	1	0
palladium oxide palladium oxide: RN given refers to PdO	2.6	1	0
9,11-linoleic acid 9,11-linoleic acid: a conjugated dienoic linoleate (CLA); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation in Chemline. (9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid : An octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid having 9-trans,11-trans-stereochemistry.	2.07	1	0	octadeca-9,11-dienoic acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antiatherogenic agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; human metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.6	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
antimony Antimony: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Sb, atomic number 51, and atomic weight 121.75. It is used as a metal alloy and as medicinal and poisonous salts. It is toxic and an irritant to the skin and the mucous membranes.	7.13	1	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.31	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
indium Indium: A metallic element, atomic number 49, atomic weight 114.818, symbol In. It is named from its blue line in the spectrum.. indium atom : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant indigo (Latin indicum) blue line in its flame spectrum.	7.69	2	0	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.53	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.11	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.21	1	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
famotidine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.31	1	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.08	1	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
brl 37344 BRL 37344: SB 206606 is the (R,R)-isomer	2.4	2	0	monocarboxylic acid
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.25	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	2.03	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	2.21	1	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	2.38	2	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.13	1	0
tylosin [no description available]	4.43	2	2
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.11	1	0
laidlomycin laidlomycin: polycyclic, polyether, monocarboxylic acid posessing inhibitory activity against various Mycoplasma species, especially Acholeplasma laidlawii; structure	3.51	1	1
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	2.05	1	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	2	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	3.85	2	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.3	3	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	9.3	3	1
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	7.41	1	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	13.09	32	8
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.6	1	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	4.02	2	1
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	4.02	2	1
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	2.21	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	2.21	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	8.78	46	12
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	7.25	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.41	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.87	2	1
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	4.38	4	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	2.15	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	4.13	3	1
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	4.13	3	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	4.18	16	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	9.97	4	2
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	2.11	1	0
Adipocere [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	3.5	1	1
Breast Cancer [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	2.13	1	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.13	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	2.05	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.05	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	2.05	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	4.14	3	1
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	2.05	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.07	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.07	1	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	3.41	1	1
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.41	1	1
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	2.43	2	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	2.39	2	0
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	1.99	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	6.99	1	0
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	1.99	1	0
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	1.99	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	1.97	1	0

ractopamine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (4)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (35)

Molecular Functions (15)

Ceullar Components (17)

Bioassays (8)

Research

Studies (406)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 59.60

Study Types

ractopamine

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (53)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (4)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (35)

Molecular Functions (15)

Ceullar Components (17)

Bioassays (8)

Research

Studies (406)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 59.60

Study Types

Related Drugs (137)

Related Conditions (51)