cefazolin profile

Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic. It is effective against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, and some gram-negative bacteria. It is typically administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Cefazolin is synthesized through a multi-step process involving the modification of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. It exerts its antibacterial effect by inhibiting the synthesis of peptidoglycans, which are essential components of bacterial cell walls. This inhibition ultimately leads to bacterial cell lysis and death. Cefazolin is widely used in the treatment of various infections, including skin infections, respiratory tract infections, and urinary tract infections. It is also commonly used for surgical prophylaxis to prevent postoperative infections. Cefazolin is studied extensively to understand its pharmacokinetic properties, efficacy against different bacterial strains, and potential adverse effects. Research is also ongoing to develop new cephalosporin antibiotics with improved efficacy and reduced resistance. '

Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	33255
CHEMBL ID	1435
CHEBI ID	474053
SCHEMBL ID	2841
MeSH ID	M0003718

Synonym
smr000387025
MLS001049010
AC-16010
DIVK1C_000014
KBIO1_000014
(6r,7r)-3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl}-8-oxo-7-[(1h-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
SPECTRUM_000106
LOPAC0_000274
cephamezine
cefamezin
(6r,7r)-3-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-7-[[2-(tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
CEZ ,
(6r, 7r)-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2- yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[[1h-tetrazol-1- yl)acetyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2- ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefazoline
BSPBIO_000692
PRESTWICK3_000736
IDI1_000014
PRESTWICK2_000736
BPBIO1_000762
BSPBIO_001939
25953-19-9
cefazolin
C06880
NCGC00159465-02
cephazoline
DB01327
cephazolidin
(6r,7r)-3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-7-[(1h-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cephazolin
D02299
cefazolin (usp)
cefazolina [inn-spanish]
einecs 247-362-8
cefazoline [inn-french]
(6r,7r)-3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-7-(2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6r-trans)-3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-7-(((1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl)-amino)-5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-7-(((1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl)amino)-, (6r-trans)-
hsdb 3213
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-7-(2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido)-
cefazolinum [inn-latin]
7-(1-(1h-)-tetrazolylacetamido)-3-(2-(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazolyl)thiomethyl)delta3-cephem-4-carboxylic acid
brn 4169371
elzogram
KBIOGR_000734
KBIO2_003114
KBIO3_001159
KBIO2_000546
KBIO2_005682
KBIOSS_000546
NINDS_000014
SPECTRUM2_001140
PRESTWICK0_000736
SPECTRUM4_000267
PRESTWICK1_000736
SPECTRUM3_000330
SPBIO_002631
SPBIO_001039
SPECTRUM5_000665
MLS001032060
CHEMBL1435
j01db04
3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-7beta-[(1h-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-3,4-didehydrocepham-4-carboxylic acid
cefazolinum
chebi:474053 ,
cefazolina
dtxcid302753
dtxsid2022753 ,
cas-25953-19-9
tox21_111691
(6r,7r)-3-[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanylmethyl]-8-oxo-7-[[2-(tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl]amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid;cefazolin acid
A818105
HMS2268D15
AKOS015962265
cefazolin [usp:inn:ban]
unii-ihs69l0y4t
ec 247-362-8
ihs69l0y4t ,
bdbm50370587
cefazolin [usp-rs]
cefazolin [usp monograph]
cefazolin [who-dd]
(6r,7r)-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido]5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefazolin [hsdb]
cefazolin [vandf]
5-thia-1-azabicyclo(4.2.0)oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid, 3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-7-(((1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetyl)amino)-(6r-trans)
cefazolin [mart.]
cefazolin [mi]
cefazolin [inn]
EPITOPE ID:116197
S5936
SCHEMBL2841
tox21_111691_1
NCGC00022653-09
MLYYVTUWGNIJIB-BXKDBHETSA-N
(6r,7r)-7-(2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido)-3-(((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
cefazolin acid
cefazolinfor culture media
W-107209
(6r,7r)-3-{[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl}-8-oxo-7-[2-(1h-1,2,3,4-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
(6r,7r)-7-(2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido)-3-((5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylthio)methyl)-8-oxo-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid
SBI-0050262.P004
Q415739
cefazolin acid,(s)
SDCCGSBI-0050262.P005
gtpl10935
BS-52943
cefazolin 1000 microg/ml in acetonitrile
cefazolin; (6r,7r)-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[(1h-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino]-5-thia-1-azabicyclo[4.2.0]oct-2-ene-2-carboxylic acid; (6r,7r)-3-[[(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)thio]methyl]-8-oxo-7-[[2-(1h-tetrazol-1-yl)a
CS-0013954
HY-B1892
F87674
cefazolin (usp:inn:ban)
cefazoline (inn-french)
cefazolin (mart.)
cefazolin (usp monograph)
cefazolinum (inn-latin)
cefazolin (usp-rs)
cefazolina (inn-spanish)
7-(1-(1h-)-tetrazolylacetamido)-3-
EN300-6731073

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cefazolin is a common trigger of perioperative anaphylaxis. "	( Diagnostic Approach of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Cefazolin in a Large Prospective Cohort. Al-Ahmad, M; Bogas, G; Boteanu, C; Dionicio, J; Doña, I; Fernández, TD; Laguna, JJ; Mayorga, C; Montañez, MI; Moreno, E; Rondón, C; Torres, MJ, 2021)	2.31
"Cefazolin is an antibiotic recommended for infection prevention in total hip arthroplasty (THA). "	( Population pharmacokinetic model of cefazolin in total hip arthroplasty. Bourayou, S; Chaux, R; Delavenne, X; Gibert, A; Hodin, S; Lanoiselée, J; Molliex, S; Ollier, E; Philippot, R; Zufferey, PJ, 2021)	2.34
"Cefazolin is a first-generation cephalosporin commonly used for skin and soft tissue infections, abdominal and orthopedic surgery prophylaxis, and methicillin-sensitive staph aureus. "	( Cefazolin-induced hemolytic anemia: a case report and systematic review of literature. Mause, E; Selim, M; Velagapudi, M, 2021)	3.51
"Cefazolin is an antibiotic that is commonly administered perioperatively to reduce the risk of surgical site infections. "	( Cefazolin-Induced Thrombocytopenia in a Patient with Polycythemia Vera Following Coronary Artery Bypass. Boulos, R; Iyer, MH; Perez, W; Saklayen, S; Turner, K, 2022)	3.61
"Cefazolin (CFZ) is a ubiquitous antibiotic in hospital settings and has been recognized as an emerging contaminant due to its ecotoxicity. "	( Adsorption of cefazolin on organoclay: experimental design, characterization, and a complete batch study. da Silva, MGC; de Farias, MB; Spaolonzi, MP; Vieira, MGA, 2022)	2.52
"Cefazolin is a heat-labile antibiotic that is not usually added to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement spacers because it is believed to be inactivated by the high polymerization temperatures. "	( Efficacy of Cefazolin Versus Vancomycin Antibiotic Cement Spacers. Baldini, T; Chavarria, J; Giddins, S; Lv, Y; Mauffrey, C; Parry, JA; Rojas, D, 2023)	2.73
"Cefazolin appears to be a therapeutic candidate that should be properly evaluated in this indication."	( Should we reconsider cefazolin for treating staphylococcal meningitis? A retrospective analysis of cefazolin and cloxacillin cerebrospinal fluid levels in patients treated for staphylococcal meningitis. Bellouard, R; Boutoille, D; Deschanvres, C; Deslandes, G; Dubée, V; Gaborit, BJ; Gregoire, M; Lakhal, K; Le Turnier, P; Lecomte, R; Leroy, AG; Talarmin, JP, 2020)	1.6
"Cefazolin is a feasible empiric antibiosis for odontogenic neck infections descending from the lower jaw if surgical drainage is performed."	( Cefazolin versus ampicillin/sulbactam as an empiric antibiosis in severe odontogenic neck infection descending from the lower jaw-retrospective analysis of 350 cases. Buller, J; Kreppel, M; Peters, F; Ringendahl, L; Zirk, M; Zoeller, JE, 2021)	3.51
"Cefazolin seems to be a possible alternative to ASPs in MSSA endocarditis. "	( Comparative outcomes of cefazolin versus antistaphylococcal penicillins in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis: a post hoc analysis of a prospective multicentre French cohort study. Bourreau, A; Boutoille, D; Caillon, J; Camou, F; Chauveau, M; Deschanvres, C; Gaborit, B; Issa, N; Le Tourneau, T; Le Turnier, P; Lecomte, R; Leroy, AG, 2021)	2.37
"Cefazolin is an antibiotic frequently used for perioperative prophylaxis. "	( Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dose Selection of Cefazolin for Surgical Prophylaxis of Pediatric Patients. Cetnarowski, W; Karpf, A; Licursi, D; Martinez, DV; Onufrak, NJ; Rubino, CM; Schmitz, ML, 2021)	2.32
"Cefazolin is an alternative, although there are theoretical concerns that SHV-1 β-lactamase in K."	( Cefazolin versus ceftriaxone as definitive treatment for Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteraemia: a retrospective multicentre study in Singapore. Ang, LW; Archuleta, S; Bok, CF; Ding, Y; Kalimuddin, S; Lee, IR; Lim, JJ; Lye, DC; Mukherjee, S; Thein, TL; Titin, C, 2021)	2.79
"Cefazolin is a widely used antimicrobial prophylactic agent, however the appropriate dosage, timing, pharmacology and microbial coverage have not been well-established for gynecologic procedures. "	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery - are dosage and timing appropriate? Prospective study using resampling simulation. Cohen, A; Fouks, Y; Lavie, I; Lavie, M; Levin, I; Many, A, 2021)	3.51
"Cefazolin is a first-line antibiotic to treat infection related to deployment-associated blast injuries. "	( Semimechanistic Modeling of the Effects of Blast Overpressure Exposure on Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Antonic, V; Bobrov, AG; Chin, GC; DeLuca, JP; Getnet, D; Livezey, JR; Long, JB; Sajja, VS; Selig, DJ; Swierczewski, BE; Tyner, SD, 2021)	2.29
"Cefazolin is an alternative option, but there is theoretical concern about its use as some MSSA strains produce beta-lactamases active against cefazolin."	( A large retrospective cohort study of cefazolin compared with flucloxacillin for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Davis, JS; Tong, S; Turnidge, J, 2018)	1.47
"Cefazolin seems to be a major cause of perioperative anaphylaxis."	( Required cefazolin concentration to maximize diagnostic accuracy of the basophil activation test for cefazolin-induced anaphylaxis. Hagiwara, K; Horiuchi, T; Orihara, M; Saito, S; Sakamoto, S; Takahashi, J; Takazawa, T; Tomioka, A; Yokohama, A; Yoshida, N, 2018)	1.62
"Cefazolin sodium is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in the treatment of infectious diseases in humans and in the surgical prophylaxis. "	( Quantitative analysis of cefazolin sodium in lyophilized powder by infrared spectrophotometry: Green, low cost, fast and effective. Kogawa, AC; Rechelo, BS; Salgado, HRN, 2019)	2.26
"Cefazolin is a water-soluble (hydrophilic) antibiotic that does not penetrate adipose tissue regardless of IV dose."	( Lack of Pharmacokinetic Basis of Weight-Based Dosing and Intra-Operative Re-Dosing with Cefazolin Surgical Prophylaxis in Obese Patients: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Blum, S; Cunha, BA; Cunha, CB, 2019)	1.46
"Cefazolin is a common antibiotic for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) bacteremia. "	( Clinical implications of cefazolin inoculum effect and β-lactamase type on methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Chang, HH; Choe, PG; Kim, HI; Kim, NJ; Kim, SW; Kwon, KT; Lee, JM; Lee, S; Oh, MD; Park, WB; Song, DY, 2014)	2.15
"Cefazolin is a strong epileptogenic agent. "	( Epidural adhesiolysis complicated by cefazolin-induced status epilepticus: two cases. Choi, JY; Jung, KY; Kim, BJ; Lee, SH; Park, KW; Seok, HY, 2008)	2.06
"Cefazolin is a well-known antibiotic associated with seizures. "	( Persistent dysarthria after cefazolin-induced status epilepticus. Lee, Y; Park, EK; Pyun, SB; Youn, SW, 2009)	2.09
"Cefazolin is a broad spectrum antiotic that appears to penetrate aqueous humor in bactericidal concentrations after subconjunctival injection and may serve as a useful alternative in patients sensitive to other antibiotics."	( Ocular penetration of cefazolin in humans and rabbits after subconjunctival injection. McPherson, SD; Saunders, JH, 1980)	1.3
"Cefazolin is a semi-synthetic derivative of cephalosporin C that has a lower cross-immunogenicity with penicillins than do the other cephalosporins. "	( Cefazolin in the treatment of pneumonia. Barnwell, PA; Raff, MJ; Rogers, JH; Waterman, NG, 1978)	3.14
"Cefazolin is a rational choice of therapy in severe cases of acute urinary, respiratory, and other infections."	( Therapy of infections with cefazolin. Digranes, A; Hamre, E; Nygaard, H; Schreiner, A, 1976)	1.27

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cefazolin has a longer half-life in neonates than in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefazolin in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Epshtein, E; Galinkin, JL; Sultan, P, 2014)	1.41
"Cefazolin has an antibacterial activity profile similar to vancomycin against most pathogens encountered in the hemodialysis (HD) population."	( Cefazolin as empiric therapy in hemodialysis-related infections: efficacy and blood concentrations. Frye, RF; Golper, TA; Marx, MA; Matzke, GR, 1998)	2.46
"Cefazolin has been used for many years to treat bone and joint infections. "	( Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations. Desplaces, N; Durand, F; Kitzis, MD; Lhotellier, L; Mamoudy, P; Zeller, V; Ziza, JM, 2009)	2.19
"Cefazolin and ertapenem have been shown to be an effective salvage regimen for refractory methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. "	( Is the Success of Cefazolin plus Ertapenem in Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia Based on Release of Interleukin-1 Beta? Hayney, M; Rose, W; Sakoulas, G; Smelter, D, 2022)	2.5
"IV cefazolin has been shown to be more effective for shoulder arthroplasty infection prophylaxis than antibiotic alternatives such as vancomycin. "	( Techniques for Decreasing Bacterial Load for Open Shoulder Surgery. Hao, KA; King, JJ; Panther, EJ; Ritter, AS; Schoch, BS; Schoch, JJ; Wright, JO; Wright, TW, 2022)	1.34
"Cefazolin has been the first-choice drug to treat penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (PSSA) bacteremia, because oxacillin and nafcillin are not approved in Japan. "	( Comparison of penicillins (penicillin G and ampicillin) and cefazolin as a definitive therapy against penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (PSSA) bacteremia in Japan: a retrospective cohort study. Ishikane, M; Mezaki, K; Moriyama, Y; Ohmagari, N, 2020)	2.24
"Cefazolin has become a prominent therapy for methicillin-susceptible "	( Novel Insights into the Classification of Staphylococcal β-Lactamases in Relation to the Cefazolin Inoculum Effect. Arias, CA; Carvajal, LP; Diaz, L; Echeverri, AM; Gomez-Villegas, SI; Ordoñez, KM; Porras, J; Reyes, J; Rincon, S; Rios, R; Seas, C, 2020)	2.22
"Cefazolin has a longer half-life in neonates than in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefazolin in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Epshtein, E; Galinkin, JL; Sultan, P, 2014)	1.41
"Cefazolin has an antibacterial activity profile similar to vancomycin against most pathogens encountered in the hemodialysis (HD) population."	( Cefazolin as empiric therapy in hemodialysis-related infections: efficacy and blood concentrations. Frye, RF; Golper, TA; Marx, MA; Matzke, GR, 1998)	2.46
"Cefazolin has significantly higher serum concentrations than the other two cephalosporins, distinctly longer serum half-lives, higher protein binding, and smaller apparent volumina of distribution."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and clinical experience with a new cephalosporin-derivative: cefazolin. Gebert, S; Hendrischk, A; Lode, H, 1975)	1.2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cefazolin displays time-dependent killing kinetics so that as long as serum/tissue concentrations are above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of SSI pathogens, there is no enhanced killing with higher concentrations relative to concentration-dependent antibiotics."	( Lack of Pharmacokinetic Basis of Weight-Based Dosing and Intra-Operative Re-Dosing with Cefazolin Surgical Prophylaxis in Obese Patients: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Blum, S; Cunha, BA; Cunha, CB, 2019)	1.46
"Cefazolin was found to produce a significantly greater peak serum concentration (105 +/- 14 versus 81 +/- 21 microgram/ml) and a significantly greater area under the curve (218 +/- 42 versus 157 +/- 19 ."	( Cefazolin and moxalactam pharmacokinetics after simultaneous intravenous infusion. Kline, BJ; Markowitz, SM; Polk, RE, 1981)	2.43
"With cefazolin an increase of 10-20 mumol/l creatinine was seen for every 20 mg/l of drug; with cefoxitin there was an increase of 50-80 mumol/l of creatinine for every 100 mg/l of drug."	( Interference by cephalosporins with creatinine measurement by desk-top analyzers. Hinberg, I; Nanji, AA; Poon, R, 1987)	0.73

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Cefazolin treatment for 5 days in mice without surgery induced colon dysbiosis and increased IL-6 and IL-1β in the colon and IL-1β in the cerebral cortex."	( Perioperative use of cefazolin ameliorates postoperative cognitive dysfunction but induces gut inflammation in mice. Liang, P; Shan, W; Zuo, Z, 2018)	1.52
"Cefazolin treatment may be associated with lower 30-day mortality rates (RR 0.70 (0.54, 0.91), low quality of evidence) and less nephrotoxicity (RR 0.36 (0.21, 0.59), (low quality of evidence))."	( Cefazolin versus anti-staphylococcal penicillins for the treatment of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. Davis, JS; Hagel, S; Kesselmeier, M; Lee, S; Morris, AM; Pletz, MW; Scherag, A; Weis, S, 2019)	2.68
"Cefazolin treatment failures have been described for bacteraemia caused by methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) with type A β-lactamase and inoculum effect (InE). "	( Prevalence of blaZ gene types and the cefazolin inoculum effect among methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus blood isolates and their association with multilocus sequence types and clinical outcome. Bang, KM; Choi, SH; Chong, YP; Jeong, JY; Kim, ES; Kim, MN; Kim, SH; Kim, YS; Lee, SO; Park, SJ; Woo, JH, 2015)	2.13
"Cefazolin treatment was interrupted less frequently than nafcillin treatment due to drug adverse events (0% versus 17%; P = 0.02)."	( Is cefazolin inferior to nafcillin for treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia? Choe, PG; Kim, EC; Kim, HB; Kim, NJ; Lee, S; Oh, MD; Park, SW; Park, WB; Song, KH, 2011)	1.71
"Cefazolin-treated patients with a two-compartment model (6/9) had higher Cmax, mean steady state serum concentrations (Css), and area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-->infinity)), smaller central compartment volume (V1), and lower clearance (Cl) during fever."	( Influence of fever on cefazolin pharmacokinetics. Belic, A; Beović, B; Grabnar, I; Karba, R; Marolt-Gomiscek, M; Mrhar, A; Zupancic, T, 1999)	1.34
"The cefazolin-treated group was not different from the controls with respect to radiographic healing (average stage, 1.8 compared with 2.1, p = 0.18)."	( Ciprofloxacin inhibition of experimental fracture healing. Bolander, ME; Hanssen, AD; Huddleston, PM; Patel, R; Rouse, MS; Steckelberg, JM, 2000)	0.79
"Treatment with cefazolin after experiencing a suspected non-IgE-mediated HSR to nafcillin appears to be safe, even for patients requiring a prolonged duration of cefazolin."	( Tolerability of Cefazolin in Nafcillin-Intolerant Patients for the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Cox, HL; Donohue, LE; Eby, JC; Gandhi, AM; Shah, MD, 2021)	1.32
"Treatment with cefazolin, a more narrow-spectrum agent with a potential for less "collateral damage," was non-inferior to FQ for community-acquired UTI in an inpatient setting."	( Cefazolin versus fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired urinary tract infections in hospitalized patients. King, EA; Patel, D; Uppala, A, 2019)	2.3

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium (THR-221), a new cephem antibiotic, was studied in rats by comparing its toxic effect with those of other cephem antibiotics including cephaloridine (CER), cefazolin (CEZ) and cefmetazol (CMZ)."	( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration]. Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)	0.46
" In order to evaluate the importance of the different factors causing toxic effects, the authors studied the correlations between toxicity and antibiotic concentration and between toxicity and period of contact."	( Toxic effects of some antibiotics on rabbit kidney cells. Eandi, M; Santiano, M; Viano, I, 1983)	0.27
"25 mg of cefazolin sodium showed no evidence of toxic reaction by these criteria after two weeks of observation."	( Toxicity, efficacy, and clearance of intravitreally injected of cefazolin. Civiletto, SE; Fisher, JP; Forster, RK, 1982)	0.92
"Prevention of cephalosporin nephrotoxicity in animal models by probenecid or p-aminohippurate requires treatment regimen that produce sustained inhibition of cortical accumulation of the toxic antibiotic."	( Prevention of cephalosporin nephrotoxicity by other cephalosporins and by penicillins without significant inhibition of renal cortical uptake. Browning, MC; Fravert, D; Hsu, CY; Tune, BM, 1982)	0.26
" The present report describes the effects of transient ureteral obstruction, which increases intracellular concentrations of secreted organic anions, on the cortical uptake and the proximal tubular toxicity of several cephalosporins given in mildly toxic doses."	( Effects of ureteral obstruction on the toxicity of cephalosporins in the rabbit kidney. Hsu, CY; Prime, DJ; Tune, BM; Wang, PL, 1982)	0.26
"19 hours) to provide for safe and effective peak and trough cefazolin levels with postdialysis dosing in anuric hemodialysis patients."	( Cefazolin in chronic hemodialysis patients: a safe, effective alternative to vancomycin. Feintzeig, ID; Fogel, MA; Gavin, JP; Hunt, WA; Kim, RC; Nussbaum, PB, 1998)	1.99
" All patients were included in the adverse drug reaction analysis; 1,252 were evaluable for purposes of evaluating treatment efficacy."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for infections with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Dalovisio, JR; Jiang, X; Tice, AD; Wynn, M, 2005)	0.33
"Vancomycin was associated with a significantly greater number of side effects than was ceftriaxone, cefazolin, or oxacillin, and nafcillin was associated with a significantly greater number of adverse events than ceftriaxone."	( Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for infections with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Dalovisio, JR; Jiang, X; Tice, AD; Wynn, M, 2005)	0.54
"5 million adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports for 8620 drugs/biologics that are listed for 1191 Coding Symbols for Thesaurus of Adverse Reaction (COSTAR) terms of adverse effects."	( Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling. Benz, RD; Contrera, JF; Kruhlak, NL; Matthews, EJ; Weaver, JL, 2004)	0.32
" Two moderate-grade adverse events were observed."	( Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations. Desplaces, N; Durand, F; Kitzis, MD; Lhotellier, L; Mamoudy, P; Zeller, V; Ziza, JM, 2009)	0.74
"This study aims to investigate whether cefazolin-sodium has any adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model."	( Cefazolin-sodium has no adverse effect on fracture healing in an experimental rabbit model. Akkaya, S; Bir, F; Kılıç, A; Nazalı, M, 2012)	2.09
" Finally, 1000 μg/mL cefazolin showed no adverse effects on porcine kidney endothelial cells."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in (sub)normothermic organ preservation: in vitro efficacy and toxicity of cephalosporins. Bruinsma, BG; de Boer, L; Heger, M; Post, IC; van Gulik, TM; van Rijssen, LB; Zaat, SA, 2013)	0.71
"Large quantities of cephalosporins have entered into aquatic environment in recent years, posing potential adverse effect to human health and ecological safety."	( Transformation of cefazolin during chlorination process: products, mechanism and genotoxicity assessment. Du, Y; Li, L; Wei, D; Wei, G, 2013)	0.72
" The secondary outcomes included treatment failure, recurrence of bacteremia, adverse effects (AEs) and discontinuation due to AEs."	( Efficacy and safety of cefazolin versus antistaphylococcal penicillins for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Li, Q; Lin, N; Shi, C; Wang, F; Wu, J; Xiao, Y; Zhang, Q, 2018)	0.79
" Ample literature shows that it is safe to use cefazolin in patients with non-anaphylactic penicillin allergies."	( Despite the Safety of Preoperative Cefazolin for Patients With Non-anaphylactic Penicillin Allergy, 20% of Practitioners Avoid Its Use. Eskildsen, SM; Huang, KX; Ostrum, RF; Pettett, BJ, 2019)	1.05
" From October 2018, we prospectively reviewed adverse events with cefazolin."	( Safety of administering cefazolin versus other antibiotics in penicillin-allergic patients for surgical prophylaxis at a major Canadian teaching hospital. Grant, JM; Lau, TTY; Mak, R; Masri, BA; Meikle, AT; Partovi, N; Shajari, S; Song, WHC, 2021)	1.17
"00), or adverse events (P = ."	( Safety of administering cefazolin versus other antibiotics in penicillin-allergic patients for surgical prophylaxis at a major Canadian teaching hospital. Grant, JM; Lau, TTY; Mak, R; Masri, BA; Meikle, AT; Partovi, N; Shajari, S; Song, WHC, 2021)	0.93
" Patients were monitored prospectively, and data on antibiotic usage and adverse outcomes were documented."	( A Simple Algorithmic Approach Allows the Safe Use of Cephalosporin in "Penicillin-Allergic" Patients without the Need for Allergy Testing. Austin, MS; Goh, GS; Shohat, N, 2021)	0.62
" Demographic, clinical, and treatment-related adverse events data were collected."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Alvarez, K; Bhavan, KP; Brown, LS; de la Flor, C; Filizola, H; Ganguly, A; King, H; Mang, NS; Perl, TM; Smartt, J, 2023)	0.91
" Our findings suggest that ceftriaxone is a safe and effective treatment of MSSA BSI secondary to osteoarticular or skin and soft tissue infections when used in the S-OPAT setting."	( Safety and Efficacy of Ceftriaxone in the Treatment of Methicillin-Susceptible Alvarez, K; Bhavan, KP; Brown, LS; de la Flor, C; Filizola, H; Ganguly, A; King, H; Mang, NS; Perl, TM; Smartt, J, 2023)	0.91

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A review is given on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of some cephalosporin antibiotics."	( On the pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics. Andersson, KE, 1978)	0.26
" No significant differences were observed in plasma-renal pharmacokinetic parameters between single and multiple doses of ceforanide."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics and safety of high doses of ceforanide (BL-S786R) and cefazolin. Glick, A; Hottendorf, GH; Pfeffer, M; Smyth, RD; Van Harken, DR, 1979)	0.49
" The pharmacokinetic parameters were analysed by applying an open two-compartment model."	( Clinical pharmacology phase I of cefazedone, a new cephalosporin, in healthy volunteers. II. Pharmacokinetics in comparison with cefazolin. Dingeldein, E; Leopold, G; Pabst, J; Ungethüm, W, 1979)	0.46
" The effects of protein binding of some of the commonly used cephalosporins on antibacterial activity and several pharmacokinetic parameters are discussed in this communication."	( Pharmacokinetics of cephalosporin antibiotics: protein-binding considerations. Heald, AF; Schreiber, EC; Singhvi, SM, 1978)	0.26
"The pharmacokinetic constants of cefazolin were determined comparatively in ten normal subjects, 12 patients with renal failure, and ten patients on repeated hemodialysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients with renal failure; special reference to hemodialysis. Brandt, C; Brogard, JM; Lavillaureix, J; Pinget, M, 1977)	0.86
"In a cross-over study in 12 normal individuals, the pharmacokinetic parameters of cefalotin, cefradine and cefazolin were determined after intravenous injection of 1,000 mg of each substance."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics and clinical experience with a new cephalosporin-derivative: cefazolin. Gebert, S; Hendrischk, A; Lode, H, 1975)	0.69
" The various pharmacokinetic constants thus obtained can be used to calculate the maintenance doses, loading doses and dosage intervals adjusted according to creatinine clearances."	( Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Brogard, JM; Lavillaureix, J; Ledoux, F; Pinget, M, 1975)	0.57
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated from the intravenous data based upon a two-compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetic interpretation of blood levels and urinary excretion data for cefazolin and cephalothin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in humans. Rattie, ES; Ravin, LJ, 1975)	0.48
" The serum half-life of cefazolin was increased significantly."	( Effects of renal failure and dialysis on cefazolin pharmacokinetics. Burch, K; Cox, F; Fisher, E; Haas, E; Levin, N; Madhavan, T; Pohlod, D; Quinn, EL; Yaremchuk, K, 1975)	0.83
" The half-life of cefamandole in serum was 49 to 126 min."	( In vitro activity and pharmacokinetics in patients of cefamandole, a new cephalsoporin antibiotic. Carrizosa, J; Levison, ME; Shemonsky, NK, 1975)	0.25
" Due to these pharmacokinetic patterns the results of an earlier prospective trial is confirmed that single-shot antibiotics during surgery are useful to reduce postoperative wound sepsis rate after appendectomy."	( [Use of preventive intra-operative antibiotic administration in appendectomy. A pharmacokinetic study]. Adamek, L; Mayer, F; Raguse, T; Wolf, R, 1991)	0.28
"So as to estimate the appropriate dose of antibacterial drugs in obese children, prediction of the volume of distribution in these children was attempted based on physiological pharmacokinetic concepts which had been constructed from results in normal-weight children."	( Prediction of the distribution volumes of cefazolin and tobramycin in obese children based on physiological pharmacokinetic concepts. Benet, LZ; Ichimura, F; Koshida, R; Nakashima, E; Taniguchi, N; Tsuji, A, 1989)	0.54
"In the present study, the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model, which succeeded previously in predicting the pharmacokinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics in rats [A."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin in rabbits and its preliminary extrapolation to man. Minami, H; Nakashima, E; Nishide, K; Terasaki, T; Tsuji, A; Yamana, T, )	0.39
" Various methods for estimating population pharmacokinetic parameters were compared."	( [Data averaging in pharmacokinetic analysis: the population pharmacokinetics of cephalothin and cefazolin]. Danilova, VI; Firsov, AA; Geodakian, SV, 1987)	0.49
" With use of numerous multiple-dosing regimens in an animal model, this study is the first to successfully minimize the interdependence between pharmacokinetic parameters and thereby determine, by stepwise multivariate regression analysis, that the time that serum levels exceeded the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was the most significant parameter determining efficacy for beta-lactams and erythromycin against various pathogens, whereas the log area under the curve was the major parameter for aminoglycosides."	( Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Gudmundsson, S; Leggett, J; Turnidge, J; Vogelman, B, 1988)	0.27
" The Vdss/BW value for cefazolin was characterized by both large extracellular water volume and a remarkable change in fp, and could be predicted as a function of fp using physiological pharmacokinetic concepts."	( Interindividual changes in volume of distribution of cefazolin in newborn infants and its prediction based on physiological pharmacokinetic concepts. Deguchi, Y; Ichimura, F; Koshida, R; Nakashima, E; Taniguchi, N; Tsuji, A; Watanabe, R, 1988)	0.84
"To investigate possible mechanisms for the long-lasting pharmacokinetic properties of cefpiramide, pharmacokinetic and renal clearance studies were carried out using rabbits."	( Renal tubular mechanisms for excretion of cefpiramide (SM-1652) in association with its long-lasting pharmacokinetic properties. Matsui, H; Okuda, T, 1988)	0.27
" Drug half-life was noted to be increased after shock for cefazolin by both resuscitation methods and for gentamicin after shock by saline resuscitation."	( Effect of hemorrhagic shock on cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in dogs. Cheung, RP; Dickson, PL; DiPiro, JT; Hall, EM; Michael, KA, 1987)	0.8
" Consequently, there were no significant changes in the levels of sisomicin in serum and the site of the nephrotoxic effect (cortical layer of the kidneys) and in the half-life of the aminoglycoside in the kidney cortical layer under the action of cefazolin."	( [Interrelations in the changes in the pharmacokinetics and nephrotoxic effect of sisomycin as affected by cefazolin]. Danilova, VI; Egorenko, GG; Firsov, AA; Gagaeva, EV; Shtegel'man, LA, 1986)	0.67
"The adult volunteers were given 1 g of ceftezole as a single intramuscular dose to investigate the pharmacokinetic profile of this new cephalosporin."	( Pharmacokinetic studies on ceftezole. De Pascale, A; Del Mastro, S; Fraschini, F; Scaglione, F, 1986)	0.27
" For both drugs most pharmacokinetic parameters were altered in pregnancy."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cephradine and cefazolin in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Ehrnebo, M; Philipson, A; Stiernstedt, G, 1987)	0.52
" Probenecid given IV was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a mean half-life of 14."	( Pharmacokinetics of probenecid and the effect of oral probenecid administration on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in mares. Ashcraft, SM; Donecker, JM; Sams, RA, 1986)	0.48
" The disposition of cefazolin given by IV route was characterized by a rapid disposition phase with a half-life of 5 to 10 minutes and a subsequent slower elimination phase with a half-life of 35 to 46 minutes."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses. Ruoff, WW; Sams, RA, 1985)	0.86
" The influence of changes on the value of the plasma unbound fraction and extracellular fluid volume on the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient of beta-lactam antibiotics was simulated by using a physiological pharmacokinetic model."	( Effect of extracellular water volume on the distribution kinetics of beta-lactam antibiotics as a function of age. Imaeda, N; Nakashima, E; Nishide, K; Terasaki, T; Tsuji, A, 1985)	0.27
" A two-compartment model was found to adequately characterize the data, and the serum concentration curve for each drug when given alone was statistically identical to that obtained after simultaneous administration."	( Cefazolin and moxalactam pharmacokinetics after simultaneous intravenous infusion. Kline, BJ; Markowitz, SM; Polk, RE, 1981)	1.71
"Although intravitreal injection of antibiotics is being used more widely in treatment of bacterial endophthalmitis, the pharmacokinetic principles that underlie such therapy have been derived exclusively from experiments in the rabbit."	( Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal carbenicillin, cefazolin, and gentamicin in rhesus monkeys. Barza, M; Baum, J; Kane, A, 1983)	0.52
" The half-life (3 h) of cefotetan was longer than that of cefazolin."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefotetan (YM09330) in humans. Kikuchi, Y; Komiya, M; Koyama, M; Nakagawa, K; Tachibana, A; Yano, K, 1982)	0.51
"The experimental investigation of pharmacokinetic properties of kanamycin and cephazolin has shown the antibiotic to penetrate well into the blood, lymph, abdominal exudate."	( [Kanamycin sulfate and sodium cephazolin pharmacokinetics in experimental strangulation obstruction of the small intestine]. Eriukhin, IA; Poliak, MS; Rukhliada, NV, 1981)	0.26
" Pharmacokinetic properties were determined in rats (100 mg/kg), rabbits (30 mg/kg), dogs (25 mg/kg), and humans (2 g or 30 mg/kg) and compared with equivalent single doses of cefazolin."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceforanide (BL-S786R) and cefazolin in laboratory animals and humans. Hottendorf, GH; Lee, FH; Pfeffer, M; Smyth, RD; Van Harken, DR, 1980)	0.7
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftezole were obtained by analyzing the serum level data of the drug using a one-compartment open model."	( Pharmacokinetics of ceftezole in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Kuroda, K; Ohkawa, M, 1980)	0.26
"The pharmacokinetic properties of cefazolin in the synovial fluid of the tibiotarsal joint were determined in 10 healthy mature cattle after intravenous regional injections of 250 mg cefazolin."	( Single-dose pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in bovine synovial fluid after intravenous regional injection. Bailey, JV; Ferguson, JG; Gagnon, H; Papich, MG, 1994)	0.85
" Cefazolin concentrations in serum and tissue specimen supernatant were determined, using high-performance liquid chromatography, for use in pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. DeYoung, DJ; Marcellin-Little, DJ; Papich, MG; Richardson, DC, 1996)	1.5
" An analog computer and the SIMULINK software package were used to identify the pharmacokinetic model and PCNONLIN software package to obtain the secondary parameters."	( Influence of fever on cefazolin pharmacokinetics. Belic, A; Beović, B; Grabnar, I; Karba, R; Marolt-Gomiscek, M; Mrhar, A; Zupancic, T, 1999)	0.62
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of intermittent intraperitoneal (IP) cefazolin, and recommend a cefazolin dosing regimen in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Asher, RD; Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Frye, RF; Manley, HJ, )	0.61
"This study determined the pharmacokinetic characteristics of once daily intraperitoneal (IP) cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of once daily intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Gopalakrishna, K; Low, CL; Lye, WC, 2000)	0.78
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using a monoexponential model."	( Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis. Bailie, GR; Frye, R; Hess, LD; Manley, HJ; McGoldrick, MD, 2000)	0.57
"To identify correlations between the pharmacokinetic variables that describe drug disposition in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients and the measures used to assess dialysis adequacy."	( Correlation of intraperitoneal antibiotic pharmacokinetics and peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. Bailie, GR; Elwell, RJ; Manley, HJ, )	0.13
"This retrospective study re-evaluated data collected during previous pharmacokinetic studies for intraperitoneally administered cefazolin, ceftazidime, and gentamicin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients, and intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in automated PD patients."	( Correlation of intraperitoneal antibiotic pharmacokinetics and peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. Bailie, GR; Elwell, RJ; Manley, HJ, )	0.34
" Differential equations describing a two-compartment model were fit to the cefazolin serum concentration-time data over the study period, and pharmacokinetic parameters were determined."	( Cefazolin dialytic clearance by high-efficiency and high-flux hemodialyzers. Bailie, GR; Frye, RF; Grabe, DW; Manley, HJ; Marx, MA; Mueller, BA; Sowinski, KM, 2001)	1.98
"Serum and dialysate effluent samples of the 18 CAPD patients with peritonitis were measured and used for the synthesis of pharmacokinetic equations that could predict drug concentrations at any treatment time."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.41
" It was difficult, using pharmacokinetic studies, to adjust the dosage regimen of gentamicin to achieve appropriately therapeutic levels in both serum and dialysate."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.41
"The pharmacokinetic parameters suggested that two-compartment model was found in all groups after intramuscular injection of CEZ."	( [Comparative study of the character of cefazolin pharmacokinetics between Neijiang pig and human]. Cai, SH; Li, YP; Xiong, WB, 1999)	0.57
"Human pharmacokinetic parameters are often predicted prior to clinical study from in vivo preclinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure. Jolivette, LJ; Ward, KW, 2005)	0.33
" A previously validated physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PB-PK) model for cefazolin in humans was used and then further adapted to simulate obese or renal insufficiency patients as well as the consequences of general anesthesia and liver surgery on cefazolin pharmacokinetics."	( Physiological modeling for indirect evaluation of drug tissular pharmacokinetics under non-steady-state conditions: an example of antimicrobial prophylaxis during liver surgery. Beyne, P; Lagneau, F; Marty, J; Tod, M, 2005)	0.56
" The validity of the equations and the reproducibility of the apparatus model were ascertained by simulating the concentration-time profiles of cefazolin and fosfomycin by substitution of their pharmacokinetic parameters obtained from humans for the equations."	( A novel in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model based on two-compartment open model used to simulate serum drug concentration-time profiles. Kikuchi, K; Moriyama, H; Ohara-Nemoto, Y; Ozawa, A; Takeda, Y; Tomita, T, 2007)	0.54
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated using a one-compartment model."	( Influence of pregnancy on ceftriaxone, cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in caesarean vs. non-pregnant sectioned women. Grujić, Z; Popović, J; Sabo, A, 2007)	0.61
"Analysis of the pharmacokinetic data suggests that a single-dose of cefazolin may well be the optimal preoperative prophylactic treatment for obstetrical and gynaecological surgical procedures."	( Influence of pregnancy on ceftriaxone, cefazolin and gentamicin pharmacokinetics in caesarean vs. non-pregnant sectioned women. Grujić, Z; Popović, J; Sabo, A, 2007)	0.84
" pharmacokinetic data on 670 drugs representing, to our knowledge, the largest publicly available set of human clinical pharmacokinetic data."	( Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds. Lombardo, F; Obach, RS; Waters, NJ, 2008)	0.35
"Rational dosing of antibiotics in neonates should be based on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in specific populations."	( Microanalysis of beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Ahsman, MJ; Mathot, RA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2009)	0.35
" In the present study, we carried out transport experiments of cephalexin via MATE1 and performed pharmacokinetic analyses of cephalexin in Mate1 knockout [Mate1(-/-)] mice."	( Reduced renal clearance of a zwitterionic substrate cephalexin in MATE1-deficient mice. Inui, K; Katsura, T; Terada, T; Tsuda, M; Watanabe, S, 2010)	0.36
" For 9 of 10 (90%) patients in the continuous infusion group, the targeted pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic goal (time above minimal inhibitory concentration >90%) was achieved, whereas the goal was met for only 3 of 10 (30%) in the intermittent group (P < ."	( Cefazolin bolus and continuous administration for elective cardiac surgery: improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Adembri, C; Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Chelazzi, C; De Gaudio, AR; Novelli, A; Ristori, R, 2010)	1.8
"Administration of cefazolin as bolus plus continuous infusion has pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic advantages relative to intermittent administration."	( Cefazolin bolus and continuous administration for elective cardiac surgery: improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Adembri, C; Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Chelazzi, C; De Gaudio, AR; Novelli, A; Ristori, R, 2010)	2.14
" The validated method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of cefazedone in Chinese healthy volunteers following intravenous (IV) administration of 500, 1000 and 2000mg cefazedone injection."	( Determination of cefazedone in human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Application to a pharmacokinetic study on Chinese volunteers. Guo, T; Qian, ZY; Tang, W; Wu, D; Xiang, Y; Zheng, H, 2010)	0.36
"Peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis (PDAP) can be treated using very different regimens of antimicrobial administration, regimens that result in different pharmacokinetic outcomes and systemic exposure levels."	( A Monte Carlo analysis of peritoneal antimicrobial pharmacokinetics. Crooke, P; Hota, S; Hotchkiss, J, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics and protein binding of cefazolin in morbidly obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery, to study the influence of bodyweight measures and age on pharmacokinetic parameters and to evaluate unbound cefazolin concentrations over time in this population."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of cefazolin in morbidly obese patients. Deneer, VH; Diepstraten, J; Knibbe, CA; Taks, M; van de Garde, EM; van Dongen, EP; van Kralingen, S; van Ramshorst, B; Vlaminckx, B; Wiezer, MJ, 2011)	0.86
" Non-compartmental pharmacokinetic data analysis was performed."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of cefazolin in morbidly obese patients. Deneer, VH; Diepstraten, J; Knibbe, CA; Taks, M; van de Garde, EM; van Dongen, EP; van Kralingen, S; van Ramshorst, B; Vlaminckx, B; Wiezer, MJ, 2011)	0.64
" This was a prospective pharmacokinetic study in a tertiary referral hospital."	( Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients undergoing elective and semielective abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair surgery. Deans, R; Douglas, A; Jarrett, P; Jenkins, J; Lassig-Smith, M; Lipman, J; Medley, G; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Stuart, J; Taraporewalla, K; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2011)	0.64
"0 μg/ml]) were evaluated in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model with a starting inoculum of 10(6) or 10(8) CFU/ml."	( In vitro pharmacodynamics of vancomycin and cefazolin alone and in combination against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Hagihara, M; Kuti, JL; Nicolau, DP; Wiskirchen, DE, 2012)	0.64
" With respect to pentoxifylline and ciprofloxacin, which are less hydrophilic, the effect of pharmacokinetic interference was either weaker or absent."	( [Influence of perftoran on pharmacokinetics of hydrophilic drugs]. Pshenkina, NN, 2011)	0.37
"The aim of this study was to present a deductive compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model to predict the concentration profiles of drugs in plasma and peritoneal fluid in peritoneal dialysis (PD) rats."	( Effects of peritoneal dialysis on pharmacotherapy: a deductive pharmacokinetic-model approach to predict drug concentration profiles in plasma and peritoneal fluid. Aiba, T; Horiuchi, M; Kurosaki, Y; Moriyama, S; Takahata, Y, 2014)	0.4
" In neonates, pharmacokinetic observations are limited and dosing regimens variable."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.65
" Based on 119 total and unbound plasma concentrations, a population pharmacokinetic analysis with a covariate analysis was performed."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.65
"A one-compartment pharmacokinetic model was developed in which total and unbound concentrations were linked by maximum protein binding (Bmax) of 136 mg/L and a dissociation constant (KD) for cefazolin protein binding of 46."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.84
"A neonatal pharmacokinetic model taking into account total and unbound cefazolin concentrations with saturable plasma protein binding was identified."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.88
"This work describes a first population pharmacokinetic (PK) model for free and total cefazolin during pregnancy, which can be used for dose regimen optimization."	( Semiphysiological versus empirical modelling of the population pharmacokinetics of free and total cefazolin during pregnancy. Allegaert, K; Beijnen, JH; Huitema, AD; Schellens, JH; van Calsteren, K; van Hasselt, JG, 2014)	0.84
" Cefazolin has a longer half-life in neonates than in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefazolin in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Epshtein, E; Galinkin, JL; Sultan, P, 2014)	1.59
"The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy of humanized cefazolin tissue concentrations against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and Enterobacteriaceae in an in vitro pharmacodynamic model."	( Humanized tissue pharmacodynamics of cefazolin against commonly isolated pathogens in skin and skin structure infections. Housman, ST; Jain, JG; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.91
" Cefazolin human simulated targets for peak, trough and half-life were 13."	( Humanized tissue pharmacodynamics of cefazolin against commonly isolated pathogens in skin and skin structure infections. Housman, ST; Jain, JG; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	1.59
"This was a pharmacokinetic study in a tertiary referral ICU."	( Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients. Hope, WW; Jarrett, P; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kruger, PS; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Sharma, R; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2015)	0.63
" A three-compartment linear population pharmacokinetic model was most appropriate."	( Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients. Hope, WW; Jarrett, P; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kruger, PS; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Sharma, R; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2015)	0.63
" Postdose pharmacokinetic and safety assessments were conducted following drug administration."	( Determination of appropriate weight-based cutoffs for empiric cefazolin dosing using data from a phase 1 pharmacokinetics and safety study of cefazolin administered for surgical prophylaxis in pediatric patients aged 10 to 12 years. Blumer, JL; Cetnarowski, W; Rubino, CM; Schmitz, ML, 2015)	0.66
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined via noncompartmental analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin prophylaxis in obese gravidae at time of cesarean delivery. Althouse, AD; Binstock, A; Caritis, SN; Shaik, IH; Simhan, HN; Twedt, R; Venkataramanan, R; Wiesenfeld, HC; Young, OM, 2015)	0.74
" Cefazolin concentrations were measured, noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses were performed, and tissue penetration of cefazolin was assessed."	( A pilot and feasibility study of the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in an immature porcine model of pediatric cardiac surgery. Greeley, WJ; Himebauch, AS; Jobes, D; Kilbaugh, TJ; Nicolson, SC; Zaoutis, T; Zuppa, AF, 2015)	1.56
" The method was used successfully in a pilot pharmacokinetic study with patients with peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis, receiving either intraperitoneal cefazolin or cefalothin."	( Determination of Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Human Plasma, Urine and Peritoneal Dialysate by UHPLC-MS/MS: application to a pilot pharmacokinetic study in humans. Guerra Valero, YC; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC, 2016)	0.91
" Antibiotic concentrations were quantified using a validated chromatographic method with pharmacokinetic analysis performed using a non-compartmental approach."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.38
" The median bioavailability for both antibiotics exceeded 92%, but other pharmacokinetic parameters varied markedly between antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.38
" We examined pharmacokinetic details of 2 g cefazolin administered during induction of anesthesia with repeat dosing shortly after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiac surgery."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and microbiologic appropriateness of cefazolin for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cardiac surgery. Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Koeck, R; Lanckohr, C; Voeller, S; Welp, H, 2016)	0.93
" Drug levels were used for population pharmacokinetic modeling using Nonmem software (Icon Development Solutions, San Antonio, Tex)."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and microbiologic appropriateness of cefazolin for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cardiac surgery. Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Koeck, R; Lanckohr, C; Voeller, S; Welp, H, 2016)	0.67
" Pharmacokinetic modeling demonstrated a significant influence of CPB on the volume of distribution and elimination of cefazolin."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and microbiologic appropriateness of cefazolin for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cardiac surgery. Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Koeck, R; Lanckohr, C; Voeller, S; Welp, H, 2016)	0.88
" The cefazolin concentration-time profiles were analysed using population pharmacokinetic modelling and predictors for interindividual variability in pharmacokinetic parameters were investigated."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass to optimize dosing regimens for children undergoing cardiac surgery. Commeyne, S; De Cock, PA; De Paepe, P; De Somer, F; Desmet, S; Francois, K; McWhinney, BC; Moerman, A; Mulla, H; Ungerer, JP; Van Hasselt, JG; Vande Walle, J, 2017)	1.26
" Population pharmacokinetic modelling was performed using Pmetrics ® software."	( Comparative total and unbound pharmacokinetics of cefazolin administered by bolus versus continuous infusion in patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ikeda, K; Lipman, J; Naik, BI; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Todorovic, MS; Wallis, SC, 2017)	0.71
" Interstitial fluid was collected over a 5-hour period by use of ultrafiltration probes for pharmacokinetic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin for prophylactic administration to dogs. Gonzalez, OJ; KuKanich, B; Renberg, WC; Roush, JK; Warner, M, 2017)	0.78
"This was a prospective, open-label, pharmacokinetic study of cefazolin during SDHD in 10 noninfected patients."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefazolin in Short Daily Hemodialysis. Battistella, M; Jassal, SV; Palmer, K; Richardson, R; Walker, S, 2019)	1.06
" Median interdialysis half-life was 28."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefazolin in Short Daily Hemodialysis. Battistella, M; Jassal, SV; Palmer, K; Richardson, R; Walker, S, 2019)	0.82
" Secondary aims were to determine the pharmacodynamic exposure associated with the addition of cefazolin to the CPB priming solution and to assess whether a target cefazolin concentration range for the CPB priming solution could be identified."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin delivery via the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit priming solution in infants and children. Al-Qaqaa, Y; Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS; Parker, J; Stevens, R, 2019)	1.06
"A multicentre, prospective, open-label pharmacokinetic study was carried out in children from birth to 16 years of age undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin delivery via the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit priming solution in infants and children. Al-Qaqaa, Y; Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS; Parker, J; Stevens, R, 2019)	0.84
" Larger pharmacokinetic studies are warranted."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin delivery via the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit priming solution in infants and children. Al-Qaqaa, Y; Chopra, A; Cies, JJ; Enache, A; Moore, WS; Parker, J; Stevens, R, 2019)	0.84
" We designed this study to describe an optimal dose regimen for cephalosporin and vancomycin based on pharmacokinetic evidence for infant open-heart surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin and Vancomycin in Infants Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Gutierrez, K; Ingrande, J; Lemmens, HJ; Nicolau, DP; Ramamoorthy, C; Sutherland, CA; Verma, A, 2019)	0.84
" Plasma concentrations of vancomycin (cohort 1, N = 10) and cefazolin (cohort 2, N = 10) were measured, and mixed-effects pharmacokinetic models were constructed for each drug."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin and Vancomycin in Infants Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Gutierrez, K; Ingrande, J; Lemmens, HJ; Nicolau, DP; Ramamoorthy, C; Sutherland, CA; Verma, A, 2019)	1.08
" This article reviews the literature on high-dose cefazolin prophylactic regimens in the obese from a pharmacokinetic (PK) point of view."	( Lack of Pharmacokinetic Basis of Weight-Based Dosing and Intra-Operative Re-Dosing with Cefazolin Surgical Prophylaxis in Obese Patients: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Blum, S; Cunha, BA; Cunha, CB, 2019)	0.99
" There is inadequate pharmacokinetic data available regarding prophylactic cefazolin dosing in obese pregnant women."	( Prophylactic Cefazolin Dosing in Women With Body Mass Index >35 kg·m-2 Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid. Christensen, R; Eley, VA; Jackson, D; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, JA; Ryan, R; Smith, M; van Zundert, AA; Wallis, SC, 2020)	1.16
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo dosing simulations were performed using Pmetrics."	( Prophylactic Cefazolin Dosing in Women With Body Mass Index >35 kg·m-2 Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid. Christensen, R; Eley, VA; Jackson, D; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, JA; Ryan, R; Smith, M; van Zundert, AA; Wallis, SC, 2020)	0.93
" Both growth and critical illness may impact the pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in critically ill children infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Benaboud, S; Beranger, A; Bille, E; Boujaafar, S; Briand, C; Bustarret, O; Gana, I; Geslain, G; Hirt, D; Moulin, F; Oualha, M; Renolleau, S; Salvador, E; Toubiana, J; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.91
" Data from healthy adults and pediatric surgery patients were pooled to refine a previously developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) model and to determine the optimal body weight cutoff for selecting fixed doses of either 1 or 2 g cefazolin to produce exposures in pediatric surgery patients similar to a single 2-g dose in adults."	( Pharmacokinetics and Optimal Dose Selection of Cefazolin for Surgical Prophylaxis of Pediatric Patients. Cetnarowski, W; Karpf, A; Licursi, D; Martinez, DV; Onufrak, NJ; Rubino, CM; Schmitz, ML, 2021)	1.06
"The aims of the present study were to establish a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model of cefazolin for adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and to assess the probability of target attainment (PTA) for the prophylaxis of surgical site infection (SSI) using cefazolin."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Arai, H; Asada, M; Echizen, H; Kijima, S; Makita, K; Mizuno, T; Nagata, M; Takahashi, H; Uchida, T; Yasuhara, M, 2021)	1.13
" Here, we propose to estimate the in vivo functional ontogeny of transporters using a combined population pharmacokinetic (popPK) and physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling approach called popPBPK."	( Estimation of Ontogeny Functions for Renal Transporters Using a Combined Population Pharmacokinetic and Physiology-Based Pharmacokinetic Approach: Application to OAT1,3. Allegaert, K; Cristea, S; De Cock, P; de Jaeger, A; De Paepe, P; Knibbe, CAJ; Krekels, EHJ, 2021)	0.62
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated non-compartmentally."	( Perioperative administration of cefazolin and metronidazole in obese and non-obese patients: a pharmacokinetic study in plasma and interstitial fluid. Dietrich, A; Dorn, C; Kees, F; Kees, MG; Kloft, C; Kratzer, A; Petroff, D; Simon, P; Stoelzel, M; Wrigge, H; Zeitlinger, M, 2021)	0.9
"8 kg/m2), mean Cmax of total cefazolin in plasma was lower (115 versus 174 mg/L) and Vss was higher (19."	( Perioperative administration of cefazolin and metronidazole in obese and non-obese patients: a pharmacokinetic study in plasma and interstitial fluid. Dietrich, A; Dorn, C; Kees, F; Kees, MG; Kloft, C; Kratzer, A; Petroff, D; Simon, P; Stoelzel, M; Wrigge, H; Zeitlinger, M, 2021)	1.2
" We repeated the experiment, validated the findings, and established a semimechanistic two-compartment pharmacokinetic (PK) model with effect compartments representing the liver and skin."	( Semimechanistic Modeling of the Effects of Blast Overpressure Exposure on Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Antonic, V; Bobrov, AG; Chin, GC; DeLuca, JP; Getnet, D; Livezey, JR; Long, JB; Sajja, VS; Selig, DJ; Swierczewski, BE; Tyner, SD, 2021)	0.85
" This study aimed to predict maternal and fetal drug disposition using physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling."	( Prediction of Maternal and Fetoplacental Concentrations of Cefazolin, Cefuroxime, and Amoxicillin during Pregnancy Using Bottom-Up Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models. Abduljalil, K; Jamei, M; Ning, J; Pan, X; Pansari, A, 2022)	0.96
" A pharmacokinetic model describing cefazolin disposition was developed for perioperative patients with morbid obesity, based on these values."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Connors, C; Liu, J; Mercuro, NJ; Nicolau, D; Poltak, J; Wungwattana, M, 2022)	1.32
"The aim of this study was to explore the utility of target-concentration controlled infusion (TCI) as a prophylactic antibiotic administration method based on the results of a population pharmacokinetic model of cefazolin."	( The expected advantage of administering prophylactic antibiotics using target- concentration controlled infusion: Development of a new pharmacokinetic model of cefazolin. Bang, JY; Choi, BM; Jung, J; Kim, KM; Lee, EK; Lee, JM; Noh, GJ; Yang, HS, 2022)	1.1
"The aim of this pharmacokinetic study was to describe and quantify population pharmacokinetics of three antibiotics, cefazolin, ampicillin, and ciprofloxacin, used as antibacterial prophylaxis during cardiovascular surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation (ECC)."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	1.12
"Adult patients undergoing cardiac surgery with ECC were enrolled to this prospective, pharmacokinetic study."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	0.91
" For all antibiotics, population pharmacokinetic models have been successfully developed."	( Population pharmacokinetics of three alternative prophylactic antibiotics during cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation. Kubickova, V; Santavy, P; Sima, M; Urbanek, K, 2023)	0.91
" However, some pharmacokinetic studies have shown that doses of 15-20 mg/kg/d may not achieve sufficient therapeutic levels."	( Pharmacokinetic analysis of ceftazidime and cefazolin in the treatment of continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis. Chen, B; Cui, T; Fang, X; He, Q; Ke, Y; Tian, L; Zheng, J; Zhu, W, 2023)	1.17

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The combination of ampicillin or cefazolin with mecillinam leads to bactericidal acceleration; the effects are comparable to those of the combination with gentamycin."	( [Effects of ampicillin and cefazolin combined with mecillinam (author's transl)]. Bischof-Léger, E; Helm, EB; Stille, W, 1978)	0.83
"207 clinical isolates from strains of patients from the University Children's Hospital of Kiel were investigated for their in vitro activity with the agar dilution method against flomoxef and cefazolin (alone and partially in combination with vancomycin)."	( In vitro activity of flomoxef and cefazolin in combination with vancomycin. Simon, C; Simon, M, 1991)	0.75
"We evaluated cefotaxime (CTX) alone and in combination with its metabolite, desacetylcefotaxime (dCTX) against strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produce the four recognized variants of staphylococcal beta-lactamase and a beta-lactamase-producing isolate characterized by the expression of borderline resistance to methicillin."	( Evaluation of cefotaxime alone and in combination with desacetylcefotaxime against strains of Staphylococcus aureus that produce variants of staphylococcal beta-lactamase. Eades, SC; Kernodle, DS; Stratton, CW; Weeks, LS, )	0.13
"Amdinocillin alone and in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics was tested for in vitro activity against aminoglycoside-susceptible and resistant gram-negative bacteria."	( In vitro activity of amdinocillin in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics against aminoglycoside-susceptible and resistant gram-negative bacteria. Gibson, G; Nachamkin, I; Samel, C; Sawyer, K; Skalina, D, 1988)	0.27
" The findings indicate that antibiotic disks used routinely in the clinical laboratory can be used in a simple elution test to determine susceptibility of organisms to beta-lactam antibiotics alone and in combination with amdinocillin."	( Collaborative clinical laboratory study of a broth-disk test for determination of bacterial susceptibility to beta-lactams in combination with amdinocillin. Barry, AL; Beskid, G; Cleeland, R; Fallat, V; Isenberg, HD; Murray, PR; Pierson, C; Squires, E; Tilton, RC, 1987)	0.27
"2%), and gentamicin (8%) when combined with heparin."	( Antibiotic-heparin lock: in vitro antibiotic stability combined with heparin in a central venous catheter. Bernstein, K; Burczynski, FJ; Penner, SB; Sitar, DS; Vercaigne, LM; Wang, GQ, 2000)	0.31
"Convulsant activity of pazufloxacin mesilate (PZFX mesilate), a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use, in combination with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) was investigated in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" We also evaluated the inhibitory activity of cefazolin or cefotaxime combined with minocycline."	( In vitro antimicrobial effect of cefazolin and cefotaxime combined with minocycline against Vibrio cholerae non-O1 non-O139. Chuang, YC; Ko, WC; Liu, CY; Liu, YC; Su, BA; Tang, HJ; Wang, YY, 2005)	0.87
" We conclude that type A blaZ is common in MSSA PJI and that cefazolin therapy for blaZ MSSA PJI can be successful when combined with 2-stage reimplantation and local antimicrobial therapy."	( Lack of association of Staphylococcus aureus type A beta-lactamase with cefazolin combined with antimicrobial spacer placement prosthetic joint infection treatment failure. Hein, M; Patel, R; Piper, KE; Shuford, JA; Steckelberg, JM; Trampuz, A, 2006)	0.81
" Determination of MIC alone or in combination with cefazolin/oxacillin against Staphylococcus spp."	( Antibacterial activity of allicin alone and in combination with beta-lactams against Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Cai, Y; Liang, BB; Pei, F; Wang, R, 2007)	0.59
"To evaluate the in vitro efficacy of an ophthalmic drug combination against common corneal pathogens of horses."	( In vitro efficacy of an ophthalmic drug combination against corneal pathogens of horses. Brooks, DE; Schuman Rose, CD; Scotty, NC, 2008)	0.35
"The drug combination was at least as effective as each medication separately for inhibiting microbial growth of all pathogens tested and was significantly more effective against B-hemolytic Streptococcus spp, Aspergillus spp, and Fusarium spp than the relevant medications separately."	( In vitro efficacy of an ophthalmic drug combination against corneal pathogens of horses. Brooks, DE; Schuman Rose, CD; Scotty, NC, 2008)	0.35
" Since bisphosphonates may not only inhibit osteoclasts, but also osteoblasts and thus bone formation, we studied different bisphosphonate concentrations combined with allograft bone."	( Impregnation of bone chips with alendronate and cefazolin, combined with demineralized bone matrix: a bone chamber study in goats. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Hannink, G; Mathijssen, NM; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2012)	0.63
"5 mg/mL, 1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, and 10 mg/mL) were tested in combination with allograft bone and supplemented with cefazolin (200 μg/mL)."	( Impregnation of bone chips with alendronate and cefazolin, combined with demineralized bone matrix: a bone chamber study in goats. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Hannink, G; Mathijssen, NM; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2012)	0.85
"To investigate the clinical efficacy of cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury."	( Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury. Che, B; Lou, W; Qin, S; Wang, K; Yu, Z; Zou, K, 2020)	2.27
"In the treatment of open fractures complicated with soft tissue injury, cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with VSD can effectively reduce inflammation and stress, thus improving the treatment efficacy."	( Cefazolin sodium pentahydrate combined with vacuum sealing drainage in the treatment of open fracture complicated with soft tissue injury. Che, B; Lou, W; Qin, S; Wang, K; Yu, Z; Zou, K, 2020)	2.23
" In an attempt to prevent PTB in singleton pregnancies, cervical cerclage, in combination with other treatments, has been advocated."	( Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies. Eke, AC; Eleje, GU; Ezebialu, IU; Ikechebelu, JI; Ilika, CP; Okam, PC, 2020)	0.56
" We included studies comparing cervical cerclage in combination with one, two or more interventions with cervical cerclage alone in singleton pregnancies."	( Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies. Eke, AC; Eleje, GU; Ezebialu, IU; Ikechebelu, JI; Ilika, CP; Okam, PC, 2020)	0.56
" One study (20 women), conducted in the UK, comparing cervical cerclage in combination with a tocolytic (salbutamol) with cervical cerclage alone in women with singleton pregnancy did not provide any useable data for this review."	( Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies. Eke, AC; Eleje, GU; Ezebialu, IU; Ikechebelu, JI; Ilika, CP; Okam, PC, 2020)	0.56
" We did not identify any studies looking at other treatments in combination with cervical cerclage."	( Cervical stitch (cerclage) in combination with other treatments for preventing spontaneous preterm birth in singleton pregnancies. Eke, AC; Eleje, GU; Ezebialu, IU; Ikechebelu, JI; Ilika, CP; Okam, PC, 2020)	0.56

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"5 and 9, the absorption rate constants of ionized antibiotics were almost identical; but, at pH 4, the unionized species were highly absorbed, depending on their lipophilicity through the GI membrane lipoidal barrier."	( GI absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics. III: Kinetic evidence for in situ absorption of ionized species of monobasic penicillins and cefazolin from the rat small intestine and structure-absorption rate relationships. Kubo, O; Miyamoto, E; Tsuji, A; Yamana, T, 1979)	0.46
" The bioavailability was calculated to be 100% for cefazolin and cephalothin."	( Pharmacokinetic interpretation of blood levels and urinary excretion data for cefazolin and cephalothin after intravenous and intramuscular administration in humans. Rattie, ES; Ravin, LJ, 1975)	0.73
"Gastrointestinal absorption of cefazolin, which is poorly absorbed in adults, and of cephradine, which is well absorbed in adults, was studied in rats during their development."	( Effect of gastrointestinal maturation on absorption of beta-lactam antibiotics. Mizuno, N; Morita, E; Nishikata, M; Takahashi, K, 1992)	0.57
" Although the effects of precipitate formation on drug bioavailability and toxicity have not been fully determined, until such information is available, the use of combinations of drugs that remain in solution during administration is recommended."	( The solubility of antibiotic and corticosteroid combinations. Lee, BL; Matoba, AY; Osato, MS; Robinson, NM, 1992)	0.28
" Bioavailability after topical administration was 95%."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin applied topically to the surgical wound. Matushek, KJ; Rosin, E, 1991)	0.6
" Bolus administration with MGK enhanced rate and extent of cefazolin sodium absorption, resulting in a bioavailability of 57 +/- 26%."	( Rate-controlled absorption enhancement of rectally administered cefazolin in rats by a glyceride mixture (MGK). Breimer, DD; de Boer, AG; Stijnen, AM; van Hoogdalem, EJ, 1988)	0.76
" The bioavailability of oral cephradine did not differ significantly during compared with after pregnancy."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cephradine and cefazolin in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Ehrnebo, M; Philipson, A; Stiernstedt, G, 1987)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of probenecid given IV and orally at the dosage level of 10 mg/kg of body weight to mares were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of probenecid and the effect of oral probenecid administration on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in mares. Ashcraft, SM; Donecker, JM; Sams, RA, 1986)	0.48
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin given (IV, IM) to horses at the dosage of 11 mg/kg were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses. Ruoff, WW; Sams, RA, 1985)	0.8
" The bioavailability was found to be 77."	( Pharmacokinetics of once daily intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Gopalakrishna, K; Low, CL; Lye, WC, 2000)	0.56
"The utilization of the membrane transport protein PEPT1 as a drug delivery system is a promising strategy to enhance the oral bioavailability of drugs."	( Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1. Biegel, A; Brandsch, M; Gebauer, S; Hartrodt, B; Neubert, K; Thondorf, I, 2005)	0.33
" Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects."	( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007)	0.34
"Oral bioavailability (F) is a product of fraction absorbed (Fa), fraction escaping gut-wall elimination (Fg), and fraction escaping hepatic elimination (Fh)."	( Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination. Chang, G; El-Kattan, A; Miller, HR; Obach, RS; Rotter, C; Steyn, SJ; Troutman, MD; Varma, MV, 2010)	0.36
" The median bioavailability for both antibiotics exceeded 92%, but other pharmacokinetic parameters varied markedly between antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.38
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" When cefazolin, which was less irritating than cefamandole by the subconjunctival route, was given in a dosage of 100 mg, levels in ocular tissues were increased by twofold to fourfold and in aqueous humor by 15-fold, compared to the concentrations produced by the 12."	( Intraocular levels of cefamandole compared with cefazolin after subconjunctival injection in rabbits. Barza, M; Baum, JL; Kane, A, 1979)	1
"Two hundred and fifty patients were admitted to a prospective randomized trial of single dosage prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy."	( One-dose antibiotic prophylaxis against wound infection after appendicectomy: a randomized trial of clindamycin, cefazolin sodium and a placebo. Armistead, S; Donovan, IA; Ellis, D; Gatehouse, D; Grimley, R; Keighley, MR; Little, G; Strachan, CJ, 1979)	0.47
" The results obtained confirm that, for cephalosporins, the dosage schedule should be adjusted taking into account the potency of the drug (MIC) and its rate of elimination."	( [Correlation between antibacterial activity of some cephalosporins and pharmacokinetic properties "in vitro" (author's transl)]. de Carneri, I; Grasso, S; Meinardi, G; Tamassia, V, 1979)	0.26
" Three cases of biliary tract infections consisting of 2 cases of cholelithiasis and a case of carcinoma of bile duct were treated with 4 g/day dosage of CS-1170."	( [Laboratory and clinical studies CS-1170 (author's transl)]. Asahina, N; Ebara, M; Kanno, H; Kikuchi, N; Kobayashi, A; Ohto, M; Suzuki, Y, 1979)	0.26
" Cefazolin in the previously described dosage is as effective as penicillin in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia."	( Cefazolin vs penicillin. Treatment of uncomplicated pneumococcal pneumonia. George, RB; Girard, WM; Jenkinson, SG; Light, RW, 1979)	2.61
" In addition, it was found that predictable blood levels of cephazolin could be obtained in patients with renal failure when dosage was regulated according to a nomogram calculated from the patient's serum half-life based on clearance of creatinine."	( Cephazolin: a comparison to ampicillin in respiratory and urinary infections with dosage regulation by a nomogram. Benner, EJ; Bush, WG; Kranhold, JF, 1976)	0.26
"Cefazolin may be used in azotemic patients at reduced dosage as suggested by others."	( Pharmacokinetics and hemodialyzability of cefazolin in uremic patients. Craig, CP; Rifkin, SI, 1976)	1.96
" On the basis of the obtained results, a dosage schedule adjusted to renal status was proposed."	( Pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients with renal failure; special reference to hemodialysis. Brandt, C; Brogard, JM; Lavillaureix, J; Pinget, M, 1977)	0.58
"Cefazolin levels were detected in bone and bone marrow of normal rabbits dosed intramuscularly, even in the absence of detectable levels in serum."	( Distribution of sodium cefazolin in serum, muscle, bone marrow, and bone of normal rabbits. Actor, P; Pitkin, DH; Sachs, C; Zajac, I, 1977)	2.01
" Laboratory and clinical data are presented to question the validity of selected advertisements which (1) encourage the use of Keflex for severe respiratory infections in children, (2) recommend the use of Keflex for the treatment of bacterial bronchitis, (3) suggest that high tissue penetration is a unique property of Vibramycin, (4) present pooled susceptability data which do not reflect microbial resistance patterns in the patient's hospital, (5) recommend twice-daily administration of Ancef for urinary tract infections but do not clearly state the potential danger of this regimen for other infections, (6) suggest that gentamicin should be given to adults in only two dosage sizes for the treatment of serious Gram-negative infections, and (7) lead the reader to assume that only women need to be treated for Trichomonas infections."	( Need for "counter-detailing" antibiotics. Hendeles, L, 1976)	0.26
" The various pharmacokinetic constants thus obtained can be used to calculate the maintenance doses, loading doses and dosage intervals adjusted according to creatinine clearances."	( Dosage adjustments of cefazolin according to the pharmacokinetics of this new cephalosporin. Brogard, JM; Lavillaureix, J; Ledoux, F; Pinget, M, 1975)	0.57
" No such abnormalities were evident after infusion of cefazolin or cephapirin at a maximal dosage of 200 mg/kg per day."	( Influence of cephalosporin antibiotics on blood coagulation and platelet function. Alfrey, CP; Bradshaw, MW; Brown, CH; Natelson, EA; Williams, TW, 1976)	0.5
" A dosage schedule for patients with creatinine clearances of less than 5 ml."	( The serum half-life and urine concentrations of cephazolin sodium in patients with terminal renal failure: effect of haemodialysis. Curtis, JR; Eastwood, JB; Gower, PE, 1976)	0.26
" Guidelines for dosing and administration of vancomycin for cardiovascular surgical prophylaxis are provided."	( Comparative study of cefazolin, cefamandole, and vancomycin for surgical prophylaxis in cardiac and vascular operations. A double-blind randomized trial. Acher, CW; Bohn, MJ; Kroncke, GM; Maki, DG; Myerowitz, PD; Stolz, SM, 1992)	0.6
"The aqueous suspensions for intramuscular administration belong to the group of the dosage forms, that have a sustained release behaviour."	( In vitro evaluation of the dissolution rate of crystalline suspensions destined to intramuscular administration. Burgos, ML; Cadorniga, R; Molina, IT; Negro, S; Nernanez, MT; Pastoriza, P, 1991)	0.28
" The unnecessary use of antibiotics was the single most common type of misuse in both groups, but errors in dosing collectively accounted for nearly one-half of antibiotic misuse."	( Antibiotic misuse in two clinical situations: positive blood culture and administration of aminoglycosides. Casabar, E; Dunagan, WC; Gray, JL; Lawrenz, C; Medoff, G; Smith, MD; Spitznagel, E; Woodward, RS, )	0.13
" The increased antibiotic clearance related to blood loss in this study justifies reassessment of intraoperative dosing intervals."	( Effect of controlled hemorrhage on tissue and serum cefazolin clearance. Brothers, TE; Graham, LM; Pierson, CL; Schaberg, DR; Stanley, JC; Wakefield, TW, 1991)	0.53
" Hence, the current dosing regimen of cefazolin is adequate to protect against infection in pediatric patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery."	( Pharmacokinetics and tissue concentrations of cefazolin in pediatric patients undergoing gastrointestinal surgery. Durrell, DE; Ginn-Pease, ME; King, DR; Nahata, MC, )	0.66
" Despite large differences in protein binding of the antibiotics (range 12-88%) and antibiotic dosing to allow serum concentrations to drop below the respective MICs, there was no statistical difference in the mean EAs of the animals after bacterial challenge."	( Relevance of protein binding to cephalosporin antimicrobial activity in vivo. Cheadle, WG; Hershman, MJ; Mays, B; Short, L, 1990)	0.28
" The maintenance dosage was 125 mg cefazolin and 8 mg gentamicin per liter dialysate."	( Treatment of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin. Kuhlmann, U; Machleidt, C; Mettang, T; Staerz, E; Weber, J, 1989)	0.77
" We compared the relative efficacy and potency of three beta-lactams and two aminoglycosides in lung and thigh-infection models in neutropenic mice by defining the maximum attainable antimicrobial effect at 24 h (Emax) and the total dose required to reach 50% of maximum effect (P50) at several dosing intervals."	( Comparative antibiotic dose-effect relations at several dosing intervals in murine pneumonitis and thigh-infection models. Calame, W; Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Fantin, B; Leggett, JE; Mattie, H; Totsuka, K; Vogelman, B, 1989)	0.28
" Each antimicrobial agent was diluted with sterile water for injection to a concentration representative of the most common dosage when administered via a portable infusion pump."	( Stability of cefazolin sodium, cefoxitin sodium, ceftazidime, and penicillin G sodium in portable pump reservoirs. Allen, LV; Stiles, ML; Tu, YH, 1989)	0.65
" The single-dose prophylaxis has the additional advantage of reducing the dosage administered and the costs of administration."	( Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery: a prospective randomized comparative trial of cefazolin versus ceftriaxone. Geroulanos, S; Recker, F; Soteriou, M; Turina, M, )	0.34
" The results suggest that blood loss has a minimal effect on the elimination of cefazolin and that therapeutic concentrations are maintained without altering the dosage regimen."	( Effect of surgical blood loss and volume replacement on antibiotic pharmacokinetics. Guglielmo, BJ; Salazar, TA; Sue, D; Turley, K, 1989)	0.5
" All discs developed discitis, and the lesions appeared to be similar, irrespective of time between inoculation and the commencement, duration, and dosage of antibiotic therapy."	( Iatrogenic discitis: the role of intravenous antibiotics in prevention and treatment. An experimental study. Fraser, RD; Osti, OL; Vernon-Roberts, B, 1989)	0.28
" After iv bolus dosing in normal rabbits, the time courses of cefazolin concentration in plasma and various tissues (lung, heart, muscle, skin, bone, gut, liver, and kidney) were found to be very similar to those in rats."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin in rabbits and its preliminary extrapolation to man. Minami, H; Nakashima, E; Nishide, K; Terasaki, T; Tsuji, A; Yamana, T, )	0.63
" These results provide a preliminary indication that solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a useful technique for the investigation of drug polymorphs and drugs in their dosage forms."	( Analysis of solid-state Carbon-13 NMR spectra of polymorphs (benoxaprofen and nabilone) and pseudopolymorphs (cefazolin). Byrn, SR; Frye, J; Gray, G; Pfeiffer, RR, 1985)	0.48
"Current antimicrobial dosing regimens are designed to maintain active drug levels for most of the dosing interval and are based on 40-y-old observations."	( Correlation of antimicrobial pharmacokinetic parameters with therapeutic efficacy in an animal model. Craig, WA; Ebert, S; Gudmundsson, S; Leggett, J; Turnidge, J; Vogelman, B, 1988)	0.27
" Each drug was administered single and consecutive 14-day dosage with its alone or in combination with either furosemide or gentamicin."	( [Nephrotoxicity of cefodizime sodium in rats--single and 14-day repeated intravenous administration]. Hayashi, T; Irimura, K; Kuwata, M; Maruden, A; Morita, K, 1988)	0.27
" Immediately after implementation of the form, nonrecommended dosing schedules dropped to under 6% of patient-days for all three antibiotics."	( Reduction of incorrect antibiotic dosing through a structured educational order form. Avorn, J; Janousek, J; Soumerai, SB; Taylor, W; Weiner, M; Wessels, MR, 1988)	0.27
" It is concluded that the dosage of both cefazolin and cephradine should be increased when treating infections in pregnant women in order to obtain the same antibacterial effect as when treating non-pregnant women."	( Comparison of the pharmacokinetics of cephradine and cefazolin in pregnant and non-pregnant women. Ehrnebo, M; Philipson, A; Stiernstedt, G, 1987)	0.79
" Dosage for both antibiotic groups was 1 gram given intravenously or intramuscularly on call to the operating room followed by two 1 gram doses at six and 12 hours after the first dose."	( Controlled, comparative study of moxalactam and cefazolin for prophylaxis of abdominal hysterectomy. Berkeley, AS; Freedman, KS; Hayworth, SD; Hirsch, JC; Ledger, WJ, 1985)	0.52
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of probenecid given IV and orally at the dosage level of 10 mg/kg of body weight to mares were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics of probenecid and the effect of oral probenecid administration on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in mares. Ashcraft, SM; Donecker, JM; Sams, RA, 1986)	0.48
"The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin given (IV, IM) to horses at the dosage of 11 mg/kg were investigated."	( Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of cefazolin in horses. Ruoff, WW; Sams, RA, 1985)	0.8
" The dosage determination in the dialysis patients receiving these drugs is discussed."	( Effect of peritoneal dialysis on serum concentrations of three drugs commonly used in pediatric patients. Chow-Tung, E; John, EG; Lau, AH; Vidyasagar, D, 1985)	0.27
"The efficacies of several dosage schedules of cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime, started 12 or 36 h after infection, were examined in experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in rats."	( Therapeutic activities of cefazolin, cefotaxime, and ceftazidime against experimentally induced Klebsiella pneumoniae pneumonia in rats. Bakker-Woudenberg, IA; Michel, MF; van den Berg, JC, 1982)	0.82
" Its high potency was confirmed by the smaller influence of inoculum size and particularly small value of the minimum dosage required for inducing protective activity."	( Stimulation of nonspecific resistance to infection induced by muramyl dipeptide analogs substituted in the gamma-carboxyl group and evaluation of N alpha-muramyl dipeptide-N epsilon-stearoyllysine. Azuma, I; Matsumoto, K; Ogawa, H; Osada, Y; Otani, T; Une, T, 1983)	0.27
" There is no general agreement as to which antibiotic or combination of antibiotics to use or what the schedule of dosage administration should be."	( Antimicrobial prophylaxis for contaminated head and neck surgery. Johnson, JT; Myers, EN; Schramm, VL; Sigler, BA; Thearle, PB, 1984)	0.27
" Clinical or animal studies are needed to establish whether the higher titers observed with patient serum containing highly protein-bound drugs diluted in low protein-content media would foster inadequate dosage regiments."	( Laboratory evaluation of the serum dilution test in serious staphylococcal infection. Bartlett, RC; Marcon, MJ, 1983)	0.27
"The efficacies of several dosage schedules, productive of plasma levels of cefotiam and cefazolin of short and long duration and starting at three levels of cefotiam and cefazolin of short and long duration and starting at three different times (3, 18, and 30h) after infection, were examined in experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S in mice."	( Therapeutic effects of cefotiam and cefazolin on experimental pneumonia caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae DT-S in mice. Nishi, T; Tsuchiya, K, 1980)	0.76
" Multiple dosing simulation suggests a higher accumulation of cefazolin in fetal than in maternal blood, and a slow accumulation in amniotic fluid, which acts as a depot or storage."	( Analog computer simulation of maternal - fetal transfer of cefazolin. Kido, K; Ritschel, WA; Yamada, N, 1982)	0.75
" The dose, dosing interval, number of doses, results of renal function tests, and signs of neurotoxicity, such as muscle twitches, confusion, and seizures, were recorded."	( Effect of multidose therapy on cerebrospinal fluid penetration of cefazolin. Ayers, LW; Bechtel, TP; Moore, TD, 1981)	0.5
" Cefazolin sodium was chosen as the primary injectable cephalosporin, and guidelines for proper dosing were approved."	( Cost containment through restriction of cephalosporins. Britton, HL; Romano, MJ; Schwinghammer, TL, 1981)	1.17
" Dosage recommendations are made for both groups of patients."	( Cefazolin in children with renal insufficiency. Baluarte, HJ; Gruskin, AB; Hiner, LB; Polinsky, MS, 1980)	1.7
" cefazolin, 1 g every 12 hours; the dosage interval was shortened later to every six hours."	( Seizures associated with high cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of cefazolin. Bechtel, TP; Moore, TD; Slaughter, RL, 1980)	1.41
" The slower elimination kinetics of ceforanide are indicative of the potential for a longer dosing interval and more effective antibiotic therapy as compared with available cephalosporins."	( Comparative pharmacokinetics of ceforanide (BL-S786R) and cefazolin in laboratory animals and humans. Hottendorf, GH; Lee, FH; Pfeffer, M; Smyth, RD; Van Harken, DR, 1980)	0.51
" Either no antibiotics (control groups) or various preoperative and postoperative dosing schedules of cefazolin or vancomycin were given intravenously."	( The effect of prophylactic antibiotics on iatrogenic intervertebral disc infections. a rabbit model. Cantor, JB; Guiboux, JP; Herkowitz, HN; Small, SD; Zervos, M, 1995)	0.51
" In addition, the single dose prophylaxis has the advantage of easier handling, reduced dosage frequency and lower cost."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in cardiovascular surgery: a prospective randomized comparative trial of one day cefazolin versus single dose cefuroxime. Carrel, T; Galbraith, U; Geroulanos, S; Schilling, J; Turina, M; von Segesser, LK, 1993)	0.5
" Rats that received either dosage of cefazolin intermittently had the same abscess rate after shock as control rats."	( Continuous infusion of cefazolin is superior to intermittent dosing in decreasing infection after hemorrhagic shock. Livingston, DH; Wang, MT, 1993)	0.87
"To compare cefazolin pharmacokinetics in serum and concentrations in tissues during total hip arthroplasty in dogs with and without hip dysplasia, and to calculate the optimal dosage of cefazolin for prophylactic use during total hip arthroplasty."	( Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. DeYoung, DJ; Marcellin-Little, DJ; Papich, MG; Richardson, DC, 1996)	0.98
" treatment during total hip arthroplasty, use of cefazolin at a dosage of 8 mg/kg every hour or 22 mg/kg every 2 hours should maintain serum cefazolin concentrations at least 10x the minimum inhibitory concentration for 3 to 4 hours."	( Pharmacokinetic model for cefazolin distribution during total hip arthroplasty in dogs. DeYoung, DJ; Marcellin-Little, DJ; Papich, MG; Richardson, DC, 1996)	0.85
" In conclusion, cefazolin and ceftizoxime appear to be equivalent for the prevention of infection in biliary tract surgery with the dosage regimens studied."	( Double-blind comparison of cefazolin and ceftizoxime for prophylaxis against infections following elective biliary tract surgery. Chow, A; Danforth, D; Frighetto, L; Jewesson, PJ; Nickoloff, D; Schwartz, L; Scudamore, C; Sleigh, K; Smith, J; Stiver, G; Wai, A, 1996)	0.94
" The aim of this study was to evaluate which dosage of PHT can maintain the therapeutic range in the early postoperative period."	( Peri-operative prophylaxis with phenytoin: dosage and therapeutic plasma levels. Boselli, L; Levati, A; Savoia, G; Tommasino, C; Zoppi, F, 1996)	0.29
"It is not necessary to give cefazolin at a dosing interval of less than 4 hours with blood losses of up to 1200 mL."	( The effect of intraoperative blood loss on serum cefazolin level in patients undergoing instrumented spinal fusion. A prospective, controlled study. Asplund, L; Brueckner, R; Meter, JJ; Polly, DW; van Dam, BE, 1996)	0.84
" The dosing schedule for both treatment groups was 1 to 2 drops of the first study medication (ciprofloxacin or fortified tobramycin) every 30 minutes for 6 hours, then hourly for the remainder of day 1; 1 to 2 drops every hour on days 2 and 3; 1 to 2 drops every 2 hours on days 4 and 5, followed by 1 to 2 drops every 4 hours on days 6 to 14."	( Comparison of ciprofloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% to fortified tobramycin-cefazolin in treating bacterial corneal ulcers. Ciprofloxacin Bacterial Keratitis Study Group. Adenis, JP; Badrinath, SS; Caldwell, DR; Eiferman, RA; Hyndiuk, RA; Katz, HR; Klauss, V; Reddy, MK; Rosenwasser, GO; Santos, CI, 1996)	0.52
" The dosage of beta-lactamase during the exponential growth phase has revealed that the strain BS3 produces a maximal amount of this enzyme."	( [Thermophilic bacteria resistant to antibiotics in traditional public baths]. Filali, FR; Frere, JM; Zaid, A; Zekhnini, Z, 1997)	0.3
" Alternate antibiotics may be equally effective and allow similar dosing in the chronic hemodialysis population."	( Cefazolin in chronic hemodialysis patients: a safe, effective alternative to vancomycin. Feintzeig, ID; Fogel, MA; Gavin, JP; Hunt, WA; Kim, RC; Nussbaum, PB, 1998)	1.74
" One cost containment measure involved extending the dosing intervals of cefazolin, clindamycin and metronidazole by a pharmacy-based automatic dosing interval interchange."	( Effectiveness of an antibiotic cost containment measure. Andrews, JD; Jung, B, 1990)	0.51
"To investigate the pharmacokinetic parameters of intermittent intraperitoneal (IP) cefazolin, and recommend a cefazolin dosing regimen in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Asher, RD; Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Frye, RF; Manley, HJ, )	0.61
"A single daily dose of cefazolin dosed at 15 mg/kg actual body weight in CAPD patients is effective in achieving serum concentration levels greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration for sensitive organisms over 48 hours, and dialysate concentration levels over 24 hours."	( Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intraperitoneal cefazolin in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Asher, RD; Bailie, GR; Eisele, G; Frye, RF; Manley, HJ, )	0.7
" The system includes use of bulk reconstitution, freezing and microwave thawing techniques; special admixture dosage forms; and, the use of technical staff."	( Microwave thawing of frozen minibag admixtures. Dinel, B; Peters, S; Stroup, J, )	0.13
" The target of the intervention was to extend the dosage interval of cefazolin to q8h."	( Impact of a two-stage intervention program on cefazolin usage at a major teaching hospital. Bachand, RL; Gupta, S; Jewesson, PJ, 1989)	0.77
" The same-day-surgery group received the same dosage of medication beginning at induction of anesthesia."	( Preoperative antibiotics and steroids in vestibular schwannoma excision. Daniels, RL; Goodman, JH; Slater, P; Thomas, R; Welling, DB, 1999)	0.3
" In the mouse pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) convulsive model, intravenous pretreatment with cefazolin (800 mg/kg) or imipenem (200 mg/kg) shifted the dose-response curve of PTZ (i."	( Low convulsive activity of a new carbapenem antibiotic, DK-35C, as compared with existing congeners. Cho, JH; Jin, C; Jung, I; Kim, DH; Kim, M; Ku, HJ; Oh, CH; Yook, J, 1999)	0.53
" Thus, daily dosing of gentamicin was found to be safe, effective, and cost efficient in the treatment of open fractures when combined with a cephalosporin and aggressive operative debridement and stabilization."	( Once daily, high dose versus divided, low dose gentamicin for open fractures. Bjornson, SH; Cockrin, J; Kirk, PG; Levy, MS; Ruhnke, CJ; Sorger, JI; Tang, P, 1999)	0.3
"There is increasing use of intermittent dosing of antibiotics to treat peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intermittent intravenous cefazolin and tobramycin in patients treated with automated peritoneal dialysis. Bailie, GR; Frye, R; Hess, LD; Manley, HJ; McGoldrick, MD, 2000)	0.57
" The objective of this study is to determine the pharmacokinetics and dialytic clearance of cefazolin and develop dosing strategies in these patients."	( Cefazolin dialytic clearance by high-efficiency and high-flux hemodialyzers. Bailie, GR; Frye, RF; Grabe, DW; Manley, HJ; Marx, MA; Mueller, BA; Sowinski, KM, 2001)	1.97
" It was difficult, using pharmacokinetic studies, to adjust the dosage regimen of gentamicin to achieve appropriately therapeutic levels in both serum and dialysate."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.41
"The ISPD 1996 recommended dosage of continuous IP cefazolin could be appropriate for the treatment of CAPD-related peritonitis."	( Pharmacokinetics of intraperitoneal cefazolin and gentamicin in empiric therapy of peritonitis in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients. Eiam-Ong, S; Na Ayudhya, DP; Thamutok, K; Tosukhowong, T; Wittayalertpanya, S, )	0.66
" In addition, concurrent dosing of BPAA (1 microgram/body) did not reduce the convulsion-inducing dose of PZFX mesilate."	( [Drug interactions between nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and pazufloxacin mesilate, a new quinolone antibacterial agent for intravenous use: convulsions in mice after intravenous or intracerebroventricular administration]. Fukuda, H; Kawamura, Y, 2002)	0.31
" Additional studies are needed to assess the intraoperative serum levels of single-dose cefazolin prophylaxis and to explore alternate dosing methods that minimize intraoperative fluctuations in serum cefazolin levels."	( Serum levels of prophylactic cefazolin during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Fellinger, EK; Hebert, JC; Leavitt, BJ, 2002)	0.83
" We studied several dosing regimens of cefazolin in humans to determine safety and whether or not adequate serum and tissue antibiotic concentrations could be achieved in patients undergoing cardiac bypass."	( A pilot study to determine the feasibility of continuous cefazolin infusion. Clayton, S; Farmer, M; Galandiuk, S; Gray, LA; Lewis, R; Myers, S; Waltrip, T; Young, V, 2002)	0.83
" Pharmacodynamically, continuous infusion of beta-lactam antibiotics may be superior to intermittent dosing when used for perioperative prophylaxis against wound infection, especially for cases in which the antibiotic is not redosed intraoperatively."	( A pilot study to determine the feasibility of continuous cefazolin infusion. Clayton, S; Farmer, M; Galandiuk, S; Gray, LA; Lewis, R; Myers, S; Waltrip, T; Young, V, 2002)	0.56
" The intent of this case report is to address widely held concerns regarding cross-reactivity of cephalosporin, particularly cefazolin, to penicillin, the legitimacy of test dosing as a means to safely identify patients who will have an allergic reaction to cephalosporins and comment on patient-related predictors of survival following cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the good outcome in this case."	( Complete recovery from prolonged cardio-pulmonary resuscitation following anaphylactic reaction to readministered intravenous cefazolin. Benumof, JL; Gibbs, MW; Kuczkowski, KM, 2003)	0.73
" Clinicians dosing cefazolin in PD patients using a higher DFR than that used to determine cefazolin PK should use increased doses or prescribe lower/comparable DFRs."	( Influence of peritoneal dialysate flow rate on the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin. Bailie, GR; Bridwell, DL; Elwell, RJ; Manley, HJ, )	0.69
" This process allowed serum concentrations to be above the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) for the most likely skin pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, beta-hemolytic streptococci) at the end of the dosing interval."	( Once-daily cefazolin and probenecid for skin and soft tissue infections. Cox, VC; Zed, PJ, 2004)	0.71
"Because the urinary excretion of drugs is often decreased in renal diseases, dosage regimens are adjusted to avoid adverse drug reactions."	( Expression levels of renal organic anion transporters (OATs) and their correlation with anionic drug excretion in patients with renal diseases. Doi, T; Fukatsu, A; Inui, K; Masuda, S; Matsuura, M; Mori, N; Motohashi, H; Ogawa, O; Okuda, M; Saito, H; Sakurai, Y; Ueo, H, 2004)	0.32
" This was possibly due to different antimicrobial activity and dosage of used drugs."	( [Antibiotics in transurethral resection of the prostate in patients with low risk of infectious complications: randomized prospective comparative study]. Valdevenito Sepúlveda, JP, )	0.13
"Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that present dosing strategies may fail to provide adequate perioperative prophylaxis in gastric bypass patients."	( Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in the gastric bypass patient: do we achieve therapeutic levels? Andris, D; Edmiston, CE; Hennen, C; Kelly, H; Krepel, C; Larson, J; Nakeeb, A; Wallace, JR, 2004)	0.32
" The dosing of the drugs were scheduled for both treatment groups as follows: 1 drop of each solution was alternately instilled every 5 minutes for the first 30 minutes (as loading dose), then 1 drop with 5-minute interval between 2 bottles instilled hourly for day 1-3, tapering to every 2 hours on day 4-6, and every 4 hours on day 7-14."	( Clinical evaluation of ophthalmic lomefloxacin 0.3% in comparison with fortified cefazolin and gentamicin ophthalmic solutions in the treatment of presumed bacterial keratitis. Erjongmanee, S; Kasetsuwan, N; Pariyakanok, L; Phusitphoykai, N; Puangsricharern, V, 2004)	0.55
"Intraoperative repeated antimicrobial dosing is therefore recommended to prevent the surgical wound infection for prolonged colorectal surgery."	( The significance of the intraoperative repeated dosing of antimicrobials for preventing surgical wound infection in colorectal surgery. Fukushima, Y; Hiraoka, N; Morimoto, T; Morita, S; Nishisho, I; Nomura, T; Shibata, N, 2005)	0.33
" Since this dosing protocol fails to take into account either of patients status (total body weight and renal function) or of surgical and anesthetic consequences (variations of cardiac output and regional blood flows, progressive decrease of plasma albumin concentration) on cefazolin tissular pharmacokinetics, a physiological modeling study was conducted to investigate protocol suitability for liver surgery in six populations: obese (body mass index >34), renal insufficiency (GFR = 10, 30 or 50 ml min(-1)) and high intraoperative blood loss (three times that usually observed during this surgery) and none of these features referred to as controls."	( Physiological modeling for indirect evaluation of drug tissular pharmacokinetics under non-steady-state conditions: an example of antimicrobial prophylaxis during liver surgery. Beyne, P; Lagneau, F; Marty, J; Tod, M, 2005)	0.51
"Prevalence of surgical antimicrobial use, factors associated with use, the profile of antimicrobial use, timing, route, dosage regimen and duration of initiated prophylaxis."	( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic. Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)	0.33
" The timing of the first dosage was within 2 h of operation in 95."	( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic. Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)	0.33
" Particular areas of concern include route of administration, duration and timing of first dosage of SAP, and the inappropriate use of broad-spectrum antimicrobials."	( Survey of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in czech republic. Andrajati, R; Kolar, M; Pípalová, R; Vlcek, J, 2005)	0.33
" This dosing did not result in increased neonatal septic workups or complications."	( Administration of cefazolin prior to skin incision is superior to cefazolin at cord clamping in preventing postcesarean infectious morbidity: a randomized, controlled trial. Chang, E; Hulsey, T; Smith, T; Soper, D; Sullivan, SA; Vandorsten, JP, 2007)	0.67
" Additionally, our data show that it is important to reevaluate clinical dosing schemas by means of direct in vivo measurements."	( In vivo microdialysis to measure antibiotic penetration into soft tissue during cardiac surgery. Hutschala, D; Kinstner, C; Mayer-Helm, B; Müller, M; Skhirtladze, K; Tschernko, EM; Wolner, E, 2007)	0.34
" We build upon our previous findings and generated a simple index for the adequate administration dosage of beta-methyldigoxin based on variable degrees of renal function and the serum trough level of beta-methyldigoxin."	( [Pharmaceutical support in the cardiovascular and cardiovascular surgery ward]. Kataoka, Y; Machida, S; Masuda, K, 2007)	0.34
"Rational dosing of antibiotics in neonates should be based on pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters assessed in specific populations."	( Microanalysis of beta-lactam antibiotics and vancomycin in plasma for pharmacokinetic studies in neonates. Ahsman, MJ; Mathot, RA; Tibboel, D; Wildschut, ED, 2009)	0.35
" On the basis of these observations, dosing regimes to attain higher amniotic fluid concentrations were formulated."	( Cefazolin pharmacokinetics in maternal plasma and amniotic fluid during pregnancy. Allegaert, K; Anderson, BJ; de Hoon, J; Deprest, J; Devlieger, R; Rayyan, M; van Mieghem, T; Verbesselt, R, 2009)	1.8
" Treatment schemes include both preoperative intravenous dosing and intraoperative dosing by irrigation."	( Pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous cefazolin in patients with clean surgical wounds. Fader, RC; Pitzer, KD; Rajab, MH; Song, J; White, RR, 2008)	0.61
"The authors conducted an institutional review board-approved study involving randomized allocation of breast reduction patients to group 1 (preoperative intravenous dosing) or group 2 (intraoperative dosing by irrigation)."	( Pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous cefazolin in patients with clean surgical wounds. Fader, RC; Pitzer, KD; Rajab, MH; Song, J; White, RR, 2008)	0.61
"Patients treated by conventional preoperative intravenous dosing displayed the expected serum degradation curve."	( Pharmacokinetics of topical and intravenous cefazolin in patients with clean surgical wounds. Fader, RC; Pitzer, KD; Rajab, MH; Song, J; White, RR, 2008)	0.61
"001) than were cefazolin, vancomycin, or linezolid based on the dose-response profiles."	( In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Abbanat, D; Bush, K; Fernandez, J; Flamm, RK; Hilliard, JJ; Melton, JL; Santoro, CM; Zhang, W, 2010)	0.71
" However, in vitro dose-response curves for bone chips impregnated with different kinds of antibiotics are not available."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" In a separate experiment, in vitro dose-response curves were established for bone chips impregnated with cefazolin and vancomycin solutions at five different concentrations."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.57
" The in vitro dose-response curves show that the free-zone diameter increases logarithmically with antibiotic concentration."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" The in vitro dose-response curve can be used to determine the optimal concentration(s) for local application."	( Impregnation of bone chips with antibiotics and storage of antibiotics at different temperatures: an in vitro study. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Mathijssen, NM; Petit, PL; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2010)	0.36
" Data indicate, however, that it is underdosed with this dosing schedule."	( Cefazolin bolus and continuous administration for elective cardiac surgery: improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters. Adembri, C; Arrigucci, S; Cassetta, MI; Chelazzi, C; De Gaudio, AR; Novelli, A; Ristori, R, 2010)	1.8
" Dosing cefazolin during HD allows for prolonged blood therapeutic levels."	( High-dose cefazolin on consecutive hemodialysis in anuric patients with Staphylococcal bacteremia. Fisher, DA; Lin, X; Renaud, CJ; Subramanian, S, 2011)	1.21
"Pharmacokinetic analysis suggests that present antibiotic prophylaxis dosing may fail to provide adequate antimicrobial coverage in obese patients during cesarean delivery."	( Effects of maternal obesity on tissue concentrations of prophylactic cefazolin during cesarean delivery. Chan, K; Edmiston, CE; Krepel, C; Pevzner, L; Swank, M; Wing, DA, 2011)	0.6
" The new breakpoints, to be formally published in January 2011, have increased the minimum inhibitory concentration interpretive criteria by one 2-fold dilution, linked to an adult dosing schedule of 2 g every 8 h intravenously."	( Cefazolin and enterobacteriaceae: rationale for revised susceptibility testing breakpoints. Turnidge, JD, 2011)	1.81
" We coupled a differential-equation-based model of antimicrobial kinetics to a Monte Carlo simulation framework, and conducted "in silico" clinical trials to explore the anticipated effects of different antimicrobial dosing regimens on relevant pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC/MIC and time greater than 5 ×MIC) and the level of systemic exposure."	( A Monte Carlo analysis of peritoneal antimicrobial pharmacokinetics. Crooke, P; Hota, S; Hotchkiss, J, 2011)	0.37
" As such, re-dosing within 4 h or dosing with another antibiotic class should only be considered in the case of a higher MIC(90) of the local isolates."	( Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of cefazolin in morbidly obese patients. Deneer, VH; Diepstraten, J; Knibbe, CA; Taks, M; van de Garde, EM; van Dongen, EP; van Kralingen, S; van Ramshorst, B; Vlaminckx, B; Wiezer, MJ, 2011)	0.64
" The postoperative drug dosing intervals should be <6 h in order to achieve a 100% time above the MIC in patients with CLcr ≥ 50 ml/min."	( Effects of renal function on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of prophylactic cefazolin in cardiothoracic surgery. Fujita, N; Fujiwara, H; Hashimoto, S; Hosokawa, K; Kokufu, T; Kosaka, T; Okada, K; Shime, N; Sugioka, N; Taniguchi, F; Yaku, H, 2012)	0.6
" The aim of this study was to evaluate contemporary perioperative prophylactic dosing of cefazolin by determining plasma and subcutaneous ISF concentrations in patients undergoing elective/semielective abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) open repair surgery."	( Plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients undergoing elective and semielective abdominal aortic aneurysm open repair surgery. Deans, R; Douglas, A; Jarrett, P; Jenkins, J; Lassig-Smith, M; Lipman, J; Medley, G; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Stuart, J; Taraporewalla, K; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2011)	0.86
" Convenience of vancomycin dosing may not outweigh the potential benefits of nafcillin or cefazolin in the treatment of MSSA bacteremia."	( Comparative effectiveness of nafcillin or cefazolin versus vancomycin in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Cosgrove, SE; Furuno, JP; Harris, AD; Johnson, JK; McGregor, JC; Perencevich, EN; Sakoulas, G; Schweizer, ML; Shardell, MD; Thom, KA, 2011)	0.85
" The proposed method was successfully applied for the determination of these compounds in their dosage forms."	( Spectrophotometric complexation of cephalosporins with palladium (II) chloride in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents. Bagheri Gh, A; Rezvani, M; Roshanzamir, S; Yosefi rad, A, 2012)	0.38
"Cefazolin is used commonly to prevent surgical site infection (SSI) after operations on patients with morbid obesity (MO), but specific dosing guidelines are lacking."	( Cefazolin dosing for surgical prophylaxis in morbidly obese patients. Barie, PS; Dakin, GF; Ho, VP; Nicolau, DP; Pomp, A; Rich, BS; Towe, CW, 2012)	3.26
"A dose-response relationship for local application of alendronate has been shown in this study."	( Impregnation of bone chips with alendronate and cefazolin, combined with demineralized bone matrix: a bone chamber study in goats. Bloem, RM; Buma, P; Hannink, G; Mathijssen, NM; Pilot, P; Schreurs, BW, 2012)	0.63
" However, conventional systemic dosing may not provide adequate tissue concentrations against more resistant organisms such as coagulase-negative staphylococci."	( Higher cefazolin concentrations with intraosseous regional prophylaxis in TKA. Coleman, B; Freeman, JT; Vince, KG; Young, SW; Zhang, M, 2013)	0.84
" Common antibiotic dosing schemas should be reevaluated in this cardiac surgical setting."	( Internal mammary artery harvesting influences antibiotic penetration into presternal tissue. Andreas, M; Hiesmayr, JM; Hoeferl, M; Hutschala, D; Jaeger, W; Laufer, G; Zeitlinger, M; Zimpfer, D, 2013)	0.39
"Although the antistaphylococcal penicillins remain the drugs of choice for methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infections, cefazolin and ceftriaxone are often prescribed due to their less frequent dosing and reduced cost."	( Outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: a comparison of cefazolin and ceftriaxone. Hasbun, R; Luce, AM; Winans, SA, 2013)	0.8
" This traditional dosage may not provide an adequate tissue concentration of cefazolin in obese patients during the peri-operative period."	( Plasma and tissue cefazolin concentrations in obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery and receiving differing pre-operative doses of drug. Alons, L; Briggs, F; Hochberg, C; Holls, W; Slain, D; Stitely, M; Sweet, M, 2013)	0.95
" Subcutaneous tissue concentrations at closure were significantly different in the two dosage groups (34."	( Plasma and tissue cefazolin concentrations in obese patients undergoing cesarean delivery and receiving differing pre-operative doses of drug. Alons, L; Briggs, F; Hochberg, C; Holls, W; Slain, D; Stitely, M; Sweet, M, 2013)	0.72
" Steady-state serum and tissue samples were simultaneously collected over a dosing interval."	( Tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in patients with lower limb infections. Bhalodi, AA; Housman, ST; Nicolau, DP; Nugent, J; Shepard, A, 2013)	0.69
" In neonates, pharmacokinetic observations are limited and dosing regimens variable."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.65
" Based on Monte Carlo simulations, a body weight- and PNA-adapted dosing regimen that resulted in similar exposure across different weight and age groups was proposed."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.65
" As cBW and PNA were the most important covariates, these may be used for individualized dosing in neonates."	( Population pharmacokinetic modelling of total and unbound cefazolin plasma concentrations as a guide for dosing in preterm and term neonates. Allegaert, K; Danhof, M; De Cock, RF; de Hoon, J; Knibbe, CA; Saegeman, V; Smits, A, 2014)	0.65
" All patients had a dosage schedule of antibiotic prophylaxis with cefazolin administered as follows: first, 2 g in anesthetic induction, followed by continuous infusion of 1 g diluted in 250 ml of saline solution."	( Antibiotic prophylaxis in bariatric surgery with continuous infusion of cefazolin: determination of concentration in adipose tissue. Anlicoara, R; Campos, JM; da P Coelho, K; de Araújo, JG; de Lima Filho, JL; Ferraz, ÁA; Ferraz, EM; Siqueira, LT, 2014)	0.87
"The objectives of this work were (i) to characterize the pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in pregnant women undergoing elective cesarean delivery and in their neonates; (ii) to assess cefazolin transplacental transmission; (iii) to evaluate the dosing and timing of preoperative, prophylactic administration of cefazolin to pregnant women; and (iv) to investigate the impact of maternal dosing on therapeutic duration and exposure in newborns."	( Pharmacokinetics of prophylactic cefazolin in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Carvalho, B; Drover, DR; Elkomy, MH; Epshtein, E; Galinkin, JL; Sultan, P, 2014)	0.91
" However, outcome evidence supporting current dosing recommendations for pre-operative prophylaxis is scarce, particularly for obese patients."	( Effectiveness of pre-operative cefazolin in obese patients. Stein, BJ; Unger, NR, 2014)	0.69
" The rate of initial bacterial reduction of Enterobacteriaceae was rapid, with a decrease of >3 log10 cfu/mL by 4 h, while MSSA exhibited a gradual reduction in bacterial density over one dosing interval."	( Humanized tissue pharmacodynamics of cefazolin against commonly isolated pathogens in skin and skin structure infections. Housman, ST; Jain, JG; Nicolau, DP, 2014)	0.68
") Although vancomycin is a narrower-spectrum antibiotic than either cefazolin or clindamycin, our finding of higher SSI rates following prophylaxis with vancomycin only may suggest a failure to use an appropriate dosage rather than an inequality of antibiotic effectiveness."	( Surgical Site Infection After Arthroplasty: Comparative Effectiveness of Prophylactic Antibiotics: Do Surgical Care Improvement Project Guidelines Need to Be Updated? Hawn, M; Ponce, B; Raines, BT; Reed, RD; Richman, J; Vick, C, 2014)	0.64
"This cefazolin dosing strategy resulted in skeletal muscle concentrations that are likely not effective for surgical prophylaxis against gram-negative pathogens but are effective against methicillin-sensitive S aureus in infants undergoing cardiac surgery."	( Skeletal muscle and plasma concentrations of cefazolin during cardiac surgery in infants. Fox, E; Fuller, S; Gaynor, JW; Himebauch, AS; Kilbaugh, TJ; Moorthy, G; Nicolson, SC; Sisko, M; Zuppa, AF, 2014)	1.18
" The conventional dosage regimens of cefazolin (1 g every 6 hours or 8 hours) achieved a clinical cure in 70 (97."	( Impact of revised susceptibility breakpoints on bacteremia of Klebsiella pneumoniae: Minimum inhibitory concentration of cefazolin and clinical outcomes. Chuang, CH; Lin, CF; Liu, MF; Shi, ZY, 2016)	0.92
"The objective of this study was to describe the population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in plasma and the interstitial fluid of subcutaneous tissue of post-trauma critically ill patients and provide clinically relevant dosing recommendations that result in optimal concentrations at the target site."	( Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients. Hope, WW; Jarrett, P; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kruger, PS; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Sharma, R; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2015)	0.86
"Clinicians should be mindful of the effects of elevated CLCR and serum albumin concentrations on dosing requirements for post-trauma critically ill patients."	( Plasma and target-site subcutaneous tissue population pharmacokinetics and dosing simulations of cefazolin in post-trauma critically ill patients. Hope, WW; Jarrett, P; Kirkpatrick, CM; Kruger, PS; Lipman, J; Roberts, JA; Roberts, MS; Sharma, R; Udy, AA; Wallis, SC, 2015)	0.63
" Monte Carlo simulations were performed to identify appropriate weight-based cutoffs for the dosing of children aged 10 to 17 years of age."	( Determination of appropriate weight-based cutoffs for empiric cefazolin dosing using data from a phase 1 pharmacokinetics and safety study of cefazolin administered for surgical prophylaxis in pediatric patients aged 10 to 12 years. Blumer, JL; Cetnarowski, W; Rubino, CM; Schmitz, ML, 2015)	0.66
"Intravenous injection of cefazodone sodium with 2 g q12 h dosage regimen is used in the treatment of CAP caused by sensitive bacteria, either ƒT > MIC or clinical efficacy shows that such dosing regimen is reasonable."	( A Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study on Intravenous Cefazedone Sodium in Patients with Community-acquired Pneumonia. Gao, L; Hao, FL; Lyu, Y; Wei, MJ; Zhang, P; Zhu, Y, 2015)	0.42
"The authors sought to determine whether an institutional transition from intermittent to continuous dosing of intraoperative antibiotics in cardiac surgery affected surgical site infection (SSI) outcomes."	( Continuous Intraoperative Cefazolin Infusion May Reduce Surgical Site Infections During Cardiac Surgical Procedures: A Propensity-Matched Analysis. Barodka, V; Crow, JR; Dungan, SP; Grimm, JC; Lester, L; Shah, AS; Shoulders, BR; Trent Magruder, J, 2015)	0.72
"A prospective, single center, open-label study was conducted to determine if the standard practice for surgical prophylaxis, which includes standardized dosing of cefazolin, at the University of Maryland Medical Center (UMMC) is adequate for patients placed on bypass during cardiac surgery."	( Validation of a Dosing Strategy for Cefazolin for Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Dowling, TC; Heil, EL; Hollis, AL; Nicolau, DP; Odonkor, P; Thom, KA, 2015)	0.89
"All patients were given the same standard dosing regimen regardless of weight: two grams of cefazolin administered within 1 h of incision, an additional one gram injected into the bypass circuit at the onset of bypass, and two grams every 3 h after the initial dose."	( Validation of a Dosing Strategy for Cefazolin for Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Dowling, TC; Heil, EL; Hollis, AL; Nicolau, DP; Odonkor, P; Thom, KA, 2015)	0.91
"For patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass, the UMMC dosing regimen surpassed targeted cefazolin concentrations during the entire surgical procedure for all patients regardless of weight or time on bypass."	( Validation of a Dosing Strategy for Cefazolin for Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Dowling, TC; Heil, EL; Hollis, AL; Nicolau, DP; Odonkor, P; Thom, KA, 2015)	0.9
"The purposes of this study were to determine the plasma and tissue concentrations with standard of care, perioperative cefazolin dosing in an immature porcine model of pediatric cardiac surgery, and to determine the feasibility of this model."	( A pilot and feasibility study of the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in an immature porcine model of pediatric cardiac surgery. Greeley, WJ; Himebauch, AS; Jobes, D; Kilbaugh, TJ; Nicolson, SC; Zaoutis, T; Zuppa, AF, 2015)	0.86
"The cefazolin dosing used in this study achieves plasma and tissue concentrations that should be effective against methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus but may not be effective against some gram-negative pathogens."	( A pilot and feasibility study of the plasma and tissue pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in an immature porcine model of pediatric cardiac surgery. Greeley, WJ; Himebauch, AS; Jobes, D; Kilbaugh, TJ; Nicolson, SC; Zaoutis, T; Zuppa, AF, 2015)	1.21
" The purpose of this prospective study was to determine the viability of weight-based dosing protocols for cefazolin and vancomycin to determine if appropriate minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) are met."	( Effect of Body Weight on Cefazolin and Vancomycin Trabecular Bone Concentrations in Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty. Molina, N; Nicolau, DP; Pourmand, D; Schwarzkopf, R; Sharareh, B; Sutherland, C, 2016)	0.95
" However, vancomycin concentrations did show a difference with respect to BMI but this may be the result of the specific weight-based dosing protocol of vancomycin."	( Effect of Body Weight on Cefazolin and Vancomycin Trabecular Bone Concentrations in Patients Undergoing Total Joint Arthroplasty. Molina, N; Nicolau, DP; Pourmand, D; Schwarzkopf, R; Sharareh, B; Sutherland, C, 2016)	0.74
"5% icodextrin PD-bags were dosed with gentamicin 20 mg/L (n = 9), vancomycin 1,000 mg/L (n = 9), cefazolin 500 mg/L (n = 9) and ceftazidime 500 mg/L (n = 9) as for intermittent dosing."	( Stability of Antibiotics for Intraperitoneal Administration in Extraneal 7.5% Icodextrin Peritoneal Dialysis Bags (STAB Study). Lipman, J; Naicker, S; Ranganathan, D; Ratanjee, SK; Roberts, JA; Wallis, SC, )	0.35
"As per international guidelines, IP cefalothin or cefazolin 15 mg/kg once daily was dosed with gentamicin in a 6-hour dwell to patients with PD-peritonitis during routine care."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.64
" The median duration that the unbound antibiotic concentration was above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was approximately 13% (plasma) and 25% (IP) for cefalothin, and 100% (plasma and IP) for cefazolin, of the dosing interval."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.57
" However, with once-daily IP dosing, in contrast to cefazolin, there is a risk of subtherapeutic plasma and PD effluent cefalothin concentrations, so more frequent dosing may be required."	( Pharmacokinetics of Intraperitoneal Cefalothin and Cefazolin in Patients Being Treated for Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis. Kark, A; Lipman, J; Ranganathan, D; Roberts, DM; Roberts, JA; Varghese, JM; Wallis, SC, )	0.63
"To determine whether intraoperative continuous-infusion (CI) cefazolin reduces the incidence of surgical site infections (SSIs) compared with intermittent (INT) cefazolin dosing in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) on cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB); safety end points and protocol adherence comparing the two dosing strategies were also explored."	( Impact of Intraoperative Continuous-Infusion Versus Intermittent Dosing of Cefazolin Therapy on the Incidence of Surgical Site Infections After Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Barodka, V; Crow, JR; Davis, SL; Dzintars, K; Gavin, M; Lester, L; Shoulders, BR; Whitman, GJ, 2016)	0.91
" Cefazolin should be administered only at the required dosage and time to prevent periprosthetic infection."	( Cefazolin Irreversibly Inhibits Proliferation and Migration of Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Fröbel, J; Krauspe, R; Lensing-Höhn, S; Pilge, H; Zilkens, C, 2016)	2.79
" We examined pharmacokinetic details of 2 g cefazolin administered during induction of anesthesia with repeat dosing shortly after initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in cardiac surgery."	( Pharmacokinetic characteristics and microbiologic appropriateness of cefazolin for perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in elective cardiac surgery. Ellger, B; Fobker, M; Hempel, G; Horn, D; Koeck, R; Lanckohr, C; Voeller, S; Welp, H, 2016)	0.93
" A dosing strategy consistent with published guidelines was used."	( Skeletal muscle and plasma concentrations of cefazolin during complex paediatric spinal surgery. Dormans, JP; Flynn, JM; Fox, E; Gerber, JS; Himebauch, AS; Kilbaugh, TJ; Moorthy, GS; Sankar, WN; Sisko, MT; Zuppa, AF, 2016)	0.69
"For children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis undergoing posterior spinal fusion, the cefazolin dosing strategy used in this study resulted in skeletal muscle concentrations that were likely not to be effective for intraoperative SSI prophylaxis against Gram-negative pathogens."	( Skeletal muscle and plasma concentrations of cefazolin during complex paediatric spinal surgery. Dormans, JP; Flynn, JM; Fox, E; Gerber, JS; Himebauch, AS; Kilbaugh, TJ; Moorthy, GS; Sankar, WN; Sisko, MT; Zuppa, AF, 2016)	0.92
"The objective of this study was to characterize cefazolin serum pharmacokinetics in children before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), in order to derive an evidence-based dosing regimen."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass to optimize dosing regimens for children undergoing cardiac surgery. Commeyne, S; De Cock, PA; De Paepe, P; De Somer, F; Desmet, S; Francois, K; McWhinney, BC; Moerman, A; Mulla, H; Ungerer, JP; Van Hasselt, JG; Vande Walle, J, 2017)	1
" Subsequently, optimized dosing regimens were developed using stochastic simulations."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass to optimize dosing regimens for children undergoing cardiac surgery. Commeyne, S; De Cock, PA; De Paepe, P; De Somer, F; Desmet, S; Francois, K; McWhinney, BC; Moerman, A; Mulla, H; Ungerer, JP; Van Hasselt, JG; Vande Walle, J, 2017)	0.74
"We propose an optimized dosing regimen for cefazolin during cardiac surgery in paediatric patients to avoid treatment failure due to inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass to optimize dosing regimens for children undergoing cardiac surgery. Commeyne, S; De Cock, PA; De Paepe, P; De Somer, F; Desmet, S; Francois, K; McWhinney, BC; Moerman, A; Mulla, H; Ungerer, JP; Van Hasselt, JG; Vande Walle, J, 2017)	1
" Although cefazolin is considered as an alternative to the ASPs for patients with nonsevere penicillin allergies, cefazolin offers several pharmacologic advantages over ASPs, such as more convenient dosing regimens, and antimicrobial stewardship programs are increasingly using cefazolin as the preferential agent for MSSA infections as part of cost-saving initiatives."	( β-Lactam Therapy for Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia: A Comparative Review of Cefazolin versus Antistaphylococcal Penicillins. Echevarria, KL; Li, J; Traugott, KA, 2017)	1.07
" While obese women are at greater risk for infection than non-obese women, evidence-based recommendations for modifying dosing in these women are limited."	( Does current cefazolin dosing achieve adequate tissue and blood concentrations in obese women undergoing cesarean section? Burlage, R; Cabrera, O; Forgie, MM; Greer, DM; Kram, JJF; Siddiqui, DS, 2017)	0.82
"The purpose of this study was to determine whether obese women undergoing cesarean delivery similarly reach adequate cefazolin concentrations within tissue and blood when weighing <120kg and dosed 2g versus weighing ≥120kg and dosed 3g."	( Does current cefazolin dosing achieve adequate tissue and blood concentrations in obese women undergoing cesarean section? Burlage, R; Cabrera, O; Forgie, MM; Greer, DM; Kram, JJF; Siddiqui, DS, 2017)	1.03
" Dosage groups also did not differ in cefazolin concentration (median [interquartile range]) within adipose tissue following skin incision (5."	( Does current cefazolin dosing achieve adequate tissue and blood concentrations in obese women undergoing cesarean section? Burlage, R; Cabrera, O; Forgie, MM; Greer, DM; Kram, JJF; Siddiqui, DS, 2017)	1.1
" Larger scale studies for determining modified protocols for dosing and applying MICs are warranted."	( Does current cefazolin dosing achieve adequate tissue and blood concentrations in obese women undergoing cesarean section? Burlage, R; Cabrera, O; Forgie, MM; Greer, DM; Kram, JJF; Siddiqui, DS, 2017)	0.82
"The risk of surgical site infections is reduced with appropriate timing and dosing of preoperative antimicrobials."	( A quality improvement initiative to optimize dosing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Caruso, TJ; Maheru, M; Scheinker, D; Schwenk, HT; Sharek, PJ; Tweedy, M; Wang, E; Yeverino, C, 2017)	0.46
"This comprehensive quality improvement project improved practitioner compliance with evidence-based preoperative antimicrobial dosing recommendations to reduce the risk of surgical site infections."	( A quality improvement initiative to optimize dosing of surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis. Caruso, TJ; Maheru, M; Scheinker, D; Schwenk, HT; Sharek, PJ; Tweedy, M; Wang, E; Yeverino, C, 2017)	0.46
" Although vancomycin dosing should be weight-based (15 mg/kg), not all surgeons are aware of this; a fixed 1-g dose is instead frequently administered."	( Vancomycin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Incorrectly Dosed and Has a Higher Rate of Periprosthetic Infection Than Cefazolin. Azboy, I; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Tan, DD; Tan, TL, 2017)	0.66
" Adequate vancomycin dosing was defined as 15 mg/kg and within the 125-mg range."	( Vancomycin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Incorrectly Dosed and Has a Higher Rate of Periprosthetic Infection Than Cefazolin. Azboy, I; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Tan, DD; Tan, TL, 2017)	0.66
" Ten percent of PJIs in the vancomycin underdosed group (two of 20) was caused by MRSA, and no patients with adequate dosing or overdosing of vancomycin developed PJI with MRSA."	( Vancomycin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Incorrectly Dosed and Has a Higher Rate of Periprosthetic Infection Than Cefazolin. Azboy, I; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Tan, DD; Tan, TL, 2017)	0.66
"The majority of patients given vancomycin prophylaxis are underdosed according to the weight-based dosage recommendations, and MRSA did not occur in patients who were adequately dosed with vancomycin."	( Vancomycin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Incorrectly Dosed and Has a Higher Rate of Periprosthetic Infection Than Cefazolin. Azboy, I; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Tan, DD; Tan, TL, 2017)	0.66
" A decision support intervention provided dosing recommendations when clinicians documented antibiotics."	( Electronic medical record interventions and recurrent perioperative antibiotic administration: a before-and-after study. Avidan, M; Ben Abdallah, A; Candelario, P; Helsten, D; Hincker, A, 2017)	0.46
" Renal function and body weight are important when considering the need for alternative dosing regimens."	( Comparative total and unbound pharmacokinetics of cefazolin administered by bolus versus continuous infusion in patients undergoing major surgery: a randomized controlled trial. Ikeda, K; Lipman, J; Naik, BI; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Todorovic, MS; Wallis, SC, 2017)	0.71
" An inadequate dosing not only reduces the efficacy of the antibiotic, but also promotes the emergence of antimicrobial resistances."	( Clinical on-site monitoring of ß-lactam antibiotics for a personalized antibiotherapy. Bruch, R; Chatelle, C; Dincer, C; Kling, A; Rebmann, B; Schumann, S; Urban, G; Weber, W; Wirth, S, 2017)	0.46
" Antibiotic dosage was administered through high performance liquid chromatography."	( Cefazolin Concentration in the Mediastinal Adipose Tissue of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Ferraz, ÁAB; Figueira, FRM; Moraes, FR; Paz, KC; Sá, MPBO; Tchaick, RM, )	1.57
" The evaluation of the second dosage showed a negative and significant correlation between cefazolin level and the second time of dosage."	( Cefazolin Concentration in the Mediastinal Adipose Tissue of Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery. Ferraz, ÁAB; Figueira, FRM; Moraes, FR; Paz, KC; Sá, MPBO; Tchaick, RM, )	1.79
"Although clinical practice guidelines recommend standard cefazolin antimicrobial prophylaxis (AP) dosing for cardiac surgery, limited data exist as to whether adequate concentrations are achieved in this patient population."	( Evaluation of cefazolin antimicrobial prophylaxis during cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ariano, RE; Arora, RC; Calic, D; Grocott, HP; Lakowski, TM; Lillico, R; Zelenitsky, SA, 2018)	1.09
" We hypothesized that patients who did not receive appropriate weight-based dosing of prophylactic antibiotics would have higher rates of infection."	( The Effect of Under-Dosing Prophylactic Antibiotics in the Care of Open Tibial Fractures. Carver, DC; Nolan, VG; Olinger, CR; Weinlein, JC, 2018)	0.48
" Appropriate weight-based dosing of cefazolin was defined as: at least 1 g for patients <80 kg, 2 g for patients between 80 and 120 kg, and 3 g for patients >120 kg."	( The Effect of Under-Dosing Prophylactic Antibiotics in the Care of Open Tibial Fractures. Carver, DC; Nolan, VG; Olinger, CR; Weinlein, JC, 2018)	0.76
" Appropriate weight-based dosing of cefazolin for prophylaxis in high-grade open tibial fractures reduces the frequency of infection due to cefazolin-sensitive organisms."	( The Effect of Under-Dosing Prophylactic Antibiotics in the Care of Open Tibial Fractures. Carver, DC; Nolan, VG; Olinger, CR; Weinlein, JC, 2018)	0.76
" bolus dosing to morbidly obese women and POPPK modeling."	( Efficacious Cefazolin Prophylactic Dose for Morbidly Obese Women Undergoing Bariatric Surgery Based on Evidence from Subcutaneous Microdialysis and Populational Pharmacokinetic Modeling. Dalla Costa, T; de Araújo, B; Fischer, MI; Heineck, I; Meinhardt, NG; Palma, EC; Stein, AT, 2018)	0.86
" Many orthopedic surgeons are unaware of the weight-based dosing protocol for cefazolin."	( Cefazolin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Obese Patients Are Frequently Underdosed and at Increased Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Greenky, MR; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Rondon, AJ; Shohat, N; Tan, TL, 2018)	2.15
" Underdosed patients had a higher rate of PJI at 1 year compared with adequately dosed patients (1."	( Cefazolin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Obese Patients Are Frequently Underdosed and at Increased Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Greenky, MR; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Rondon, AJ; Shohat, N; Tan, TL, 2018)	1.92
" Orthopedic surgeons should pay attention to the weight-based dosing of antibiotics in the perioperative period to avoid increasing risk of PJI."	( Cefazolin Prophylaxis for Total Joint Arthroplasty: Obese Patients Are Frequently Underdosed and at Increased Risk of Periprosthetic Joint Infection. Greenky, MR; Kheir, MM; Parvizi, J; Rondon, AJ; Shohat, N; Tan, TL, 2018)	1.92
" This study provides new data that informs dosing strategies for effective antimicrobial prophylaxis (AP) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass."	( Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery: Intraoperative Cefazolin Concentrations and Sternal Wound Infections. Ariano, RE; Arora, RC; Calic, D; Grocott, HP; Lakowski, TM; Lillico, R; Zelenitsky, SA, 2018)	0.71
" Current dosing recommendations of 1 g IV post-SDHD achieve total serum drug concentrations greater than 40 mg/L in all patients, which is the total drug concentration required for bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus species."	( Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefazolin in Short Daily Hemodialysis. Battistella, M; Jassal, SV; Palmer, K; Richardson, R; Walker, S, 2019)	0.82
" The aim of the study was to prepare a dosage form which can provide local effect of cefazolin along with sustained delivery at the site of application."	( Formulation development and characterization of cefazolin nanoparticles-loaded cross-linked films of sodium alginate and pectin as wound dressings. Afzal, Z; Khan, A; Khan, GM; Khan, J; Shahzad, A; Umer, MF, 2019)	0.99
" However, most studies included nonstandardized dosing and duration of antimicrobial prophylaxis, had indeterminate or high risk of bias, did not include patients with gynecological malignancies, and/or were older RCTs not reflective of current clinical practices."	( Cefazolin as surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis in hysterectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Johnson, S; Pop-Vicas, A; Safdar, N, 2019)	1.96
" However, dosage recommendations and the corresponding efficacy are unclear."	( Target site antibiotic concentrations in orthopedic/trauma extremity surgery: is prophylactic cefazolin adequately dosed? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Goslings, JC; Mathôt, RAA; Sanders, FRK; Schepers, T, 2019)	0.73
"Pharmacokinetic (PK) data to guide cefazolin dosing in premature infants are virtually non-existent."	( Cefazolin pharmacokinetics in premature infants. Balevic, SJ; Benjamin, DK; Brouwer, KLR; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Rivera-Chaparro, ND; Smith, PB; Testoni, D; Wu, H; Zimmerman, KO, 2019)	2.23
" We analyzed data using non-linear mixed effect modeling and simulated several dosage regimens to achieve target concentrations against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus."	( Cefazolin pharmacokinetics in premature infants. Balevic, SJ; Benjamin, DK; Brouwer, KLR; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Rivera-Chaparro, ND; Smith, PB; Testoni, D; Wu, H; Zimmerman, KO, 2019)	1.96
"Simulations suggested reduced cefazolin dosing based on postmenstrual age achieve target concentrations and potentially reduce unnecessary exposure."	( Cefazolin pharmacokinetics in premature infants. Balevic, SJ; Benjamin, DK; Brouwer, KLR; Cohen-Wolkowiez, M; Rivera-Chaparro, ND; Smith, PB; Testoni, D; Wu, H; Zimmerman, KO, 2019)	2.25
" There is little evidence to describe the optimal dosing regimen for surgical site infection prophylaxis in infants undergoing cardiac surgery, and a great deal of institutional variability exists in dosing prophylactic antibiotics."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin and Vancomycin in Infants Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Gutierrez, K; Ingrande, J; Lemmens, HJ; Nicolau, DP; Ramamoorthy, C; Sutherland, CA; Verma, A, 2019)	0.84
" Simulations of various dosing regimens were performed to describe an appropriate dosing regimen necessary to maintain antibiotic concentrations above the susceptibility cutoff for staphylococci."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin and Vancomycin in Infants Undergoing Open-Heart Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Gutierrez, K; Ingrande, J; Lemmens, HJ; Nicolau, DP; Ramamoorthy, C; Sutherland, CA; Verma, A, 2019)	0.84
"Traditionally, there have been uniform antibiotic dosing guidelines for prophylaxis for clean-clean-contaminated surgery in both non-obese and obese adults."	( Lack of Pharmacokinetic Basis of Weight-Based Dosing and Intra-Operative Re-Dosing with Cefazolin Surgical Prophylaxis in Obese Patients: Implications for Antibiotic Stewardship. Blum, S; Cunha, BA; Cunha, CB, 2019)	0.74
"Optimal dosing of continuous-infusion cefazolin can be challenging in patients being treated for bacteremia or infective endocarditis."	( Population Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefazolin Dosage Adaptation in Bacteremia and Infective Endocarditis Based on a Nomogram. Asseray, N; Bellouard, R; Boutoille, D; Dailly, É; Deschanvres, C; Deslandes, G; Gaborit, B; Grégoire, M; Jolliet, P, 2019)	1.06
" The pharmacokinetics of cefazolin appear to not be affected by ECMO therapy and dosing adjustment may not be required."	( Pharmacokinetics of Total and Unbound Cefazolin during Veno-Arterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Report. Abdul-Aziz, MH; Dhanani, JA; Lipman, J; Livermore, A; Pincus, J; Roberts, JA; Townsend, S; Wallis, SC, 2019)	1.09
" There is inadequate pharmacokinetic data available regarding prophylactic cefazolin dosing in obese pregnant women."	( Prophylactic Cefazolin Dosing in Women With Body Mass Index >35 kg·m-2 Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid. Christensen, R; Eley, VA; Jackson, D; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, JA; Ryan, R; Smith, M; van Zundert, AA; Wallis, SC, 2020)	1.16
" Population pharmacokinetic modeling and Monte Carlo dosing simulations were performed using Pmetrics."	( Prophylactic Cefazolin Dosing in Women With Body Mass Index >35 kg·m-2 Undergoing Cesarean Delivery: A Pharmacokinetic Study of Plasma and Interstitial Fluid. Christensen, R; Eley, VA; Jackson, D; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, JA; Ryan, R; Smith, M; van Zundert, AA; Wallis, SC, 2020)	0.93
" There is no still controversy surrounding which is the best dosage of this antibiotic in obese patients for surgical prophylaxis."	( [Dosage of presurgical cefazolin in obese and non-obese patients. Does weight matter?] Aparicio Carreño, C; Barbazán Vázquez, FJ; Fernández González, B; Martínez-Múgica Barbosa, C; Pampín Sánchez, R; Rodríguez de Castro, B, 2020)	0.87
" We aimed to build a population PK model for cefazolin in critically ill children in order to optimize individual dosing regimens."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in critically ill children infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Benaboud, S; Beranger, A; Bille, E; Boujaafar, S; Briand, C; Bustarret, O; Gana, I; Geslain, G; Hirt, D; Moulin, F; Oualha, M; Renolleau, S; Salvador, E; Toubiana, J; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S; Zheng, Y, 2021)	1.17
" Continuous infusion with a dosing of 100 mg/kg/day to increase to 150 mg/kg/day for children with a BW < 10 kg or eGFR >200 mL/min/1."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in critically ill children infected with methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Benaboud, S; Beranger, A; Bille, E; Boujaafar, S; Briand, C; Bustarret, O; Gana, I; Geslain, G; Hirt, D; Moulin, F; Oualha, M; Renolleau, S; Salvador, E; Toubiana, J; Treluyer, JM; Urien, S; Zheng, Y, 2021)	0.91
" Regarding metronidazole, the respective differences were higher, and may influence dosing of metronidazole for perioperative prophylaxis in obese patients."	( Perioperative administration of cefazolin and metronidazole in obese and non-obese patients: a pharmacokinetic study in plasma and interstitial fluid. Dietrich, A; Dorn, C; Kees, F; Kees, MG; Kloft, C; Kratzer, A; Petroff, D; Simon, P; Stoelzel, M; Wrigge, H; Zeitlinger, M, 2021)	0.9
" An additional cefazolin dose to ECC priming appears necessary and the dosing should be based on ECC priming volume rather than on the weight of the patient."	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in children undergoing cardiac surgery with the use of cardiopulmonary bypass-is the dosing correct? Czajkowska, A; Dzierzanowska-Fangrat, K; Jaworski, R; Kansy, A; Maruszewski, B, 2021)	2.42
" Currently, there are no clear guidelines for antibiotic dosing during ECMO."	( Excessive unbound cefazolin concentrations in critically ill patients receiving veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (vaECMO): an observational study. Adam, EH; Booke, H; Chiriac, U; Frey, OR; Holubec, T; Röhr, AC; Zacharowski, K, 2021)	0.96
" Antibiotic choice, dosage and duration were reviewed."	( Penicillin versus anti-staphylococcal beta-lactams for penicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus blood stream infections: a retrospective cohort study. Crawford, S; Cuenca, J; Ghosh, N; Newton, P; Reynolds, G, 2022)	0.72
" It is unclear as to how this blast effect t emporally translates to humans; however, given the short-lived effect on PK, there is insufficient evidence to recommend cefazolin dosing changes based on blast overpressure injury alone."	( Semimechanistic Modeling of the Effects of Blast Overpressure Exposure on Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics in Mice. Antonic, V; Bobrov, AG; Chin, GC; DeLuca, JP; Getnet, D; Livezey, JR; Long, JB; Sajja, VS; Selig, DJ; Swierczewski, BE; Tyner, SD, 2021)	1.05
" Next to maternal plasma concentrations (up to 10 per dosing interval, until delivery), venous and arterial umbilical cord concentrations were determined at delivery."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in maternal and umbilical cord plasma, and simulated exposure in term neonates. Allegaert, K; Charlier, C; Dreesen, E; Elkayal, O; Seghaye, MC; Smits, A; Spriet, I, 2021)	0.91
"PopPK simulations showed that standard pre-delivery maternal cefazolin dosing provided adequate target attainment up to the time of delivery."	( Population pharmacokinetics of cefazolin in maternal and umbilical cord plasma, and simulated exposure in term neonates. Allegaert, K; Charlier, C; Dreesen, E; Elkayal, O; Seghaye, MC; Smits, A; Spriet, I, 2021)	1.15
" However, the dosing regimen necessary to achieve therapeutic concentrations in obese patients remains unclear."	( Population pharmacokinetic model of cefazolin in total hip arthroplasty. Bourayou, S; Chaux, R; Delavenne, X; Gibert, A; Hodin, S; Lanoiselée, J; Molliex, S; Ollier, E; Philippot, R; Zufferey, PJ, 2021)	0.9
"The authors' objective was to determine the adequacy of an institutional standard dosing practice for infection prophylaxis in open cardiac surgery in patients heavier than 120 kg undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Connors, C; Liu, J; Mercuro, NJ; Nicolau, D; Poltak, J; Wungwattana, M, 2022)	1.04
" For patients weighing >120 kg undergoing cardiac surgery, the studied dosing regimen met or exceeded targeted cefazolin concentrations for all study patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Connors, C; Liu, J; Mercuro, NJ; Nicolau, D; Poltak, J; Wungwattana, M, 2022)	1.26
"The authors found that their current dosing strategy achieved a probability of target attainment >90% throughout surgery for both total and unbound cefazolin concentrations, independent of cardiopulmonary bypass times."	( Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Patients With Obesity Undergoing Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass. Connors, C; Liu, J; Mercuro, NJ; Nicolau, D; Poltak, J; Wungwattana, M, 2022)	1.24
" Postoperative cefazolin dosing appears to be insufficient to achieve minimum inhibitory concentrations in many patients."	( Perioperative Cefazolin Prophylaxis in Pediatric Cardiac Surgery: A Prospective, Cohort Study. Alphonso, N; Bierbach, B; Dorofaeff, T; Marathe, SP; McWhinney, B; Moloney, G; Parker, S; Roberts, JA; Suna, J; Ungerer, JPJ; Venugopal, P, 2022)	1.43
" When cefazolin is administered by the TCI method, patient-tailored antibiotic dosing may be possible."	( The expected advantage of administering prophylactic antibiotics using target- concentration controlled infusion: Development of a new pharmacokinetic model of cefazolin. Bang, JY; Choi, BM; Jung, J; Kim, KM; Lee, EK; Lee, JM; Noh, GJ; Yang, HS, 2022)	1.4
" However, the efficacy and optimal weight-based prophylactic cefazolin dosing is unclear."	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in spine surgery: patients are frequently underdosed and at increased risk for infection. Canseco, JA; Hilibrand, AS; Karamian, BA; Kepler, CK; Lambrechts, MJ; Schroeder, GD; Sherman, M; Siegel, N; Toci, GR; Vaccaro, AR, 2022)	2.41
"To determine (1) if inadequate weight-based prophylactic dosing of cefazolin affects infection rates after spinal fusions, and (2) identify the optimal dosing of cefazolin."	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in spine surgery: patients are frequently underdosed and at increased risk for infection. Canseco, JA; Hilibrand, AS; Karamian, BA; Kepler, CK; Lambrechts, MJ; Schroeder, GD; Sherman, M; Siegel, N; Toci, GR; Vaccaro, AR, 2022)	2.4
"Single center retrospective cohort PATIENT SAMPLE: Patients undergoing posterior cervical or lumbar spinal fusion between January 2000 and October 2020 OUTCOME MEASURES: Postoperative surgical site infection status METHODS: Patients were grouped based on our institutionally derived dosing adequacy standards, 1 g for <60 kg, 2 g for 60 to 120 kg, and 3 g for >120 kg."	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in spine surgery: patients are frequently underdosed and at increased risk for infection. Canseco, JA; Hilibrand, AS; Karamian, BA; Kepler, CK; Lambrechts, MJ; Schroeder, GD; Sherman, M; Siegel, N; Toci, GR; Vaccaro, AR, 2022)	2.16
" The infection rate was higher in the inadequate dosing group (5."	( Cefazolin prophylaxis in spine surgery: patients are frequently underdosed and at increased risk for infection. Canseco, JA; Hilibrand, AS; Karamian, BA; Kepler, CK; Lambrechts, MJ; Schroeder, GD; Sherman, M; Siegel, N; Toci, GR; Vaccaro, AR, 2022)	2.16
"Guidelines for surgical prophylactic dosing of cefazolin in bariatric surgery vary in terms of recommended dose."	( Plasma and Interstitial Fluid Pharmacokinetics of Prophylactic Cefazolin in Elective Bariatric Surgery Patients. Christensen, R; Eley, V; Hopkins, G; Jackson, D; Lipman, J; Parker, SL; Roberts, JA; Ryan, RL; Van Zundert, AAJ; Wallis, SC, 2022)	1.22
"Currently, antibiotic treatment is often a standard dosing regimen in bone and joint infections (BJI)."	( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review. Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)	0.72
" Ciprofloxacin, cefazolin, cefuroxime, vancomycin and linezolid seem to have adequate average exposure if correlating total concentration to ECOFF, when standard dosing is used."	( The mysteries of target site concentrations of antibiotics in bone and joint infections: what is known? A narrative review. Abdulla, A; Bos, K; de Winter, BCM; Koch, BCP; Muller, AE; Oosterhoff, M; van Oldenrijk, J; Zhao, Q, 2022)	1.07
" Adherence rate with first dosing recommendation was 100%, as compared with 41."	( Prophylactic Intraoperative Antibiotic Dosing in Head and Neck Surgery: Opportunities for Improvement and Future Study. Cohen, O; Cook, A; Dibble, J; Mehra, S; Panth, N; Paolillo, D; Shah, R, 2023)	0.91
"The proportion of patients with invasive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) infection who achieve target concentrations of flucloxacillin or cefazolin with standard dosing regimens is uncertain."	( Frequency of pharmacological target attainment with flucloxacillin and cefazolin in invasive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection: a prospective cohort study in hospitalized patients. Campbell, PO; Chambers, ST; Chin, PKL; Dalton, SC; Douglas, NM; Metcalf, SCL, 2023)	1.34
"Standard dosing of flucloxacillin and cefazolin in the treatment of invasive MSSA infections may not achieve target plasma concentrations for a subgroup of patients."	( Frequency of pharmacological target attainment with flucloxacillin and cefazolin in invasive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infection: a prospective cohort study in hospitalized patients. Campbell, PO; Chambers, ST; Chin, PKL; Dalton, SC; Douglas, NM; Metcalf, SCL, 2023)	1.41
" However, the use of antistaphylococcal penicillins presents challenges, such as frequent dosing administration and adverse events with protracted use."	( Cefazolin in the treatment of central nervous system infections: A narrative review and recommendation. Al-Hasan, M; Antosz, K; Battle, S; Bookstaver, PB; Chang, J; Scheetz, MH, 2023)	2.35
" The enrolled patients were randomly assigned to receive intravenous cefazolin (1 g dosage every 12 hours) and oral clarithromycin (500 mg dosage every 12 hours) either for 7 days or until delivery."	( A randomized clinical trial of antibiotic treatment duration in preterm pre-labor rupture of membranes: 7 days vs until delivery. Choi, SJ; Choi, YS; Hong, S; Kim, JH; Kim, JS; Kim, Y; Oh, SY; Roh, CR; Sung, JH, 2023)	1.14
" The ability to quantify cefazolin in these tissues will help identify surgical techniques and antibiotic dosing protocols that better protect patients from infection."	( A novel method for quantification of cefazolin local tissue concentration in blood, fat, synovium, and bone marrow using liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry. Avizonis, D; Hart, A; Monnin, C; Montreuil, J; Russo, M; Tanzer, M; Zhang, YL, 2023)	1.49
" The doses and duration of SAP used varied from one single preoperative dosage as standard practice in Bolzano, Italy (98%) to 1-day 4 doses in Norway (83% of the 40,709 TKAs reported to the Norwegian arthroplasty register)."	( The use of antibiotic-loaded bone cement and systemic antibiotic prophylactic use in 2,971,357 primary total knee arthroplasties from 2010 to 2020: an international register-based observational study among countries in Africa, Europe, North America, and O Armaroli, C; Armstrong, R; Ashforth, JA; Brand, C; Bülow, E; Chang, RN; Christen, B; Dale, H; De Steiger, R; Dragomirescu, D; Fenstad, AM; Frampton, C; Furnes, O; Gjertsen, JE; Grimberg, A; Hakulinen, E; Hallan, G; Harries, D; Illgen, R; Leta, TH; Lie, SA; Lindberg-Larsen, M; Lutro, O; Lygre, SHL; Mäkelä, K; Molinari, M; Mullen, K; Nelissen, RGHH; Paxton, EW; Pedersen, AB; Picus, R; Prentice, HA; Rolfson, O; Shapiro, J; Steinbrück, A; Stoica, IC; Van Steenbergen, LN; Vorovenci, AE; W-Dahl, A; Wilkinson, JM; Willis, J; Wooster, K; Wu, Y; Wyatt, M, 2023)	0.91
" Secondly, we aimed to confirm the efficacy of our hospital dosing regimen in achieving the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) at the surgical site."	( Plasma concentration of prophylactic cefazolin best correlates with lean body mass measured by bioimpedance analysis in lumbar spine surgery: Results of a pilot study. Baker, JF; Grainger, MNC; Martyn, T; Petry, B; Pett, TB, 2023)	1.18
"There is little prospective data to guide effective dosing for antibiotic prophylaxis during surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB)."	( Peri-operative pharmacokinetics of cefazolin prophylaxis during valve replacement surgery. Alli, A; Calleemalay, D; Lipman, J; Paruk, F; Richards, GA; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Scribante, J; Wallis, SC, 2023)	1.19
" The simulations showed that optimised dosing is more likely with an increased dose and/or dosing frequency."	( Peri-operative pharmacokinetics of cefazolin prophylaxis during valve replacement surgery. Alli, A; Calleemalay, D; Lipman, J; Paruk, F; Richards, GA; Roberts, JA; Roger, C; Scribante, J; Wallis, SC, 2023)	1.19

Role	Description
antibacterial drug	A drug used to treat or prevent bacterial infections.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
cephalosporin	A class of beta-lactam antibiotics differing from the penicillins in having a 6-membered, rather than a 5-membered, side ring. Although cephalosporins are among the most commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of routine infections, and their use is increasing over time, they can cause a range of hypersensitivity reactions, from mild, delayed-onset cutaneous reactions to life-threatening anaphylaxis in patients with immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated allergy.
thiadiazoles
tetrazoles	An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains four N atoms and one C atom.
beta-lactam antibiotic allergen	Any beta-lactam antibiotic which causes the onset of an allergic reaction.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
peptidoglycan maturation (meso-diaminopimelate containing)	16	41

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, Putative fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase	Giardia intestinalis	Potency	17.7407	0.1409	11.1940	39.8107	AID2451
Chain A, JmjC domain-containing histone demethylation protein 3A	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	79.4328	0.6310	35.7641	100.0000	AID504339
Luciferase	Photinus pyralis (common eastern firefly)	Potency	40.5334	0.0072	15.7588	89.3584	AID624030
thioredoxin reductase	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	50.1187	0.1000	20.8793	79.4328	AID588453
phosphopantetheinyl transferase	Bacillus subtilis	Potency	44.6684	0.1413	37.9142	100.0000	AID1490
RAR-related orphan receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	1.0591	0.0060	38.0041	19,952.5996	AID1159521
Smad3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.9811	0.0052	7.8098	29.0929	AID588855
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1	Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	Potency	35.4813	0.7079	12.1943	39.8107	AID720542
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.3914	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID720691
cytochrome P450 2D6	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.9640	0.0010	8.3798	61.1304	AID1645840
vitamin D3 receptor isoform VDRA	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	67.7407	0.3548	28.0659	89.1251	AID504847
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.6011	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID743202; AID743219
peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.4256	12.0591	28.1838	AID504891
lamin isoform A-delta10	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.8913	0.8913	12.0676	28.1838	AID1487
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	505.0000	1.6000	5.7440	10.0000	AID678786; AID681363
Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	30,000.0000	0.1800	3.3933	9.8000	AID238858
Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.1800	0.0300	3.2043	7.8200	AID681377
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5500	0.0400	4.2297	9.0000	AID681373
Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	1.7400	0.2000	2.5771	6.1500	AID681569
Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	780.0000	3.0900	5.5400	9.1000	AID681344
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Km	81.0000	1.9000	4.2725	9.6900	AID1219900
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
prostaglandin secretion	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulation	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein transport	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide transport	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide import across plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide import across plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
proton transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-ketoglutarate transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric proximal tubule development	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
renal tubular secretion	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
inorganic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
urate metabolic process	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
proton-dependent oligopeptide secondary active transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide:proton symporter activity	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
tripeptide transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
dipeptide transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-ketoglutarate transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
antiporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
solute:inorganic anion antiporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
sodium-independent organic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleolus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
brush border	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 15 member 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
caveola	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Solute carrier family 22 member 6	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Solute carrier family 22 member 8	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Solute carrier family 22 member 11	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (572)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1762801	Antibacterial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID583432	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-, tetracycline-susceptible and chromosomal mecA deficient Staphylococcus aureus COLnex	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	A mecA-negative strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high-level β-lactam resistance contains mutations in three genes.
AID558288	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561235	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID561976	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at <= 1 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID530508	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 7037-99 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID561452	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1474166	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1447453	Antibacterial activity against amikacin-resistant Escherichia coli isolate CAN-ICU 63074 after 18 hrs by microtiter dilution assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9	Amphiphilic Tobramycin-Lysine Conjugates Sensitize Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Rifampicin and Minocycline.
AID530518	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 4857-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID322317	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID530515	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 6149-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID283170	Increase in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis assessed as percent biofilm forming isolates	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID561246	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID278857	Inhibition of metabolic activity in primary human osteoblasts assessed as MTT reduction after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID561968	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at <= 1 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID543425	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue transconjugant harboring beta-lactamase CTX-M-64 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID528532	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B68 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID340737	Ratio of Kcat to Km of Chryseobacterium indologenes metallo-beta-lactamase IND-5 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID444053	Renal clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID530502	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 7490-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID588217	FDA HLAED, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID558290	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 32 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID558294	Drug level in bone of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infected human after 60 mins	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561285	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID444051	Total clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID588216	FDA HLAED, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID433394	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SR-17164 harboring inactive lytH gene and active llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID499160	Protein binding in mouse plasma	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID322318	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent nonsusceptible isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID561474	Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID561261	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID499116	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 25 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1535 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1136476	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID559092	Bactericidal activity against yafQ gene-deficient Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 biofilm assessed as log reduction of viable cells after 24 hrs relative to wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID1424068	Antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate CAIRD148 by broth microdilution assay or Alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay	2017	Journal of natural products, 04-28, Volume: 80, Issue:4	The Berkeleylactones, Antibiotic Macrolides from Fungal Coculture.
AID1148789	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi ATCC 12176 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID322315	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent nonsusceptible isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID561486	Antibacterial activity against Stenotrophomonas maltophilia by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID542719	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Widespread dissemination of aminoglycoside resistance genes armA and rmtB in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID561488	Antibacterial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1133389	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID541098	Drug level in patient serum with bone and joint infection at 60 to 80 mg/kg/day, iv administered as continuous infusion for 42 days measured from day 11 to 21 by agar disk diffusion assay	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID530501	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 6649-05 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID340738	Ratio of Kcat to Km of Chryseobacterium indologenes metallo-beta-lactamase IND-5 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis relative to control	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID561454	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID498910	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 100 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 1.6 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID559098	Bactericidal activity against yafQ gene-deficient Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 stationary-phase planktonic cell assessed as log reduction of viable cells after 24 hrs	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID558282	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 32 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561244	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1133396	Antibacterial activity against Providencia stuartii after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID499109	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 100 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 0.8 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID520872	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU67 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID561245	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID423438	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 in peritoneal dialysis fluid administered as bolus dose 2 hrs after infection measured after 24 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	In vitro evaluation of the activities of telavancin, cefazolin, and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in peritoneal dialysate.
AID467613	Volume of distribution at steady state in human	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID561978	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 4 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561962	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 4 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID278859	Inhibition of metabolic activity in MG63 cells assessed as MTT reduction after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID561954	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type B using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1133408	Antibacterial activity against Bacteroides fragilis after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID1211886	Unbound biliary clearance in iv dosed dog	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID528523	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC 12403 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID528981	Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1546111	Antimicrobial activity against Salmonella typhimurium	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID528836	Antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1762804	Antibacterial activity against against Escherichia coli 04 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID1133392	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID543413	Antimicrobial activity against Shigella sonnei UIH-1 expressing beta-lactamase CTX-M-64 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID559094	Effect on survival of Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 biofilm harboring pCA24N ptac::yafQ plasmid assessed as increase in cell survival after 24 hrs pretreated with 5 uM of IPTG for 4 hrs relative to wild-type Escherichia coli K-12 BW25114	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID660261	Ratio of MIC for wild type Escherichia coli JC7623 to MIC for acrAB-deficient Escherichia coli JZM120	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52	Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID340736	Activity of Chryseobacterium indologenes metallo-beta-lactamase IND-5 expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as substrate hydrolysis	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID561238	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1447452	Antibacterial activity against gentamicin-resistant Escherichia coli isolate CAN-ICU 61714 after 18 hrs by microtiter dilution assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9	Amphiphilic Tobramycin-Lysine Conjugates Sensitize Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Rifampicin and Minocycline.
AID588218	FDA HLAED, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1167648	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 after 12 to 16 hrs by broth micro-dilution method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Biological evaluation of halogenated thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3-one carboxylic acid derivatives targeting the YycG histidine kinase.
AID561959	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-negative Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID498908	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 6.2 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 1.6 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID561957	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type C using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1133388	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID559859	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus agalactiae clinical isolates by agar dilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	Capsular type and antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus agalactiae isolates from patients, ranging from newborns to the elderly, with invasive infections.
AID561241	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528828	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID519012	Activity of Beta-lactamase TEM-10	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID1148793	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus 23390 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID322316	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 9 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID1507780	Cytotoxicity against human PBMC cells up to 200 uM after 48 hrs by CellTiter 96 AQueous one solution cell proliferation assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 136	Pharmacophore guided discovery of small-molecule interleukin 15 inhibitors.
AID528822	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID520869	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU33 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID561478	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528973	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1148788	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 4200 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID583433	Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactam-resistant and chromosomal mecA deficient Staphylococcus aureus CRB harboring PBP4 E183A F241R, GdpP N182K and AcrB I960V mutant genes selected after 21 days of serial passage in ceftobiprole	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	A mecA-negative strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high-level β-lactam resistance contains mutations in three genes.
AID1133404	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis infected in sc dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID283162	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2622 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID558284	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at >= 128 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561470	Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1133390	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID582763	Antimicrobial activity against eaeA positive verocytotoxin-producing non-O157 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID561961	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 2 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID522388	Activity of Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU1	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4	Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID546618	Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolate 243-31C expressing beta-lactamase VIM-18 isolated from sputum of patient by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from India: evidence for nationwide endemicity of multiple metallo-beta-lactamase clones (VIM-2, -5, -6, and -11 and the newly characterized VIM-18).
AID681404	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Indoxyl sulfate uptake (Indoxyl sulfate: 2 uM, Cefazolin: 1000 uM) in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Journal of neurochemistry, Oct, Volume: 83, Issue:1	Role of blood-brain barrier organic anion transporter 3 (OAT3) in the efflux of indoxyl sulfate, a uremic toxin: its involvement in neurotransmitter metabolite clearance from the brain.
AID499137	fT>MIC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4354 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse at 50 mg/kg, sc administered twice at 1 and 3 hrs after infection	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID283160	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2554 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID561240	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528739	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B516 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1546110	Antimicrobial activity against Proteus vulgaris	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID499110	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 1.6 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1181 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID278861	Inhibition of metabolic activity in HeLa cells assessed as MTT reduction after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID528824	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528967	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID530509	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 3789-04 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID283164	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2640 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID561953	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type A TX01117 using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1546105	Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID528838	Antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID530514	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 4214-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID297186	Antibacterial activity against multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus 49589	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	Structure-activity relationships of phenyl-furanyl-rhodanines as inhibitors of RNA polymerase with antibacterial activity on biofilms.
AID530520	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 9171-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID283157	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2414 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID528970	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528848	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID279193	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates from skin or soft tissue infection outpatients	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Treatment and outcomes of infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at an ambulatory clinic.
AID1148792	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 12140 infected in sc dosed mouse assessed as host protection administered at 1 and 5 hrs post-infection	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID499113	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 100 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1181 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID561974	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 64 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID540220	Clearance in human after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID499136	fT>MIC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4351 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse at 50 mg/kg, sc administered twice at 1 and 3 hrs after infection	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID561979	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID498885	Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4351 assessed as inhibition of growth by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID546619	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli harboring beta-lactamase VIM-18 by Etest	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from India: evidence for nationwide endemicity of multiple metallo-beta-lactamase clones (VIM-2, -5, -6, and -11 and the newly characterized VIM-18).
AID561283	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID583431	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant and tetracycline-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus COLn	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	A mecA-negative strain of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with high-level β-lactam resistance contains mutations in three genes.
AID558283	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 64 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561277	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1474167	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID558291	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 64 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID519011	Ratio of Kcat to Km for Beta-lactamase TEM-149 T182M mutant expressed in Escherichia coli HB101	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID528979	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID586085	Antimicrobial activity against verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolate O157 obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates by disk diffusion method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID528524	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B1 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID559097	Antimicrobial activity against yafQ gene-deficient Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID1133405	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella schottmuelleri infected in sc dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID540217	Volume of distribution at steady state in dog after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID660265	Antimicrobial activity against wild type Escherichia coli expressing AcrAB-TolC efflux pump	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52	Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID528969	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID278858	Antiproliferative effect against MG63 cells assessed as BrdU incorporation into DNA after 48 hrs after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID519008	Activity of Beta-lactamase TEM-149 expressed in Escherichia coli HB101	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID521840	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transconjugated with Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA375 containing qnrA1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11genes by CLSI method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID433397	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM1816 harboring inactive lytH and inactive llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID531676	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid containing OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID528840	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1762802	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID522392	Ratio of Kcat Km for Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU1	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4	Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID1133397	Antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID679146	TP_TRANSPORTER: uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	2002	Drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics, , Volume: 17, Issue:2	Rat renal organic anion transporter rOAT1 mediates transport of urinary-excreted cephalosporins, but not of biliary-excreted cefoperazone.
AID1148791	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID1219900	Activity of recombinant human MRP4 expressed in adenovirus infected HEK293 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as transporter-mediated drug uptake after 2 mins by Michaelis-Menten plot analysis in presence of ATP	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 40, Issue:3	Oral availability of cefadroxil depends on ABCC3 and ABCC4.
AID528833	Antimicrobial activity against CTX-M ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID558289	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528844	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID521834	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA367 with blaKPC-3, qnrB19, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11, blaSHV-12, aac(6')-1b genes by CLSI method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID561237	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID520875	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID522396	Ratio of Kcat Km for Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU1 assessed as steady state compound hydrolysis rate	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4	Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID499141	fT>MIC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4354 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse administered in 24 hrs dosing interval	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID369012	Resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lactating Holstein bovine subclinical mastitis model at 30 ug/disk after 20 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9	Therapeutic effect of nisin Z on subclinical mastitis in lactating cows.
AID561958	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-negative Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID423439	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33592 in peritoneal dialysis fluid administered as bolus dose 2 hrs after infection measured after 24 hrs by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	In vitro evaluation of the activities of telavancin, cefazolin, and vancomycin against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in peritoneal dialysate.
AID340735	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 harboring pBC-IND-5 plasmid containing metallo-beta-lactamase IND5 assessed as drug level at which microbial resistance was observed by agar dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID278860	Antiproliferative effect against HeLa cells after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID283159	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2526 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID528825	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1133393	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID543429	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli XL-1 Blue harboring plasmid CL1920 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID528830	Antimicrobial activity against CTX-M ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561265	Antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecium by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID444057	Fraction escaping hepatic elimination in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID561960	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at <= 1 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID531675	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID374365	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing pIP19 containing Aeromonas caviae A324R metallo-beta-lactamase blaIMP-19 gene by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID681377	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in OAT1-expressing S2 cells	2002	European journal of pharmacology, Mar-08, Volume: 438, Issue:3	Interaction of human organic anion transporters with various cephalosporin antibiotics.
AID540213	Half life in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID283156	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2394 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID498913	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 25 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 0.8 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID499114	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 1.6 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1535 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID561464	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID499138	fT>MIC in Staphylococcus aureus OC 4172 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse administered in 24 hrs dosing interval	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1136474	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes ATCC 13048 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID530523	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607 expressing multiple copies of wild-type pbp2x by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID519007	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 expressing plasmid encoded TEM-149 T182M mutant by broth macrodilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID283149	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID541100	Ratio of drug level in bone to serum in patient with bone and joint infection at 60 to 80 mg/kg/day, iv administered as continuous infusion for 42 days	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID322313	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID541102	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID588219	FDA HLAED, gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID283169	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL5258 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID531684	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 15151T containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID541104	Ratio of drug level in patient serum with bone and joint infection to MIC90 for drug-susceptible Staphylococci	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID528827	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1133399	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella marcescens after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID283167	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL5254 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID528835	Antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID561476	Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID530522	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and harboring plasmid expressing wild-type pbp2x by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID499111	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 6.2 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1181 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1424066	Antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate CAIRD116 by broth microdilution assay or Alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay	2017	Journal of natural products, 04-28, Volume: 80, Issue:4	The Berkeleylactones, Antibiotic Macrolides from Fungal Coculture.
AID559099	Bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 stationary-phase planktonic cell assessed as log reduction of viable cells after 24 hrs	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID1167646	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984 after 12 to 16 hrs by broth micro-dilution method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Biological evaluation of halogenated thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3-one carboxylic acid derivatives targeting the YycG histidine kinase.
AID520868	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU28 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID1762806	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 08 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID25035	Hydrolysis rate constant at pH 9.6	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Substituent effects on reactivity and spectral parameters of cephalosporins.
AID535691	Antimicrobial activity against beta-lactamase CTX-M-15-producing fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli FMV5825 expressing qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr and harboring gyrA Ser83Ile and Asp87Asn mutant gene and ParC Ser80Ile and Glu84Val mutant gene obtained	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID1133403	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae infected in sc dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID561952	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type A TX01117 using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID535697	Antimicrobial activity against Azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID558285	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at <= 1 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528980	Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561963	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561965	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 32 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528968	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561233	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID561472	Antibacterial activity against Serratia marcescens assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528820	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1211802	Drug excretion in iv dosed rat assessed as compound excreted into bile	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID1136469	Antibacterial activity against penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus HH 127 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID588214	FDA HLAED, liver enzyme composite activity	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID322314	Antibacterial activity against CTX-M group 1 enzyme producing Escherichia coli isolates assessed as percent resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 51, Issue:6	Spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase CTX-M-producing escherichia coli clinical isolates in community and nosocomial environments in Portugal.
AID528983	Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID531683	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 15151T by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID561269	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID681569	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Estrone sulfate uptake in OAT4-expressing S2 cells	2002	European journal of pharmacology, Mar-08, Volume: 438, Issue:3	Interaction of human organic anion transporters with various cephalosporin antibiotics.
AID540216	Clearance in dog after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID681373	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Estrone sulfate uptake in OAT3-expressing S2 cells	2002	European journal of pharmacology, Mar-08, Volume: 438, Issue:3	Interaction of human organic anion transporters with various cephalosporin antibiotics.
AID528831	Antimicrobial activity against CTX-M ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID499115	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 6.2 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1535 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1424067	Antibiotic activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate CAIRD142 by broth microdilution assay or Alamar blue dye based colorimetric assay	2017	Journal of natural products, 04-28, Volume: 80, Issue:4	The Berkeleylactones, Antibiotic Macrolides from Fungal Coculture.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID530521	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and harboring empty vector by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1133407	Antibacterial activity against Haemophilus influenzae after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID1211832	Total biliary clearance in iv dosed human by T-tube method	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID528525	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B6 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID444050	Fraction unbound in human plasma	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID519010	Activity of Beta-lactamase TEM-149 T182M mutant expressed in Escherichia coli HB101	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID530507	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 3444-99 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID499134	fT>MIC in Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse at 50 mg/kg, sc administered twice at 1 and 3 hrs after infection	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID681344	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of Estrone sulfate uptake in OAT3-expressing S2 cells	2002	Life sciences, Mar-08, Volume: 70, Issue:16	Involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) in cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity: in comparison with rOAT1.
AID561966	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 64 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528526	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B7 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1133391	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID528741	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC BAA-611 harboring PBP-2X V405A mutant gene by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID561956	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type C using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID541097	Drug level in patient serum with bone and joint infection at 60 to 80 mg/kg/day, iv administered as continuous infusion for 42 days measured from day 2 to 10 by agar disk diffusion assay	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID588211	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in humans	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID528531	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B60 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID561955	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible and beta-lactamase-producing Staphylococcus aureus Type B using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum after 24 hrs by CLSI broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528536	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B514 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID444056	Fraction escaping gut-wall elimination in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1546171	Antimicrobial activity against Bacillus thuringiensis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID498883	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus OC 4172 assessed as inhibition of growth by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID528976	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID520874	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU90 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID528823	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID520870	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU47 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID1546169	Antimicrobial activity against Proteus mirabilis	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID340733	Antimicrobial activity against Chryseobacterium indologenes NF16 isolate assessed as drug level at which microbial resistance was observed by agar dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID369009	Sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from lactating Holstein bovine subclinical mastitis model at 30 ug/disk after 20 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Sep, Volume: 51, Issue:9	Therapeutic effect of nisin Z on subclinical mastitis in lactating cows.
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID528829	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528529	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B12 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID561462	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528847	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1211852	Unbound biliary clearance in iv dosed human by T-tube method	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID1148786	Antibacterial activity against penicillin G-resistant Staphylococcus aureus HH 127 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID1762808	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID1546168	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID588215	FDA HLAED, alkaline phosphatase increase	2004	Current drug discovery technologies, Dec, Volume: 1, Issue:4	Assessment of the health effects of chemicals in humans: II. Construction of an adverse effects database for QSAR modeling.
AID528521	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC BAA-611 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1136473	Antibacterial activity against Shigella paradysenteriae HH 117 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID433393	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM563 harboring active lytH gene and inactive llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID543417	Antimicrobial activity against rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli X1037 transconjugant by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID528834	Antimicrobial activity against CTX-M ESBL producing Escherichia coli assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561287	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1133386	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID528837	Antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID499139	fT>MIC in Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse administered in 24 hrs dosing interval	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID530511	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 7507-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID528966	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561273	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID546623	Ratio of MIC for Escherichia coli harboring beta-lactamase VIM-2 to MIC for Escherichia coli harboring beta-lactamase VIM-18	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from India: evidence for nationwide endemicity of multiple metallo-beta-lactamase clones (VIM-2, -5, -6, and -11 and the newly characterized VIM-18).
AID283161	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2588 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID528839	Antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus sp. isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID521836	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 transconjugated with Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA367 containing blaKPC-3, qnrB19, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11, aac(6')-1b genes by CLSI method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID278856	Antiproliferative effect against primary human osteoblasts assessed as BrdU incorporation into DNA after 48 hrs	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 51, Issue:1	Influence on mitochondria and cytotoxicity of different antibiotics administered in high concentrations on primary human osteoblasts and cell lines.
AID528821	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID528533	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B502 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID1133395	Antibacterial activity against Proteus vulgaris after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID499140	fT>MIC in Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4351 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse administered in 24 hrs dosing interval	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID467612	Fraction unbound in human plasma	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID1762803	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 01 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID603953	In-vivo plasma to lung partition coefficients of the compound, logP(lung) in rat	2008	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 43, Issue:3	Air to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and blood to lung partition coefficients for volatile organic compounds and drugs.
AID588212	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID1736814	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 assessed as inhibition of growth measured after 24 hrs by CLSI based broth microdilution method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 190	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phenylthiazole and phenylthiophene pyrimidindiamine derivatives targeting the bacterial membrane.
AID542720	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate assessed as susceptible isolates	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Widespread dissemination of aminoglycoside resistance genes armA and rmtB in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID588213	Literature-mined compound from Fourches et al multi-species drug-induced liver injury (DILI) dataset, effect in non-rodents	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jan, Volume: 23, Issue:1	Cheminformatics analysis of assertions mined from literature that describe drug-induced liver injury in different species.
AID561248	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID540210	Clearance in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1148790	Antibacterial activity against Shigella paradysenteriae HH 117 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID561271	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID498907	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 1.6 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 1.6 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID561970	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 4 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1211808	Drug excretion in iv dosed dog assessed as compound excreted into bile	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID374364	Antimicrobial activity against Aeromonas caviae A324R expressing metallo-beta-lactamase IMP-19 by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1133411	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus pyogenes infected in po dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID283166	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL5204 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID311524	Oral bioavailability in human	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24	Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability.
AID1136471	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae 4200 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID1230757	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli after 12 hrs by macrodilution broth method	2015	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-11, Volume: 6, Issue:6	Amino Acid Thioester Derivatives: A Highly Promising Scaffold for the Development of Metallo-β-lactamase L1 Inhibitors.
AID519005	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 expressing recombinant plasmid encoded TEM-149 by broth macrodilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID1609803	Antibacterial activity against methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus ATCC BAA-44 at 128 to 256 ug/ml after 18 hrs by broth microdilution method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-01, Volume: 27, Issue:21	Tryptoline-based benzothiazoles re-sensitize MRSA to β-lactam antibiotics.
AID528535	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B513 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID444052	Hepatic clearance in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1505214	Antibacterial activity in Escherichia coli clinical isolates endogenously expressing NDM1 incubated at 37 degC for 18 hrs by spectrophotometry	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-11, Volume: 9, Issue:1	Structure-Based Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1.
AID561239	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID540215	Volume of distribution at steady state in rat after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID586086	Antimicrobial activity against verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli isolate O157 obtained from animals and food assessed as percentage of resistant isolates by disk diffusion method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID283155	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL856 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID535694	Antimicrobial activity against Azide-resistant Escherichia coli J53 transconjugant harboring Escherichia coli DH5alpha-5825 qnrB2 gene by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Detection of the pandemic O25-ST131 human virulent Escherichia coli CTX-M-15-producing clone harboring the qnrB2 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes in a dog.
AID559096	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 by broth microdilution method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID528816	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID541101	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID558281	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID409942	Inhibition of human recombinant MAOA by fluorimetric method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-13, Volume: 51, Issue:21	Quantitative structure-activity relationship and complex network approach to monoamine oxidase A and B inhibitors.
AID561967	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at >= 128 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1507781	Inhibition of IL-15 (unknown origin)/IL-15Ralpha interaction in human PBMC cells assessed as reduction of TNF-alpha synthesis preincubated for 30 mins followed by IL-15 addition measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 136	Pharmacophore guided discovery of small-molecule interleukin 15 inhibitors.
AID528740	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae ATCC BAA-611 harboring PBP-2X Q557E mutant gene by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID299672	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus CMAH 0430 by disk diffusion method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15	Synthesis and evaluation of amphiphilic cationic quinine-derived for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID283158	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2492 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID540209	Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID582764	Antimicrobial activity against eaeA negative verocytotoxin-producing non-O157 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from human assessed as percentage of resistant isolates	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Nov, Volume: 54, Issue:11	Antimicrobial resistance testing of verocytotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and first description of TEM-52 extended-spectrum β-lactamase in serogroup O26.
AID546620	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli harboring beta-lactamase VIM-2 by Etest	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from India: evidence for nationwide endemicity of multiple metallo-beta-lactamase clones (VIM-2, -5, -6, and -11 and the newly characterized VIM-18).
AID425652	Total body clearance in human	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID528850	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID542721	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolate assessed as resistant isolates	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Widespread dissemination of aminoglycoside resistance genes armA and rmtB in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan producing CTX-M-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.
AID528975	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID519006	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 harboring empty vector pBK-SK by broth macrodilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID561466	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528534	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B503 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID541105	Ratio of drug level in patient bone with bone and joint infection to MIC90 for drug-susceptible Staphylococci	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID528974	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID530506	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype II isolate 9051-04 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID283172	Effect on biofilm formation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis assessed as percent non-biofilm forming isolates	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID279192	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates from skin or soft tissue infection outpatients	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 51, Issue:2	Treatment and outcomes of infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at an ambulatory clinic.
AID433396	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM1648 harboring inactive lytH gene and active llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID530504	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IB isolate 5436-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID498909	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 25 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 1.6 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1507782	Inhibition of IL-15 (unknown origin)/IL-15Ralpha interaction in human PBMC cells assessed as reduction of IL-17 synthesis preincubated for 30 mins followed by IL-15 addition measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 136	Pharmacophore guided discovery of small-molecule interleukin 15 inhibitors.
AID1133406	Antibacterial activity against Neisseria gonorrhoeae after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID1211878	Unbound biliary clearance in iv dosed rat	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID561975	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at >= 128 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID678786	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes	1999	The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, Aug, Volume: 290, Issue:2	The interaction and transport of beta-lactam antibiotics with the cloned rat renal organic anion transporter 1.
AID499117	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 100 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1535 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID528845	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID531678	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii TVICU53 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID561458	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID444055	Fraction absorbed in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID561456	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID433399	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM1825 harboring inactive lytH and inactive llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID561234	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID530500	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 5662-05 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID681363	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of PAH uptake in OAT1-expressing S2 cells	2002	Life sciences, Mar-08, Volume: 70, Issue:16	Involvement of rat organic anion transporter 3 (rOAT3) in cephaloridine-induced nephrotoxicity: in comparison with rOAT1.
AID1167647	Antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 12228 after 12 to 16 hrs by broth micro-dilution method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Biological evaluation of halogenated thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-3-one carboxylic acid derivatives targeting the YycG histidine kinase.
AID561243	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID528842	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528522	Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49619 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID498888	Half life in immunocompetent SKH1 mouse plasma at 50 mg/kg, sc	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID561971	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 8 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID540212	Mean residence time in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1133409	Antibacterial activity against Fusobacterium varium after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID1546170	Antimicrobial activity against Rhodococcus equi	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 184	Current scenario of tetrazole hybrids for antibacterial activity.
AID433395	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM1832 harboring inactive lytH and inactive llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1133402	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli infected in sc dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID561969	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 2 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID540211	Fraction unbound in human after iv administration	2008	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 36, Issue:7	Trend analysis of a database of intravenous pharmacokinetic parameters in humans for 670 drug compounds.
AID1211884	Total biliary clearance in iv dosed dog	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID540221	Volume of distribution at steady state in human after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID522395	Activity of Aeromonas enteropelogenes Beta-lactamase TRU1 assessed as steady state compound hydrolysis rate	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 54, Issue:4	Genetic and biochemical characterization of TRU-1, the endogenous class C beta-lactamase from Aeromonas enteropelogenes.
AID528846	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528972	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID519004	Antimicrobial activity against Serratia marcescens isolate CT-118 by broth macrodilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID531679	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID530510	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 6138-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID520423	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU18 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID498912	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 6.2 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 0.8 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID1133400	Antibacterial activity against benzylpenicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infected in sc dosed CD1 mouse assessed as host survival administered 1 and 4 hrs after infection measured on day 4	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID528530	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B40 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID660263	Ratio of MIC for wild type Salmonella typhimurium SH5014 to MIC for Salmonella typhimurium SH7616 harboring missense mutation in acrA/acrB gene by two-fold serial dilution method	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 52	Computational analysis of structure-based interactions and ligand properties can predict efflux effects on antibiotics.
AID1133398	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella schottmuelleri after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID558287	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 4 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID561281	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID444054	Oral bioavailability in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID1133394	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID528817	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528528	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B10 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID558293	Drug level in human serum at 1 g, iv after 4 hrs	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID528971	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID499112	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus Smith OC 4172 infected immunocompromized SKH1 mouse assessed as lesion volume at 25 mg/kg/day, sc measured after 48 hrs postinfection (Rvb = 1181 mm3)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID531677	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha harboring plasmid containing OXA-58-4 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID561450	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella oxytoca assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID528849	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID1136472	Antibacterial activity against Salmonella paratyphi ATCC 12176 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID520871	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU57 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID528832	Antimicrobial activity against CTX-M ESBL producing Escherichia coli isolated from ICU patient urine assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561964	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'4 CFU/ml low inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID519014	Antimicrobial activity against Enterobacter aerogenes isolate SS-13 by broth macrodilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID1762809	Antibacterial activity against Carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID1148787	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 12140 by two-fold agar dilution method	1976	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 19, Issue:6	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-sulfonylacetamido-3-cephem-4-carboxylic acids.
AID561468	Antibacterial activity against Proteus mirabilis assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID498886	Antimicrobial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa OC 4354 assessed as inhibition of growth by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID283165	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2664 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID521842	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli J53 by CLSI method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID558292	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at >= 128 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID519009	Ratio of Kcat to Km for Beta-lactamase TEM-149 expressed in Escherichia coli HB101	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID541099	Drug level in patient bone with bone and joint infection measured per gram of tissue at 60 to 80 mg/kg/day, iv administered as continuous infusion for 42 days measured on day 7 by agar disk diffusion assay	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Continuous cefazolin infusion to treat bone and joint infections: clinical efficacy, feasibility, safety, and serum and bone concentrations.
AID528984	Antimicrobial activity against Haemophilus influenzae isolated from ICU patient respiratory tract assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID425653	Renal clearance in human	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-13, Volume: 52, Issue:15	Physicochemical determinants of human renal clearance.
AID561236	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID530505	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype II isolate 3776-04 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID528977	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID561242	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID540218	Clearance in monkey after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID498911	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected in SKH1 mouse assessed as log change in bacterial colony forming unit per gram of skin tissue at 1.6 mg/kg/day, sc (Rvb = 0.8 deltalog CFU)	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID528826	Antimicrobial activity against ESBL producing Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID498898	fCmax in immunocompetent SKH1 mouse plasma at 50 mg/kg, sc	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID531680	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 harboring TVICU53 plasmid by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID520873	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant mecA-positive Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolate TSU69 isolated from genitourinary tracts of acute cystitis patient after 24 hrs at 35 degC by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 52, Issue:6	Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolates carrying staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec have emerged in urogenital tract infections.
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID530516	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' isolate 7368-04 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID561977	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'6 CFU/ml intermediate inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 2 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID498893	Tmax in immunocompetent SKH1 mouse plasma at 50 mg/kg, sc	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID530512	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype III isolate 8607-03 expressing pbp2x Q557E mutant and multilocus sequence type ST19 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID543421	Antimicrobial activity against rifampicin-resistant Escherichia coli X1037 by disk diffusion method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 53, Issue:1	Novel chimeric beta-lactamase CTX-M-64, a hybrid of CTX-M-15-like and CTX-M-14 beta-lactamases, found in a Shigella sonnei strain resistant to various oxyimino-cephalosporins, including ceftazidime.
AID528818	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae isolated from ICU patient blood assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID340734	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli HB101 harboring pBC-SK plasmid assessed as drug level at which microbial resistance was observed by agar dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 51, Issue:8	Identification and characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase, IND-5, from a clinical isolate of Chryseobacterium indologenes.
AID444058	Volume of distribution at steady state in human	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-11, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Physicochemical space for optimum oral bioavailability: contribution of human intestinal absorption and first-pass elimination.
AID467611	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2009	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 44, Issue:11	Prediction of volume of distribution values in human using immobilized artificial membrane partitioning coefficients, the fraction of compound ionized and plasma protein binding data.
AID561275	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID530503	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 9012-04 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1136470	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 12140 after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID283171	Decrease in biofilm formation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis assessed as percent biofilm forming isolates	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID521838	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae isolate VA375 with blaKPC-3, qnrA1, blaTEM-1, blaSHV-11 genes by CLSI method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Presence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates possessing blaKPC in the United States.
AID531682	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-4 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID1136477	Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli 12140 infected in sc dosed mouse assessed as mouse survival after 3 days	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID531681	Antimicrobial activity against Acinetobacter baumannii Ab290 containing plasmid harboring OXA-58-3 by broth dilution test	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jul, Volume: 52, Issue:7	Acquisition of a plasmid-borne blaOXA-58 gene with an upstream IS1008 insertion conferring a high level of carbapenem resistance to Acinetobacter baumannii.
AID558286	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'7 CFU/ml high inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 2 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID1736815	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 assessed as inhibition of growth measured after 24 hrs by CLSI based broth microdilution method	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 190	Design, synthesis and evaluation of phenylthiazole and phenylthiophene pyrimidindiamine derivatives targeting the bacterial membrane.
AID299671	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus by disk diffusion method	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-01, Volume: 17, Issue:15	Synthesis and evaluation of amphiphilic cationic quinine-derived for antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
AID530513	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IV isolate 3454-03 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1133387	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus faecalis after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID561279	Antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae assessed as susceptible isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID546621	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli harboring plasmid pPCRScript by Etest	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 53, Issue:3	Carbapenem resistance among Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains from India: evidence for nationwide endemicity of multiple metallo-beta-lactamase clones (VIM-2, -5, -6, and -11 and the newly characterized VIM-18).
AID561972	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 16 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID433398	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM1663 harboring inactive lytH gene and active llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID283168	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL5256 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID238858	Binding affinity against membrane transport protein PEPT1 in human Caco-2 cells	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-30, Volume: 48, Issue:13	Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analyses of beta-lactam antibiotics and tripeptides as substrates of the mammalian H+/peptide cotransporter PEPT1.
AID1133385	Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID528819	Antimicrobial activity against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacter cloacae assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID528527	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus agalactiae B8 by agar dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	First molecular characterization of group B streptococci with reduced penicillin susceptibility.
AID528978	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID530499	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype IA isolate 3047-05 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1505215	Antibacterial activity in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) expressing pET-24a-blaNDM-1 incubated at 37 degC for 18 hrs by spectrophotometry	2018	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-11, Volume: 9, Issue:1	Structure-Based Virtual Screening for the Discovery of Novel Inhibitors of New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1.
AID1318905	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate CAN-ICU 61589 after 24 hrs by microtitre broth dilution method	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-22, Volume: 59, Issue:18	Hybrid Antibiotic Overcomes Resistance in P. aeruginosa by Enhancing Outer Membrane Penetration and Reducing Efflux.
AID561973	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus using 5x10'5 CFU/ml standard inoculum assessed as bacterial growth inhibition at 32 ug/ml	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	Inoculum effect with cefazolin among clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: frequency and possible cause of cefazolin treatment failure.
AID498903	fAUC (0-infinity) in immunocompetent SKH1 mouse plasma at 50 mg/kg, sc	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID530517	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 3386-05 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1136475	Antibacterial activity against Streptococcus faecalis after overnight incubation by twofold agar dilution method	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan, Volume: 20, Issue:1	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of analogues with 7-acyl groups derived from 2-(cyanomethylthio)acetic acid or 2-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)thio]acetic acid and their sulfoxides and sulfones.
AID1133384	Antibacterial activity against benzylpenicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID561247	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis assessed as intermediate isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID498884	Antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 assessed as inhibition of growth by broth microdilution method	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID283163	Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus lugdunensis IDRL2639 biofilms after 24 hrs assessed as bacterial regrowth	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 51, Issue:3	In vitro effects of antimicrobial agents on planktonic and biofilm forms of Staphylococcus lugdunensis clinical isolates.
AID540214	Clearance in rat after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID559095	Bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli K-12 BW25113 biofilm harboring pCA24N ptac::yafQ plasmid assessed as log reduction of viable cells after 24 hrs pretreated with 5 uM of IPTG for 4 hrs	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jun, Volume: 53, Issue:6	The chromosomal toxin gene yafQ is a determinant of multidrug tolerance for Escherichia coli growing in a biofilm.
AID1211870	Total biliary clearance in iv dosed rat	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID433392	Antibacterial activity against high-level methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus SRM551 harboring active lytH and llm gene after 24 hrs by serial twofold dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Feb, Volume: 52, Issue:2	Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolate with high-level methicillin resistance with an lytH mutation caused by IS1182 insertion.
AID561460	Antibacterial activity against Enterobacter cloacae assessed as resistant isolates by CLSI M100-S17 method	2009	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 53, Issue:8	AFN-1252, a FabI inhibitor, demonstrates a Staphylococcus-specific spectrum of activity.
AID1762805	Antibacterial activity against against Escherichia coli 06 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID374366	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID1447447	Antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate CAN-ICU 61589 after 18 hrs by microtiter dilution assay	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-11, Volume: 60, Issue:9	Amphiphilic Tobramycin-Lysine Conjugates Sensitize Multidrug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria to Rifampicin and Minocycline.
AID499135	fT>MIC in Staphylococcus aureus OC 8525 infected sc dosed SKH1 mouse at 50 mg/kg, sc administered twice at 1 and 3 hrs after infection	2010	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Jan, Volume: 54, Issue:1	In vivo activity of ceftobiprole in murine skin infections due to Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
AID528841	Antimicrobial activity against penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from ICU patient wound assessed as resistant isolates by broth microdilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Apr, Volume: 52, Issue:4	Antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in intensive care units in Canada: results of the Canadian National Intensive Care Unit (CAN-ICU) study, 2005-2006.
AID374361	Antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli DH5alpha expressing pJDB2 containing Aeromonas caviae A324R metallo-beta-lactamase gene by broth dilution method	2007	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Dec, Volume: 51, Issue:12	First occurrence of an IMP metallo-beta-lactamase in Aeromonas caviae: IMP-19 in an isolate from France.
AID25034	Hydrolysis rate constant at pH 10	1984	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 27, Issue:5	Substituent effects on reactivity and spectral parameters of cephalosporins.
AID1133410	Antibacterial activity against Clostridium perfringens after 17 hrs by serial two fold dilution method	1978	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 21, Issue:9	Semisynthetic cephalosporins. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of 7-(1-pyrryl)- and 7-(1-indolyl)acetamidocephalosporin derivatives.
AID530519	Antimicrobial activity against group B Streptococcus sp. 'group B' serotype V isolate 5677-04 by broth dilution method	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Aug, Volume: 52, Issue:8	Point mutation in the group B streptococcal pbp2x gene conferring decreased susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics.
AID1762807	Antibacterial activity against against Escherichia coli 24 assessed as reduction in bacterial growth incubated for 24 hrs by broth microdilution method	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-15, Volume: 38	Dipyridyl-substituted thiosemicarbazone as a potent broad-spectrum inhibitor of metallo-β-lactamases.
AID519013	Ratio of Kcat to Km for Beta-lactamase TEM-10	2008	Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, Mar, Volume: 52, Issue:3	E240V substitution increases catalytic efficiency toward ceftazidime in a new natural TEM-type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase, TEM-149, from Enterobacter aerogenes and Serratia marcescens clinical isolates.
AID1211813	Drug excretion in iv dosed human assessed as compound excreted into bile by T-tube method	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Feb, Volume: 41, Issue:2	Species differences in biliary clearance and possible relevance of hepatic uptake and efflux transporters involvement.
AID540219	Volume of distribution at steady state in monkey after iv administration	2005	Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, Jul, Volume: 94, Issue:7	Extrapolation of human pharmacokinetic parameters from rat, dog, and monkey data: Molecular properties associated with extrapolative success or failure.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1008 (34.19)	18.7374
1990's	478 (16.21)	18.2507
2000's	493 (16.72)	29.6817
2010's	655 (22.22)	24.3611
2020's	314 (10.65)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	525 (16.30%)	5.53%
Reviews	116 (3.60%)	6.00%
Case Studies	488 (15.15%)	4.05%
Observational	38 (1.18%)	0.25%
Other	2,054 (63.77%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Besifloxacin Ophthalmic Suspension in Patients With Bacterial Keratitis: A Prospective, Randomized Clinical Study [NCT02497365]		32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Bolus Versus Continuous Cefazolin Infusion in Patients Undergoing Major Surgery [NCT02058979]		20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
A Phase I Multiple-Dose Two-Arm Study to Evaluate the PK and Safety of Cefazolin 2g for Inj. USP and Dextrose Inj. USP in the DUPLEX® Drug Delivery System and Cefazolin for Inj. 1.5g in Daily Doses of 6g in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT01121354]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Direct Antibiotic Delivery of Cefazolin Into Soft Tissue Infections Using Subcutaneous Injection and Ultrasonic Dispersion [NCT01238276]		0 participants	Expanded Access		No longer available
Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics: Elimination Clearance in Neonates [NCT01295606]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Comparison of the Effect of Cefazolin and Normal Saline Irrigation With no Irrigation on the Incidence of Surgical Site Infections [NCT01566734]		200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
The Comparison of Outcomes of Antibiotic Drugs and Appendectomy (CODA) Trial [NCT02800785]		1,552 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Completed
"Defining the Optimal Duration of Treatment for Low-Risk Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis" [NCT03675854]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to New data from another study show that a positive result is unlikely.)
A Phase 2 Randomized Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Ultrasonic Drug Delivery to Standard of Care for the Treatment of Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections in Chronic Non-Healing Wounds [NCT03732365]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-02-01	Not yet recruiting
The Use of Prophylactic Antibiotic in Treatment of Fingertip Amputation: A Randomized Prospective Trial [NCT02077400]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for HDR Brachytherapy in the Treatment of Prostate Cancer: a Phase III Randomized Trial [NCT03862170]	Phase 3	255 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-02-10	Suspended(stopped due to Covid-19 pandemic)
Comparison of a Morphomic-Based to the Standard-of-Care-Based Cefazolin Dose for Antimicrobial Prophylaxis [NCT06005168]	Phase 4	104 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-08	Recruiting
Do Intra-incisional Subdermal Antibiotics Alter the Colony Count of P. Acnes [NCT03853096]	Early Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Tumescent Antibiotic Delivery: Pharmacokinetic Evidence for Improved Surgical Site Infection Prevention [NCT01046981]	Phase 1	4 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
ADDATION OF Azithromycin TO CEFAZOLIN PRE ELECTIVE C S [NCT03502356]	Phase 1/Phase 2	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-20	Recruiting
Cefazolin-Lidocaine Solution for Reducing Pain Associated With Subconjunctival Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Vitreo-Retinal Surgery [NCT02324166]	Phase 4	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Timing of Umbilical Cord Clamping During an Elective Caesarean Delivery and Its Association With Neonatal Gut Microbiome. [NCT06030713]		33 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Completed
Preoperative Antibiotic Dosing for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Intraosseous Versus Systemic Infusion [NCT02433704]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Difficulty with enrollment)
A Prospective, Open-Label Study of the Safety and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Continuous Infusion Cefazolin Through the Addition of the Cefazolin Into the Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Solution. [NCT03672149]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-18	Recruiting
Safety and Efficacy of Topical Moxifloxacin for Prevention of Post-Traumatic Endophthalmitis: Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT05162625]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-10	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Noninferiority of Three Antimicrobial Regimens for the Treatment of Grade III Open Fractures [NCT03560232]	Phase 4	17 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-09	Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit patients in a timely fashion and unable to recruit sufficient patients)
Pilot for Vancomycin and Tobramycin Powder Use in Acute Open Fractures in the Emergency Department [NCT05849090]	Early Phase 1	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-03-27	Enrolling by invitation
Pre-Operative Mechanical Bowel Preparation And Prophylactic Oral Antibiotics For Pediatric Patients Undergoing Elective Colorectal Surgery: A Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03593252]		81 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Not yet recruiting
IDC 56: A Randomized Double-blinded Study Comparing Ceftaroline to Standard of Care Therapy With Cefazolin and Vancomycin as Surgical Prophylaxis for High Risk Orthopedic and Cardiac Surgeries [NCT02307006]	Phase 4	500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
A Cluster-randomized Factorial Crossover Trial, Comparing Antibiotic Mono-prophylaxis With Cefazolin vs. Dual-prophylaxis With Cefazolin Plus Vancomycin and Conventional Wound Dressing vs. Prevena Negative-pressure Wound Management [NCT03402945]	Phase 4	4,107 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-05	Active, not recruiting
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria & Risk of Urinary Tract Infection in Renal Transplants [NCT01349738]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2011-05-31	Enrolling by invitation
Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release, Infection Incidence, and Prophylactic Antibiotics: Indicated or Kick the Habit? [NCT03432858]	Phase 4	184 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-17	Completed
Evaluating the Impact of Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis on the Microbiome in Patients With Cutaneous Malignancy [NCT04875728]	Phase 1	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-08	Active, not recruiting
Does Antibiotic Prophylaxis Reduce Wound Complications After Vulvar Excision of Premalignant Lesions: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03578965]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-07-13	Completed
Phase 4, Open-Label, Single-Dose, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Safety of 1 g of Cefazolin in Pediatric Subjects Weighing 25 to Less Than 60 kg and 2 g of Cefazolin in Pediatric Subjects Weighing at Least 60 kg Scheduled for Surgery [NCT03231228]	Phase 4	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-11-20	Terminated(stopped due to Stopped with agreement from FDA.)
Dalbavancin For The Treatment Of Gram Positive Osteomyelitis Or Joint Infections Including Prosthetic Hip Or Knee Infections [NCT03426761]	Phase 4	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-25	Completed
Is Topical Antibiotic Prophylaxis Effective in Lichtenstein Hernia Repair: a Comparison Study [NCT01273818]	Phase 4	276 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Optimal Timing for Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Elective Cesarean Delivery in Term Gestations: A Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Cefazolin Administration Prior to Skin Incision Versus Following Cord Clamping [NCT00811603]	Phase 3	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Comparing Oral Versus Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy (COPAT) Trial [NCT05977868]	Phase 4	135 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-04	Enrolling by invitation
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial to Determine Effectiveness of Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Totally Implantable Venous Access Device. [NCT00867295]	Phase 3	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Duration of Antibiotics Treatment With Cefazolin and Clarithromycin in Women With Preterm Premature Rupture of Membrane, Phase III Study. [NCT01503606]	Phase 3	151 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Perioperative Antibiotics for Reduction of Burn Wound Bacterial Concentration Following Grafting [NCT04516148]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-29	Completed
Dalbavancin as an Option for Treatment of S. Aureus Bacteremia (DOTS): A Phase 2b, Multicenter, Randomized, Open-Label, Assessor-Blinded Superiority Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Dalbavancin to Standard of Care Antibiotic Therapy for the Com [NCT04775953]	Phase 2	200 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-22	Active, not recruiting
A Multicenter Non-inferiority Randomized Trial Comparing Cloxacillin Versus Cefazolin Efficacy for the Treatment of Bacteremia Caused by Methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus Aureus (MSSA) [NCT03248063]		315 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-05	Active, not recruiting
"Antibioprophylaxis for Excision-graft Surgery in Burn Patient: a Multicenter Randomized Double-blind Study: A2B Trial" [NCT04292054]	Phase 3	506 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-10-11	Recruiting
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single-Dose Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics of a Single 3 Gram Dose of Cefazolin in Adult Subjects Weighing >= 120 kg Scheduled for Surgery [NCT05205486]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-04-05	Completed
Linezolid vs Vancomycin/Cefazolin in the Treatment of Hemodialysis Patients With Catheter-Related Gram-Positive Bloodstream Infections [NCT00108433]	Phase 3	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to See Detailed Description)
Azithromycin to Improve Latency in Exam Indicated Cerclage: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT05132829]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-20	Recruiting
Probability of Target Attainment With Standard Intermittent Bolus Administration of Cefazolin in Patients With Complicated Infections Caused by Staphylococcus Aureus: A Prospective Single-center Cohort Study [NCT04503252]		50 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-01-14	Completed
A Single Center Prospective Randomized Control Trial Investigating the Short-term and Long-term Effects of Intraoperative Prophylactic Antibiotics/Antiseptics on Surgical Outcomes in Chinese Post-mastectomy Breast Reconstruction Patients [NCT03742908]		291 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-06-16	Recruiting
Tinidazole Versus Cefazolin Antibiotic Prophylaxis of Vaginal and Abdominal Hysterectomy [NCT00787553]		75 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-07-31	Active, not recruiting
Supracondylar Pinning Antibiotic Stewardship (SPAS) Trial [NCT04288206]		1,200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-07	Recruiting
Prevention of Infections in Cardiac Surgery: a Cluster-randomized Factorial Cross-over Trial [NCT02285140]		3,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-04-30	Active, not recruiting
Prophylactic Administration of Antibiotics Before Radiofrequency Ablation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Randomized Trial [NCT02534961]	Phase 4	600 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial Assessing the Utility of Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Totally Implanted Venous Access Device (TIVAD) Insertion [NCT05304871]		2,550 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Extended Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Infectious Complications Associated With Tube Thoracostomy in Patients Undergoing Elective General Thoracic Surgery: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Trial [NCT00818766]		251 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
Ceftriaxone as Home Intravenous Therapy for Deep-Seated Staphylococcal Infections, a Randomized Non-Inferiority Trial [NCT04141787]	Phase 4	310 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-11	Recruiting
A Multi-Center, Randomized, Open-Label, Comparative Study to Assess the Safety and Efficacy of a Treatment Algorithm to Reduce the Use of Vancomycin in Adult Patients With Blood Stream Infections Due to Staphylococci [NCT01191840]	Phase 2	509 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Cefazolin Redosing Strategy for Surgical Prophylaxis. Bolus Dose vs Continuous Infusion [NCT02666365]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Investigator decided not to proceed.)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Cefazolin Given Either 30 Minutes Prior to Cesarean Section or at Cord Clamping [NCT00330278]		350 participants	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Early Oral Step-down Antibiotic Therapy Versus Continuing Intravenous Therapy for Uncomplicated Gram-negative Bacteraemia (the INVEST Trial) [NCT05199324]	Phase 4	720 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-01	Recruiting
[NCT02584426]		1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-01-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial Comparing Cefepime Monotherapy Versus Combination of Cefazolin Plus Ceftazidime for Empirical Treatment of CAPD-associated Peritonitis [NCT02872038]	Phase 4	154 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-31	Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotic Regimens in Tumor Surgery (PARITY): A Multi-Center International Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Alternative Antibiotic Regimens in Patients Undergoing Tumor Resections With Endoprosthetic Replacements [NCT01479283]	Phase 3	602 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-01-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Observer-Blinded, Active-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Efficacy, and Pharmacokinetics of Ceftaroline Versus Comparator in Pediatric Subjects With Acute Bacterial Skin and Skin Structure Infections [NCT01400867]	Phase 2/Phase 3	163 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Completed
Randomized Phase III Trial of Cefazolin or Combination of Cefazolin and Erythromycin or Cefazolin and Clarithromycin in Women With Preterm Premature Rupture of the Membranes [NCT01401179]	Phase 3	101 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Intravenous Cefazolin Plus Oral Probenecid vs. Oral Cephalexin for the Treatment of Cellulitis: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01029782]	Phase 2	206 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotic Use in Inguinal Hernioplasty: A Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Trial [NCT00636831]	Phase 3	400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
[NCT02593201]	Phase 4	358 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-26	Completed
Clinical Outcome of Newborn Infants With Suspected Nosocomial Coagulase-negative Staphylococcal Sepsis Treated With Cefazolin or Vancomycin. A Non-inferiority, Randomized, Controlled Trial [NCT01867138]	Phase 3	109 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Serum and Tissue Cefazolin Concentrations in Normal Weight Patients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Receiving Two Differing Doses of Pre-operative Cefazolin. [NCT01880112]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to There is no longer need for this study.)
USP and Dextrose Injection USP in the DUPLEX® Drug Delivery System in Pediatric Subjects of 10-12 Years (Inclusive) Scheduled for Surgery [NCT01904357]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Peri-operative Cefazolin Prophylaxis at Time of Cesarean Delivery in the Obese Gravida [NCT01904500]	Phase 1	26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
An Open Label Study to Describe the Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Preterm Neonates [NCT00850122]	Phase 1	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Phase III Pilot Study - A Simple Randomized Trial of Conventional Versus Multimodal Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection [NCT01002911]	Phase 3	500 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Revision, Clean Head and Neck Surgery [NCT01980082]	Phase 4	53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Gynecologic Laparoscopy [NCT01991834]		114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
Efficacy Assessment of Two Antibiotic Prophylaxis Regimens in Oral and Maxillofacial Trauma Surgery. [NCT01993134]	Phase 2	75 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-12-31	Recruiting
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Prosthetic Breast Reconstructions [NCT02012517]	Phase 4	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Prevention of Infection in Surgical Treatment of Closed Fractures: A Comparative Study of Cefazolin Versus Vancomycin [NCT02027532]		430 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Could not complete study due to administrative challenges)
Role in Emergent Cerclage of Indomethacin and Antibiotics [NCT01114516]		53 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-03-31	Completed
Preventive Antibiotic Serum Levels During Caesarean Section [NCT02838940]	Phase 3	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Oncological Surgery of Breast: Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02809729]		124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis to Prevent Obesity-Related Induction Complications in Nulliparae at Term (APPOINT): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03801252]	Early Phase 1	183 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-12-12	Completed
24 Versus 48 Hours of First Generation or Second Generation Cephalosporin as Prophylaxis to Reduce Surgical Site Infection in Adult Cardiac Surgery Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04303390]	Phase 4	568 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-06	Completed
[NCT01756924]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to This study has been terminated; alternative study designs are being considered. Fusidic acid remains available under an Expanded Access Protocol.)
Swiss PACK-CXL (Photoactivated Chromophore for Infectious Keratitis Cross-linking) Multicenter Trial for the Treatment of Infectious Keratitis [NCT02717871]	Phase 3	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Cefazolin, Ceftazidime, and Ciprofloxacin in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients [NCT04319328]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2019-10-18	Recruiting
A Randomized Clinical Trial of Cefazolin Versus Cefazolin Plus Azithromycin Prophylaxis in Post-Cesarean Endometritis [NCT01721616]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Poor enrollment)
Appropriate Antimicrobial Therapy in Critical Care: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00438269]	Phase 2	80 participants	Interventional	2003-02-28	Completed
Antibiotics Usage in Pediatric Orthopaedic Percutaneous Surgery (APOPS) [NCT03261830]	Phase 4	168 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-18	Completed
Bacterial Biofilms in Reconstructive Breast Prostheses Following Mastectomy [NCT03213249]	Phase 1	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-07-25	Completed
Postoperative Antibiotic Requirements Following Immediate Breast Reconstruction [NCT01244698]	Phase 4	132 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotics for Prevention of Wound Complications Following Vulvectomy [NCT00550290]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Skeletal Muscle and Adipose Tissue Concentrations of Cefazolin Comparing Two Different Dosing Regimens During Pediatric Posterior Spinal Fusion Surgery [NCT03190668]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-29	Completed
Double Blind Randomised Study of 2 Days and 5 Days Cefazolin Prophylactic Method in Laryngeal Oncologic Surgery [NCT00467948]	Phase 3	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
Tissue and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Cefazolin in Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Bariatric Surgery, an Open Label, Prospective, Single Center Trial [NCT01537380]	Phase 4	117 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Completed
Comparing of Cefazolin Plus Azithromycin Versus Cefazolin Alone in Prevention of Febrile Morbidity After Emergency Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05647993]		172 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-14	Recruiting
Pharmacokinetic Study of Cefazolin 3 g/150 mL in Subjects Weighing Greater Than or Equal to 120 kg Versus Cefazolin 2 g/100 mL in Subjects Weighing Less Than 120 kg [NCT05309304]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-02-14	Completed
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection in Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery [NCT01805856]		2,164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Orthopaedic Traumatology: A Prospective, Randomized Trial of Duration of Administration [NCT00610987]		178 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Prophylactic Antibiotic Treatment for Perineal Tear After Delivery: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04763486]		2,500 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-01	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Pre-operative Prophylaxis With Vancomycin on Rate of Cefazolin Non-susceptible Gram Positive Surgical Site Infections in Cardiovascular Surgery Patients [NCT01619982]	Phase 4	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
The Use of Single Dose vs Short-Term Peri-Operative Cefazolin in the Prevention of Surgical Site Infection Following Orthognathic Surgery [NCT05852158]	Phase 4	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2024-01-31	Not yet recruiting
Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis Versus Placebo in Clean, Non-prosthetic Surgery at CHUK. Impact on Surgical Site Infections and Patient Cost. [NCT03595852]		138 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-01	Completed
Checklist to Prevent MRSA Surgical Site Infections [NCT02216227]		1,794 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-01	Completed
Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial (PADIT) Cluster Crossover Study [NCT01628666]	Phase 4	12,814 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Completed
Pharmacokinetics of Antibiotics During Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Support [NCT03922451]		4 participants (Actual)	Observational	2019-08-27	Terminated(stopped due to COVID-19 - study and recruitment not feasible)
Single Versus Combined Antibiotic Therapy for Bacterial Peritonitis in Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT01785641]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-12-31	Recruiting
Early Oral Switch Therapy in Low-risk Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection [NCT01792804]	Phase 3	215 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-31	Completed
PROPHYLACTIC ANTIBIOTICS PRIOR TO CESAREAN SECTION IN OBESE WOMEN: Does Increasing the Dose Increase the Tissue Concentration? [NCT01810354]		58 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
Orthognathic Surgery and Postoperative Antibiotic Use [NCT01823523]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Recruiting
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Bariatric Surgery With Continuous Infusion of Cefazolin: Determination of Concentration in Adipose Tissue [NCT01845363]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Single Dose Versus 24 Hours Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Reduction Mammaplasty: a Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04079686]		146 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-05	Recruiting
An Explorative Study Determining the Hepatic Cyst Penetration of Cefazolin and Factors Affecting Penetration. [NCT02368015]		8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
Serum and Tissue Cefazolin Concentrations in Patients Undergoing Cesarean Delivery Receiving Two Differing Doses of Pre-operative Cefazolin. [NCT01755026]	Phase 4	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-11-30	Completed
Does a Preoperative Prophylactic Antibiotic Reduce Surgical Site Infection Following Wire-localized Lumpectomy [NCT04818931]		326 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-04-07	Completed
Multicentre, Adaptive, Double-blind, Three-arm, Placebo-controlled, Noninferiority Trial Examining Antimicrobial Prophylaxis Duration in Cardiac Surgery [NCT05447559]	Phase 4	9,180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-07	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double Blinded Placebo-Controlled Trial on the Routine Use of Preoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Modified Radical Mastectomy [NCT01558986]	Phase 3	254 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-12-31	Completed
Prevention of Arrhythmia Device Infection Trial (PADIT) Cluster Crossover Pilot Study [NCT01613092]	Phase 4	241 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Post-Mastectomy Surgical Pocket Irrigation With Triple Antibiotic Solution vs Chlorhexidine Gluconate: A Randomized Controlled Trial Assessing Surgical Site Infections in Immediate Tissue Expander Breast Reconstruction [NCT02395614]		88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Completed
Oral Moxifloxacin Versus Cefazolin and Oral Probenecid in the Management of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in the Emergency Department [NCT00323219]	Phase 3	390 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Recruiting
Perioperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Patients Undergoing Elective Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Controlled Multi-center Trial [NCT03283878]	Phase 4	8,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-10-24	Recruiting
The Influence of Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Intraoperative Prosthetic Joint Infection Cultures [NCT02413034]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-11-30	Completed
Antibiotics During Intrauterine Balloon Tamponade Placement [NCT03478163]	Phase 4	11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-08	Terminated(stopped due to Problems with recruitment)
Prophylactic Treatment of Breast Implants With a Solution of Gentamicin, Vancomycin and Cefazolin Antibiotics for Women Undergoing Breast Reconstructive Surgery: a Randomized Controlled Trial (The BREAST-AB Trial) [NCT04731025]	Phase 3	1,003 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-27	Recruiting
Can Addition of Doxycycline Perioperatively Reduce Propionibacterium Acnes in Shoulder Arthroplasty? [NCT03115177]		56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-11-30	Completed
CAMERA 2 - Combination Antibiotic Therapy for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Infection - An Investigator-initiated, Multi-centre, Parallel Group, Open Labelled Randomised Controlled Trial [NCT02365493]	Phase 3	358 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-08-26	Terminated(stopped due to Recommendation of the Data Safety Monitoring Committee)
A Phase 3, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Dalbavancin Versus Active Comparator in Pediatric Subjects With Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis of the Long Bones Known or Suspected to be Due to [NCT02344511]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-03-31	Withdrawn
Staphylococcus Aureus Network Adaptive Platform Trial [NCT05137119]	Phase 4	6,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-16	Recruiting
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis for Skin Colonization With Propionibacterium Acnes in Primary Open Shoulder Surgery: A Double Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT02996656]		88 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
Analgesia After Total Knee Arthroplasty: Adductor Canal Block With Periarticular Injection and IPACK (ACB/PAI/IPACK) Versus Periarticular Injection (PAI). A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT03094663]		86 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-02-28	Recruiting
By Reza Abbasi and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences [NCT02493894]	Phase 1/Phase 2	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Completed
The Combination of Adductor Canal Block and Periarticular Injection. A Novel Technique for Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement (ACB PAI) [NCT02292082]	Phase 4	111 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
Phase 3 Study of IV to Oral 6-Day Tedizolid Phosphate Compared With 10-day Comparator in Subjects 12 to < 18 Years With cSSTI. [NCT02276482]	Phase 3	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-25	Completed
BonE and Joint Infections - Simplifying Treatment in Children Trial [NCT04538053]	Phase 4	285 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-06-01	Recruiting
Comparison Between Post - Surgical Intraperitoneal Antibiotics Administration Vs. Intravenous Pre- Surgical Administration for the Prevention of Peritonitis After Insertion of Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients [NCT03046511]	Phase 3	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-03-08	Recruiting
The Effectiveness of Vancomycin in Comarison With Cefazolin in Prevention of SSI After Craniotomy [NCT03466645]	Phase 1/Phase 2	126 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-01	Not yet recruiting
Increased Cefazolin (Ancef) Dosing for Prophylaxis During Cesarean Delivery in the Obese Population [NCT02049944]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Pediatric Open Fractures [NCT06055712]	Phase 4	800 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-11	Enrolling by invitation
A Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of a Single Dose of an Injectable Antibiotic for the Prophylaxis of Surgical Site and Pleural Space Infection After Medical Thoracoscopy [NCT02446782]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-01-31	Completed
A Phase 3 Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Clinical Trial of Telavancin Versus Standard Intravenous Therapy in the Treatment of Subjects With Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia Including Infective Endocarditis [NCT02208063]	Phase 3	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Terminated(stopped due to Halted due to lack of statistical power. No safety concerns identified.)
Postoperative Antibiotics Following Primary and Secondary Breast Augmentation: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Trial [NCT04834310]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-04-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Do not have adequate funding to proceed with project.)
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00550290 (1) [back to overview]	Wound Complications
NCT00610987 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Total Wound Infections
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Postoperative Infectious Complication
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Clostridium (C) Difficile Colitis
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Empyema
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Pneumonia
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experienced Surgical Site Infection
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Needed Reoperation
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Received Additional Antibiotics for Any Reason Within 28 Days After Surgery
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Time to Removal of Chest Tubes
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	All-Cause Mortality
NCT00818766 (11) [back to overview]	Length of Hospital Stay
NCT01029782 (1) [back to overview]	The Number of Patients Failing Therapy After 72 Hours of Antibiotic Treatment With Oral Cephalexin or Intravenous Cefazolin Plus Oral Probenecid.
NCT01114516 (5) [back to overview]	Gestational Latency Achieved Between Cerclage Placement and Time of Delivery
NCT01114516 (5) [back to overview]	Gestational Age at Delivery
NCT01114516 (5) [back to overview]	Birthweight
NCT01114516 (5) [back to overview]	Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality
NCT01114516 (5) [back to overview]	Gestational Latency of More Than 28 Days
NCT01191840 (5) [back to overview]	Cure Rate
NCT01191840 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants That Changed From Vancomycin to Another Study Antibiotic Due to an Adverse Event
NCT01191840 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Study Drug Withdrawal
NCT01191840 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events
NCT01191840 (5) [back to overview]	Antibiotic Days by Treatment Group
NCT01273818 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Infections in Each Study Arm
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics (Plasma Concentration vs Time Curve) in Children on Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB)
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics (Plasma Concentration vs Time Curve) in Children During the Peri-operative Period in Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB)
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Patients Who Receive Preoperative Vancomycin and Cefazolin Who Develop a Surgical Site Infection Compared to Those Whose Received Only Cefazolin.
NCT01619982 (6) [back to overview]	Count of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events Commonly Associated With Peri-operative Vancomycin Prophylaxis
NCT01755026 (1) [back to overview]	Cefazolin Levels
NCT02049944 (1) [back to overview]	Achievement of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations Within Adipose and Serum Sampled at Time of Cesarean Delivery
NCT02208063 (4) [back to overview]	Investigator Clinical Response (Success or Failure) at EOT in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Population
NCT02208063 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With the Development of a New Metastatic Foci of S. Aureus Infection at Test of Cure (TOC) in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Populations
NCT02208063 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Clinical Outcome of Cure at Test of Cure (TOC)
NCT02208063 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With an Investigator Clinical Outcome of Cure at TOC in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Population
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events on Tedizolid Phosphate and Comparator Drugs
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Early Clinical Responses Measured by Lesion Reduction
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at End of Therapy (EOT) Visit (Intent to Treat Analysis Set)
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at EOT Visit (Clinically Evaluable-End of Therapy [CE-EOT] Analysis Set)
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at Test of Cure (TOC) Visit (Intent to Treat Analysis Set)
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at TOC Visit (Clinically Evaluable-Test of Cure [CE-TOC] Analysis Set)
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Tedizolid
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Lesion Size
NCT02276482 (9) [back to overview]	Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24h) of Tedizolid
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	NRS Pain Score With Movement POD2
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Knee Society Score (KSS) at 6 Weeks Postoperatively
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Time to Meet Physical Therapy Discharge Criteria
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Patient Outcome Questionnaire (painOUT) Most Pain for 24-48 Hours Postoperatively
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Patient Outcome Questionnaire (painOUT) Most Pain for 0-24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Patient Outcome Questionnaire (painOUT) Least Pain for 24-48 Hours Postoperatively
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Patient Outcome Questionnaire (painOUT) Least Pain for 0-24 Hours Postoperatively
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Hospital Length of Stay
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Opioid Consumption Postoperative Day (POD) 1
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Opioid Consumption POD2
NCT02292082 (11) [back to overview]	Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Pain Scores With Ambulation Postoperative Day 1
NCT02395614 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Flap Necrosis, Hematoma, and Seroma
NCT02395614 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection
NCT02413034 (2) [back to overview]	Positive Cultures
NCT02413034 (2) [back to overview]	Sonication Cultures
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Days in Hospital After Index Treatment Within 90 Days
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Eventual Appendectomy Incidence Proportion
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Clinic Visits or Emergency Room Visits
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With at Least One Complications From Treatment
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Patient-reported Quality of Life as Measured by EuroQol (EQ-5D)
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Rate of Participants With Perforated Appendicitis
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Rates of Participants With Appendiceal Cancer
NCT02800785 (8) [back to overview]	Total Number of Patients Who Had Resolution of Appendicitis Symptoms at 30 Days
NCT03115177 (1) [back to overview]	Bacterial Culture
NCT03190668 (2) [back to overview]	Unbound Cefazolin Concentration in Skeletal Muscle
NCT03190668 (2) [back to overview]	Unbound Cefazolin in Adipose Tissue
NCT03231228 (2) [back to overview]	Cefazolin Plasma Concentration Following Infusion
NCT03231228 (2) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events [Safety]
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Anemia Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Anemia Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Diabetes Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Peripheral Artery Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection That Underwent Single Incision Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection That Underwent Single Incision Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infections That Use Tobacco
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infections That Use Tobacco
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Valvular Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Valvular Disease Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Diabetes Diagnosis and Surgical Site Infection
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection That Underwent Double Incision Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection That Underwent Double Incision Endoscopic Carpal Tunnel Release
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection and History of Arthroplasty
NCT03432858 (20) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Surgical Site Infection and a History of Arthroplasty
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Postpartum Endometritis
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Fever
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Maternal ICU Admission
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Maternal Death
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Hysterectomy
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Hospital Readmission
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Resource Utilization Measures
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Postpartum Hemoglobin
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Receiving Postpartum Antibiotics
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	Blood Transfusion
NCT03478163 (11) [back to overview]	EBL
NCT03578965 (4) [back to overview]	Vulvar Wound Complications Compared Between the Two Arms
NCT03578965 (4) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events to Antibiotic Use
NCT03578965 (4) [back to overview]	Clinical Risk Factors That Correlate With Vulvar Wound Complications as Measured by Demographic Variables That Predispose Patients to Infection
NCT03578965 (4) [back to overview]	Association of Postoperative Vulvar Hygiene Adherence With Vulvar Wound Complications

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
24 Hour Post-operative Course of Cefazolin	3
Pre-operative Single Dose of Cefazolin.	2

Intervention	participants (Number)
Cefazolin	4
Placebo	9

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	13
Placebo	8

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	0
Placebo	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	1
Placebo	0

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	7
Placebo	3

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	6
Placebo	5

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	5
Placebo	10

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	32
Placebo	31

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	0
Placebo	0

Intervention	days (Median)
Antibiotic	2
Placebo	2

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Antibiotic	1
Placebo	0

Intervention	days (Median)
Antibiotic	3
Placebo	3

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
IV Cefazolin Plus Oral Probenecid and Placebo Cephalexin	6
Oral Cephalexin and Saline IV Plus Probenecid Placebo	4

Intervention	days (Median)
Control	80
Indomethacin and Antibiotics	97

Intervention	weeks (Median)
Control	31.1
Indomethacin and Antibiotics	34.8

Intervention	grams (Median)
Control	2488
Indomethacin and Antibiotics	2850

Intervention	days (Median)
Control	95
Indomethacin and Antibiotics	43

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Control	62.5
Indomethacin and Antibiotics	92.3

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care	207
Algorithm-determined Therapy	209

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care	2
Algorithm-determined Therapy	5

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care	1
Algorithm-determined Therapy	4

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Standard of Care	72
Algorithm-determined Therapy	83

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	3.35	7	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.37	2	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	2.05	1	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.04	1	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	1.97	1	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	2.74	3	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.01	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.01	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	3.9	3	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.04	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
carnitine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.81	3	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	3.89	2	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	3.47	2	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.38	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.02	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.93	4	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	4.08	4	0	aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid 1-aminocyclopropanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid consisting of cyclopropane having amino and carboxy substituents both at the 1-position.	2.02	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; monocarboxylic acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	ethylene releasers; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.01	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator.	4.24	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite
creatine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.53	8	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole : A dimethylbenzimidazole carrying methyl substituents at positions 5 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dimethylbenzimidazole	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.05	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.47	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hexachlorocyclohexane Lindane: An organochlorine insecticide made up of greater than 99% gamma-Hexachlorocyclohexane. It has been used as a pediculicide and scabicide, and shown to cause cancer.. beta-hexachlorocyclohexane : The beta-isomer of hexachlorocyclohexane.	2.04	1	0	chlorocyclohexane
glycine [no description available]	2.71	3	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.17	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	2.42	2	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
dalteparin Dalteparin: A low-molecular-weight fragment of heparin, prepared by nitrous acid depolymerization of porcine mucosal heparin. The mean molecular weight is 4000-6000 daltons. It is used therapeutically as an antithrombotic agent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.05	1	0
histamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.45	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	1.96	1	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.04	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	2.05	1	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.43	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.05	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	3.59	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.04	1	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
orotic acid Orotic Acid: An intermediate product in PYRIMIDINE synthesis which plays a role in chemical conversions between DIHYDROFOLATE and TETRAHYDROFOLATE.. orotic acid : A pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid that is uracil bearing a carboxy substituent at position C-6.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidinemonocarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
oxamic acid Oxamic Acid: Amino-substituted glyoxylic acid derivative.. oxamic acid : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide resulting from the formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of oxalic acid with ammonia.	2.03	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoamide	Escherichia coli metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.04	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenylacetic acid phenylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is toluene in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group.	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid; phenylacetic acids	allergen; Aspergillus metabolite; auxin; EC 6.4.1.1 (pyruvate carboxylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; toxin
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.04	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	4.08	4	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.68	3	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.85	3	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
taurine [no description available]	3.86	2	1	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	3.59	2	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	2.05	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.69	3	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
catechin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxyflavan
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.05	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	2.03	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine: supposed metabolite of TRAZODONE; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine : A N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine carrying a 3-chlorophenyl substituent at position 1. It is a metabolite of the antidepressant drug trazodone.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine	drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; serotonergic agonist; xenobiotic
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
enprofylline enprofylline : Xanthine bearing a propyl substituent at position 3. A bronchodilator, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and in the management of cerebrovascular insufficiency, sickle cell disease, and diabetic neuropathy.	2.45	2	0	oxopurine	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.01	1	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	6.53	14	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.01	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.73	3	0	acridines; aromatic amine	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	4.65	8	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	4.75	9	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	4.25	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
acetohexamide Acetohexamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent that is metabolized in the liver to 1-hydrohexamide.. acetohexamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a p-acetylphenylsulfonyl group, while a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is replaced by a cyclohexyl group.	2.45	2	0	acetophenones; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.85	3	0	acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	3.23	1	0	alpha-amino acid ester
albendazole [no description available]	3.59	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	8.37	13	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	8.85	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source	3.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position.	3.85	3	0	imidazoles; pyridoindole	antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	4.53	7	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	2.74	3	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine.	3.84	3	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine
amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source	4.53	7	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic
ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ambroxol Ambroxol: A metabolite of BROMHEXINE that stimulates mucociliary action and clears the air passages in the respiratory tract. It is usually administered as the hydrochloride.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
ametantrone ametantrone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	3.58	2	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy.	3.56	2	0	diamine; organic thiophosphate	antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	2.73	3	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.05	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	4.02	4	0	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	5.19	15	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
2-aminothiazole 2-aminothiazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,3-thiazol-2-amine : A primary amino compound that is 1,3-thiazole substituted by an amino group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; primary amino compound
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	4.53	7	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
dan 2163 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone	environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic
amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.	4.53	7	0	carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic
amlexanox amlexanox: SRA-A antagonist;structure given in first source. amlexanox : A pyridochromene-derived monocarboxylic acid having an amino substituent at the 2-position, an oxo substituent at the 5-position and an isopropyl substituent at the 7-position.	2.02	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; pyridochromene	anti-allergic agent; anti-ulcer drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	4.65	8	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.46	2	0	barbiturates
amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position.	3.56	2	0	dibenzooxazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amsacrine Amsacrine: An aminoacridine derivative that intercalates into DNA and is used as an antineoplastic agent.. amsacrine : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide substituted by a methoxy group at position 3 and an acridin-9-ylamino group at position 4. It exhibits antineoplastic activity.	2.45	2	0	acridines; aromatic ether; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
anastrozole [no description available]	4.06	4	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
anethole trithione Anethole Trithione: Choleretic used to allay dry mouth and constipation due to tranquilizers.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
anthralin Anthralin: An anthracene derivative that disrupts MITOCHONDRIA function and structure and is used for the treatment of DERMATOSES, especially PSORIASIS. It may cause FOLLICULITIS.. anthralin : An anthracene compound derived by the substitution of -OH groups for hydrogen at C-1 and C-8, and with an oxo group at C-9.	2.05	1	0	anthracenes	antipsoriatic
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.14	5	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	4.76	9	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
astemizole Astemizole: Antihistamine drug now withdrawn from the market in many countries because of rare but potentially fatal side effects.. astemizole : A piperidine compound having a 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethyl group at the 1-position and an N-[(4-fluorobenzyl)benzimidazol-2-yl]amino group at the 4-position.	2.02	1	0	benzimidazoles; piperidines	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; H1-receptor antagonist
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	4.85	10	0	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	4.24	5	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.02	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azelastine azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.73	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; phthalazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
aztreonam Aztreonam: A monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic originally isolated from Chromobacterium violaceum. It is resistant to beta-lactamases and is used in gram-negative infections, especially of the meninges, bladder, and kidneys. It may cause a superinfection with gram-positive organisms.. aztreonam : A synthetic monocyclic beta-lactam antibiotic (monobactam), used primarily to treat infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria. It inhibits mucopeptide synthesis in the bacterial cell wall, thereby blocking peptidoglycan crosslinking.	5.99	8	1
baclofen [no description available]	4.05	4	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
barbital 5,5-diethylbarbituric acid : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by two ethyl groups. Formerly used as a hypnotic (sleeping aid).	2.45	2	0	barbiturates	drug allergen
bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts.	3.59	2	0	indazoles; monocarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	3.23	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	3.59	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
bepridil Bepridil: A long-acting calcium-blocking agent with significant anti-anginal activity. The drug produces significant coronary vasodilation and modest peripheral effects. It has antihypertensive and selective anti-arrhythmia activities and acts as a calmodulin antagonist.. bepridil : A tertiary amine in which the substituents on nitrogen are benzyl, phenyl and 3-(2-methylpropoxy)-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl.	2.02	1	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
berberine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
betaxolol [no description available]	4.53	7	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
bevantolol bevantolol: structure given in first source. bevantolol : A propanolamine that is 3-aminopropane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by 3-methylphenyl and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl. A beta1 adrenoceptor antagonist, it has been shown to be as effective as other beta-blockers for the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension.	2.45	2	0	propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; calcium channel blocker
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	3.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bay h 4502 bifonazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-bifonazole. It is a broad spectrum antifungal drug used for the treatment of fungal skin and nail infections.. 1-[biphenyl-4-yl(phenyl)methyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying an alpha-(biphenyl-4-yl)benzyl substituent at position 1.	2.05	1	0	biphenyls; imidazoles
biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease.	4.07	4	0	piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871)	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	4.65	8	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
brimonidine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	imidazoles; quinoxaline derivative; secondary amine	adrenergic agonist; alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.74	3	0	organic molecular entity
bromhexine Bromhexine: A mucolytic agent used in the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with viscid or excessive mucus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p744). bromhexine : A substituted aniline that is 2,4-dibromoaniline which is substituted at position 6 by a [cyclohexyl(methyl)amino]methyl group. It is used (as the monohydrochloride salt) as a mucolytic for the treatment of respiratory disorders associated with productive cough (i.e. a cough characterised by the production of sputum).	2.04	1	0	organobromine compound; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	mucolytic
bromopride bromopride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.45	2	0	benzamides
bromisovalum Bromisovalum: A sedative and mild hypnotic with potentially toxic effects.. bromisoval : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-bromisoval. It was previously used for its hypnotic and sedative properties but the use of bromides is now deprecated due to the possibility of the toxic accumulation of bromine in the body.. 2-bromo-N-carbamoyl-3-methylbutanamide : An N-acylurea that is urea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 2-bromo-3-methybutanoyl group.	2.05	1	0	N-acylurea; organobromine compound
brotizolam brotizolam: structure	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.74	3	0	aromatic ketone
bumetanide [no description available]	4.65	8	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	8.42	7	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	3.85	3	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
busulfan [no description available]	4.65	8	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent
secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital	3.23	1	0	barbiturates
butalbital butalbital: management of butalbital withdrawal can be simplified by using a phenobarbital-loading protocol; RN given refers to parent cpd. butalbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by an allyl group and an isobutyl group. Frequently combined with other medicines, such as aspirin, paracetamol and codeine, it is used for treatment of pain and headache.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	analgesic; sedative
butenafine butenafine: studied on experimental dermatophytosis. butenafine : Trimethylamine in which hydrogen atoms attached to different methyl groups are substituted by 1-naphthyl and 4-tert-butylphenyl groups. It is an inhibitor of squalene epoxidase, an enzyme responsible for the creation of sterols needed in fungal cell membranes, and is used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of dermatological fungal infections.	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; tertiary amine	antifungal drug; EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor
caffeine [no description available]	4.75	9	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	5.35	10	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
metrizoate Metrizoic Acid: A diagnostic radiopaque that usually occurs as the sodium salt.	2.45	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	radioopaque medium
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	2.05	1	0	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.57	2	0	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	4.24	5	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
carcinine carcinine: structure. carcinine : A beta-alanine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of beta-alanine with the primary amino group of histamine.	2.15	1	0	beta-alanine derivative; imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound	antioxidant; crustacean metabolite
carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester	muscle relaxant
carmofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
carmustine Carmustine: A cell-cycle phase nonspecific alkylating antineoplastic agent. It is used in the treatment of brain tumors and various other malignant neoplasms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p462) This substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen according to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carmustine : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a nitroso group.	2.95	4	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.05	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	2.43	2	0	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	4.4	6	0	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
cefuroxime Cefuroxime: Broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase. It has been proposed for infections with gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, GONORRHEA, and HAEMOPHILUS.. cefuroxime : A 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin compound having a 7-(2Z)-2-(furan-2-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido side chain.	14.38	78	21	carbamate ester; cephalosporin
celecoxib [no description available]	3.59	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
celiprolol Celiprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has intrinsic sympathomimetic activity. It is used in the management of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
cefixime Cefixime: A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic that is stable to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases.. cefixime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic bearing vinyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-[(carboxymethoxy)imino]acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used in the treatment of gonorrhoea, tonsilitis, pharyngitis, bronchitis, and urinary tract infections.	2.15	1	0
cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.	3.85	3	0	ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines	anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	4.65	8	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	4.26	5	0	benzodiazepine
chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions.	3.85	3	0	1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone	antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	4.41	6	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chloroxylenol chloroxylenol: topical antiseptic; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4-chloro-3,5-dimethylphenol : A member of the class of phenols that is 3,5-xylenol which is substituted at position 4 by chlorine. It is bactericidal against most Gram-positive bacteria but less effective against Staphylococci and Gram-negative bacteria, and often inactive against Pseudomonas species. It is ineffective against bacterial spores.	3.8	2	1	monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; molluscicide
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	4.41	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	4.73	9	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	4.41	6	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	4.25	5	0	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.59	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
cifenline [no description available]	2.74	3	0	diarylmethane
ciclopirox [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclic hydroxamic acid; hydroxypyridone antifungal drug; pyridone	antibacterial agent; antiseborrheic
cilostazol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	4.74	9	0	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cinoxacin Cinoxacin: Synthetic antimicrobial related to OXOLINIC ACID and NALIDIXIC ACID and used in URINARY TRACT INFECTIONS.. cinoxacin : A member of the class of cinnolines that is 6,7-methylenedioxycinnolin-4(1H)-one bearing an ethyl group at position 1 and a carboxylic acid group at position 3. An analogue of oxolinic acid, it has similar antibacterial actions. It was formerly used for the treatment of urinary tract infections.	2.71	3	0	cinnolines; oxacycle; oxo carboxylic acid	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	12.43	95	8	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	2.44	2	0	benzamides
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	4.4	6	0	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.04	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clioquinol Clioquinol: A potentially neurotoxic 8-hydroxyquinoline derivative long used as a topical anti-infective, intestinal antiamebic, and vaginal trichomonacide. The oral preparation has been shown to cause subacute myelo-optic neuropathy and has been banned worldwide.. 5-chloro-7-iodoquinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinolin-8-ol in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are replaced by chlorine and iodine, respectively. It has antibacterial and atifungal properties, and is used in creams for the treatment of skin infections. It has also been investigated as a chelator of copper and zinc ions for the possible treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.45	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline; organochlorine compound; organoiodine compound	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; chelator; copper chelator
clobazam Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clofazimine Clofazimine: A fat-soluble riminophenazine dye used for the treatment of leprosy. It has been used investigationally in combination with other antimycobacterial drugs to treat Mycobacterium avium infections in AIDS patients. Clofazimine also has a marked anti-inflammatory effect and is given to control the leprosy reaction, erythema nodosum leprosum. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p1619). clofazimine : 3-Isopropylimino-3,5-dihydro-phenazine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is substituted substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group, and that at position 2 is substituted by a (4-chlorophenyl)amino group. A dark red crystalline solid, clofazimine is an antimycobacterial and is one of the main drugs used for the treatment of multi-bacillary leprosy. However, it can cause red/brown discolouration of the skin, so other treatments are often preferred in light-skinned patients.	2.44	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; phenazines	dye; leprostatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.85	3	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clomiphene [no description available]	3.59	2	0	tertiary amine	estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	4.06	4	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	4.4	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	4.53	7	0	clonidine; imidazoline
chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively.	3.84	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug
clotiazepam clotiazepam: was heading 1975-94 (see under AZEPINES 1978-90; was Y 6047 see under AZEPINES 1975-77); Y 6047 was see CLOTIAZEPAM 1978-94; use AZEPINES to search CLOTIAZEPAM 1975-94; thienodiazepine derivative with actions similar to those of benzodiazepines	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
clotrimazole [no description available]	4.73	5	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cromolyn cromoglycic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is the bis-chromone derivative of glycerol. It is effective as a mast cell stabilizer.	2.05	1	0	chromones; dicarboxylic acid	anti-asthmatic drug; calcium channel blocker
cyclandelate Cyclandelate: A direct-acting SMOOTH MUSCLE relaxant used to dilate BLOOD VESSELS.. cyclandelate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of mandelic acid and 3,3,5-tricyclohexanol. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used to dilate blood vessels.	2.05	1	0	carboxylic ester; secondary alcohol	vasodilator agent
cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	3.56	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug
cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE.	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
cycloleucine Cycloleucine: An amino acid formed by cyclization of leucine. It has cytostatic, immunosuppressive and antineoplastic activities.. 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is cyclopentane substituted at position 1 by amino and carboxy groups.	2.04	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	EC 2.5.1.6 (methionine adenosyltransferase) inhibitor
cyclopentolate Cyclopentolate: A parasympatholytic anticholinergic used solely to obtain mydriasis or cycloplegia.. cyclopentolate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (1-hydroxycyclopentyl)(phenyl)acetic acid with N,N-dimethylethanolamine. A tertiary amine antimuscarinic with actions similar to atropine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt to produce mydriasis (excessive dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia (paralysis of the ciliary muscle of the eye) for opthalmic diagnostic procedures. It acts more quickly than atropine and has a shorter duration of action.	2.44	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; muscarinic antagonist; mydriatic agent; parasympatholytic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
danthron danthron: structure. chrysazin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is anthracene-9,10-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1 and 8.	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
dapsone [no description available]	4.54	7	0	substituted aniline; sulfone	anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.04	1	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.59	2	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	4.08	4	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nordazepam Nordazepam: An intermediate in the metabolism of DIAZEPAM to OXAZEPAM. It may have actions similar to those of diazepam.. nordazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone having phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively; it has anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, muscle relaxant and sedative properties but is used primarily in the treatment of anxiety.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; human metabolite; sedative
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	3.86	3	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.05	1	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	9.91	11	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	4.41	6	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dicamba Dicamba: A chlorinated organic herbicide.. dicamba : A methoxybenzoic acid that is O-methylsalicylic acid substituted by chloro groups at positions 3 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; methoxybenzoic acid	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; synthetic auxin; xenobiotic
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	4.65	8	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma.	3.58	2	0	dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug
dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome.	3.58	2	0	carboxylic ester; tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.04	1	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	3.23	1	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position.	4.4	6	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	3.58	2	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dinitolmide Dinitolmide: A coccidiostat for poultry.	2.04	1	0	dinitrotoluene
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	4.38	6	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
dipivefrin dipivefrin: used in treatment of both primary & open angle glaucoma; RN given refers to (+-)-isomer. dipivefrin : The dipivalate ester of (+-)-epinephrine (racepinephrine). A pro-drug of epinephrine, the hydrochloride is used topically as eye drops to reduce intra-ocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	ethanolamines; pivalate ester	adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; ophthalmology drug; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	3.86	3	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dipyrone metamizole : A pyrazole that is antiipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfomethyl)amino group, the sodium salt of which, metamizole sodium, was widely used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic, but withdrawn from many markets from the 1970s due to a risk of causing risk of causing agranulocytosis.	2.04	1	0	amino sulfonic acid; pyrazoles	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	4.65	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	4.21	5	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	5.14	14	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.14	5	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering.	9.1	4	0	morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones	central nervous system stimulant
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	4.06	4	0	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug.	4.4	6	0	dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM.	3.23	1	0	pyridines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative
droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon.	3.85	3	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs.	4.08	4	0	oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols	bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
econazole Econazole: An imidazole derivative that is commonly used as a topical antifungal agent.. econazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-econazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-(4-chlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 4-chlorobenzyl group.	2.44	2	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	3.23	1	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	2.92	4	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
enoxacin Enoxacin: A broad-spectrum 6-fluoronaphthyridinone antibacterial agent that is structurally related to NALIDIXIC ACID.. enoxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with an ethyl group at the 1 position, a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 7 position. An antibacterial, it is used in the treatment of urinary-tract infections and gonorrhoea.	8.27	6	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; amino acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia.	3.85	3	0	triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	3.86	3	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ethenzamide ethenzamide: structure	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	2.48	2	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethinamate ethinamate: short duration hypnotic with fast onset & relatively low toxicity; may cause dependence; minor descriptor (76-85); on-line & Index Medicus search CARBAMATES (76-85). ethinamate : A carbamate ester that is the 1-vinylcyclohexyl ester of carbamic acid. A short-acting sedative-hypnotic, it was formerly used to treat insomnia.	2.04	1	0	carbamate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	sedative
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	3.84	3	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective.	3.23	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces.	3.56	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid)	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator
etilefrine Etilefrine: A phenylephrine-related beta-1 adrenergic and alpha adrenergic agonist used as a cardiotonic and antihypotensive agent.	2.74	3	0	phenols
etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active.	3.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
brl 42810 [no description available]	4.06	4	0	2-aminopurines; acetate ester	antiviral drug; prodrug
famotidine Famotidine: A competitive histamine H2-receptor antagonist. Its main pharmacodynamic effect is the inhibition of gastric secretion.	6.98	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.85	3	0	carbamate ester	anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.53	7	0	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenbendazole Fenbendazole: Antinematodal benzimidazole used in veterinary medicine.. fenbendazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted at positons 2 and 5 by (methoxycarbonyl)amino and phenylsulfanediyl groups, respectively. A broad-spectrum anthelmintic, it is used, particularly in veterinary medicine, for the treatment of nematodal infections.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	3.23	1	0	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding.	8.54	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.44	2	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fenspiride fenspiride: was heading 1975-94 (see under SPIRO COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SPIRO COMPOUNDS to search FENSPIRIDE 1975-94; bronchodilator agent used in asthma	2.45	2	0	azaspiro compound
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	8.64	9	0	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound.	3.85	3	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles
flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	4.53	7	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fleroxacin Fleroxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial fluoroquinolone. The drug strongly inhibits the DNA-supercoiling activity of DNA GYRASE.. fleroxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 by 2-fluoroethyl, carboxy, fluoro, 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl and fluoro groups, respectively. It is active against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.	3.13	5	0	difluorobenzene; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; quinolines	antibacterial drug; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	10.45	11	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections.	4.82	10	0	aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone	prodrug
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	4.06	4	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	4.4	6	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flumequine flumequine: structure. flumequine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-flumequine. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, formerly used in veterinary medicine for stock breeding and treatment of aquacultures.. 9-fluoro-5-methyl-1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline-2-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyridoquinolines that is 1-oxo-6,7-dihydro-1H,5H-pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline carrying additional carboxy, methyl and fluoro substituents at positions 2, 5 and 9 respectively.	1.96	1	0	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; pyridoquinoline; quinolone antibiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.45	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer.	3.58	2	0	benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	4.51	7	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	4.06	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
fluphenazine depot fluphenazine decanoate : The prodrug of fluphenazine, an antipsychotic drug used for the symptomatic management of psychosis in patients with schizophrenia.	2.02	1	0	decanoate ester; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; prodrug
fluphenazine enanthate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	phenothiazines
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	3.23	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	4.07	4	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	4.06	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	3.59	2	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	4.25	5	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	10.06	13	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	4.53	7	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
gemfibrozil [no description available]	4.06	4	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	16.75	256	27
glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market.	3.59	2	0	aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gliclazide Gliclazide: An oral sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion.	2.46	2	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; radical scavenger
glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source	4.4	6	0	sulfonamide
glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	4.53	7	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.45	2	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	4.75	9	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzenes
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	2.05	1	0
granisetron [no description available]	4.4	6	0	aromatic amide; indazoles
guaiazulene guaiazulene: structure	2.05	1	0	sesquiterpene
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	3.23	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	3.58	2	0	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	4.25	5	0	acetamides
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.69	2	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	4.75	9	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	2.95	4	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.05	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2.05	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
hexestrol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
hexetidine Hexetidine: A bactericidal and fungicidal antiseptic. It is used as a 0.1% mouthwash for local infections and oral hygiene. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797)	2.05	1	0	organic heteromonocyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
hexobarbital Hexobarbital: A barbiturate that is effective as a hypnotic and sedative.. hexobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates taht is barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by methyl and at C-5 by methyl and cyclohex-1-enyl groups.	2.96	4	0	barbiturates
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	4.25	5	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.4	6	0	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide.	3.86	3	0	benzothiadiazine; thiazide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions.	3.58	2	0	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug
hydroxyurea [no description available]	4.66	8	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.	4.06	4	0	hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
hypericin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	4.76	9	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC.	4.06	4	0	primary amine
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	11.32	11	1	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
alverine alverine : A tertiary amine having one ethyl and two 3-phenylprop-1-yl groups attached to the nitrogen. An antispasmodic that acts directly on intestinal and uterine smooth muscle, it is used (particularly as the citrate salt) in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome.	2.05	1	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug
idebenone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor
ifosfamide [no description available]	4.4	6	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.54	7	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.4	6	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.06	4	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	15.93	17	2	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	2.02	1	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	3.28	6	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.73	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
iodipamide Iodipamide: A water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.. adipiodone : An organoiodine compound that is 3-amino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 6-(3-carboxy-2,4,6-triiodoanilino)-6-oxohexanoyl group. It is a water-soluble radiographic contrast media for cholecystography and intravenous cholangiography.	2.05	1	0	benzoic acids; organoiodine compound; secondary carboxamide	radioopaque medium
ioversol [no description available]	3.56	2	0	amidobenzoic acid
iproniazid [no description available]	3.86	3	0	carbohydrazide; pyridines
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	4.07	4	0	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311)	3.23	1	0	benzenes
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	2.94	4	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	9.72	9	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	2.45	2	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	4.21	5	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	3.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	4.25	5	0	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
itraconazole [no description available]	5.17	8	0	piperazines
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	4.76	5	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	3.85	3	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	4.65	8	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	4.53	7	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.05	1	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	4.4	6	0	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
lamotrigine [no description available]	4.07	4	0	1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic
lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers.	4.65	8	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.05	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	4.25	5	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
lofepramine Lofepramine: A psychotropic IMIPRAMINE derivative that acts as a tricyclic antidepressant and possesses few anticholinergic properties. It is metabolized to DESIPRAMINE.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; dibenzoazepine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant
lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery.	10.62	5	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent
lomustine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist
loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders.	3.56	2	0	benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	4.25	5	0	benzodiazepine
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	4.53	7	0	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.	3.56	2	0	dibenzooxazepine	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	2.05	1	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate diisopropyl 1,3-dithiol-2-ylidenemalonate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isopropyl ester
maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use.	3.84	3	0	anthracenes
mazindol Mazindol: Tricyclic anorexigenic agent unrelated to and less toxic than AMPHETAMINE, but with some similar side effects. It inhibits uptake of catecholamines and blocks the binding of cocaine to the dopamine uptake transporter.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5.	4.4	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester	antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	3.23	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	3.58	2	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.56	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
meclofenoxate Meclofenoxate: An ester of DIMETHYLAMINOETHANOL and para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.85	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
mefloquine hydrochloride [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol : An organofluorine compound that consists of quinoline bearing trifluoromethyl substituents at positions 2 and 8 as well as a (2-piperidinyl)hydroxymethyl substituent at position 4.	2.02	1	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinolines; secondary alcohol
memantine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine	antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.05	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	9.52	7	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.	3.86	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant
mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic.	4.07	4	0	piperidinecarboxamide	drug allergen; local anaesthetic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	4.07	4	0	organic molecular entity
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	4.06	4	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	3.23	1	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	4.53	7	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	4.41	6	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methapyrilene Methapyrilene: Histamine H1 antagonist with sedative action used as a hypnotic and in allergies.. methapyrilene : A member of the class of ethylenediamine derivatives that is ethylenediamine in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups, and the other nitrogen is substituted by a 2-pyridyl group and a (2-thienyl)methyl group.	2.04	1	0	ethylenediamine derivative	anti-allergic agent; carcinogenic agent; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative
methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide; thiadiazoles
methenamine Methenamine: An anti-infective agent most commonly used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Its anti-infective action derives from the slow release of formaldehyde by hydrolysis at acidic pH. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p173). hexamethylenetetramine : A polycyclic cage that is adamantane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 3, 5 and 7 are replaced by nitrogen atoms.	8.74	2	1	polyazaalkane; polycyclic cage; tetramine	antibacterial drug
methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	2.74	3	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
methyl salicylate methyl salicylate: used in over-the-counter liniments, ointments, lotions for relief of musculoskeletal aches and pains; has hemolytic effect on human & sheep erythrocytes; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #5990. methyl salicylate : A benzoate ester that is the methyl ester of salicylic acid.	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; salicylates	flavouring agent; insect attractant; metabolite
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	4.4	6	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
methyprylon methyprylon: was heading 1973-94 (see under HYPNOTICS AND SEDATIVES 1963-72); use PIPERIDONES to search METHYPRYLON 1973-94	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	4.75	9	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	4.25	5	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	4.75	9	0	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	15.16	79	25	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol.	4.24	5	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	2.05	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.83	3	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	9.95	11	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	3.56	2	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	4.25	5	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	4.25	5	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders.	4.53	7	0	benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8.	4.4	6	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	analgesic; antineoplastic agent
moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression.	2.96	4	0	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group.	3.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	3.59	2	0	monoterpenoid
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	2	1	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
deet N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of m-toluic acid with the nitrogen of diethylamine. First developed by the U.S. Army in 1946 for use by military personnel in insect-infested areas, it is the most widely used insect repellent worldwide.	2.05	1	0	benzamides; monocarboxylic acid amide	environmental contaminant; insect repellent; xenobiotic
acecainide Acecainide: A major metabolite of PROCAINAMIDE. Its anti-arrhythmic action may cause cardiac toxicity in kidney failure.. N-acetylprocainamide : A benzamide obtained via formal condensation of 4-acetamidobenzoic acid and 2-(diethylamino)ethylamine.	2.45	2	0	acetamides; benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	3.85	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
nadolol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetralins
nalidixic acid [no description available]	5.13	14	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source	4.25	5	0	heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct	4.4	6	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
nefopam Nefopam: Non-narcotic analgesic chemically similar to ORPHENADRINE. Its mechanism of action is unclear. It is used for the relief of acute and chronic pain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p26). nefopam : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-nefopam. The hydrochloride is a centrally acting non-opiate analgesic commonly used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain.. 5-methyl-1-phenyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine : A member of the class of benzoxazocines that is 3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-2,5-benzoxazocine substituted by phenyl and methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 respectively.	2.45	2	0	benzoxazocine; tertiary amino compound
nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.53	7	0	cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent.	3.59	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	4.53	7	0	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niceritrol Niceritrol: An ester of nicotinic acid that lowers cholesterol and triglycerides in total plasma and in the VLD- and LD-lipoprotein fractions.	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	4.75	9	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.05	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilutamide [no description available]	3.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	4.85	10	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	4.4	6	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).	3.3	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound	anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	2.96	4	0	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	3.86	3	0	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nizatidine [no description available]	4.53	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	4.08	4	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
masoprocol nordihydroguaretic acid: antioxidant compound found in the creosote bush (Larrea tridentata)	2.44	2	0	catechols; lignan; tetrol	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; plant metabolite
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	7.05	14	1	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline.	4.4	6	0	organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	11.05	44	10	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	4.53	7	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	9.53	7	0	carbazoles
orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol.	3.59	2	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	2.05	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.85	3	0	1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid	analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	4.41	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxethazaine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid amide
oxiracetam oxiracetam: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
oxolinic acid quinolone antibiotic : An organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic whose structure contains a quinolone or quinolone-related skeleton.	1.96	1	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; enzyme inhibitor
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether
oxybenzone oxybenzone : A hydroxybenzophenone that is benzophenone which is substituted at the 2- and 4-positions of one of the benzene rings by hydroxy and methoxy groups respectively.	2.05	1	0	hydroxybenzophenone; monomethoxybenzene	dermatologic drug; environmental contaminant; protective agent; ultraviolet filter; xenobiotic
oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.58	2	0	acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic
oxyphenbutazone Oxyphenbutazone: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug. Oxyphenbutazone eyedrops have been used abroad in the management of postoperative ocular inflammation, superficial eye injuries, and episcleritis. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2000) It had been used by mouth in rheumatic disorders such as ankylosing spondylitis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis but such use is no longer considered justified owing to the risk of severe hematological adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p27). oxyphenbutazone : A metabolite of phenylbutazone obtained by hydroxylation at position 4 of one of the phenyl rings. Commonly used (as its hydrate) to treat pain, swelling and stiffness associated with arthritis and gout, it was withdrawn from the market 1984 following association with blood dyscrasis and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.05	1	0	phenols; pyrazolidines	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; drug metabolite; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite
aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4.	3.59	2	0	aminobenzoic acid; phenols	antitubercular agent
pamidronate [no description available]	3.84	3	0	phosphonoacetic acid
pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2.	4.41	6	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	4.08	4	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
4-dichlorobenzene dichlorobenzene : Any member of the class of chlorobenzenes carrying two chloro groups at unspecified positions.. 1,4-dichlorobenzene : A dichlorobenzene carrying chloro groups at positions 1 and 4.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene	insecticide
pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity.	3.85	3	0	1,3-oxazoles	central nervous system stimulant
pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease.	4.06	4	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	4.08	4	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	4.25	5	0	oxopurine
perazine Perazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE. Extrapyramidal symptoms may be more common than other side effects.. perazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazinecarries a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl substituent at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; phenothiazines	dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis.	3.23	1	0	piperidines	cardiovascular drug
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	4.51	7	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacemide phenacemide: anti-epileptic drug; structure	2.04	1	0	acetamides
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	2.74	3	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenazopyridine Phenazopyridine: A local anesthetic that has been used in urinary tract disorders. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.. phenazopyridine : A diaminopyridine that is 2,6-diaminopyridine substituted at position 3 by a phenylazo group. A local anesthetic that has topical analgesic effect on mucosa lining of the urinary tract. Its use is limited by problems with toxicity (primarily blood disorders) and potential carcinogenicity.	2.04	1	0	diaminopyridine; monoazo compound	anticoronaviral agent; carcinogenic agent; local anaesthetic; non-narcotic analgesic
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	6.44	13	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolphthalein Phenolphthalein: An acid-base indicator which is colorless in acid solution, but turns pink to red as the solution becomes alkaline. It is used medicinally as a cathartic.	2.42	2	0	phenols
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.99	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	3.59	2	0	aromatic amine
phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity.	3.58	2	0	primary amine	adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	7.68	3	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	2.96	4	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	4.4	6	0	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
pipemidic acid Pipemidic Acid: Antimicrobial against Gram negative and some Gram positive bacteria. It is protein bound and concentrated in bile and urine and used for gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.. pipemidic acid : A pyridopyrimidine that is 5-oxo-5,8-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidine-6-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a piperazin-1-yl group and at position 8 by an ethyl group. A synthetic broad-spectrum antibacterial, it is used for treatment of gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary infections.	5.43	4	1	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; pyridopyrimidine; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
pipobroman Pipobroman: An antineoplastic agent that acts by alkylation.. pipobroman : An N-acylpiperazine that is piperazine in which each of the nitrogens has been acylated by a 3-bromopropionoyl group. An anti-cancer drug.	2.04	1	0	N-acylpiperazine; organobromine compound; tertiary carboxamide	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
pirbuterol pirbuterol: structure	2.02	1	0	pyridines
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	7.69	3	0	aromatic ether
polythiazide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	benzothiadiazine
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	2.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.74	3	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents	3.23	1	0	pyridinium ion	antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator
prazepam Prazepam: A benzodiazepine that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.02	1	0	benzodiazepine
praziquantel azinox: Russian drug	3.85	3	0	isoquinolines
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	4.65	8	0	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
prilocaine Prilocaine: A local anesthetic that is similar pharmacologically to LIDOCAINE. Currently, it is used most often for infiltration anesthesia in dentistry.. prilocaine : An amino acid amide in which N-propyl-DL-alanine and 2-methylaniline have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	2.73	3	0	amino acid amide; monocarboxylic acid amide	anticonvulsant; local anaesthetic
primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia.	4.07	4	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine	antimalarial
primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.	4.24	5	0	pyrimidone	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	9.8	23	3	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	2.45	2	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.65	8	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	2.71	3	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	4.06	4	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	3.86	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3.	3.86	3	0	pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist
promazine Promazine: A phenothiazine with actions similar to CHLORPROMAZINE but with less antipsychotic activity. It is primarily used in short-term treatment of disturbed behavior and as an antiemetic.. promazine : A phenothiazine deriative in which the phenothiazine tricycle has a 3-(dimethylaminopropyl) group at the N-10 position.	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	4.25	5	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	4.06	4	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking.	3.53	2	0	xanthenes
propiverine propiverine: anticholinergic used for overactive bladder syndrome	2.05	1	0	diarylmethane
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	9.26	5	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	4.86	10	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	3.57	2	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.05	1	0	pyridines
pyridostigmine [no description available]	4.08	4	0	pyridinium ion
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	3.86	3	0	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source	3.56	2	0	benzodiazepine
quetiapine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.	4.08	4	0	benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide	anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	3.57	2	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ranitidine [no description available]	3.55	8	0	aralkylamine
opc 12759 rebamipide: structure in first source; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; inhibits gastric xanthine oxidase	2.05	1	0	secondary carboxamide
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS.	3.85	3	0	benzothiazoles
rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza.	3.56	2	0	alkylamine
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	4.65	8	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate	4.07	4	0	tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rofecoxib [no description available]	2.45	2	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ropinirole [no description available]	3.57	2	0	indolones; tertiary amine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.03	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
salicylamide salamide: a major impurity of hydrochlorothiazide; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	phenols; salicylamides	antirheumatic drug; non-narcotic analgesic
salmeterol xinafoate salmeterol : A racemate consisting of equal parts of (R)- and (S)-salmeterol. It is a potent and selective beta2-adrenoceptor agonist (EC50 = 5.3 nM). Unlike other beta2 agonists, it binds to the exo-site domain of beta2 receptors, producing a slow onset of action and prolonged activation.. 2-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl)phenol : A phenol having a hydroxymethyl group at C-2 and a 1-hydroxy-2-{[6-(4-phenylbutoxy)hexyl]amino}ethyl group at C-4; derivative of phenylethanolamine.	2.02	1	0	ether; phenols; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	3.23	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
semustine Semustine: 4-Methyl derivative of LOMUSTINE; (CCNU). An antineoplastic agent which functions as an alkylating agent.. semustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-methylcyclohexyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.73	3	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride	3.59	2	0	organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor
sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines.	4.73	9	0	pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	2.03	1	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION.	4.08	4	0	pyridines
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	4.4	6	0	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-phenylbutyric acid, sodium salt sodium phenylbutyrate : The organic sodium salt of 4-phenylbutyric acid. A prodrug for phenylacetate, it is used to treat urea cycle disorders.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; orphan drug; prodrug
imatinib [no description available]	3.85	3	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
streptonigrin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyridines; quinolone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL).	3.86	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	4.89	2	1	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulconazole sulconazole: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure given in first source. sulconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-sulconazole. An antifungal agent with activity against Candida species, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.. 1-{2-[(4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanyl]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}-1H-imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-ethyl-1H-imidazole in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a (4-chlorobenzyl)sulfanediyl group while a second is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; organic sulfide
sulfacetamide Sulfacetamide: An anti-bacterial agent that is used topically to treat skin infections and orally for urinary tract infections.. sulfacetamide : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide acylated on the sulfonamide nitrogen.	2.46	2	0	N-sulfonylcarboxamide; substituted aniline	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfaguanidine Sulfaguanidine: A sulfanilamide antimicrobial agent that is used to treat enteric infections.. sulfaguanidine : A sulfonamide incorporating a guanidine moiety used to block the synthesis of folic acid; mostly used in veterinary medicine	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide antibiotic	antiinfective agent
sulfamerazine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen
sulfameter Sulfameter: Long acting sulfonamide used in leprosy, urinary, and respiratory tract infections.. sulfamethoxydiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having a methoxy substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; leprostatic drug; renal agent
sulfamethazine Sulfamethazine: A sulfanilamide anti-infective agent. It has a spectrum of antimicrobial action similar to other sulfonamides.. sulfamethazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with methyl substituents at the 4- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ligand; xenobiotic
sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2.	3.89	3	0	sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfamethoxazole Sulfamethoxazole: A bacteriostatic antibacterial agent that interferes with folic acid synthesis in susceptible bacteria. Its broad spectrum of activity has been limited by the development of resistance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p208). sulfamethoxazole : An isoxazole (1,2-oxazole) compound having a methyl substituent at the 5-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	8.02	23	2	isoxazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; epitope; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfamethoxypyridazine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfamethoxypyridazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridazine having a methoxy substituent at the 6-position and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 3-position.	2.38	2	0	pyridazines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor
sulfanilamide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial agent; drug allergen; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
sulfaphenazole Sulfaphenazole: A sulfonilamide anti-infective agent.. sulfaphenazole : A sulfonamide that is sulfanilamide in which the sulfonamide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-phenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl group. It is a selective inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 isozyme, and antibacterial agent.	2.05	1	0	primary amino compound; pyrazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.67 (quinine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
sulfapyridine Sulfapyridine: Antibacterial, potentially toxic, used to treat certain skin diseases.. sulfapyridine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyridine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	2.45	2	0	pyridines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; dermatologic drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	4.25	5	0
sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.	3.58	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	2.96	4	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfisomidine Sulfisomidine: A sulfanilamide antibacterial agent.. sulfisomidine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	6.95	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	3.11	5	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfoxone sulfoxone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available]	3.59	2	0	alkylbenzene
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.97	4	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	4.25	5	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suprofen Suprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It inhibits prostaglandin synthesis and has been proposed as an anti-arthritic.. suprofen : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by a 4-(1-carboxyethyl)benzoyl group.	3.14	5	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antirheumatic drug; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	2.96	4	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
gatifloxacin Gatifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used as an ophthalmic solution for the treatment of BACTERIAL CONJUNCTIVITIS.. gatifloxacin : A monocarboxylic acid that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted on the nitrogen by a cyclopropyl group and at positions 6, 7, and 8 by fluoro, 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl, and methoxy groups, respectively. Gatifloxacin is an antibiotic of the fourth-generation fluoroquinolone family, that like other members of that family, inhibits the bacterial topoisomerase type-II enzymes.	5.05	9	1	N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
tazarotene tazarotene: a topical acetylenic retinoid; a topical kerytolytic. tazarotene : The ethyl ester of tazarotenic acid. A prodrug for tazarotenic acid, it is used for the treatment of psoriasis, acne, and sun-damaged skin.	2.02	1	0	acetylenic compound; ethyl ester; pyridines; retinoid; thiochromane	keratolytic drug; prodrug; teratogenic agent
tegafur [no description available]	2.74	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	benzodiazepine
temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent.	3.85	3	0	benzodiazepine
temozolomide [no description available]	3.86	3	0	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	4.25	5	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.54	7	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.44	2	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	2.45	2	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	3.86	3	0	phthalimides; piperidones
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	3.86	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2,2'-thiodiethanol 2,2'-thiodiethanol: product of yperite hydrolysis; a hydrolysis product opf mustard gas; strongly stimulates differentiation of chick embryo myogenic cells. thiodiglycol : A diol that is pentane-1,5-diol in which the methylene group at position 3 is replaced by a sulfur atom	2.04	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; diol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; solvent
thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.	4.06	4	0	phenothiazines; piperidines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed).	4.24	5	0	aziridines
tiaprofenic acid tiaprofenic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tiaprofenic acid : An aromatic ketone that is thiophene substituted at C-2 by benzoyl and at C-4 by a 1-carboxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	drug allergen; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	4.04	4	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent.	11.42	7	1	imidazoles	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
tioconazole tioconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tioconazole.. 1-{2-[(2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl}imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that comprises 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethylimidazole carrying an additional (2-chloro-3-thienyl)methoxy substituent at position 2.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles; thiophenes
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	3.85	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites.	4.4	6	0	benzothiadiazole; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant
tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	3.86	3	0	N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	4.93	11	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tolperisone Tolperisone: A centrally acting muscle relaxant that has been used for the symptomatic treatment of spasticity and muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1211)	2.05	1	0	aromatic ketone
ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively.	4.65	8	0	aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	4.04	4	0	amino acid
trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group.	4.25	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	4.25	5	0	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	4.53	7	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.04	1	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine 2,2',2''-trichlorotriethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
triclosan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.3.1.9 [enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase (NADH)] inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; fungicide; persistent organic pollutant; xenobiotic
trientine Trientine: An ethylenediamine derivative used as stabilizer for EPOXY RESINS, as ampholyte for ISOELECTRIC FOCUSING and as chelating agent for copper in HEPATOLENTICULAR DEGENERATION.. TETA : An azamacrocyle in which four nitrogen atoms at positions 1, 4, 8 and 11 of a fouteen-membered ring are each substituted with a carboxymethyl group.. 2,2,2-tetramine : A polyazaalkane that is decane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 are replaced by nitrogens.	2.02	1	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	copper chelator
trifluoperazine [no description available]	3.84	3	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
triflupromazine Triflupromazine: A phenothiazine used as an antipsychotic agent and as an antiemetic.. triflupromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a trifluoromethyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the N-10 position.	2.05	1	0	organofluorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic
trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic.	3.58	2	0	amine
trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent.	4.24	5	0	oxazolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector
trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans.	3.23	1	0	benzamides; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic
trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge.	9.56	34	3	aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes	antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect.	4.24	5	0
trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant.	3.84	3	0	dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.85	3	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
tyramine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.57	2	0	aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
urapidil [no description available]	2.45	2	0	piperazines
urethane [no description available]	7.39	2	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group.	4.53	7	0	cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic
vesamicol vesamicol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	piperidines
vesnarinone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
vigabatrin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
viloxazine Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	3.85	3	0	carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist
zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position.	4.25	5	0	nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	3.08	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	4.53	7	0	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zomepirac zomepirac: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; pyrroles	cardiovascular drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	2.74	3	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
guanidine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic chloride salt	protein denaturant
hydrocortisone acetate hydrocortisone acetate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.05	1	0	cortisol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders.	3.59	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	3.59	2	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	5.41	19	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.05	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	3.86	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	9.9	72	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	3.59	2	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.9	3	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	2.73	3	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
triethylenemelamine Triethylenemelamine: Toxic alkylating agent used in industry; also as antineoplastic and research tool to produce chromosome aberrations and cancers.	2.04	1	0	1,3,5-triazines	alkylating agent; insect sterilant
bromouracil Bromouracil: 5-Bromo-2,4(1H,3H)-pyrimidinedione. Brominated derivative of uracil that acts as an antimetabolite, substituting for thymine in DNA. It is used mainly as an experimental mutagen, but its deoxyriboside (BROMODEOXYURIDINE) is used to treat neoplasms.. 5-bromouracil : A pyrimidine having keto groups at the 2- and 4-positions and a bromo group at the 5-position. Used mainly as an experimental mutagen.	2.05	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidines	mutagen
3,3',5-triiodothyroacetic acid tiratricol : A monocarboxylic acid that is (4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodophenyl)acetic acid in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a 4-hydroxy-3-iodophenoxy group. It is a thyroid hormone analogue that has been used in the treatment of thyroid hormone resistance syndrome.	2.05	1	0
histamine dihydrochloride Ceplene: Tradename for histamine dihydrochloride.	2.05	1	0
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	3.83	3	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.59	2	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.46	2	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	2.05	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	4.06	4	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
prednisolone acetate prednisolone acetate: RN given refers to cpd with locant for acetate group in position 21 & (11 beta)-isomer	2.4	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
cyclobarbital cyclobarbital: was heading 1977-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1977-90); CYCLOBARBITONE, HEXEMAL, & TETRAHYDROPHENOBARBITAL were see CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; use BARBITURATES to search CYCLOBARBITAL 1977-94; short to intermediate duration barbiturate used as hypnotic and sedative	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
allobarbital allobarbital: was heading 1976-94 (see under BARBITURATES 1976-90); ALLOBARBITONE, DIALLYLBARBITAL, DIALLYLBARBITURIC ACID, & DIALLYLMAL were see ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; use BARBITURATES to search ALLOBARBITAL 1976-94; a barbiturate derivative with effects of intermediate duration; at lower doses, it is used as a sedative; at higher doses, it displays hypnotic effects	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.06	4	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.05	1	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
cysteine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.58	13	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	3.59	2	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paramethasone Paramethasone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of corticosteroids. It has been used by mouth in the treatment of all conditions in which corticosteroid therapy is indicated except adrenal-deficiency states for which its lack of sodium-retaining properties makes it less suitable than HYDROCORTISONE with supplementary FLUDROCORTISONE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p737)	2.04	1	0	fluorinated steroid
oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid	anabolic agent; androgen
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nad [no description available]	2.05	1	0	NAD	geroprotector
azauridine Azauridine: A triazine nucleoside used as an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with pyrimidine biosynthesis thereby preventing formation of cellular nucleic acids. As the triacetate, it is also effective as an antipsoriatic.	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	12.08	78	5	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
idoxuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organoiodine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	3.85	3	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.9	4	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.59	2	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	3.23	1	0	guanidines
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	1.95	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.44	2	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	13.37	41	1	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	3.82	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cetrimonium bromide cetyltrimethylammonium bromide : The organic bromide salt that is the bromide salt of cetyltrimethylammonium; one of the components of the topical antiseptic cetrimide.	2.05	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	detergent; surfactant
vincristine [no description available]	4.53	7	0	acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	4.25	5	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.48	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	2.95	4	0	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.44	2	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	3.76	2	1	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	4.08	4	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
aminopyrine Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.	2.05	1	0	pyrazolone; tertiary amino compound	antipyretic; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	3.59	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
dromostanolone dromostanolone: synthetic anabolic androgenic steroid used to lower plasma cholesterol & as antineoplastic agent in advanced breast neoplasms; major descriptor (66-86); on-line search ANDROSTANOLS (80-86); ANDROSTANES (68-86); INDEX MEDICUS search DROMOSTANOLONE (66-86); RN given refers to (2alpha,5alpha,17beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	3.59	2	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
cephalothin Cephalothin: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefalotin : A semisynthetic, first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with acetoxymethyl and (2-thienylacetyl)nitrilo moieties at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the core structure. Administered parenterally during surgery and to treat a wide spectrum of blood infections.	12.44	161	11	azabicycloalkene; beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiophenes	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
uridine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components.	7.96	37	2	kanamycins	bacterial metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	4.92	8	1	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	2.44	2	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
thiamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic chloride salt; vitamin B1
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	3.14	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	4.2	5	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	3.23	1	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug.	3.23	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position.	3.23	1	0	phenothiazines
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	11	89	1	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
niridazole Niridazole: An antischistosomal agent that has become obsolete.	2.45	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound
cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6.	12.16	37	7	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.62	2	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	2.02	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
zoxazolamine Zoxazolamine: A uricosuric and muscle relaxant. Zoxazolamine acts centrally as a muscle relaxant, but the mechanism of its action is not understood.	2.04	1	0	benzoxazole
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.31	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aniline [no description available]	2.04	1	0	anilines; primary arylamine
calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces.	3.23	1	0	calcium salt	chelator
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.05	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	3.59	2	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
Mebutamate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.07	4	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes
uracil mustard Uracil Mustard: Nitrogen mustard derivative of URACIL. It is a alkylating antineoplastic agent that is used in lymphatic malignancies, and causes mainly gastrointestinal and bone marrow damage.	2.04	1	0	aminouracil; nitrogen mustard
oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta.	9.44	51	4	penicillin	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.04	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
fluocinolone acetonide Fluocinolone Acetonide: A glucocorticoid derivative used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. It is usually employed as a cream, gel, lotion, or ointment. It has also been used topically in the treatment of inflammatory eye, ear, and nose disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluocinolone acetonide : A fluorinated steroid that is flunisolide in which the hydrogen at position 9 is replaced by fluorine. A corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used (both as the anhydrous form and as the dihydrate) in creams, gels and ointments for the treatment of various skin disorders.	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	2.45	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	2.05	1	0	oxo steroid
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	3.23	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
triaziquone Triaziquone: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used mainly for ovarian tumors. It is toxic to skin, gastrointestinal tract, bone marrow and kidneys.. triaziquone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which three of the ring hydrogens are replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	3.59	2	0	aromatic ketone
ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group.	15.19	196	17	beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mannitol [no description available]	6.56	8	2	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	4.06	4	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
trifluridine Trifluridine: An antiviral derivative of THYMIDINE used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis due to HERPES SIMPLEX virus. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p557). trifluridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-trifluoromethyluracil as the nucleobase. An antiviral drug used mainly in the treatment of primary keratoconjunctivitis and recurrent epithelial keratitis.	2.43	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	2.04	1	0	chloroethanes	polar solvent
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
sulfobromophthalein sodium bromosulfophthalein sodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of bromosulfophthalein.. bromosulfophthalein : An organosulfonic acid that consists of phthalide bearing four bromo substituents at positions 4, 5, 6 and 7 as well as two 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl groups both located at position 1.	2.04	1	0	organic sodium salt	dye
mestranol [no description available]	2.44	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methaqualone Methaqualone: A quinazoline derivative with hypnotic and sedative properties. It has been withdrawn from the market in many countries because of problems with abuse. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methaqualone : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazolin-4-one substituted at positions 2 and 3 by methyl and o-tolyl groups respectively. A depressant that increases the activity of the GABA receptors in the brain and nervous system, it is used as a sedative and hypnotic medication. It became popular as a recreational drug and club drug in the late 1960s and 1970s.	2.05	1	0	quinazolines	GABA agonist; sedative
trypan blue VisionBlue: A trypan blue ophthalmic solution.	2.05	1	0
cordycepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.46	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.85	3	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
ethane Ethane: A two carbon alkane with the formula H3C-CH3.. ethane : An alkane comprising of two carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	plant metabolite; refrigerant
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	2.4	2	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
acetylene [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkyne; gas molecular entity; terminal acetylenic compound
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.82	2	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.04	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
cyclopropane cyclopropane : A cycloalkane composed of three carbon atoms to form a ring.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopropanes	inhalation anaesthetic
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	2.04	1	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane 1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane: volatile metabolite of halothane	2.04	1	0	organofluorine compound
dalapon dalapon: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	carboxylic acid; organohalogen compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines.	3.52	2	0	fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon
triamcinolone acetonide Triamcinolone Acetonide: An esterified form of TRIAMCINOLONE. It is an anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. Intralesional, intramuscular, and intra-articular injections are also administered under certain conditions.. triamcinolone acetonide : A synthetic glucocorticoid that is the 16,17-acetonide of triamcinolone. Used to treat various skin infections.	2.76	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid	anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent
allylpropymal allylpropymal: RN given refers to parent cpd. aprobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by an isopropyl and a prop-1-en-3-yl group at position 5.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	3.29	6	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
butobarbital butobarbital: Butobarbital should be distinguished from Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital)	2.45	2	0	barbiturates
methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
methylpentynol methylpentynol: structure	2.04	1	0	ynone
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.56	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	7.57	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
isobutyl alcohol isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.	2.04	1	0	butanone; dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone; volatile organic compound	bacterial metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	2.45	2	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
acrylamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	acrylamides; N-acylammonia; primary carboxamide	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; Maillard reaction product; mutagen; neurotoxin
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	2.04	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
dichloroacetic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	astringent; marine metabolite
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	3.3	2	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
dehydrocholic acid Dehydrocholic Acid: A semisynthetic bile acid made from cholic acid. It is used as a cholagogue, hydrocholeretic, diuretic, and as a diagnostic aid.. 3,7,12-trioxo-5beta-cholanic acid : An oxo-5beta-cholanic acid in which three oxo substituents are located at positions 3, 7 and 12 on the cholanic acid skeleton.	2.05	1	0	12-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5beta-steroid; 7-oxo steroid; oxo-5beta-cholanic acid	gastrointestinal drug
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	6.38	20	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	2.03	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	organobromine compound; pyridines	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
acriflavine chloride 3,6-diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride : The 10-methochloride salt of 3,6-diaminoacridine. Note that a mixture of this compound with 3,6-diaminoacridine (proflavine) is known as acriflavine or neutral acriflavine.	2.07	1	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; histological dye; intercalator
penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain.	8.45	14	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	4.25	5	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
penicillanic acid Penicillanic Acid: A building block of penicillin, devoid of significant antibacterial activity. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). penicillanic acid : A penam that consists of 3,3-dimethyl-7-oxo-4-thia-1-azabicyclo[3.2.0]heptane bearing a carboxy group at position 2 and having (2S,5R)-configuration.	5.46	15	1	penicillanic acids
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group.	3.85	3	0	phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; tertiary amine	appetite depressant
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.42	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
proflavine Proflavine: Topical antiseptic used mainly in wound dressings.. 3,6-diaminoacridine : An aminoacridine that is acridine that is substituted by amino groups at positions 3 and 6. A slow-acting bacteriostat that is effective against many Gram-positive bacteria (but ineffective against spores), its salts were formerly used for treatment of burns and infected wounds.	2.07	1	0	aminoacridines	antibacterial agent; antiseptic drug; carcinogenic agent; chromophore; intercalator
fenoprop fenoprop: RN given is for parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	phenoxy herbicide
synephrine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
benzoyl peroxide Benzoyl Peroxide: A peroxide derivative that has been used topically for BURNS and as a dermatologic agent in the treatment of ACNE and POISON IVY DERMATITIS. It is used also as a bleach in the food industry.	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid 2-Methyl-4-chlorophenoxyacetic Acid: A powerful herbicide used as a selective weed killer.. (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy)acetic acid : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is (4-chlorophenoxy)acetic acid substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-xylene 2-xylene: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-xylene : A xylene substituted by methyl groups at positions 1 and 2.	2.04	1	0	xylene
3-methylpentane 3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.	2.04	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	allelochemical; human metabolite; non-polar solvent
methylcyclopentane methylcyclopentane: toxic; RN 96-37-7. methylcyclopentane : A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	human metabolite; plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene 4-chloro-alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluorotoluene: RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for chloride & trifluoromethyl moieties; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
dicloran 2,6-dichloro-4-nitroaniline : A nitroaniline that is 4-nitroaniline in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 6 are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide, it is not approved for use in the European Union.	2.04	1	0	aromatic fungicide; dichlorobenzene; nitroaniline	antifungal agrochemical
phenylhydrazine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phenylhydrazines	xenobiotic
dyrene dyrene: structure. anilazine : A member of the class of triazenes that is dichlorotriazene in which the hydrogen is replaced by an o-chloroanilino group. A fungicide formerly used to control leaf spots and downy mildew, it is no longer approved for use within the European Union.	2.04	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine pesticide; secondary amino compound; triazines	antifungal agrochemical
boric acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0	boric acids	astringent
dibenzylamine dibenzylamine: used in detection of cobalt, cyanate, & iron; RN given refers to parent cpd; CAUTION: synonym iminodibenzyl is not unique to this cpd; structure	6.97	1	0	aromatic amine
benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant.	3.23	1	0	benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anaesthetic; antitussive
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	2.08	1	0	enoate ester; epoxide
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	2.04	1	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	2.04	1	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.04	1	0	alkane
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	2.05	1	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
cyclohexane Cyclohexane: C6H12. cyclohexane : An alicyclic hydrocarbon comprising a ring of six carbon atoms; the cyclic form of hexane, used as a raw material in the manufacture of nylon.	2.04	1	0	cycloalkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
diethanolamine diethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethanolamine : A member of the class of ethanolamines that is ethanolamine having a N-hydroxyethyl substituent.	1.99	1	0	ethanolamines	human xenobiotic metabolite
tetraethylenepentamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	polyazaalkane	copper chelator
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	2.74	3	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
estradiol dipropionate estradiol dipropionate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemline 7/83	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.23	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
neostigmine bromide neostigmine bromide : The bromide salt of neostigmine.	2.74	3	0	bromide salt
phenformin Phenformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of METFORMIN. Although it is generally considered to be associated with an unacceptably high incidence of lactic acidosis, often fatal, it is still available in some countries. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). phenformin : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a 2-phenylethyl group. It was used as an anti-diabetic drug but was later withdrawn from the market due to potential risk of lactic acidosis.	2.05	1	0	biguanides	antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
propylene propylene: structure	2.04	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
mephobarbital Mephobarbital: A barbiturate that is metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL. It has been used for similar purposes, especially in EPILEPSY, but there is no evidence mephobarbital offers any advantage over PHENOBARBITAL.. mephobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	1.97	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
hexachlorobenzene Hexachlorobenzene: An agricultural fungicide and seed treatment agent.. hexachlorobenzene : A member of the class of chlorobenzenes that is benzene in which all of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines. An agricultural fungicide introduced in the mid-1940s and formerly used as a seed treatment, its use has been banned since 1984 under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants.	2.05	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorobenzenes	antifungal agrochemical; carcinogenic agent; persistent organic pollutant
chloranil Chloranil: A quinone fungicide used for treatment of seeds and foliage.. tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquiones that is 1,4-benzoquinone in which all four hydrogens are substituted by chlorines.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; organochlorine compound	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; metabolite
trinitrotoluene Trinitrotoluene: A 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, which is an explosive chemical that can cause skin irritation and other toxic consequences.. 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene : A trinitrotoluene having the nitro groups at positions 2, 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	trinitrotoluene	explosive
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	7.7	18	4	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.05	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.05	1	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94	3.59	2	0	quinolines
solasulfone solasulfone: used in drug therapy of leprosy; structure	1.97	1	0
amiben Amiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid
monuron monuron: minor descriptor (72-83); on-line & Index Medicus search UREA/AA (72-74) & HERBICIDES (72-74) & HERBICIDES UREA (75-83); RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. monuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a p-chlorophenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups.	2.04	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; monochlorobenzenes	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
iminodiacetic acid iminodiacetic acid: used as hepatobiliary imaging agent when labeled with Tc; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. iminodiacetic acid : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; glycine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	chelator
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	2.04	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	2.05	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group.	10.1	53	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
mequinol mequinol: depigmenting agent; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
aziridine [no description available]	2.07	1	0	azacycloalkane; aziridines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	alkylating agent
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.84	3	0	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
quinestrol Quinestrol: The 3-cyclopentyl ether of ETHINYL ESTRADIOL. After gastrointestinal absorption, it is stored in ADIPOSE TISSUE, slowly released, and metabolized principally to the parent compound. It has been used in ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT THERAPY. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1011)	2.05	1	0	17-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
dydrogesterone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders.	2.03	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
phenetidine Phenetidine: Used in the manufacture of acetophenetidin.. 4-ethoxyaniline : An aromatic ether that is aniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by an ethoxy group. It is a hydrolysis metabolite of phenacetin.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; primary amino compound; substituted aniline	drug metabolite
diazooxonorleucine Diazooxonorleucine: An amino acid that inhibits phosphate-activated glutaminase and interferes with glutamine metabolism. It is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by an unidentified species of Streptomyces from Peruvian soil. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-norleucine which is substituted at position 5 by an oxo group and at position 6 by a diazo group. It is as inhibitor of various glutamine-utilising enzymes.	2.04	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; diazo compound; ketone; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	analgesic; antibacterial agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.4.2.14 (amidophosphoribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.2 (glutaminase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.4.2 [CTP synthase (glutamine hydrolyzing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.1 [NAD(+) synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.2 [GMP synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.3 (phosphoribosylformylglycinamidine synthase) inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.4 [asparagine synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; EC 6.3.5.5 [carbamoyl-phosphate synthase (glutamine-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; glutamine antagonist
thiazoles [no description available]	1.95	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	3.59	2	0	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
chlormadinone acetate Chlormadinone Acetate: An orally active synthetic progestational hormone used often in combinations as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.05	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
pirinitramide Pirinitramide: A diphenylpropylamine with intense narcotic analgesic activity of long duration. It is a derivative of MEPERIDINE with similar activity and usage.	2.75	3	0	nitrile
methylpentynol carbamate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mechlorethamine n-oxide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
edrophonium bromide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
estradiol 17 beta-cypionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	2.41	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
testosterone enanthate [no description available]	2.44	2	0	heptanoate ester; sterol ester	androgen
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	3.8	3	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	4.07	4	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
phenyramidol phenyramidol: considered as a drug that possibly causes hepatotoxicity	2.05	1	0	aminopyridine
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
carbutamide Carbutamide: A sulfonylurea antidiabetic agent with similar actions and uses to CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277)	2.45	2	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	3.85	3	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.59	2	0	steroid ester
bucladesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; butanamides; butyrate ester	agonist; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.31	6	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
perflubron perflubron: potential anti-obesity compound; reduces food adsorption; 8-carbon perfluorocarbon radiopaque compound; an oral contrast agent for use with MRI to enhance delineation of the bowel distinguishing it from adjacent organs. perflubron : A haloalkane that is perfluorooctane in which a fluorine attached to one of the terminal carbons has been replaced by a bromine.	2.05	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; perfluorinated compound	blood substitute; radioopaque medium
fluorometholone Fluorometholone: A glucocorticoid employed, usually as eye drops, in the treatment of allergic and inflammatory conditions of the eye. It has also been used topically in the treatment of various skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p732). fluorometholone : A member of the class of glucocorticoids that is Delta(1)-progesterone substituted at positions 11beta and 17 by hydroxy groups, at position 6alpha by a methyl group and at position 9 by a fluoro group. Used for the treatment of corticosteroid-responsive inflammation of the palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva, cornea and anterior segment of the globe.	2.48	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug
cyproterone acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; chlorinated steroid; steroid ester	androgen antagonist; geroprotector; progestin
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.04	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene.	3.86	3	0	1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
ketobemidone ketobemidone: structure	2.04	1	0	piperidines
glycyrrhetinic acid [no description available]	2.45	2	0	cyclic terpene ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	immunomodulator; plant metabolite
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.85	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fusarium Fusarium: A mitosporic Hypocreales fungal genus, various species of which are important parasitic pathogens of plants and a variety of vertebrates. Teleomorphs include GIBBERELLA.	2.44	2	0
plumbagin plumbagin: a superoxide anion generator. plumbagin : A hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone that is 1,4-naphthoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are substituted by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.04	1	0	hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone; phenols	anticoagulant; antineoplastic agent; immunological adjuvant; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	2.04	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	2.05	1	0	phthalazines
pamaquine pamaquine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	aminoquinoline
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.48	2	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	1	0	4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.17	1	0	thiazolidine
mustard gas Mustard Gas: Severe irritant and vesicant of skin, eyes, and lungs. It may cause blindness and lethal lung edema and was formerly used as a war gas. The substance has been proposed as a cytostatic and for treatment of psoriasis. It has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP-85-002, 1985) (Merck, 11th ed).. bis(2-chloroethyl) sulfide : An ethyl sulfide that is diethyl sulfide in which a hydrogen from each of the terminal methyl groups is replaced by a chlorine. It is a powerful vesicant regulated under the Chemical Weapons Convention.	2.04	1	0	ethyl sulfide; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; vesicant
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	3.59	2	0	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	2.44	2	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.45	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	3.85	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.11	1	0
dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	3.36	1	1	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
apronalide apronalide: structure	2.04	1	0	N-acylurea
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	2.74	3	0	thiazoles
4,6-dinitro-o-cresol 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol : A hydroxytoluene that is o-cresol carrying nitro substituents at positions 4 and 6.	2.04	1	0	dinitrophenol acaricide; hydroxytoluene; nitrotoluene	dinitrophenol insecticide; fungicide; herbicide
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.86	3	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine.	3.56	2	0	carnitine	antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role)
sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure	3.23	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.05	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
hematoporphyrin Hematoporphyrins: Iron-free derivatives of heme with 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxyethyl groups and 2 propionic acid groups attached to the pyrrole rings. Some of these PHOTOSENSITIZING AGENTS are used in the PHOTOTHERAPY of malignant NEOPLASMS.. hematoporphyrin : A dicarboxylic acid that is protoporphyrin in which the vinyl groups at positions 7 and 12 are replaced by 1-hydroxyethyl groups.	2.05	1	0
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.96	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	2.04	1	0	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
glycylglycine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite
metahexamide metahexamide: major descriptor (64-83); on-line search SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS (64-83); Index Medicus search METAHEXAMIDE (64-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzenes; sulfonamide
lactulose [no description available]	3.59	2	0	glycosylfructose	gastrointestinal drug; laxative
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	1.99	1	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
pamabrom [no description available]	3.23	1	0
toyocamycin Toyocamycin: 4-Amino-5-cyano-7-(D-ribofuranosyl)-7H- pyrrolo(2,3-d)pyrimidine. Antibiotic antimetabolite isolated from Streptomyces toyocaensis cultures. It is an analog of adenosine, blocks RNA synthesis and ribosome function, and is used mainly as a tool in biochemistry.. toyocamycin : An N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine that is tubercidin in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the pyrrolopyrimidine moiety has been replaced by a cyano group.	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; N-glycosylpyrrolopyrimidine; nitrile; ribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	4.06	4	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
methyl isocyanate methyl isocyanate: structure. methyl isocyanate : The isocyanate that is methane modified by a single isocyanato substituent.	2.6	1	0	isocyanates	allergen; apoptosis inducer
benzydamine Benzydamine: A benzyl-indazole having analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects. It is used to reduce post-surgical and post-traumatic pain and edema and to promote healing. It is also used topically in treatment of RHEUMATIC DISEASES and INFLAMMATION of the mouth and throat.. benzydamine : A member of the class of indazoles carrying benzyl and 3-(dimethylamino)propyl groups at positions 1 and 3 respectively. A locally-acting nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that also exhibits local anaesthetic and analgesic properties.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; indazoles; tertiary amino compound	analgesic; central nervous system stimulant; hallucinogen; local anaesthetic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
erythromycin stearate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	9.61	50	5	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
hadacidin hadacidin: inhibitor of AMP synthesis; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hadacidin : A monocarboxylic acid that is N-hydroxyglycine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a formyl group. It was originally isolated from cultures of Penicillium frequentans.	2.04	1	0	aldehyde; monocarboxylic acid; N-hydroxy-alpha-amino-acid	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
methoxytryptophol [no description available]	2.01	1	0	indoles
carbophenothion carbophenothion: structure	2.04	1	0	organic sulfide
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	4.06	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
porfiromycin Porfiromycin: Toxic antibiotic of the mitomycin group, obtained from MITOMYCIN and also from Streptomyces ardus and other species. It is proposed as an antineoplastic agent, with some antibiotic properties.	2.04	1	0
lormetazepam lormetazepam: RN given refers to cpd with specified locant for methyl group; structure given in first source. lormetazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone compound having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position, a 2-chlorophenyl group at the 5-position and a chloro substituent at the 7-position.	2.74	3	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	sedative
vinblastine [no description available]	3.29	6	0
diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin.	3.23	1	0	ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine	antidiarrhoeal drug
deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	2.04	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
estradiol valerate [no description available]	2.73	3	0	steroid ester
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	4.51	7	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
pyrithioxin Pyrithioxin: A neurotropic agent which reduces permeability of blood-brain barrier to phosphate. It has no vitamin B6 activity.	2.04	1	0	methylpyridines
ethidium bromide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organic bromide salt	geroprotector; intercalator; trypanocidal drug
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.18	5	0
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	7.13	1	0	zinc molecular entity
antimycin a [no description available]	2.03	1	0	benzamides; formamides; macrodiolide; phenols	antifungal agent; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; piscicide
vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile.	17.97	259	35	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	3.87	3	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
guanazole Guanazole: A cytostatic triazole derivative which is not to be confused with guanazolo, the generic name for 8-azaguanine.. guanazole : An aromatic amine that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at positions 3 and 5 by amino groups.	2.04	1	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor
ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metylperon metylperon: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
meturedepa meturedepa: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #6031	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
metaxalone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
ioxynil ioxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. ioxynil : A nitrile that is benzonitrile substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and iodo groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.04	1	0	iodophenol; nitrile	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
bromoxynil bromoxynil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile : A dibromobenzene that is 2,6-dibromophenol substituted by a cyano group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	dibromobenzene; hydroxynitrile; phenols	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis.	3.79	3	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
picloram Picloram: A picolinic acid derivative that is used as a herbicide.. picloram : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine-2-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a chloro group at positions 3,5 and 6, and by an amino group at position 4. It is a systemic herbicide used to control deeply rooted herbaceous weeds and woody plants in rights-of-way, forestry, range lands, pastures, and small grain crops.	2.04	1	0	aminopyridine; chloropyridine; organochlorine pesticide; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	herbicide; synthetic auxin
ethoglucid Ethoglucid: Alkylating antineoplastic agent used especially in bladder neoplasms. It is toxic to hair follicles, gastro-intestinal tract, and vasculature.	2.04	1	0	epoxide
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	4.37	6	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	3.59	2	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	4.06	4	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
azaribine azaribine: pyrimidine analogue; anti-metabolite used in psoriasis & mycosis fungoides;. azaribine : A N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine that is 6-azauridine acetylated at positions 2', 3' and 5' on the sugar ring. It is a prodrug for 6-azauridine and is used for treatment of psoriasis.	2.04	1	0	acetate ester; N-glycosyl-1,2,4-triazine	antipsoriatic; prodrug
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	2.08	1	0
methylprednisolone hemisuccinate Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate: A water-soluble ester of METHYLPREDNISOLONE used for cardiac, allergic, and hypoxic emergencies.	2.93	4	0	corticosteroid hormone; hemisuccinate
dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis.	3.23	1	0	brompheniramine	anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist
sulfadoxine Sulfadoxine: A long acting sulfonamide that is used, usually in combination with other drugs, for respiratory, urinary tract, and malarial infections.. sulfadoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 5- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position. In combination with the antiprotozoal pyrimethamine (CHEBI:8673) it is used as an antimalarial.	2.05	1	0	pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; antimalarial
1,3,5-triglycidyl-s-triazinetrione [no description available]	2.04	1	0
sulfur hexafluoride Sulfur Hexafluoride: Sulfur hexafluoride. An inert gas used mainly as a test gas in respiratory physiology. Other uses include its injection in vitreoretinal surgery to restore the vitreous chamber and as a tracer in monitoring the dispersion and deposition of air pollutants.. sulfur hexafluoride : A sulfur coordination entity consisting of six fluorine atoms attached to a central sulfur atom. It is the most potent greenhouse gas currently known, with a global warming potential of 23,900 times that of CO2 over a 100 year period (SF6 has an estimated lifetime in the atmosphere of between 800 and 3,000 years).	2.04	1	0	sulfur coordination entity	greenhouse gas; NMR chemical shift reference compound; ultrasound contrast agent
acadesine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
acetophenazine acetophenazine: major descriptor (73-85); minor descriptor (64-72); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-85); Index Medicus search PHENOTHIAZINES (64-72); ACETOPHENAZINE (73-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. acetophenazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at the nitogen atom and an acetyl group at position 2.	2.04	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; phenothiazines	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlordesmethyldiazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzodiazepine
toliprolol toliprolol: was MH 1975-92 (see under PROPANOLAMINES 1981-90, was DOBEROL see under PROPANOLAMINES 1975-80); KOE 592 was see TOLIPROLOL 1975-92; use PROPANOLAMINES to search TOLIPROLOL 1975-92; beta adrenergic blockader with some stimulant action; it has been proposed for angina pectoris	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether
stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase	4.4	6	0	dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity	antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
doxifluridine doxifluridine : A pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside that is 5-fluorouridine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position is replaced by a hydrogen. It is an oral prodrug of the antineoplastic agent 5-fluorouracil. Designed to circumvent the rapid degradation of 5-fluorouracil by dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase in the gut wall, it is converted into 5-fluorouracil in the presence of pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase.	3.14	5	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 5'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group.	12.74	17	2	dichlorobenzene; penicillin	antibacterial drug
improsan improsan: synonyms NSC-102627, alkylating agent 864 & yoshi 864 refer to HCl; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	organosulfonic ester
cyclacillin Cyclacillin: A cyclohexylamido analog of PENICILLANIC ACID.	2.89	4	0	penicillin	antibacterial drug
iproclozide iproclozide: structure	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	3.23	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cephaloglycin Cephaloglycin: A cephalorsporin antibiotic.. cefaloglycin : A cephalosporin antibiotic containing at the 7beta-position of the cephem skeleton an (R)-amino(phenyl)acetamido group.	5.29	7	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antimicrobial agent
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	2.02	1	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	5.82	17	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
piperacetazine piperacetazine: was MH 1975-91 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90)	2.04	1	0	phenothiazines
cladribine [no description available]	4.25	5	0	organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent
beclomethasone [no description available]	2.43	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug
carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain.	8.76	45	4	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
carbenicillin disodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
vantocil polihexanide: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	1	0
dehydroemetine dehydroemetine: was MH 1991-94 (see under EMETINE 1976-90); use EMETINE to search DEHYDROEMETINE 1976-94; amebicide, derivative of emetine. dehydroemetine : A pyridoisoquinoline which was developed in response to the cardiovascular toxicity associated with emetine and results from the dehydrogenation of the heterotricylic ring of emetine. It is an antiprotozoal agent and displays antimalarial, antiamoebic, and antileishmanial properties.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; pyridoisoquinoline	antileishmanial agent; antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug
nifuratel Nifuratel: Local antiprotozoal and antifungal agent that may also be given orally.	1.95	1	0
estradiol enanthate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	steroid ester
benorilate benorilate: was heading 1980-94 (see under SALICYLATES 1980-90); was BENORYLATE see under SALICYLATES 1975-79; BENORYLATE was see BENORILATE 1980-94; use SALICYLATES to search BENORILATE 1980-90 & BENORYLATE 1975-79; an ester of aspirin and paracetamol with analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activity used in the treatment of rheumatoid diseases; it has less severe side effects than aspirin	2.05	1	0	carbonyl compound
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain.	11.24	24	3	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.23	1	0	acridines
pentaquine pentaquine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
beclomethasone dipropionate beclomethasone dipropionate : A steroid ester comprising beclomethasone having propionyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; corticosteroid; enone; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
vidarabine adenine arabinoside : A purine nucleoside in which adenine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond.	2.05	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
betamethasone-17,21-dipropionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	antipsoriatic
methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action	3.23	1	0	N-acylglycine
levomethadone levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine.	2.03	1	0	6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.	4.06	4	0	azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
tiadenol tiadenol: structure	2.05	1	0	aliphatic sulfide
terodiline [no description available]	2.74	3	0	diarylmethane
1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene 1-(4-carboxyphenyl)-3,3-dimethyltriazene: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
phenylethylmalonamide Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.	2.03	1	0	amine
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	7.38	2	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	2.07	1	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.17	5	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	7.1	1	0	vanadium group element atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.5	7	0	titanium group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	2.1	1	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.04	1	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
zalcitabine Zalcitabine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication at low concentrations, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal toxic side effect is axonal degeneration resulting in peripheral neuropathy.. zalcitabine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.14	5	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
metocurine iodide [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aromatic ether
palladium chloride palladium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. palladium(II) chloride : A palladium coordination entity consisting of palladium(II) bound to two chlorine atoms.	2.07	1	0	palladium coordination entity	catalyst
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
isopentenyladenosine Isopentenyladenosine: N(6)-[delta(3)-isopentenyl]adenosine. Isopentenyl derivative of adenosine which is a member of the cytokinin family of plant growth regulators.. N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenosine : A nucleoside analogue in which adenosine has been modified by substitution at the 6-amino nitrogen by a Delta(2)-isopentenyl group.	2.04	1	0	N-ribosyl-N(6)-isopentenyladenine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	3.23	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	4.23	6	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
potassium dichromate Potassium Dichromate: Chromic acid (H2Cr2O7), dipotassium salt. A compound having bright orange-red crystals and used in dyeing, staining, tanning leather, as bleach, oxidizer, depolarizer for dry cells, etc. Medically it has been used externally as an astringent, antiseptic, and caustic. When taken internally, it is a corrosive poison.. potassium dichromate : A potassium salt that is the dipotassium salt of dichromic acid.	2.07	1	0	potassium salt	allergen; oxidising agent; sensitiser
glycerol 1-stearate glycerol 1-stearate: isolated from the young fronds of the bracken fern Pteridium aquilinum; structure in first source. rac-1-monostearoylglycerol : A rac-1-monoacylglycerol composed of equal amounts of 3-stearoyl-sn-glycerol and 1-stearoyl-sn-glycerol.. 1-monostearoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride that has stearoyl as the acyl group.	1.99	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:0; rac-1-monoacylglycerol	algal metabolite; Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	4.1	3	1	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
ancitabine Ancitabine: Congener of CYTARABINE that is metabolized to cytarabine and thereby maintains a more constant antineoplastic action.. ancitabine : An organic heterotricyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the oxo group of cytidine to the 2' position with loss of water to give the corresponding cyclic ether. A prodrug, it is metabolised to the antineoplastic agent cytarabine, so is used to maintain a more constant antineoplastic action.	2.04	1	0	diol; organic heterotricyclic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.01	1	0
stanozolol Stanozolol: A synthetic steroid that has anabolic and androgenic properties. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1194). stanozolol : An organic heteropentacyclic compound resulting from the formal condensation of the 3-keto-aldehyde moiety of oxymetholone with hydrazine. Like oxymetholone, it is a synthetic anabolic steroid. It has both anabolic and androgenic properties, and has been used to treat hereditary angioedema and various vascular disorders. It has also been widely abused by professional athletes.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anabolic agent; androgen
phenacid phenacid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.05	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	7.9	3	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
apazone Apazone: An anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. It also has uricosuric properties and has been used to treat gout.. apazone : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2-dihydro-1,2,4-benzotriazine bearing a dimethylamino substitutent at position 3 and a methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the nitrogens at positions 1 and 2 are both acylated by a carboxy group of propylmalonic acid.	2.04	1	0	benzotriazines	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; uricosuric drug
metopimazine metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	phenothiazines
xipamide Xipamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide analog of CLOPAMIDE. It is diuretic and saluretic with antihypertensive activity. It is bound to PLASMA PROTEINS, thus has a delayed onset and prolonged action.	2.45	2	0	benzamides
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	4.53	7	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.44	2	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions.	3.23	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
thiamphenicol [no description available]	4.46	5	1	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent; immunosuppressive agent
pizotyline Pizotyline: Serotonin antagonist used against MIGRAINE DISORDERS and vascular headaches.. pizotifen : A benzocycloheptathiophene that is 9,10-dihydro-4H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophene 4-ylidene)-1-methylpiperidine which is joined from the 4 position to the 4 position of an N-methylpiperidine moiety by a double bond. It is a sedating antihistamine, with strong serotonin antagonist and weak antimuscarinic activity. It is generally used as the malate salt for the treatment of migraine and the prevention of headache attacks during cluster periods.	2.05	1	0	benzocycloheptathiophene	histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	14.27	101	11	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	3.42	7	0	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
pentamethylmelamine pentamethylmelamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
ornidazole Ornidazole: A nitroimidazole antiprotozoal agent used in ameba and trichomonas infections. It is partially plasma-bound and also has radiation-sensitizing action.. ornidazole : A C-nitro compound that is 5-nitroimidazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 2 are replaced by 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl and methyl groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of susceptible protozoal infections and for the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections.	4.33	2	2	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; organochlorine compound; secondary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antiprotozoal drug; antitrichomonal drug; epitope
calusterone calusterone: was MH 1975-92 (see under METHYLTESTOSTERONE 1975-90); use METHYLTESTOSTERONE to search CALUSTERONE 1975-92	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders.	4.06	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector
dioxidine dioxidine: Russian drug; structure	1.99	1	0
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd	3.23	1	0
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	2.04	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
etoprine etoprine: do not confuse with 3,5-dicarbethoxy-2,6-dimethyl-4-ethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine, also called DDEP	2.04	1	0
laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available]	3.23	1	0
taurolidine [no description available]	3.86	2	1	thiadiazinane
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	4.06	4	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
razoxane Razoxane: An antimitotic agent with immunosuppressive properties.	2.04	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine
cephapirin Cephapirin: Cephalosporin antibiotic, partly plasma-bound, that is effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.. cephapirin : A cephalosporin with acetoxymethyl and 2(pyridin-4-ylsulfanyl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used (as its sodium salt) as an antibiotic, being effective against gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	8.55	27	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas.	3.58	2	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.05	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	4.24	5	0	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	4.17	3	1	benzenes; phenyl acetates
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.74	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
oxyphenisatin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	indoles
azetepa [no description available]	2.04	1	0	phosphoramide
chloroprene Chloroprene: Toxic, possibly carcinogenic, monomer of neoprene, a synthetic rubber; causes damage to skin, lungs, CNS, kidneys, liver, blood cells and fetuses. Synonym: 2-chlorobutadiene.	2.04	1	0	chloroolefin
tetrachloroethylene Tetrachloroethylene: A chlorinated hydrocarbon used as an industrial solvent and cooling liquid in electrical transformers. It is a potential carcinogen.	2.45	2	0	chlorocarbon; chloroethenes	nephrotoxic agent
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	3.23	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	3.85	3	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.04	1	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	2.04	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
metipranolol Metipranolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist effective for both beta-1 and beta-2 receptors. It is used as an antiarrhythmic, antihypertensive, and antiglaucoma agent.. metipranolol : 3-(Propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is substituted by a 4-acetoxy-2,3,5-trimethylphenoxy group. A non-cardioselective beta-blocker, it is used to lower intra-ocular pressure in the management of open-angle glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	acetate ester; aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
halazepam halazepam: structure	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
butachlor butachlor : An aromatic amide that is 2-choro-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)acetamide in which the amide nitrogen has been replaced by a butoxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amide; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
du-21220 Ritodrine: An adrenergic beta-2 agonist used to control PREMATURE LABOR.. 4-[2-[[1-hydroxy-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethyl]phenol : A secondary amino compound that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxypropyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl group.	2.43	2	0	benzyl alcohols; polyphenol; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
rose bengal b disodium salt [no description available]	2.05	1	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	2.69	3	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer	3.23	1	0	chlorphenamine
ribostamycin Ribostamycin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial isolated from Streptomyces ribosifidicus.. ribostamycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is 4,6-diaminocyclohexane-1,2,3-triol having a 2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucosyl residue attached at position 1 and a beta-D-ribosyl residue attached at position 2. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces ribosidificus (formerly S. thermoflavus).	2.04	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; metabolite
clometacin clometacin: structure	3.23	1	0	N-acylindole
ripazepam [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzenes
pivampicillin Pivampicillin: Pivalate ester analog of AMPICILLIN.. pivampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the pivaloyloxymethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a prodrug of ampicillin.	1.95	1	0	penicillanic acid ester; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	prodrug
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.43	2	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	12.22	64	5	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	4.85	10	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.04	1	0	tryptamines
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	2.05	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.59	2	0	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	3.23	1	0	catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid	antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor
prednimustine Prednimustine: Ester of CHLORAMBUCIL and PREDNISOLONE used as a combination alkylating agent and synthetic steroid to treat various leukemias and other neoplasms. It causes gastrointestinal and bone marrow toxicity.	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-ethynylbiphenyl 4-ethynylbiphenyl: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
toloxatone toloxatone: oxazolidinone derivative; psychotropic drug; structure. toloxatone : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-toloxatone. It is a reversible monoamine oxidase A inhibitor and antidepressant.. 5-(hydroxymethyl)-3-(3-methylphenyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one : A member of the class of oxazolidinones that is 5-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxazolidin-2-one substituted by a 3-methylphenyl group at position 3.	2.45	2	0	oxazolidinone; primary alcohol; toluenes
moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group.	3.56	2	0	carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines	anti-arrhythmia drug
amygdalin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cyanogenic glycoside; disaccharide derivative; gentiobioside	plant metabolite
amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne.	3.86	3	0	amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor
bitolterol bitolterol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bitolterol : The di-4-toluate ester of (+-)-N-tert-butylnoradrenaline (colterol). A pro-drug for colterol, a beta2-adrenergic receptor agonist, bitolterol is used as its methanesulfonate salt for relief of bronchospasm in conditions such as asthma, chronic bronchitis and emphysema.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; diester; ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; prodrug
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	4.75	9	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure	3.59	2	0	pyrroline
sisomicin Sisomicin: Antibiotic produced by Micromonospora inyoensis. It is closely related to gentamicin C1A, one of the components of the gentamicin complex (GENTAMICINS).	8.58	9	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic; beta-L-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative
amdinocillin Amdinocillin: An amidinopenicillanic acid derivative with broad spectrum antibacterial action.. mecillinam : A penicillin in which the 6beta substituent is [(azepan-1-yl)methylidene]amino; an extended-spectrum penicillin antibiotic that binds specifically to penicillin binding protein 2 (PBP2), and is only considered to be active against Gram-negative bacteria.	4.87	8	1	penicillin	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent
tobramycin Tobramycin: An aminoglycoside, broad-spectrum antibiotic produced by Streptomyces tenebrarius. It is effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially the PSEUDOMONAS species. It is a 10% component of the antibiotic complex, NEBRAMYCIN, produced by the same species.. tobramycin : A amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin B lacking the 3-hydroxy substituent from the 2,6-diaminoglucose ring.	12.39	118	15	amino cyclitol glycoside	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; toxin
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	4.65	8	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	4.54	7	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	4.06	4	0	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ticarcillin Ticarcillin: An antibiotic derived from penicillin similar to CARBENICILLIN in action.. ticarcillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[(2R)-2-carboxy-2-thiophen-3-ylacetyl]amino side-group.	9.38	26	5	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
trimazosin trimazosin: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent.	3.56	2	0	ethanolamines
etidocaine Etidocaine: A local anesthetic with rapid onset and long action, similar to BUPIVACAINE.. etidocaine : An amino acid amide in which 2-[ethyl(propyl)amino]butanoic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. Used as a local anaesthetic (amide caine), it has rapid onset and long action properties, similar to bupivacaine, and is given by injection during surgical procedures and during labour and delivery.	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide	local anaesthetic
ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename	4.4	6	0	1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
miloxacin miloxacin: structure in second source	2.04	1	0	quinolines
adinazolam adinazolam: structure in first source. adinazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a dimethylaminomethyl group at the 1-position, a phenyl group at the 6-position and a chloro substituent at the 8-position.	2.74	3	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; sedative
amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group.	10.3	60	6	alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin
tolamolol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton.	10.95	60	2	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
guanadrel guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).	2.02	1	0	guanidines; spiroketal	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	9.72	9	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
tocainide Tocainide: An antiarrhythmic agent which exerts a potential- and frequency-dependent block of SODIUM CHANNELS.. tocainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide in which 2,6-dimethylphenylaniline and isobutyric acid have combined to form the amide bond; used as a local anaesthetic.	3.14	5	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	anti-arrhythmia drug; local anaesthetic; sodium channel blocker
sulbenicillin Sulbenicillin: Semisynthetic penicillin-type antibiotic.. sulbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-[phenyl(sulfo)acetamido] side-chain.	3.59	9	0	penicillin
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	3.29	6	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	4.65	8	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.04	1	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
levobunolol Levobunolol: The L-Isomer of bunolol.. levobunolol : A cyclic ketone that is 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one substituted at position 5 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group (the S-enantiomer). A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist used (as its hydrochloride salt) for treatment of glaucoma.	2.02	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclic ketone; propanolamine	antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	2.7	3	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	ibuprofen	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals.	8.81	3	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.44	2	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
exifone [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzophenones
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	2.05	1	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown.	3.23	1	0	[2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol	antimalarial
lodoxamide ethyl lodoxamide ethyl: inhibits anaphylactic reactions; structure	2.03	1	0
desogestrel Desogestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone used often as the progestogenic component of combined oral contraceptive agents (ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED).	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain.	2.45	2	0	azepanes
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene
butibufen butibufen: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug	3.23	1	0	benzamides; carboxylic ester
sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	9.41	6	0	anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes	anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
acarbose [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrasaccharide derivative	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	4.4	6	0	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
medroxalol medroxalol: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	salicylamides
epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA.	4.08	4	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
spiromustine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cefmetazole Cefmetazole: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic with a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms. It has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmetazole : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having N(1)-methyltetrazol-5-ylthiomethyl, {[(cyanomethyl)sulfanyl]acetyl}amino and methoxy side-groups at positions 3, 7beta and 7alpha respectively of the parent cephem bicyclic structure.	8.69	54	3	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
desflurane Desflurane: A fluorinated ether that is used as a volatile anesthetic for maintenance of general anesthesia.	2.44	2	0	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
diaziquone diaziquone: RN given refers to parent cpd. diaziquone : A 1,4-benzoquinone that is substituted at positions 2 and 5 have been replaced by aziridin-1-yl groups and at positions 3 and 6 by (ethoxycarbonyl)amino groups.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; aziridines; carbamate ester; enamine	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
lorcainide [no description available]	2.74	3	0	acetamides
idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA.	4.4	6	0	anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.37	2	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ceforanide ceforanide: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer. ceforanide : A second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with {[1-(carboxymethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and 2-(aminomethyl)phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is effective against many coliforms, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Proteus, and most strains of Salmonella, Shigella, Hemophilus, Citrobacter and Arizona species.	7.39	12	2	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	8.5	20	4	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	10.94	58	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
cefotiam Cefotiam: One of the CEPHALOSPORINS that has a broad spectrum of activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotiam : A cephalosporin with ({1-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-1H-tetrazol-5-yl}sulfanyl)methyl and (2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetamido substituents at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. A third generation beta-lactam cephalosporin antibiotic, it is active against a broad spectrum of both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria.	8.27	35	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	4.25	5	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
triciribine phosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	4.74	9	0	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance.	9.72	56	5	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
foscarnet sodium trisodium phosphonoformate : The trisodium salt of phosphonoformic acid. It is used as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	2.05	1	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antiviral drug
lodoxamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups.	4.03	4	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
butoconazole butoconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. butoconazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1H-imidazole in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-[(2,6-dichlorophenyl)sulfanyl]butyl group. An antifungal agent, it is used as its nitrate salt in gynaecology for treatment of vulvovaginal infections caused by Candida species, particularly Candida albicans.	2.02	1	0	aryl sulfide; conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes
moxalactam Moxalactam: Broad- spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic similar in structure to the CEPHALOSPORINS except for the substitution of an oxaazabicyclo moiety for the thiaazabicyclo moiety of certain CEPHALOSPORINS. It has been proposed especially for the meningitides because it passes the blood-brain barrier and for anaerobic infections.. moxalactam : A broad-spectrum oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted with a tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries methoxy and 2-carboxy-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido substituents.	9.82	42	13	cephalosporin; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.05	1	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
endralazine BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.44	2	0	benzamides
naftifine naftifine: allylamine der; RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. naftifine : A tertiary amine in which the nitrogen is substituted by methyl, alpha-naphthylmethyl, and (1E)-cinnamyl groups. It is used (usually as its hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.02	1	0	allylamine antifungal drug; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	2.04	1	0
pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction.	3.56	2	0	diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.45	22	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
encainide Encainide: One of the ANTI-ARRHYTHMIA AGENTS, it blocks VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS and slows conduction within the His-Purkinje system and MYOCARDIUM.. encainide : 4-Methoxy-N-phenylbenzamide in which the hydrogen at the 2 position of the phenyl group is substituted by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. A class Ic antiarrhythmic, the hydrochloride was used for the treatment of severe or life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, but it was associated with increased death rates in patients who had asymptomatic heart rhythm abnormalities after a recent heart attack and was withdrawn from the market.	3.14	5	0	benzamides; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug; sodium channel blocker
nedocromil Nedocromil: A pyranoquinolone derivative that inhibits activation of inflammatory cells which are associated with ASTHMA, including EOSINOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MACROPHAGES; MAST CELLS; MONOCYTES; AND PLATELETS.	2.02	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fialuridine [no description available]	3.23	1	0
cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	7.85	24	1	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
pefloxacin Pefloxacin: A synthetic broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent active against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.. pefloxacin : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, fluorine, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	7.02	9	3	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
pirazolac [no description available]	2.03	1	0
alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position.	4.65	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group.	3.59	2	0	piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor
haloperidol decanoate [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.	9.74	29	10
recainam recainam: structure given in first source	2.96	4	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	4.53	7	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.74	3	0	aminopyridine
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2.96	4	0	aromatic ketone
piritrexim piritrexim: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
levocabastine levocabastine: for the temporary relief of the signs and symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis	2.02	1	0	piperidines
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	4.24	5	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	2.45	2	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.74	3	0	dimethoxybenzene
balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond.	3.23	1	0
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	4.76	9	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia.	3.56	2	0	N-acylurea	antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
caracemide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bambuterol bambuterol: selective inhibitor of butyrylcholinesterase & acetylcholinesterase. bambuterol : A carbamate ester that is terbutaline in which both of the phenolic hydroxy groups have been protected as the corresponding N,N-dimethylcarbamates. A long acting beta-adrenoceptor agonist used in the treatment of asthma, it is a prodrug for terbutaline.	2.44	2	0	carbamate ester; phenylethanolamines	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
atomoxetine hydrochloride Atomoxetine Hydrochloride: A propylamine derivative and selective ADRENERGIC UPTAKE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER.. atomoxetine hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of atomoxetine.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant
atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents.	4.25	5	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.06	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
alpidem [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles
eproxindine eproxindine: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
gepirone gepirone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.59	2	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
itraconazole Itraconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that inhibits cytochrome P-450-dependent enzymes required for ERGOSTEROL synthesis.. itraconazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is cis-ketoconazole in which the imidazol-1-yl group is replaced by a 1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group and in which the actyl group attached to the piperazine moiety is replaced by a p-[(+-)1-sec-butyl-5-oxo-1,5-dihydro-4H-1,2,4-triazol-4-yl]phenyl group. A potent P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4 inhibitor, it is used as an antifungal drug for the treatment of various fungal infections, including aspergillosis, blastomycosis, candidiasis, chromoblastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, and sporotrichosis.	2.48	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; N-arylpiperazine; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; Hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
amifloxacin amifloxacin: structure in UD	2.02	1	0	quinolines
trospectomycin trospectomycin: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; RN refers to 2R-(2alpha,4abeta,5abeta,6beta,7beta,8beta,9beta,9alpha,9aalpha,10abeta)-(9CI)-isomer	2.04	1	0	dioxanes
(S)-nomifensine (S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine.	2.03	1	0	nomifensine
difloxacin difloxacin: RN & structure given in first source. difloxacin : A quinolone that is pefloxacin in which the ethyl group at position 1 of the quinolone has been replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group. A broad-spectrum antibiotic effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, it is used (usually as the monohydrochloride salt) for the treatment of bacterial infections in dogs.	6.97	1	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source	3.56	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	4.25	5	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
sematilide sematilide: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	4.06	4	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
temafloxacin temafloxacin: structure given in first source. temafloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-temafloxacin. Both enantiomers both exhibit similar pharmacological profiles. Temafloxacin was briefly used (either as the free base or as the hydrochloride salt) as an antibacterial drug but was withdrawn worldwide in 1992 following reports of serious side effects, including severe hypoglycaemia, haemolytic anaemia, liver and kidney dysfunction, anaphylaxis, and death.. 1-(2,4-difluorophenyl)-6-fluoro-7-(3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid : A quinolone that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 1, 6, and 7 by 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluorine, and 3-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups, respectively.	2.01	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound
(2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
clinafloxacin clinafloxacin: structure given in first source; RN given is for monoHCl	2.74	3	0	quinolines
adapalene Adapalene: A naphthalene derivative that has specificity for RETINOIC ACID RECEPTORS. It is used as a DERMATOLOGIC AGENT for the treatment of ACNE.. adapalene : A naphthoic acid that is CD437 in which the phenolic hydroxy group has been converted to its methyl ether.	2.02	1	0	adamantanes; monocarboxylic acid; naphthoic acid	dermatologic drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	4.25	5	0	6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent
loxiglumide loxiglumide: cholecystokinin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (+-)-isomer; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	organic molecular entity
aromasil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sparfloxacin [no description available]	3.29	6	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone
zileuton [no description available]	3.85	3	0	1-benzothiophenes; ureas	anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tebufelone tebufelone: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	3.59	2	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients.	4.4	6	0	phosphonic acids; pyrimidone	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	4.25	5	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	2.04	1	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks.	4.24	5	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor
bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure.	4.26	5	0	aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	4.06	4	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt	4.06	4	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders.	3.58	2	0	aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone	drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist
remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline.	4.06	4	0	alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester	intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative
atorvastatin [no description available]	4.06	4	0	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
lamivudine [no description available]	4.75	9	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
duloxetine [no description available]	3.59	2	0	duloxetine
irinotecan [no description available]	4.4	6	0	carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	4.54	7	0	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	3.58	2	0
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	4.25	5	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
zanamivir Zanamivir: A guanido-neuraminic acid that is used to inhibit NEURAMINIDASE.	2.74	3	0	guanidines	antiviral agent; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor
zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine.	4.25	5	0	oxazolidinone; tryptamines	anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
adefovir dipivoxil bis(pivaloyloxymethyl)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine: structure given in first source. adefovir pivoxil : An organic phosphonate that is the dipivoxil ester of adefovir. A prodrug for adefovir, an HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor, adefovir pivoxil is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection.	2.05	1	0	6-aminopurines; carbonate ester; ether; organic phosphonate	antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent; prodrug
emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection.	3.57	2	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	biphenyls
tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source	3.56	2	0	organochlorine compound
tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group.	3.85	3	0	L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	4.25	5	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone 2,5-bis(1-aziridinyl)-3,6-bis(2-methoxyethoxy)-4-benzoquinone: structure	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones
morzid morzid: structure	2.04	1	0	morpholines
pipothiazine pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers	2.03	1	0
cisatracurium cisatracurium: RN refers to (1R-(1alpha,2alpha(1'R,2'R)))-isomer. cisatracurium : A diester that is the (1R,1'R,2R,2'R)-diastereoisomer of atracurium, a quaternary ammonium ion consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxy functions bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. The active species in the skeletal muscle relaxant cisatracurium besylate.	2.04	1	0	diester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
halofuginone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	quinazolines
fosinoprilat fosinoprilat: active phosphinic acid metabolite of prodrug fosenopril, which is activated by esterases in vivo; structure given in first source; binds zinc with phosphinic acid group. fosinoprilat : A phosphinic acid-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. An inhibitor of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), it is used as the phosphinate ester pro-drug fosinopril for treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure.	2.04	1	0	L-proline derivative; phosphinic acids	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ortho-cept ethinyl estradiol-desogestrel combination: Ethinyl Estradiol and Desogestrell given in fixed proportions; has proved to be an effective & well-tolerated oral contraceptive, which improves cycle control & has a beneficial effect on acne	2.05	1	0
trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure.	4.39	6	0
cefprozil [no description available]	4.06	4	0	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
methylprednisolone aceponate methylprednisolone aceponate: RN given for (6alpha,11beta)-isomer	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
dexamethasone 17-valerate dexamethasone 17-valerate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
dexamethasone dipropionate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
4-[1-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenylbut-1-enyl]phenol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
febrifugine febrifugine: antimalarials; structure	2.04	1	0	quinazolines
efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.	3.59	2	0	acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties.	3.59	2	0	aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor
doxapram hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	central nervous system stimulant
fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate.	3.23	1	0	aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid	drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
trimethoprim sulfamethizole trimethoprim sulfamethizole: used in treating liver pulmonary lesions	2.15	1	0
1,5-anhydroglucitol 1,5-anhydroglucitol: structure. 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol : An anhydro sugar of D-glucitol.	2.05	1	0	anhydro sugar	human metabolite
betulinic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; plant metabolite
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	3.23	1	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
amprenavir [no description available]	3.59	2	0	carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza.	3.57	2	0	acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic
allicin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
thymine arabinoside thymine arabinoside: selectively inhibits replication of herpes simplex virus	2.04	1	0	N-glycosyl compound
psicofuranine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	psicose derivative; purine nucleoside
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.05	1	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
triciribine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	nucleoside analogue	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.76	3	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
5-chloro-2'-deoxyuridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine.	3.23	1	0	phosphate salt	histamine agonist
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	25.36	672	116	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
imipramine n-oxide imipramine N-oxide: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	dibenzooxazepine
tilbroquinol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organohalogen compound; quinolines
bendamustine [no description available]	3.86	3	0	benzimidazoles
erdosteine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
ritipenem ritipenem: carbapenem antibiotic; structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.	3.23	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	2.04	1	0	ifosfamides
brobactam [no description available]	1.96	1	0
ceftezole ceftezole: RN given refers to (6R-(trans))-isomer; structure. ceftezole : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [2-(1H-tetrazol-1-yl)acetamido side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	6.05	16	2	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
4-aminobenzoic acid-n-xyloside 4-aminobenzoic acid-N-xyloside: K 247 refers to Na salt; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	2.04	1	0
fotrin fotrin: ethyleneamine derivative; antineoplastic; Russian drug; structure	2.04	1	0
sufosfamide sufosfamide: stronger immunosuppressive activity than cyclophosphamide; structure	2.04	1	0
inaperisone inaperisone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	aromatic ketone
flomoxef flomoxef: structure given in first source; RN given refers to sodium salt. flomoxef : A second-generation oxacephem antibiotic in which the oxazine ring is substituted at C-3 with a hydroxyethyl-substituted tetrazolylthiomethyl group and the azetidinone ring carries 7alpha-methoxy and 7beta-{2-[(difluoromethyl)thiomethyl]acetamido} substituents.	3.61	9	0	N-acyl-amino acid; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; oxacephem	antibacterial drug
ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide
fropenem [no description available]	2.07	1	0	faropenem
mizolastine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles
dexloxiglumide dexloxiglumide: a CCK receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	glutamic acid derivative
intoplicine intoplicine: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	pyridoindole
pazufloxacin [no description available]	2.01	1	0	quinolines
repaglinide [no description available]	4.25	5	0	piperidines
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	4.26	5	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
inogatran inogatran: a direct low molecular weight thrombin inhibitor	2.02	1	0
propatyl nitrate propatyl nitrate: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	nitrate ester
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	3.13	5	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-phenylbenzoic acid 4-phenylbenzoic acid: RN given refers to 4-carboxylic cpd	2.04	1	0
sulfamidochrysoidine sulfamidochrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. prontosil : A diphenyldiazene compound having two amino substituents at the 2- and 4-positions and an aminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. It was the first antibacterial drug, (introduced 1935) and the first of the sulfonamide antibiotics.	2.04	1	0
ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate ethinyl estradiol-17-sulfate: RN given refers to the (17alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0
propamidine isethionate propamidine isethionate : A guanidinium salt obtained by combining propamidine with two molar equivalents of isethionic acid. Used for the treatment of minor eye or eyelid infections, such as conjunctivitis and blepharitis.	2.06	1	0	guanidinium salt; organosulfonate salt	antimicrobial agent; antiseptic drug
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.99	4	0	1,2,3-triazole
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	2.04	1	0	benzoate ester; phenols
ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate ethinylestradiol-3-sulfate: binds to albumin at 2 sites	2.04	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; steroid sulfate	antineoplastic agent; estrogen
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.05	1	0	imidazoles
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	3.85	3	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
picosulfate sodium picosulfate sodium: contains two active ingredients, sodium picosulfate and magnesium citrate, which are both laxatives; structure	2.05	1	0	aryl sulfate; pyridines
cefcanel cefcanel: RN given refers to (6R-(6 alpha,7 beta(R*)))-isomer; structure	3.59	9	0
pumitepa pumitepa: structure; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.04	1	0
arbekacin arbekacin: structure given in first source. arbekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B bearing an N-(2S)-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group on the aminocyclitol ring.	2.46	2	0	aminoglycoside; kanamycins	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	3.85	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
epristeride epristeride: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0	steroid acid
talinolol [no description available]	2.74	3	0	ureas
elmustine elmustine: structure	2.04	1	0
dienogest [no description available]	2.05	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone	aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin
forphenicinol [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fenflumizole fenflumizole: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
morphazinamide morphazinamide: RN given refers to parent cpd; RN in Chemline for mono-HCL: 1473-73-0; structure in Merck Index	2.05	1	0	morpholines; pyrazines; secondary carboxamide
bromopyruvate 3-bromopyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is pyruvic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine. Synthetic brominated derivative and structural analog of pyruvic acid. Highly reactive alkylating agent. Anti-cancer drug	2.31	1	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid; organobromine compound; oxo carboxylic acid	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
leucyl-glycyl-glycine leucyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to (L-Leu)-isomer. Leu-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-leucine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	2.04	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
denaverine denaverine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
cefminox cefminox : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and 2-{[(2S)-2-amino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}acetamido side-groups located respectively at positions 3 and 7beta of the cephem nucleus. A broad-spectrum bactericide, it is especially effective against Gram-negative and anaerobic bacteria.	1.96	1	0	cephamycin; tetrazoles
acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3.	3.23	1	0	acetamides; organosulfonic acid	environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic
isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine
enrofloxacin Enrofloxacin: A fluoroquinolone antibacterial and antimycoplasma agent that is used in veterinary practice.. enrofloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is 1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid substituted by an oxo group at position 4, a fluoro group at position 6, a cyclopropyl group at position 1 and a 4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 7. It is a veterinary antibacterial agent used for the treatment of pets.	2.61	2	0	cyclopropanes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent
diprafenone diprafenone: structure given in first source	2.45	2	0	aromatic compound
erythromycin propionate erythromycin propionate: form in which erythromycin estolate is principally absorbed	2.39	2	0	erythromycin derivative
nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group.	3.58	2	0	chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
uk 68798 [no description available]	4.08	4	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
ljc 10627 biapenem: structure given in first source. biapenem : A carbapenem antibiotic in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and pyrazolo[1,2-a][1,2,4]triazolium-6-ylthio substituents respectively.	2.95	4	0	carbapenems; organic sulfide; pyrazolotriazole	antibacterial drug
hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane.	4.25	5	0	razoxane	antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent
tyloxapol tyloxapol: non-ionic detergent with surface-active properties; incompatible with metals; surfactant also used in inhalation therapy; N1 is from CA Vol 90 Form Index; N1 in Chemline is same as synonym 8. tyloxapol : A polymeric compound resulting from the reaction of 4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol with formaldehyde to give a chain in which 6-8 molecules are linked together by CH2 groups ortho to the phenolic hydroxy groups, which have then undergone reaction with oxirane to give polyoxyethyleneoxy moieties, Ar(OCH2CH2)xOH, where x = 8-10. A nonionic liquic polymer, it inhibits lipoprotein lipase and hence clearance of triglyceride from the plasma, so is used to induce hyperlipidaemia in test animals. Also used as a surfactant to aid liquefaction and removal of mucus- and pus-containing bronchopulmonary secretions.	1.96	1	0
fenoxypropazine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether
antebate betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4.	4.92	6	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	P450 inhibitor
inproquone inproquone: major descriptor (78-80); replaced major descriptor Bayer E39 (63-77); on-line search AZIRINES (66-80); Index Medicus search Bayer E39 (63-77), INPROQUONE (78-80)	2.04	1	0
betamipron [no description available]	2.44	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
penicillin n penicillin N: RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #6887	2.07	1	0	penicillin
bufuralol bufuralol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.74	3	0	benzofurans
cefazedone cefazedone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cefazedone : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and [(3,5-dichloro-4-oxopyridin-1(4H)-yl)acetamido side-groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	9.41	20	4	4-pyridones; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
aceclofenac [no description available]	3.23	1	0	amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nitrefazole [no description available]	3.23	1	0	imidazoles
panipenem panipenem: synthetic cpd; structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	organic molecular entity
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
cyclobutyrol cyclobutyrol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclobutyrol : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid in which the hydroxy group is geminal to a 1-carboxypropyl group on a cyclohexane ring.	2.05	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	bile therapy drug
prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	2.05	1	0	polypeptide
(S)-flurbiprofen [no description available]	2.03	1	0	flurbiprofen
2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 2-carboxythiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: hepatoprotective drug; structure given in first source	2.17	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
7-hydroxystaurosporine [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methotrimeprazine Methotrimeprazine: A phenothiazine with pharmacological activity similar to that of both CHLORPROMAZINE and PROMETHAZINE. It has the histamine-antagonist properties of the antihistamines together with CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM effects resembling those of chlorpromazine. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p604). methotrimeprazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by a (2R)-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group and a methoxy group at positions 10 and 2 respectively.	2.45	2	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; cholinergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug; serotonergic antagonist
isoflavone [no description available]	2.05	1	0	isoflavones
clevudine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
gentamicin c1a [no description available]	2.54	2	0	gentamycin C
9-aminocamptothecin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
sch 34343 Sch 34343: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (5R-(5alpha,6alpha))-isomer	2.73	3	0
squalamine squalamine: from dogfish shark Squalus acanthias; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	bile acid
neplanocin a neplanocin A: neplanocins are antitumor antibiotics & carbocyclic analogs of purine nucleosides from Ampullarilla regularis A11079; see also neplanocin B, neplanocin C, neplanocin D & neplanocin F; structure in first source; a potent inhibitor of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase	2.04	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	2.05	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS.	4.33	5	0	carbapenems
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position.	4.4	6	0	hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone
1-ethoxysilatrane [no description available]	2.04	1	0
rivastigmine [no description available]	3.85	3	0	carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
frovatriptan [no description available]	4.08	4	0	carbazoles
eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group.	3.85	3	0	indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
rosiglitazone [no description available]	4.26	5	0	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
tridodecylmethylammonium tridodecylmethylammonium: quaternary amine which forms molecular bond with heparin & can attach firmly to a polyvinyl chloride surface for a nonthrombogenic bypass cannula; RN given refers to chloride	3.76	2	1
bexarotene [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones	2.72	3	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	7.11	14	2	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate cobalt-ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid chelate: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym dicobalt edetate refers to di-Na salt	1.97	1	0
ethylhydrocupreine ethylhydrocupreine: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd. optochin : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of 10,11-dihydrocinchonan bearing hydroxy and ethoxy substituents at positions 9 and 6' respectively.	2	1	0	aromatic ether; cinchona alkaloid	EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor
tretazicar tretazicar: minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search AZIRIDINES (75-84)	2.04	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.42	7	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
nsc-172755 butocin: S-substituted analog of mercaptopurine which functions as a cytostatic agent; minor descriptor (75-85); on-line search 6-MERCAPTOPURINE/AA (75-84); Index Medicus search MERCAPTOPURINE/analogs (75-84)	2.04	1	0
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.41	2	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	3.84	3	0	peptide
streptovitacin a streptovitacin A: structure	2.04	1	0
cephacetrile Cephacetrile: A derivative of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.	8.86	21	2	cephalosporin
gliquidone gliquidone: structure; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
lekoptin (S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration.	2.03	1	0	2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile
tarenflurbil tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein;	2.03	1	0	flurbiprofen
cb 10375 trimelamol: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
mci 9038 [no description available]	3.58	2	0	peptide
lopinavir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amphetamines; dicarboxylic acid diamide	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
propicillin propicillin: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (64-84); Index Medicus search PROPICILLIN (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer	1.96	1	0	penicillin
glycidyl nitrate glycidyl nitrate: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source. peptidoglycan : A peptidoglycosaminoglycan formed by alternating residues of beta-(1->4)-linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid {2-amino-3-O-[(S)-1-carboxyethyl]-2-deoxy-D-glucose} residues. Attached to the carboxy group of the muramic acid is a peptide chain of three to five amino acids.	2.65	3	0
carbenicillin indanyl carbenicillin indanyl: acid stable indanyl ester of carbenicillin for oral use; same side-effects as carbenicillin; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search CARBENICILLIN/AA (75-86); RN given refers to (mono-Na salt(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer)	2.04	1	0	penicillin
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.01	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
cb 1837 CB 1837: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0
hexaphosphamide hexaphosphamide: structure	2.04	1	0
dipin dipin: structure	2.04	1	0
phosphazine phosphazine: structure	2.04	1	0
prolyl-glycyl-glycine prolyl-glycyl-glycine: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
diiodobenzotepa diiodobenzotepa: structure	2.04	1	0
icig 1163 ICIG 1163: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
bimolane bimolane: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
thiodipin thiodipin: structure	2.04	1	0
fluoxydine fluoxydine: structure	2.04	1	0
imiphos imiphos: structure	2.04	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.02	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
imipenem, anhydrous Imipenem: Semisynthetic thienamycin that has a wide spectrum of antibacterial activity against gram-negative and gram-positive aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, including many multiresistant strains. It is stable to beta-lactamases. Clinical studies have demonstrated high efficacy in the treatment of infections of various body systems. Its effectiveness is enhanced when it is administered in combination with CILASTATIN, a renal dipeptidase inhibitor.. imipenem : A broad-spectrum, intravenous beta-lactam antibiotic of the carbapenem subgroup.	9.51	47	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; carbapenems; zwitterion	antibacterial drug
sr141716 [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	4.07	4	0	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
selenomethionine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; selenomethionine	plant metabolite
aldophosphamide aldophosphamide: metabolite of cyclophosphamide	2.04	1	0	nitrogen mustard
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	3.86	3	0	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
tryptoline tryptoline: neurotoxic factor that may be involved in development of Parkinson's disease; enzymatic prep from human brain converts tryptamine to tryptoline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.21	1	0	beta-carbolines
asulacrine asulacrine: derivative of amsacrine; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	acridines
hydroxycotinine hydroxycotinine: metabolite of nicotine; RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. trans-3-hydroxycotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is cotinine substituted at position C-3 by a hydroxy group (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.04	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid
fingolimod fingolimod : An aminodiol that consists of propane-1,3-diol having amino and 2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl substituents at the 2-position. It is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator used for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. A prodrug, fingolimod is phosphorylated by sphingosine kinase to active metabolite fingolimod-phosphate, a structural analogue of sphingosine 1-phosphate.	2.05	1	0	aminodiol; primary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; CB1 receptor antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
quinaprilat quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.	2.74	3	0	dicarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-hydroxyimipramine 2-hydroxyimipramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.45	2	0	dibenzoazepine
ecteinascidin 743 [no description available]	2.45	2	0	acetate ester; azaspiro compound; bridged compound; hemiaminal; isoquinoline alkaloid; lactone; organic heteropolycyclic compound; organic sulfide; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; marine metabolite
tadalafil [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione 3,6-bis(5-chloro-2-piperidyl)-2,5-piperazinedione: isolated from Streptomyces griseoluteus fermentation broth; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.04	1	0
florfenicol florfenicol: structure given in first source. florfenicol : A carboxamide that is the N-dichloroacetyl derivative of (1R,2S)-2-amino-3-fluoro-1-[4-(methanesulfonyl)phenyl]propan-1-ol. A synthetic veterinary antibiotic that is used for treatment of bovine respiratory disease and foot rot; also used in aquaculture.	2.07	1	0	organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antimicrobial agent
oxymatrine oxysophoridine: an alkaloid isolated from Sophra alope; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; tertiary amine oxide
ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0	ibuprofen
panipenem-betamipron panipenem-betamipron: useful perenteral antibiotic against respiratory tract infections; structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia.	3.23	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol
nitisinone [no description available]	3.59	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione	EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor
marimastat marimastat: a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor active in patients with advanced carcinoma of the pancreas, prostate, or ovary. marimastat : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the foraml condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[(1S)-1-hydroxy-2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the alpha-amino group of N,3-dimethyl-L-valinamide.	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; secondary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
clofarabine [no description available]	3.88	3	0	adenosines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
1,3,4-thiadiazole 1,3,4-thiadiazole: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	thiadiazole
1,1,2-trichloroethanol 1,1,2-trichloroethanol: metabolite of 1,1,2-trichloroethylene	2.04	1	0
pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively.	3.57	2	0	benzothiazoles; diamine	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger
valdecoxib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mitiglinide mitiglinide: a rapid and short-acting hypoglycemic agent; acts on sulfonylurea receptor closing KATP channels; considered one of the glinides-an imprecise grouping; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
6-iodopenicillanic acid 6-iodopenicillanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer	1.96	1	0
perftoran [no description available]	2.06	1	0
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	2.05	1	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position.	4.07	4	0	indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
mk 0663 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	bipyridines; organochlorine compound; sulfone	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
tazobactam Tazobactam: A penicillanic acid and sulfone derivative and potent BETA-LACTAMASE inhibitor that enhances the activity of other anti-bacterial agents against beta-lactamase producing bacteria.. tazobactam : A member of the class of penicillanic acids that is sulbactam in which one of the exocyclic methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1,2,3-triazol-1-yl group; used (in the form of its sodium salt) in combination with ceftolozane sulfate for treatment of complicated intra-abdominal infections and complicated urinary tract infections.	5.42	10	0	penicillanic acids; triazoles	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	4.07	4	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.05	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine tyrosyl-glycyl-glycine: RN given refers to L-isomer; this may not be the same as IMREG-1. Tyr-Gly-Gly : A tripeptide composed of one L-tyrosine and two glycine residues joined in sequence.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide zwitterion; tripeptide	metabolite
polytrimethylene carbonate trimethylene carbonate: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness.	3.23	1	0	benzocycloheptapyridine	anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist
desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine.	3.23	1	0	cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite
iremycin iremycin: anthracycline antibiotic from Streptomyces violaceus subsp. iremyceticus; RN given refers to parent cpd(7R-trans)-isomer	2.04	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	5.02	12	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
cefbuperazone cefbuperazone: RN given refers to parent cpd(6R-(6alpha,7alpha,7(2R,3S)))-isomer; structure. cefbuperazone : A second-generation cephamycin antibiotic having [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and {N-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carbonyl]-D-threonyl}amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7beta respectively.	2.37	2	0	cephalosporin; peptide
n,n'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine N,N'-bis((2-chloroethyl)nitrosocarbamoyl)cystamine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
hainanensine hainanensine: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
tamsulosin [no description available]	4.08	4	0	5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent
rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source	3.23	1	0	aromatic amide; heteroarene
antiprimod azaspirane: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
sulbactam [no description available]	9.55	30	5	penicillanic acids
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	3.59	2	0	biphenyls
dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid	3.23	1	0	amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide	cholinergic drug; provitamin
fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	prodrug
ilomastat CS 610: matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; structure in first source. ilomastat : An N-acyl-amino acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R)-2-[2-(hydroxyamino)-2-oxoethyl]-4-methylpentanoic acid with the amino group of N-methyl-L-tryptophanamide. A cell permeable broad-spectrum matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor	2.05	1	0	hydroxamic acid; L-tryptophan derivative; N-acyl-amino acid	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.24.24 (gelatinase A) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
dilevalol (R,R)-labetalol : A 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide that has 1R,2R-configuration.	2.04	1	0	2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide
carbapenems [no description available]	3.62	8	0
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	10.4	38	3	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
ritrosulfan ritrosulfan: RN given refers to parent cpd(R,S)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
cdri 81-470 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
escitalopram Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder.. escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram.	3.57	2	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile	antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
docetaxel [no description available]	2.95	4	0	hydrate; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent
docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.23	1	0	secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
irofulven irofulven: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	cyclohexenones
atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).	3.59	2	0	carbohydrazide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
ym 872 YM 872: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	11.29	40	4	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	3.59	2	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract.	6.55	13	0	carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial drug
prolylarginine prolylarginine: fragment of tuftsin peptide with analgesic action; RN given refers to all L-isomer. Pro-Arg : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-arginine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
dx 8951 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	pyranoindolizinoquinoline
cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity.	3.23	1	0	amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cilomilast [no description available]	2.74	3	0	methoxybenzenes
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.86	3	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.45	2	0
enkephalin-leu, des-tyr(1)- enkephalin-Leu, des-Tyr(1)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
sabarubicin sabarubicin: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
damvar damvar: structure	2.04	1	0
prolyl-tyrosine prolyl-tyrosine: structure given in first source. Pro-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-tyrosine residues.	2.13	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	9.42	25	3	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source	3.23	1	0
clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	3.58	2	0	dihydropyridine
jtt 501 JTT 501: an insulin sensitizer; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
solifenacin [no description available]	4.08	4	0	isoquinolines
dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate.	3.23	1	0	methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate	adrenergic agent
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	2.74	3	0	morpholines
disopyramide, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	4.24	5	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
lubiprostone [no description available]	3.23	1	0
isradipine, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	2.03	1	0	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
telbivudine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.05	1	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
benzo-tepa benzo-tepa: structure	2.04	1	0
tevenel tevenel: sulfamoyl analog of D-threo-chloramphenicol; structure	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
tac 278 TAC 278: prodrug of 5-fluorouracil; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.04	1	0
abanoquil [no description available]	2.04	1	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	3.79	3	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
antibiotic ps 6 antibiotic PS 6: do not confuse with PS-6, a propanolamine; structure in first source	1.95	1	0	carbapenems
anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis.	3.58	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative
avasimibe [no description available]	2.05	1	0	monoterpenoid
aminopterin Aminopterin: A folic acid derivative used as a rodenticide that has been shown to be teratogenic.	2.04	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; mutagen
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	3.23	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking.	3.23	1	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	3.35	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
temocillin temocillin: beta-lactam antibiotic with unusual spectrum of antibacterial activity & exceptional stability to bacterial beta-lactamases; RN given refers to di-Na salt (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6alpha))-isomer; structure in first source. temocillin : A penicillin compound having a 6alpha-methoxy and 6beta-[2-carboxy(thiophen-3-yl)acetamido side-groups.	7.65	3	0	penicillin
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	5.42	11	0
ropivacaine Ropivacaine: An anilide used as a long-acting local anesthetic. It has a differential blocking effect on sensory and motor neurons.. ropivacaine : The piperidinecarboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline.. (S)-ropivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide-based amide-type local anaesthetic (amide caine) in which (S)-N-propylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline are combined to form the amide bond.	4.36	4	1	piperidinecarboxamide; ropivacaine	local anaesthetic
erlotinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor
cefcanel daloxate cefcanel daloxate: pro-drug to improve oral absorption of KY-087; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
ketoprofen [no description available]	2.03	1	0
melagatran [no description available]	2.74	3	0	azetidines; carboxamidine; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; secondary amino compound	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
deflazacort deflazacort: structure	2.04	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
hexestrol diphosphate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.04	1	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
etravirine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound	antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
prolylglutamic acid Pro-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-proline and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
troleandomycin Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyketide; semisynthetic derivative	EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor; xenobiotic
yh 1885 YH 1885: proton pump inhibitor; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	3.23	1	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
tesaglitazar tesaglitazar: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist	3.23	1	0	indanes
lapatinib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors.	3.23	1	0	carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	3.59	2	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
fosfluconazole fosfluconazole: prodrug of fluconazole	2.04	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	prodrug
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.59	2	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	3.23	1	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
sorafenib [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
lenalidomide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
regadenoson [no description available]	3.23	1	0	purine nucleoside
lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES.	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cp 101,606 traxoprodil mesylate: a selective NMDA antagonist; structure given in first source	2.45	2	0
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	2.04	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
sitosterol, (3beta)-isomer Sobatum: tradename; active fraction of Solanum trilobatum; reduces side-effects of radiation-induced toxicity. sitosterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is stigmast-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3.	2.05	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; C29-steroid; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	anticholesteremic drug; antioxidant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; sterol methyltransferase inhibitor
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.97	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vincaleukoblastine [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite
benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure	3.59	2	0	1-benzofurans
nsc-89199 estramustine phosphate : A steroid phosphate which is the 17-O-phospho derivative of estramustine.	2.74	3	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; steroid phosphate
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	4.06	4	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
phenethicillin phenethicillin: minor descriptor (85); major descriptor (63-84); on-line search PENICILLIN, PHENOXYMETHYL/AA (66-85); Index Medicus search PHENETHICILLIN (63-84); RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer. phenethicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-phenoxypropanamido group.	2.44	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
noscapine Noscapine: A naturally occurring opium alkaloid that is a centrally acting antitussive agent.. (-)-noscapine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline which is substituted by a 4,5-dimethoxy-3-oxo-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-1-yl group at position 1, a methylenedioxy group at positions 6-7 and a methoxy group at position 8. Obtained from plants of the Papaveraceae family, it lacks significant painkilling properties and is primarily used for its antitussive (cough-suppressing) effects.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isobenzofuranone; organic heterobicyclic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antitussive; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
indicine-n-oxide indicine-N-oxide: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,7(2R,3S),7abeta))-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0
homoharringtonine Homoharringtonine: Semisynthetic derivative of harringtonine that acts as a protein synthesis inhibitor and induces APOPTOSIS in tumor cells. It is used in the treatment of MYELOID LEUKEMIA, CHRONIC.. omacetaxine mepesuccinate : A cephalotaxine-derived alkaloid ester obtained from Cephalotaxus harringtonia; used for the treatment of chronic or accelerated phase chronic myeloid leukaemia.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid ester; enol ether; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; protein synthesis inhibitor
acivicin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole drug combination Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination: A drug combination with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. It is effective in the treatment of many infections, including PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS.. co-trimoxazole : A two-component mixture comprising trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole.	8.44	24	1
o-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol O-(Chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol: Semisynthetic analog of fumagillin (a cyclohexane-sesquiterpene antibiotic isolated from ASPERGILLUS FUMIGATUS) that inhibits angiogenesis.. O-(chloroacetylcarbamoyl)fumagillol : A carbamate ester that is fumagillol in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding N-(chloroacetyl)carbamate derivative.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organochlorine compound; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor; retinoic acid receptor alpha antagonist
bortezomib [no description available]	3.86	3	0	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver.	4.07	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas	antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
nexavar [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organosulfonate salt
povidone-iodine Povidone-Iodine: An iodinated polyvinyl polymer used as topical antiseptic in surgery and for skin and mucous membrane infections, also as aerosol. The iodine may be radiolabeled for research purposes.	10.82	12	2
permanganate [no description available]	7.13	1	0	manganese oxoacid
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	2.06	1	0	peptide
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	2.05	1	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.15	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	2.08	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	1.99	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	3.58	2	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
bekanamycin bekanamycin: kanendomycin is the sulfate of bekanamycin; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0	kanamycins
cysteinylglycine cysteinylglycine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not in Chemlne 7/13/83. L-cysteinylglycine : A dipeptide consisting of glycine having an L-cysteinyl attached to its alpha-amino group. It is an intermediate metabolite in glutathione metabolism.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	3.84	3	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	4.85	10	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
thienamycin thienamycin: beta-lactam antibiotic; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	8.35	1	1	carbapenems
meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively.	7.2	37	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide	antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	4.78	5	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase.	13.87	107	17	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	2.96	4	0	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
moxalactam disodium [no description available]	2.45	2	0
saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.	4.4	6	0	L-asparagine derivative; quinolines	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	3.58	2	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
rocuronium Rocuronium: An androstanol non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. It has a mono-quaternary structure and is a weaker nicotinic antagonist than PANCURONIUM.. rocuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.77	3	0	3alpha-hydroxy steroid; acetate ester; androstane; morpholines; quaternary ammonium ion; tertiary amino compound	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection.	4.07	4	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
netilmicin Netilmicin: Semisynthetic 1-N-ethyl derivative of SISOMYCIN, an aminoglycoside antibiotic with action similar to gentamicin, but less ear and kidney toxicity.	6.64	15	4
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.05	1	0
miglitol [no description available]	4.08	4	0	piperidines
7-aminocephalosporanic acid 7beta-aminocephalosporanic acid : The alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is the active nucleus for the synthesis of cephalosporins and intermediates.	2.38	2	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion
metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma.	3.56	2	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor
rocuronium bromide rocuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha androstane compound having 3alpha-hydroxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-morpholino- and 16beta-N-allyllyrrolidinium substituents.	2.02	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
erythromycin estolate Erythromycin Estolate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. It is the lauryl sulfate salt of the propionic ester of erythromycin. This erythromycin salt acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.	2.05	1	0	aminoglycoside sulfate salt; erythromycin derivative	enzyme inhibitor
terconazole terconazole: structure & RN for (cis)-isomer from first source. terconazole : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (2R,4S)- and (2S,4R)-terconazole. It has broad-spectrum antifungal activitiy and is used for the treatment of vaginal yeast infections (Candida).. (2R,4S)-terconazole : A 1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine in which positions 2 and 4 of the 1,3-dioxolane moiety have R and S configuration, respectively.	2.02	1	0	1-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)-4-isopropylpiperazine
bacampicillin bacampicillin: ester prodrug that is hydrolyzed to ampicillin after its absorption from the gastrointestinal tract; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bacampicillin : A penicillanic acid ester that is the 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl ester of ampicillin. It is a semi-synthetic, microbiologically inactive prodrug of ampicillin.	2.43	2	0	penicillanic acid ester	prodrug
linezolid [no description available]	12.26	17	1	acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone	antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor
angustibalin angustibalin: sesquiterpene lactone from Balduina angustifolia (Pursh) Robins; structure	2.04	1	0	sesquiterpene lactone
cyclopamine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	piperidines	glioma-associated oncogene inhibitor
devazepide Devazepide: A derivative of benzodiazepine that acts on the cholecystokinin A (CCKA) receptor to antagonize CCK-8's (SINCALIDE) physiological and behavioral effects, such as pancreatic stimulation and inhibition of feeding.. devazepide : An indolecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-2-carboxylic acid with the exocyclic amino group of (3S)-3-amino-1-methyl-5-phenyl-1,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one. A cholecystokinin antagonist used for treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; indolecarboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cholecystokinin antagonist; gastrointestinal drug
chloramphenicol palmitate chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R,R))-isomer)	2.03	1	0	hexadecanoate ester
clindamycin phosphate [no description available]	3.79	3	0
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	3.23	1	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
tolterodine [no description available]	4.26	5	0	tertiary amine	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant
doxorubicin hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0	anthracycline
metrizamide Metrizamide: A solute for density gradient centrifugation offering higher maximum solution density without the problems of increased viscosity. It is also used as a resorbable, non-ionic contrast medium.	2.04	1	0	amino sugar
erythromycin ethylsuccinate Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate: A macrolide antibiotic, produced by Streptomyces erythreus. This compound is an ester of erythromycin base and succinic acid. It acts primarily as a bacteriostatic agent. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin ethylsuccinate : A erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydroxy group at position 3R is substituted by a (4-ethoxy-4-oxobutanoyl)oxy group. It is used for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections.	2.44	2	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin derivative; ethyl ester; succinate ester
amcinonide amcinonide: structure	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; spiroketal	anti-inflammatory drug
betamethasone acetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; steroid ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
ao 128 AO 128: alpha-glucosidase inhibitor; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
sultamicillin sultamicillin: contains ampicillin & sulbactam	6.17	11	1	penicillanic acid ester
darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence.	3.58	2	0	1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines	antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
fluticasone propionate fluticasone propionate : A trifluorinated corticosteroid that consists of 6alpha,9-difluoro-11beta,17alpha-dihydroxy-17beta-{[(fluoromethyl)sulfanyl]carbonyl}-16-methyl-3-oxoandrosta-1,4-diene bearing a propionyl substituent at position 17; has anti-inflammatory, anti-asthmatic and anti-allergic activity.	2.04	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; propanoate ester; steroid ester; thioester	adrenergic agent; anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; dermatologic drug
acarbose [no description available]	2.96	4	0	amino cyclitol; glycoside
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.85	3	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	3.86	3	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate alpha-D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate with an alpha-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.05	1	0	D-fructofuranose 1,6-bisphosphate
docosahexaenoate efalex: a mixture of fish oil and primrose oil; used as a high-docosahexaenoic acid fatty acid supplement. docosahexaenoic acid : Any C22 polyunsaturated fatty acid containing six double bonds.. docosahexaenoate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of docosahexaenoic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.. all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid : A docosahexaenoic acid having six cis-double bonds at positions 4, 7, 10, 13, 16 and 19.	2.05	1	0	docosahexaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	algal metabolite; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia tenebrosa metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.4	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	4.41	6	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	2.21	1	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.96	4	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	4.26	5	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.26	6	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.05	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	4.41	6	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
mupirocin Mupirocin: A topically used antibiotic from a strain of Pseudomonas fluorescens. It has shown excellent activity against gram-positive staphylococci and streptococci. The antibiotic is used primarily for the treatment of primary and secondary skin disorders, nasal infections, and wound healing.. mupirocin : An alpha,beta-unsaturated ester resulting from the formal condensation of the alcoholic hydroxy group of 9-hydroxynonanoic acid with the carboxy group of (2E)-4-[(2S)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl]-3-methylbut-2-enoic acid in which the tetrahydropyranyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by hydroxy groups and at position 5 by a {(2S,3S)-3-[(2S,3S)-3-hydroxybutan-2-yl]oxiran-2-yl}methyl group. Originally isolated from the Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, it is used as a topical antibiotic for the treatment of Gram-positive bacterial infections.	6.48	5	2	alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester; epoxide; monocarboxylic acid; oxanes; secondary alcohol; triol	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic.	15.76	124	16
fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus.	11.02	20	0	epoxide; phosphonic acids	antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	10.51	20	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
formycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	formycin	antineoplastic agent
drf 2725 ragaglitazar: a phenoxazine analogue of phenyl propanoic acid; Ragaglitazar is a coligand of PPARalpha and PPARgamma	2.05	1	0
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
bms 214662 7-cyano-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1-(1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl)-3-(phenylmethyl)-4-(2-thienylsulfonyl)-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine: a farnesyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source. BMS-214662 : A member of the class of benzodiazepines that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-1,4-benzodiazepine substituted by (1H-imidazol-5-yl)methyl, benzyl, (thiophen-2-yl)sulfonyl, and cyano groups at positions 1, 3R, 4 and 7, respectively. It is a potent inhibitor of farnesyltransferase (IC50 = 1.35nM) which was under clinical development for the treatment of solid tumors.	2.04	1	0	benzenes; benzodiazepine; imidazoles; nitrile; sulfonamide; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor
octreotide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
eptifibatide [no description available]	3.58	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide	anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
gs 4071 GS 4071: The acid form.. oseltamivir acid : A cyclohexenecarboxylic acid that is cyclohex-1-ene-1-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 3, 4, and 5 by pentan-3-yloxy, acetamido, and amino groups, respectively (the 3R,4R,5S enantiomer). An antiviral drug, it is used as the corresponding ethyl ester prodrug, oseltamivir, to slow the spread of influenza.	2.74	3	0	acetate ester; amino acid; cyclohexenecarboxylic acid; primary amino compound	antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; marine xenobiotic metabolite
decitabine [no description available]	4.08	4	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
sm 8668 Sch 39304: Sch 42427 is the active entantiomer of the antifungal agent Sch 39304 which consists of Sch 42426 & Sch 42427; Sch 42426, the (S,S)-isomer, is inactive	2.45	2	0
teniposide [no description available]	4.4	6	0	aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
troxacitabine troxacitabine: shows good anti-HIV activity without cytotoxicity	2.04	1	0	carbohydrate derivative; nucleobase-containing molecular entity
ketoconazole (2R,4S)-ketoconazole : A cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine which dioxolane moiety has (2R,4S)-configuration.	3.31	1	0	cis-1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine
cefamandole Cefamandole: Semisynthetic wide-spectrum cephalosporin with prolonged action, probably due to beta-lactamase resistance. It is used also as the nafate.. cefamandole : A cephalosporin compound having (R)-mandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	12.78	108	20	cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	3.85	3	0	actinomycin	mutagen
tiazofurin tiazofurin: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer; structure given in first source. tiazofurine : A C-glycosyl compound that is 1,3-thiazole-4-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group. It is metabolised to thiazole-4-carboxamide adenine dinucleotide (TAD), a selective inhibitor of inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP dehydrogenase).	2.95	4	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-glycosyl compound; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; prodrug
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.04	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	4.53	7	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
sitafloxacin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolines; quinolone antibiotic
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	1.97	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.	4.08	4	0	nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
posaconazole [no description available]	3.57	2	0	aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles	trypanocidal drug
l 743,872 [no description available]	3.23	1	0
dibekacin Dibekacin: Analog of KANAMYCIN with antitubercular as well as broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties.. dibekacin : A kanamycin that is kanamycin B lacking the 3- and 4-hydroxy groups on the 2,6-diaminosugar ring.	2.69	3	0	kanamycins	antibacterial agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartyl-aspartic acid aspartyl-aspartic acid: do not confuse with cyclo(Asp-Asp). Asp-Asp : A dipeptide formed from two L-aspartic acid units.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
rubitecan rubitecan: RN refers to (+-)-isomer; anti-HIV agent; DNA Topoisomerases, Type I inhibitor. rubitecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline that is camptothecin in which the hydrogen at position 9 has been replaced by a nitro group. It is a prodrug for 9-aminocamptothecin.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug
micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy.	3.86	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin	antiinfective agent
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	6.59	5	1	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	7.13	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	3.91	3	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium acetate, anhydrous Sodium Acetate: The trihydrate sodium salt of acetic acid, which is used as a source of sodium ions in solutions for dialysis and as a systemic and urinary alkalizer, diuretic, and expectorant.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	NMR chemical shift reference compound
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	3.44	1	1	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius.	3.23	1	0	arsenic oxide	antineoplastic agent; insecticide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.45	2	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
ditiocarb sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
4-[[bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]methyl]-2,6-ditert-butylphenol [no description available]	2.04	1	0	alkylbenzene
aceglatone aceglatone: structure in Merck	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
sch 22219 alclometasone dipropionate : A prednisolone compound having an alpha-chloro substituent at the 7-position, an alpha-methyl substituent at the 16-position and O-propanoyl groups at the 17- and 21-positions.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; propanoate ester; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux.	3.23	1	0
carbenoxolone [no description available]	2.45	2	0
cefpiramide cefpiramide: antipseudomonal cephalosporin derivative. cefpiramide : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (R)-2-{[(4-hydroxy-6-methylpyridin-3-yl)carbonyl]amino}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity.	3.49	8	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
meglumine iodipamide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	organoammonium salt	radioopaque medium
thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence.	3.23	1	0	peptide hormone; tripeptide	human metabolite
chloroquine diphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	chloroquine
discodermolide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	diterpenoid
dextromethadone D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder.	2.03	1	0	6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one	NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
buprenorphine Buprenorphine: A derivative of the opioid alkaloid THEBAINE that is a more potent and longer lasting analgesic than MORPHINE. It appears to act as a partial agonist at mu and kappa opioid receptors and as an antagonist at delta receptors. The lack of delta-agonist activity has been suggested to account for the observation that buprenorphine tolerance may not develop with chronic use.. buprenorphine : A morphinane alkaloid that is 7,8-dihydromorphine 6-O-methyl ether in which positions 6 and 14 are joined by a -CH2CH2- bridge, one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl, and a hydrogen at position 7 is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3,3-dimethylbutan-2-yl group. It is highly effective for the treatment of opioid use disorder and is also increasingly being used in the treatment of chronic pain.	2.4	2	0	morphinane alkaloid	delta-opioid receptor antagonist; kappa-opioid receptor antagonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	3.52	2	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
s 1033 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
mezlocillin Mezlocillin: Semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin. It has been proposed for infections with certain anaerobes and may be useful in inner ear, bile, and CNS infections.. mezlocillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2R)-2-[3-(methanesulfonyl)-2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group.	10.44	8	2	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
amygdalin (R)-amygdalin : An amygdalin in which the stereocentre on the cyanohydrin function has R-configuration.	2.04	1	0	amygdalin	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
cefsulodin Cefsulodin: A pyridinium-substituted semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial used especially for Pseudomonas infections in debilitated patients.. cefsulodin : A pyridinium-substituted semi-synthetic, broad-spectrum, cephalosporin antibiotic.	5.37	11	0	cephalosporin; organosulfonic acid; primary carboxamide	antibacterial drug
cholinophyllin [no description available]	2.02	1	0
mitobronitol Mitobronitol: Brominated analog of MANNITOL which is an antineoplastic agent appearing to act as an alkylating agent.	2.04	1	0	alcohol; organobromine compound
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.04	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
leuprolide Leuprolide: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE that regulates the synthesis and release of pituitary gonadotropins, LUTEINIZING HORMONE and FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE.. leuprolide : An oligopeptide comprising pyroglutamyl, histidyl, tryptophyl, seryl, tyrosyl, D-leucyl, leucyl, arginyl, and N-ethylprolinamide residues joined in sequence. It is a synthetic nonapeptide analogue of gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and is used as a subcutaneous hydrogel implant (particularly as the acetate salt) for the treatment of prostate cancer and for the suppression of gonadal sex hormone production in children with central precocious puberty.	2.44	2	0	oligopeptide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist
octotropine methylbromide octotropine methylbromide: minor descriptor (65-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search TROPANES (69-86); RN given refers to endo-isomer. anisotropine methylbromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of anisotropine with methyl bromide.	2.04	1	0
fludarabine [no description available]	2.72	3	0	purine nucleoside
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	4.65	8	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
ipratropium bromide anhydrous [no description available]	2.02	1	0
methylatropine nitrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
prothionamide Prothionamide: Antitubercular agent similar in action and side effects to ETHIONAMIDE. It is used mostly in combination with other agents.	2.05	1	0	pyridines
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	1.96	1	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	4.06	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	4.52	7	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
dexketoprofen dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea.	2.03	1	0	benzophenones; monocarboxylic acid	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
thioinosine Thioinosine: Sulfhydryl analog of INOSINE that inhibits nucleoside transport across erythrocyte plasma membranes, and has immunosuppressive properties. It has been used similarly to MERCAPTOPURINE in the treatment of leukemia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p503)	2.04	1	0
ondansetron, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'.	3.23	1	0	1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes	antinematodal drug
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	2.74	3	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
thiothixene [no description available]	3.56	2	0	N-methylpiperazine	anticoronaviral agent
eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use.	3.57	2	0	zopiclone	central nervous system depressant; sedative
benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments.	3.56	2	0	diarylmethane
thiouracil Thiouracil: Occurs in seeds of Brassica and Crucifera species. Thiouracil has been used as antithyroid, coronary vasodilator, and in congestive heart failure although its use has been largely supplanted by other drugs. It is known to cause blood dyscrasias and suspected of terato- and carcinogenesis.. thiouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the oxo group at C-2 is replaced by a thioxo group.	2.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; thiocarbonyl compound	antithyroid drug; metabolite
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	4.25	5	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	3.85	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	7.45	2	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	2.02	1	0
terbinafine [no description available]	4.06	4	0	acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine	EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor
drotaverin drotaverin: Hungarian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.74	3	0	isoquinolines
2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol 2-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-5-thiol: structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	4.06	4	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
tacrine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
1-n-methyl-5-thiotetrazole 1-N-methyl-5-thiotetrazole: side chain of several new antibiotics associated with development of hypoprothrombinemia	3.35	1	1
sodium propionate sodium propionate: was term of propionic acid (1986-2006). sodium propionate : An organic sodium salt comprising equal numbers of sodium and propionate ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	antifungal drug; food preservative
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	3.56	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	5.51	12	0	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
6-thioguanosine 6-thioguanosine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.04	1	0	purine nucleoside
streptozocin [no description available]	4.06	4	0
tamoxifen [no description available]	4.6	4	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide.	4.06	4	0	pyridines; thiocarboxamide	antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug
cancidas [no description available]	3.58	2	0
fusidic acid Fusidic Acid: An antibiotic isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). It acts by inhibiting translocation during protein synthesis.. fusidic acid : A steroid antibiotic that is isolated from the fermentation broth of Fusidium coccineum.	5.21	4	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid; steroid antibiotic; sterol ester	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis.	10.71	10	0	carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound	antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	2.73	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	5.2	3	1	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source	3.23	1	0
thiocarlide thiocarlide: major descriptor (68-85); on-line search PHENYLTHIOUREA/AA (68-85); Index Medicus search THIOCARLIDE (68-85); Antitubercular Agent	2.04	1	0	thioureas
hmr 3647 [no description available]	4.25	5	0
maraviroc [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tropane alkaloid
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	3.59	2	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
telaprevir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	cyclopentapyrrole; cyclopropanes; oligopeptide; pyrazines	antiviral drug; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; peptidomimetic
nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G).	3.58	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	3.23	1	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
dezocine dezocine: potent analgesic; RN given refers to ((5R-(5alpha,11alpha,13S*)))-isomer (dezocin); structure. dezocine : (7S,8S)-7-Amino-8-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-ol in which the hydrogen at position 8 and one of the hydrogens at position 6 are substituted by each end of a tetramethylene bridge. A synthetic opioid analgesic, it has mixed opiod agonist and antagonist properties. Although it is used for pain management, it can produce opioid withdrawal syndrome in patients already dependent on other opioids, and its clinical application is limited by side effects such as dizziness.	2.02	1	0	phenols; primary amino compound	opioid analgesic
dapiprazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyridines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; miotic; ophthalmology drug
droloxifene [no description available]	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
dolasetron [no description available]	3.58	2	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
or 1259 [no description available]	2.45	2	0	hydrazone; nitrile; pyridazinone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mannomustine Mannomustine: Nitrogen mustard derivative alkylating agent used as antineoplastic. It causes severe bone marrow depression and is a powerful vesicant.	2.04	1	0	amino alcohol
gestodene Gestodene: synthetic steroid with progestational activity; RN given refers to (17alpha)-isomer	2.74	3	0	steroid	estrogen
glucametacin glucametacin: indomethacin analog; structure	2.04	1	0
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	3.59	2	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
idoxifene idoxifene: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0	stilbenoid
quinine [no description available]	4.53	7	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea 1-(2-(2-(4-pyridyl)-2-imidazoline-1-yl)ethyl)-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)urea: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
isepamicin [no description available]	2.41	2	0
ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative	2.44	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
lamifiban lamifiban: a nonpeptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonist; prevents platelet loss during experimental cardiopulmonary bypass	2.44	2	0	N-acylglycine
fospropofol [no description available]	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
rasagiline [no description available]	3.23	1	0	indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN).	3.23	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tocainide, (s)-isomer [no description available]	2.03	1	0
zd 6474 CH 331: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; organobromine compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines; secondary amine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
telavancin telavancin: an anti-infective agent; structure in first source. telavancin : A glycopeptide that is vancomycin substituted at position N-3'' by a 2-(decylamino)ethyl group and at position C-29 by a (phosphonomethyl)aminomethyl group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of adults with complicated skin and skin structure infections caused by bacteria.	7.44	2	0	glycopeptide	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.31	1	0
trimethionine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
oxychlorosene [no description available]	2.25	1	0
gentamicin c gentamicin C: RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF; see also record for micronomicin for which gentamicin C2b is synonym	1.96	1	0
silybin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
susalimod susalimod: analogue of sulphasalazine, was designed for use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis	2.02	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
chloramine-t chloramine-T: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. chloramine T : An organic sodium salt derivative of toluene-4-sulfonamide with a chloro substituent in place of an amino hydrogen.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt	allergen; antifouling biocide; disinfectant
sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	4.08	4	0	triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic
icodextrin Icodextrin: A glucan that is structurally related to maltodextrin, with more than 85% of its molecules having molecular weights between 1640 and 45 000 Daltons (Da), and a weight-average molecular weight of about 20 000 Da; it is used in dialysis fluids as an alternative to glucose-based solutions, and to reduce adhesions after gynecological or abdominal surgery. It has also been used as a vehicle for drugs given via the peritoneal cavity.	7.01	1	0
flosequinan [no description available]	2.44	2	0	quinolines
tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase.	4.08	4	0	2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols	antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
diclofenac sodium Diclofenac Sodium: The sodium form of DICLOFENAC. It is used for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties.. diclofenac sodium : The sodium salt of diclofenac.	2.08	1	0	organic sodium salt
quercetin [no description available]	2.45	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.9	4	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	2.05	1	0	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	2.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
tylosin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; enone; leucomycin; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative	allergen; bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	4.06	4	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	3.76	2	1
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	2.05	1	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	2.02	1	0	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.04	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
alprostadil [no description available]	2.73	3	0	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	3.23	1	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	2.05	1	0	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	2.02	1	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2.02	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	10.92	19	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes.	14.24	21	2	oxapenam	antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis.	4.65	8	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen
cefzil cefprozil: structure given in first source. cefprozil : A semisynthetic, second-generation cephalosporin, with prop-1-enyl and (R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is used to treat bronchitis as well as ear, skin and other bacterial infections.	1.97	1	0
oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects.	3.59	2	0
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	4.08	4	0	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	4.55	7	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent.	3.58	2	0	isoquinolines
olopatadine [no description available]	2.02	1	0
hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy.	3.23	1	0
mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	3.59	2	0	carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
bw b1090u [no description available]	2.02	1	0	isoquinolines
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	4.26	5	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	4.08	4	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
astaxanthine astaxanthine: a keto form of carotene; pigment in flesh of Scottish salmon (Salmo salar) crustacoa-lobster (Homarus gammarus, flamingo feathers; structure; a carotenoid without vitamin A activity, has shown anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. astaxanthin : A carotenone that consists of beta,beta-carotene-4,4'-dione bearing two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 3' (the 3S,3'S diastereomer). A carotenoid pigment found mainly in animals (crustaceans, echinoderms) but also occurring in plants. It can occur free (as a red pigment), as an ester, or as a blue, brown or green chromoprotein.	2.05	1	0	carotenol; carotenone	animal metabolite; anticoagulant; antioxidant; food colouring; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
cynarine cynarine: active principle of the artichoke; functions primarily as a cholagogue and choleretic and also as antilipemic agent	2.45	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester; quinic acid	plant metabolite
sdz psc 833 valspodar: nonimmunosuppressive cyclosporin analog which is a potent multidrug resistance modifier; 7-10 fold more potent than cyclosporin A; a potent P glycoprotein inhibitor; MW 1215	2.45	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
l 660,711 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	quinolines
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.05	1	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
josamycin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	acetate ester; aldehyde; disaccharide derivative; glycoside; macrolide antibiotic; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial drug; metabolite
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	2.05	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.	4.41	6	0	cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid	antibacterial drug
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	2.44	2	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	3.85	3	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.44	2	0
epoprostenol [no description available]	3.56	2	0	prostaglandins I	mouse metabolite
indocyanine green [no description available]	3.58	2	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
s 1108 S 1108: structure given in first source; an oral cephem antibiotic and prodrug of S-1006	2.06	1	0
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acids
triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders.	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines	H1-receptor antagonist
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	3.59	2	0	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma	3.23	1	0	long-chain fatty acid
betamethasone benzoate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available]	3.59	2	0
1-monooleoyl-rac-glycerol Peceol: lipid excipient containing readily dispersible mixture of mono- & diglycerides of oleic acid. 1-oleoylglycerol : A 1-monoglyceride where the acyl group is oleoyl.. monooleoylglycerol : A monoglyceride in which the acyl group is oleoyl with the position of acylation unspecified.	1.99	1	0	1-acylglycerol 18:1; monooleoylglycerol	plant metabolite
codeine [no description available]	4.67	8	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF	4.41	6	0	homodetic cyclic peptide	anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	6.88	8	2	hydrochloride
natamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; dicarboxylic acid monoester; epoxide; macrolide antibiotic; monosaccharide derivative; polyene antibiotic	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; ophthalmology drug
acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9.	3.83	3	0	acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid	keratolytic drug
cefroxadine cefroxadine: orally active, broad spectrum cephalosporin. cefroxadine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methoxy and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-yl)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.06	1	0	cephalosporin
cyproterone Cyproterone: An anti-androgen that, in the form of its acetate (CYPROTERONE ACETATE), also has progestational properties. It is used in the treatment of hypersexuality in males, as a palliative in prostatic carcinoma, and, in combination with estrogen, for the therapy of severe acne and hirsutism in females.	2.41	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; chlorinated steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	androgen antagonist
dihydrocodeine dihydrocodeine: RN refers to parent cpd(5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
dothiepin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dothiepin
estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients	3.23	1	0	piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate
hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class.	4.24	5	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine.	3.59	2	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	3.84	3	0	carbacephem; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	8.51	2	0
nalmefene nalmefene: RN given refers to 5-alpha isomer	2.73	3	0	morphinane alkaloid
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.05	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	4.4	6	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain.	3.85	3	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative	antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092)	3.59	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.	3.23	1	0	phylloquinones; vitamin K	cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill).	2.03	1	0	organic molecular entity
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	3.85	3	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.	4.06	4	0	cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester	anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker
trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder.	3.23	1	0
alvocidib alvocidib: structure given in first source. alvocidib : A synthetic dihydroxyflavone that is 5,7-dihydroxyflavone which is substituted by a 3-hydroxy-1-methylpiperidin-4-yl group at position 8 and by a chlorine at the 2' position (the (-)-3S,4R stereoisomer). A cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) inhibitor, it has been studied for the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia, arthritis and atherosclerotic plaque formation.	2.45	2	0	dihydroxyflavone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
fenretinide Fenretinide: A synthetic retinoid that is used orally as a chemopreventive against prostate cancer and in women at risk of developing contralateral breast cancer. It is also effective as an antineoplastic agent.. 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide : A retinoid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of all-trans retinoic acid and the anilino group of 4-hydroxyaniline. Synthetic retinoid agonist. Antiproliferative, antioxidant and anticancer agent with a long half-life in vivo. Apoptotic effects appear to be mediated by a mechanism distinct from that of 'classical' retinoids.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; retinoid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
calcipotriene [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cyclopropanes; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; triol	antipsoriatic; drug allergen
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.57	12	4	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pactamycin Pactamycin: Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces pactum used as an antineoplastic agent. It is also used as a tool in biochemistry because it inhibits certain steps in protein synthesis.	2.04	1	0
demycarosylturimycin h [no description available]	2.05	1	0
anthramycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity.	3.23	1	0	amphetamines; tertiary amine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
clobetasol Clobetasol: A derivative of PREDNISOLONE with high glucocorticoid activity and low mineralocorticoid activity. Absorbed through the skin faster than FLUOCINONIDE, it is used topically in treatment of PSORIASIS but may cause marked adrenocortical suppression.. clobetasol : A 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid that is 16beta-methylpregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione bearing hydroxy groups at the 11beta and 17alpha positions, fluorine at position 9, and a chlorine substituent at position 21. It is used as its 17alpha-propionate ester to treat various skin disorders, including exzema and psoriasis.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; chlorinated steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; SMO receptor agonist
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
dexmedetomidine [no description available]	3.58	2	0	medetomidine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	2.43	2	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer.	3.23	1	0	organic molecular entity
halobetasol halobetasol: used in ointment to treat psoriasis; Ulobetasol cream contains 0.05% 6-fluoroclobetasol 17-propionate	2.02	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.73	3	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
lacidipine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
latanoprost Latanoprost: A prostaglandin F analog used to treat OCULAR HYPERTENSION in patients with GLAUCOMA.. latanoprost : A prostaglandin Falpha that is the isopropyl ester prodrug of latanoprost free acid. Used in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.02	1	0	isopropyl ester; prostaglandins Falpha; triol	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; prodrug
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.04	1	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS.	4.24	5	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound	mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic
nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.	4.08	4	0	phenylalanine derivative
pholcodine pholcodine: structure. pholcodine : A morphinane alkaloid that is a derivative of morphine with a 2-morpholinoethyl group at the 3-position.	2.31	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
rimexolone [no description available]	2.02	1	0	20-oxo steroid
vinorelbine [no description available]	4.4	6	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent
silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source	3.23	1	0	indolecarboxamide
irisquinone irisquinone: from seeds of Iris pallasii Iridaceae; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.04	1	0
furazolidone [no description available]	2.05	1	0
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	3.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.05	1	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
orantinib orantinib: an antiangiogenic agent. orantinib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 2-(2-carboxyethyl)-3,5-dimethylpyrrol-3-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	2.05	1	0
su 11248 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
mitoguazone Mitoguazone: Antineoplastic agent effective against myelogenous leukemia in experimental animals. Also acts as an inhibitor of animal S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase.. mitoguazone : A hydrazone obtained by formal condensation of the two carbonyl groups of methylglyoxal with the primary amino groups of two molecules of aminoguanidine.	2.04	1	0	guanidines; hydrazone	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 4.1.1.50 (adenosylmethionine decarboxylase) inhibitor
romidepsin depsipeptide : A natural or synthetic compound having a sequence of amino and hydroxy carboxylic acid residues (usually alpha-amino and alpha-hydroxy acids), commonly but not necessarily regularly alternating.	2.04	1	0	cyclodepsipeptide; heterocyclic antibiotic; organic disulfide	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	4.53	7	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
molsidomine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
oxiconazole oxiconazole: RN given refers to parent cpd(Z)-isomer; structure given in first source. oxiconazole : An oxime O-ether that is the 2,4-dichlorobenzyl ether of the oxime obtained by formal condensation of hydroxylamine with the carbonyl group of acetopnenone in which the phenyl group is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 4, and in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by a 1H-imidazol-1-yl group. An antifungal agent, it is used (generally as the nitrate salt) in creams and powders for the topical treatment of fungal skin infections.	2.02	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; dichlorobenzene; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; oxime O-ether	antiinfective agent
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	2.21	1	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection.	3.23	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	2.58	2	0	metal atom; pnictogen
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	4.39	6	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
morphine-6-glucuronide morphine-6-glucuronide: RN given refers to (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	3.59	2	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain.	4.06	4	0	morphinane alkaloid	antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
cefodizime cefodizime: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefodizime : A cephalosporin compound having 5-(carboxymethyl)-4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	8.25	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
methylnaltrexone methylnaltrexone: RN given refers to parent cpd(5alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0	phenanthrenes
cefixime [no description available]	4.85	10	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	4.4	6	0	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	3.56	2	0	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	4.06	4	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid.	3.23	1	0
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	4.25	5	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385)	3.23	1	0	styrenes
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	4.4	6	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
nitrofurazone Nitrofurazone: A topical anti-infective agent effective against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It is used for superficial WOUNDS AND INJURIES and skin infections. Nitrofurazone has also been administered orally in the treatment of TRYPANOSOMIASIS.. nitrofurazone : A semicarbazone resulting from the formal condensation of semicarbazide with 5-nitrofuraldehyde. A broad spectrum antibacterial drug, although with little activity against Pseudomonas species, it is used as a local application for burns, ulcers, wounds and skin infections.	2.73	3	0
trientine hydrochloride [no description available]	3.23	1	0
n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide.	3.23	1	0
bleomycin [no description available]	3.59	2	0	bleomycin	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	7.59	2	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
heroin Heroin: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is a controlled substance (opium derivative) listed in the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 21 Parts 329.1, 1308.11 (1987). Sale is forbidden in the United States by Federal statute. (Merck Index, 11th ed). heroin : A morphinane alkaloid that is morphine bearing two acetyl substituents on the O-3 and O-6 positions. As with other opioids, heroin is used as both an analgesic and a recreational drug. Frequent and regular administration is associated with tolerance and physical dependence, which may develop into addiction. Its use includes treatment for acute pain, such as in severe physical trauma, myocardial infarction, post-surgical pain, and chronic pain, including end-stage cancer and other terminal illnesses.	1.95	1	0	morphinane alkaloid	mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; prodrug
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	4.26	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	2.05	1	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sulindac sulfone sulindac sulfone: inhibits K-ras-dependent cyclooxygenase-2; sulfated analog of indomethacin;; CP248 is an antineoplastic agent that fosters microtubule depolymerization; structure in first source. sulindac sulfone : A sulfone metabolite of sulindac that inhibits cell growth by inducing apoptosis independently of cyclooxygenase inhibition. It inhibits the development and induces regression of premalignant adenomatous polyps. Lipoxygenase and Cox-2 inhibitor.	2.05	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
alanyl-alanyl-alanine alanyl-alanyl-alanine: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer. Ala-Ala-Ala : A tripeptide composed of three L-alanine units joined by peptide linkages.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.	3.59	2	0	amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor
cefuroxime [no description available]	5.4	18	0	3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether	drug allergen
ceftriaxone [no description available]	6.29	27	0	1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor
cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	8.46	39	1	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug
hr 810 cefpirome: structure in first source. cefpirome : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having 6,7-dihydro-5H-cyclopenta[b]pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	3.52	8	0	cephalosporin; cyclopentapyridine
pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine	3.23	1	0
ceftazidime [no description available]	5.54	21	0	cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
alanylalanine L-alanyl-L-alanine : A dipeptide consisting of two L-alanine units joined by a peptide linkage.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	4.06	4	0	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine tyrosyl-alanyl-glycine: RN given refers to unlabeled (L-Tyr-D-Ala)-isomer	2.02	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	3.23	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
cefetamet cefetamet: active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae; structure given in first source. cefetamet : A cephalosporin compound having methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side-groups; a cephalosporin antibiotic active against Neisseria gonorrhoeae.	2.93	4	0	cephalosporin
phenylalanylalanine phenylalanylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Phe-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-phenylalanine and L-alanine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain	3.23	1	0	peptide
alpha-aspartylalanine alpha-aspartylalanine: found in pig brain. Asp-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-valine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	3.23	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
alanyltyrosine Tyr-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-tyrosine and L-alanine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
guanabenz acetate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene	geroprotector
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.02	1	0	dichlorobenzene
famotidine [no description available]	4.4	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide	anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups.	13.12	146	28	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
aztreonam [no description available]	5.49	20	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	2.03	1	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
(R)-citalopram (R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram.	2.03	1	0	1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile
proguanil Proguanil: A biguanide compound which metabolizes in the body to form cycloguanil, an anti-malaria agent.. proguanil : A biguanide compound which has isopropyl and p-chlorophenyl substituents on the terminal N atoms. A prophylactic antimalarial drug, it works by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase, which is involved in the reproduction of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax within the red blood cells.	2.05	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
cci 15641 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cephalosporin
rifamycin sv rifamycin SV: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #8009. rifamycin SV : A member of the class of rifamycins that exhibits antibiotic and antitubercular properties.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol; rifamycins	antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; bacterial metabolite
ginkgolide b [no description available]	2.45	2	0
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	2.02	1	0	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
ceftiofur [no description available]	2.04	1	0
cefpodoxime [no description available]	4.24	5	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefovecin cefovecin: structure in first source	7.13	1	0
cefuzonam cefuzonam: article gives L-105 as synonym, however L 105 is a rifamycin derivative according to Chemline. cefuzonam : A second generation cephalosporin antibiotic.	2.67	3	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy.	3.58	2	0	azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound	antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist
epoprostenol sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	prostanoid
cefatrizine Cefatrizine: Orally active semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with broad-spectrum activity.. cefatrizine : A cephalosporin compound having (1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-ylsulfanyl)methyl and [(2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)]acetamido side-groups. An antibacterial drug first prepared in the 1970s, it has more recently been found to be an inhibitor of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 kinase (eEF2K), which is known to regulate apoptosis, autophagy and ER stress in many types of human cancers.	4.7	5	0	amino acid amide; carboxylic acid; cephalosporin; phenols; semisynthetic derivative; triazoles	antibacterial drug; EC 2.7.11.20 (elongation factor 2 kinase) inhibitor
aspartyllysine aspartyllysine: from feces of axenic mice. Asp-Lys : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-aspartyl and L-lysine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
eniporide eniporide: inhibits NHE-1 isoform; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
cilastatin [no description available]	6.34	11	4	carboxamide; L-cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organic sulfide	EC 3.4.13.19 (membrane dipeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; protease inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitrocefin nitrocefin: chromogenic cephalosporin used for detection of beta-lactamase activity; Cefinase is name for nitrocefin on paper disc; RN given refers to (6R-(3(E),6 alpha,7 beta))-isomer; structure for mono-Na salt in second source	2.73	3	0
rifaximin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative	antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug
brl 28500 ticarcillin-clavulanic acid: combination of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid; used against gram-negative rods	3.79	2	1
sibiromycin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; hemiaminal; phenols; pyrrolobenzodiazepine	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
cefditoren pivoxil [no description available]	2.05	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephams; oxime O-ether; pivaloyloxymethyl ester	antibacterial drug; prodrug
everolimus [no description available]	3.23	1	0	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
ixabepilone [no description available]	3.86	3	0	1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
gavestinel [no description available]	2.02	1	0
dirithromycin [no description available]	2.02	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	prodrug
azlocillin Azlocillin: A semisynthetic ampicillin-derived acylureido penicillin.. azlocillin : A semisynthetic penicillin having a 6beta-{(2R)-2-[(2-oxoimidazolidine-1-carbonyl)amino]-2-phenylacetyl}amino side-group. It is an antibiotic used in treating infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and Haemophilus influenzae.	3.12	5	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	2.04	1	0
cefpodoxime proxetil cefpodoxime proxetil: structure given in first source; prodrug for cefpodoxime. cefpodoxime proxetil : The 1-[(isopropoxycarbonyl)oxy]ethyl (proxetil) ester prodrug of cefpodoxime. After swallowing, hydrolysis of the ester group occurs in the intestinal epithelium, to release active cefpodoxime in the bloodstream. It is used to treat acute otitis media, pharyngitis, and sinusitis.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic acid; carboxylic ester; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug; prodrug
ceftizoxime [no description available]	4.65	8	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
cefclidin cefclidin: structure given in first source. cefclidin : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (4-carbamoyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.39	2	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles
1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available]	3.85	3	0	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide	serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
carumonam carumonam: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2S-(2alpha,3alpha(Z))-isomer. carumonam : An N-sulfonated monobactam antibiotic.	2.04	1	0	monobactam	antibacterial drug
apalcillin [no description available]	2.36	2	0	1,5-naphthyridine derivative; penicillin
dantrolene sodium dantrolene sodium (anhydrous) : The anhydrous sodium salt of dantrolene.	2.05	1	0
nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA.	6.47	13	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
methampicillin methampicillin: RN given refers to parent cpd(2S-(2alpha,5alpha,6beta(S*)))-isomer. metampicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(2R)-2-(methylideneamino)-2-phenylacetamido side-group.	2.02	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin
nifurtimox Nifurtimox: A nitrofuran thiazine that has been used against TRYPANOSOMIASIS.	2.05	1	0	nitrofuran antibiotic
butylscopolammonium bromide Butylscopolammonium Bromide: Antimuscarinic quaternary ammonium derivative of scopolamine used to treat cramps in gastrointestinal, urinary, uterine, and biliary tracts, and to facilitate radiologic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract.	2.04	1	0
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.04	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
eritoran eritoran : A lipid A derivative used for the treatment of severe sepsis.	2.04	1	0	lipid As
dantrolene [no description available]	3.84	3	0
roxithromycin (E)-roxithromycin : A major geometrical isomer of roxithromycin.	2.45	2	0	roxithromycin	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cefdinir [no description available]	3.58	2	0	cephalosporin; ketoxime	antibacterial drug
fumagillin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
etonogestrel [no description available]	3.23	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin
artesunate artesunic acid: RN given for (3R-(3alpha,5abeta,6beta,8abeta,9alpha,10alpha,12beta,(2aR*))-isomer; succinic ester of artemether	2.04	1	0	artemisinin derivative; cyclic acetal; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate; semisynthetic derivative; sesquiterpenoid	antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; ferroptosis inducer
romurtide romurtide: a synthetic muramyl dipeptide analog; stimulates chemotactic mobility, phagocytic activity & superoxide production by neutrophils in mice; used for the prophylaxis of leukocytopenia during radiation therapy; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.05	1	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
lanreotide [no description available]	2.05	1	0
dexniguldipine niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance	2.04	1	0	diarylmethane
napsagatran napsagatran: structure given in first source	2.74	3	0
temsirolimus [no description available]	3.58	2	0	macrolide lactam
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	3.57	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension	3.59	2	0	diarylmethane
bms188797 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001	3.23	1	0	substituted aniline
fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder	3.23	1	0	diarylmethane
3-aminophthalate 3-aminophthalate: structure in first source	2.05	1	0
glutamylalanine Glu-Ala : A dipeptide formed from L-alpha-glutamyl and L-alanine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
phenylalanylphenylalanine Phe-Phe : A dipeptide formed from two L-phenylalanine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide; L-aminoacyl-L-amino acid zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phenylalanyl-valine Val-Phe : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
alanylglycine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
valyltyrosine valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
lysylglutamic acid lysylglutamic acid: a geroprotective agent. Lys-Glu : A dipeptide formed from L-lysine and L-glutamic acid residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
Ala-Lys Ala-Lys : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-alanine with the alpha-amino group of L-lysine.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	marine metabolite
glycylhistidine glycylhistidine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. Gly-His : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-histidine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
acetylcarnitine O-acetyl-L-carnitine : An O-acyl-L-carnitine where the acyl group specified is acetyl. It facilitates movement of acetyl-CoA into the matrices of mammalian mitochondria during the oxidation of fatty acids.	2.05	1	0	O-acetylcarnitine; saturated fatty acyl-L-carnitine	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucyl-tyrosine isoleucyl-tyrosine: a dipeptide with antihypertensive effect. Ile-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-isoleucine and L-tyrosine residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	13.27	11	2	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
thioacetazone Thioacetazone: A thiosemicarbazone that is used in association with other antimycobacterial agents in the initial and continuation phases of antituberculosis regimens. Thiacetazone containing regimens are less effective than the short-course regimen recommended by the International Union Against Tuberculosis and are used in some developing countries to reduce drug costs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p217). thiosemicarbazone : A hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of an aldehyde or ketone with the non-thioacylated nitrogen of thiosemicarbazide or its substituted derivatives.	2.04	1	0
cefmenoxime Cefmenoxime: A cephalosporin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. It is active against most common gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, is a potent inhibitor of Enterobacteriaceae, and is highly resistant to hydrolysis by beta-lactamases. The drug has a high rate of efficacy in many types of infection and to date no severe side effects have been noted.. cefmenoxime : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, bearing a 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino group at the 7beta-position and a [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl group at the 3-position.	8.67	10	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
azimilide azimilide: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrochloride	2.04	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
nifurtoinol nifurtoinol : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group and at position 3 by a hydroxymethyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent
cefozopran [no description available]	2.44	2	0	cephalosporin; imidazopyridazine; thiadiazoles
gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position.	3.57	2	0	1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
desacetylcefotaxime desacetylcefotaxime: RN given refers to parent cpd (6R-(6alpha,7alpha(Z)))-isomer	2.89	4	0
dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE.	3.23	1	0	benzimidazoles; sulfoxide
cefoselis cefoselis: structure given in first source. cefoselis : A cephalosporin compound having [2-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-imino-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-1-yl]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively. A 4th generation broad-spectrum cephalosporin.	2.02	1	0
fosinopril [no description available]	3.85	3	0
armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness.	3.23	1	0	2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide	central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic
pradofloxacin pradofloxacin: veterinary fluoroquinolone; structure in first source	7.13	1	0
eflucimibe eflucimibe: a powerful and systemic acylcoenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase inhibitor	2.05	1	0
amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate combination Amoxicillin-Potassium Clavulanate Combination: A fixed-ratio combination of amoxicillin trihydrate and potassium clavulanate.	10.64	27	10
tomopenem [no description available]	2.45	2	0
norfenfluramine Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine	2.03	1	0	amphetamines
valyl-prolyl-proline Val-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages.	2.02	1	0	tripeptide	metabolite
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.23	1	0	oligopeptide
tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES.	3.23	1	0	alkylbenzene
etomoxir [no description available]	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether
bb-83698 BB-83698: peptide deformylase inhibitor	2.04	1	0
ppi-0903 ceftaroline : A cephalosporin that is the active metabolite of the prodrug ceftaroline fosamil. Used for the treatment of adults with acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections.	3.31	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; iminium betaine; organic phosphoramidate; oxime O-ether; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; prodrug
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	3.59	2	0	organic molecular entity
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.47	2	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections.	3.23	1	0	carboxylic acid; cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
zotarolimus zotarolimus: synthetic analog of rapamycin; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	lactam; macrolide
treosulfan treosulfan: immunosuppressant; RN given refers to (S-(R,R))-isomer	2.04	1	0	methanesulfonate ester
gentamicin sulfate [no description available]	5.57	16	1
bn 52020 [no description available]	2.45	2	0
nkp 608 [no description available]	2.04	1	0
zeolites [no description available]	2.6	1	0
isoleucyl-prolyl-proline [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
ganu GANU: differs from chlorozotocin by placement of cytotoxic group on C-1 of the glucose ring; less myelosuppressive than chlorozotocin; structure	2.04	1	0
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.01	1	0
pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer.	3.23	1	0	aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.05	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels.	3.23	1	0
afn 1252 API 1252: inhibits bacterial enoyl-ACP reductase; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
vinflunine vinflunine: inhibits tubulin assembly; structure in first source. vinflunine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound and an organic heterotetracyclic compound that is vinorelbine in which the tetrahydropyridine moiety of the heterotetracyclic part of the molecule has been redced to the corresponding piperidine, and in which the ethyl group attached to this ring has been replaced by a 1,1-difluoroethyl group.	2.05	1	0	acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; vinca alkaloid	antineoplastic agent
sch 442416 SCH 442416: an adenosine A2A receptor ligand	2.04	1	0	triazolopyrimidines
baci-im [no description available]	3.59	2	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent
lactulose Lactulose: A synthetic disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy. It has also been used in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p887). lactulose : A synthetic galactosylfructose disaccharide used in the treatment of constipation and hepatic encephalopathy.	1.97	1	0
metamelfalan [no description available]	2.04	1	0
a26771b A26771B: produced by Penicillium turbatum; structure	2.15	1	0
isoleucyl-valyl-tyrosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	oligopeptide
polymyxin b(1) [no description available]	2.25	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	2.05	1	0
bms 477118 [no description available]	3.23	1	0	adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.82	3	0	nystatins
prolyl-proline Pro-Pro : A dipeptide formed from two L-proline residues.	2.02	1	0	dipeptide	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
milnacipran [no description available]	3.57	2	0	acetamides
vindesine [no description available]	2.44	2	0
5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine 5-(5-nitrothiazol-2-ylthio)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine: structure in first source. halicin : A member of the class of thiadiazoles that is 1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine which is substituted by a (5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)sulfanediyl group at position 5. It is a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor (IC50 = 0.7uM) and exhibits antibacterial properties.	2.41	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; organic sulfide; primary amino compound; thiadiazoles	antibacterial agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor
moxestrol moxestrol: RN given refers to (11beta,17alpha)-isomer; structure	2.02	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid
diflucortolone Diflucortolone: A topical glucocorticoid used in various DERMATOSES. It is absorbed through the skin, bound to plasma albumin, and may cause adrenal suppression. It is also administered as the valerate.	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.06	4	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	1.97	1	0
virginiamycin Virginiamycin: A cyclic polypeptide antibiotic complex from Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. It consists of 2 major components, VIRGINIAMYCIN FACTOR M1 and virginiamycin Factor S1. It is used to treat infections with gram-positive organisms and as a growth promoter in cattle, swine, and poultry.. virginiamycin : A mixture of cyclic polypeptide streptogramin antibiotics produced by Streptomyces virginiae, S. loidensis, S. mitakaensis, S. pristina-spiralis, S. ostreogriseus, and others. The two major components are virginiamycin M1 (also known as pristinamycin IIA) and virginiamycin S1. Virginiamycin has been widely used as a growth promotion agent in livestock and has been to have bacteriostatic activity against Gram-positive organisms such as staphylococci and streptococci.	3.79	2	1
pf 03491390 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
rifamycins [no description available]	2.39	2	0
2-((3-chloroethyl)-3-nitrosoureido)glucopyranose [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ro 6-4563 glibornuride: was MH 1975-92 (see under SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS 1975-90); use SULFONYLUREA COMPOUNDS to search GLIBORNURIDE 1975-92; an oral, sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent which stimulates insulin secretion	2.04	1	0	monoterpenoid
amodiaquine hydrochloride [no description available]	2.05	1	0
erythromycin glucoheptonate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	2.01	1	0
bisaramil [no description available]	2.04	1	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.02	1	0
bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant.	3.23	1	0	polypeptide	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
teicoplanin teicoplanin A2-1 : A teicoplanin A2 that has (4Z)-dec-4-enoyl as the variable N-acyl group.	2.45	2	0
tannins gallotannin : A class of hydrolysable tannins obtained by condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid (and its polymeric derivatives) with the hydroxy groups of a monosaccharide (most commonly glucose).	2.05	1	0	tannin
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	3.23	1	0
cecropin p1-li cecropin P1-LI: antibacterial peptide isolated from porcine intestine; has immunoreactivity in epithelial cells of duodenum & glucagon cells of the pancreas	2.15	1	0
ganirelix [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	1.96	1	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	1.96	1	0	peptide hormone
teriparatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
lactoferricin b lactoferricin B: amino acid sequence given in first source	2.08	1	0
salmon calcitonin [no description available]	3.23	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide	bone density conservation agent; metabolite
ly-146032 [no description available]	4.25	5	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide	antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics
dalbavancin [no description available]	2.04	1	0	carbohydrate acid derivative; glycopeptide; monosaccharide derivative; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt	3.23	1	0	polypeptide
oritavancin oritavancin : A semisynthetic glycopeptide used (as its bisphosphate salt) for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections caused or suspected to be caused by susceptible isolates of designated Gram-positive microorganisms including MRSA.	2.13	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycopeptide; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent
exenatide [no description available]	3.23	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	3.39	1	1	glycoside
ceftiofur ceftiofur: structure in first source	2.4	2	0
perovskite calcium titanate : A calcium salt with the formula CaTiO3, generally obtained in the form of the mineral perovskite.	7.6	1	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	2.03	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cefamandole nafate, monosodium salt, 14c-labeled, (6r-(6alpha,7beta,(r)))-isomer cefamandole nafate: RN given refers to (6R-(6alpha,7beta(R)))-isomer. cefamandole nafate : A cephalosporin prodrug having (R)-O-formylmandelamido and N-methylthiotetrazole side-groups.	1.96	1	0
vx-770 ivacaftor: a CFTR potentiator; structure in first source. ivacaftor : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 5-amino-2,4-di-tert-butylphenol. Used for the treatment of cystic fibrosis.	2.25	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; phenols; quinolone	CFTR potentiator; orphan drug
cilastatin, imipenem drug combination Cilastatin, Imipenem Drug Combination: Combination of imipenem and cilastatin that is used in the treatment of bacterial infections; cilastatin inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to prolong the half-life and increase the tissue penetration of imipenem, enhancing its efficacy as an anti-bacterial agent.	4.06	3	1
flucloronide flucloronide: synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search PREGNADIENETROLS (75-83); RN given refers to (6alpha,11beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure	2.04	1	0	21-hydroxy steroid
chitosan [no description available]	3.38	6	0
mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE.	3.85	3	0	organosulfonic acid
cerivastatin sodium cerivastatin sodium : The sodium salt of cerivastatin. Formerly used to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; statin (synthetic)
cefamandole nafate [no description available]	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	antibacterial drug; prodrug
sodium tetradecyl sulfate [no description available]	2.89	4	0
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	3.23	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
monensin [no description available]	2.05	1	0
sodium iothalamate [no description available]	3.23	1	0
oxacillin sodium [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium diatrizoate histopaque: used for separating mononuclear & other cells. sodium amidotrizoate : The sodium salt of a benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, often as a mixture with the meglumine salt, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
ro13-9904 Ceftriaxone: A broad-spectrum cephalosporin antibiotic and cefotaxime derivative with a very long half-life and high penetrability to meninges, eyes and inner ears.. ceftriaxone : A third-generation cephalosporin compound having 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetylamino and [(2-methyl-5,6-dioxo-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-1,2,4-triazin-3-yl)sulfanyl]methyl side-groups.	14.09	106	30
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	2.05	1	0	organic molecular entity
piperacillin, tazobactam drug combination Piperacillin, Tazobactam Drug Combination: An antibiotic combination product of piperacillin and tazobactam, a penicillanic acid derivative with enhanced beta-lactamase inhibitory activity, that is used for the intravenous treatment of intra-abdominal, pelvic, and skin infections and for community-acquired pneumonia of moderate severity. It is also used for the treatment of PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA INFECTIONS.	3.21	5	0
quinupristin-dalfopristin quinupristin-dalfopristin: RP 59500 is a combination of RP 57669 & RP 54476, which are water soluble derivatives of pristinamycin IA & pristinamycin IIB, respectively	3.79	2	1	organic molecular entity
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	7.03	1	0
cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast.	3.58	2	0	oligopeptide	antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist
hainanolide hainanolide: from bark of Cephalotaxux hainensis	2.04	1	0
gliocladic acid gliocladic acid: from Gliocladium virens, Chaetomium globosum & Trichoderma viride; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid
cleistanthin cleistanthin: lignan lactone toxic glycoside from Cleistanthus collinus (Roxb); structure. cleistanthin A : A member of the class of cleistanthins that is the 4-O-3,4-di-O-methyl-beta-D-xylopyranoside of 1,3-dihydronaphtho[2,3-c]furan-4-ol which is substituted by an oxo group at position 1, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7, and a 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl group at position 9. It is one of the toxic principles in Cleistanthus collinus.	2.04	1	0	cleistanthins; xylose derivative	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic
colistin Colistin: Cyclic polypeptide antibiotic from Bacillus colistinus. It is composed of Polymyxins E1 and E2 (or Colistins A, B, and C) which act as detergents on cell membranes. Colistin is less toxic than Polymyxin B, but otherwise similar; the methanesulfonate is used orally.. colistin : A multi-component mixture comprising mostly of colistin A (R = Me) and B (R = H), with small amounts of colistin C and other polymyxins, produced by certain strains of Bacillus polymyxa var. colistinus. An antibiotic, it is used as its sulfate salt (for oral or topical use) or as the sodium salt of the N-methylsulfonic acid derivative (the injectable form) in the treatment of severe Gram-negative infections, partiularly those due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.	5.72	6	1
nimorazole [no description available]	2.04	1	0
fr 264205 ceftolozane: cephalosporin anti-bacterial agent with enhanced activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ceftolozane : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (5-amino-4-{[(2-aminoethyl)carbamoyl]amino}-1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-2-ium-2-yl)methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-{[(2-carboxypropan-2-yl)oxy]imino}acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria that have become resistant to conventional antibiotics.	3.71	2	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	4.22	5	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
raltegravir [no description available]	3.23	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide	antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
novobiocin Novobiocin: An antibiotic compound derived from Streptomyces niveus. It has a chemical structure similar to coumarin. Novobiocin binds to DNA gyrase, and blocks adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p189). novobiocin : A coumarin-derived antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces niveus.	8.12	5	0	carbamate ester; ether; hexoside; hydroxycoumarin; monocarboxylic acid amide; monosaccharide derivative; phenols	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; hepatoprotective agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	10.9	32	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	3.12	5	0
oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae.	4.81	10	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	5.97	20	0
methacycline Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6.	2.03	1	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	1.97	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
dicumarol Dicumarol: An oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K. It is also used in biochemical experiments as an inhibitor of reductases.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; vitamin K antagonist
piroxicam [no description available]	4.24	5	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
roquinimex roquinimex: structure in first source	2.45	2	0	aromatic amide
acenocoumarol Acenocoumarol: A coumarin that is used as an anticoagulant. Its actions and uses are similar to those of WARFARIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p233). acenocoumarol : A hydroxycoumarin that is warfarin in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is replaced by a nitro group.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
meclocycline [no description available]	2.02	1	0
bactobolin bactobolin: from Pseudomonas sp. BN-183; has MF C14-H20-Cl2-N2-O6; RN given refers to parent cpd(R*)-isomer	2.04	1	0	amino acid amide
mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis.	4.41	6	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mobiflex tenoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain and inflammation in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. It is also indicated for short term treatment of acute musculoskeletal disorders including strains, sprains and other soft-tissue injuries.	3.3	6	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
isoxicam isoxicam : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is piroxicam in which the pyrid-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-3-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the market in the 1980s following its association with cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome.	2.74	3	0	benzothiazine; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antirheumatic drug; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	11.3	11	1	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.85	3	0
phenprocoumon Phenprocoumon: Coumarin derivative that acts as a long acting oral anticoagulant.. phenprocoumon : A hydroxycoumarin that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenylpropyl group.	2.05	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	anticoagulant; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor.	3.23	1	0	sulfonamide	antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor
rolitetracycline Rolitetracycline: A pyrrolidinylmethyl TETRACYCLINE.. rolitetracycline : A derivative of tetracycline in which the amide function is substituted with a pyrrolidinomethyl group.	2.69	3	0
sudoxicam sudoxicam: proposed ant-inflammatory agent; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZINES (75-86)	2.02	1	0
tigecycline [no description available]	9.41	6	0
(S)-warfarin (S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide).	2.03	1	0	4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one
lornoxicam lornoxicam : A thienothiazine-derived monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 6-chloro-4-hydroxy-2-methylthieno[2,3-e][1,2]thiazine-3-carboxylic acid 1,1-dioxide with the amino group of 2-aminopyridine. Used for the treatment of pain, primarily resulting from inflammatory diseases of the joints, osteoarthritis, surgery, sciatica and other inflammations.	2.05	1	0	heteroaryl hydroxy compound; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyridines; thienothiazine	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	7.41	1	0
plasmalyte a Plasmalyte A: resuscitation fluid; contains sodium, potassium, chlorides, calcium, magnesium & bicarbonates	2.02	1	0
bismuth oxybromide bismuth oxybromide: bismuth oxybromide (BiOBr) nanoplate microspheres were used to remove NO in indoor air under visible light irradiation	2.31	1	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	1.99	1	0
ajmaline [no description available]	2.05	1	0
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	2.76	2	0
fertinex [no description available]	3.23	1	0
daptomycin [no description available]	8.68	16	5
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.4	2	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.5	2	0
fusarenon-x fusarenon-X: mycotoxin isolated from Fusarium nivale; belongs to 12,13-epoxytrichothecene group; structure	1.96	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.49	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	2.37	2	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.21	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	3.59	2	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	4.93	11	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
inosine [no description available]	2.05	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.59	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160)	8.53	48	1	cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion	angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	4.65	8	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.07	4	0	dacarbazine
didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS.	4.53	7	0	purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
ganciclovir [no description available]	4.53	7	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antiinfective agent; antiviral drug
valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES.	3.56	2	0	L-valyl ester	antiviral drug
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	4.41	6	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	4.06	4	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
penciclovir penciclovir : A member of the class of 2-aminopurines that is guanine in which the hydrogen at position 9 is substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)but-1-yl group. An antiviral drug, it is administered topically for treatment of herpes labialis. A prodrug, famciclovir, is used for oral administration.	3.14	5	0	2-aminopurines; propane-1,3-diols	antiviral drug
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	2.05	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
raltitrexed [no description available]	2.05	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	4.25	5	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	4.65	8	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
azaguanine Azaguanine: One of the early purine analogs showing antineoplastic activity. It functions as an antimetabolite and is easily incorporated into ribonucleic acids.. 8-azaguanine : A triazolopyrimidine that consists of 3,6-dihydro-7H-[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine bearing amino and oxo substituents at positions 5 and 7 respectively.	2.04	1	0	nucleobase analogue; triazolopyrimidines	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor
citrovorum factor [no description available]	3.23	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5.	4.26	5	0	formyltetrahydrofolic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin	3.23	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins	antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug
alanosine [no description available]	2.45	2	0
bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions.	3.23	1	0	imidazoquinazoline	anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source	4.08	4	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles	gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist
pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT).	3.23	1	0	N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor
7-deazaguanosine 7-deazaguanosine: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
tirapazamine Tirapazamine: A triazine derivative that introduces breaks into DNA strands in hypoxic cells, sensitizing tumor cells to the cytotoxic activity of other drugs and radiation.. tirapazamine : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,4-benzotriazine carrying an amino substituent at position 3 and two oxido substituents at positions 1 and 4.	2.45	2	0	aromatic amine; benzotriazines; N-oxide	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
pelrinone pelrinone: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0
valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine.	3.23	1	0	L-valyl ester; purines	antiviral drug; prodrug
aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors.	3.85	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles	antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist
fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid.	3.23	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles	antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug
ceftobiprole ceftobiprole: BAL5788 is Ceftobiprole medocaril sodium. ceftobiprole : A fifth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having (E)-[(3'R)-2-oxo[1,3'-bipyrrolidin]-3-ylidene]methyl and [(2Z)-2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(hydroxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively; developed for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP, excluding ventilator-associated pneumonia, VAP) and community-acquired pneumonia (CAP).	2.74	3	0	cephalosporin; thiadiazoles	antimicrobial agent
pyrazofurin pirazofurin : A C-glycosyl compound that is 4-hydroxy-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxamide in which the hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl group.	2.04	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; pyrazoles	antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 4.1.1.23 (orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase) inhibitor
rifabutin [no description available]	4.4	6	0
n(10)-methylfolate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	folic acids
5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid 5-methyltetrahydrohomofolic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
ninopterin ninopterin: structure	2.04	1	0
levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.23	1	0	organic calcium salt	antidepressant
benzylpenicillenic acid benzylpenicillenic acid: forms spontaneously from penicillin G (benzylpenicillin). benzylpenicillenic acid : A penicillenic acid having a benzyl substituent at the 2-position on the oxazolone ring.	1.96	1	0
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	1.97	1	0
cholestyramine resin Cholestyramine Resin: A strongly basic anion exchange resin whose main constituent is polystyrene trimethylbenzylammonium Cl(-) anion.	1.97	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.9	4	0
acetylcellulose acetylcellulose: coating compound. cellulose acetate : A glucan derivative obtained through the esterification of cellulose by acetic anhydride or acetic acid, resulting in the substitution of some of the hydroxy groups of cellulose by acetyl groups. It is used in a variety of applications including base material for photographic film, clothing, membrane filters, coatings, food packaging, and as a frame material for eyeglasses.	3.39	1	1
dactinomycin cefozopran: RN given refers to the (6R-(6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 10/91. cefozopran : A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-1-ium-1-ylmethyl and [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups located at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.73	3	0
temporin temporin: isolated from frogs Rana temporaria & R. clamitans; has many isoforms; amino acid sequence in first source	2.01	1	0

Number of Participants With Early Clinical Responses Measured by Lesion Reduction

Early clinical response is defined as ≥20% reduction from baseline lesion area (defined as length multiplied by the width of the erythema, edema, and/or induration [EEI]) at the 48-72 hour (hr) visit. (NCT02276482)
Timeframe: 48-72 hr after first drug infusion

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Tedizolid Phosphate	84
Antibiotic Comparator Drug	28

Intervention	infections (Number)
Topical Gentamicin	1
Cefazolin IV	3
Topical and iv	0

Intervention	L/min (Median)
	Elimination Clearance	Inter-tissue Clearance (Fast)	Inter-tissue Clearance (Slow)
Cefazolin 25 mg/kg Body Weight and Vancomycin	0.00695	0.0554	0.0202

Intervention	L (Median)
	Central Volume	Peripheral Volume (Fast)	Peripheral Volume (Slow)
Cefazolin 25 mg/kg Body Weight and Vancomycin	0.901	1.02	1.81

Intervention	L/min (Median)
	Elimination clearance	Inter-tissue Clearance (Fast)	Inter-tissue Clearance (slow)
Cefazolin 30mg/kg Body Weight	0.00396	0.1	0.0231

Intervention	L (Median)
	Central Volume	Peripheral Volume (Fast)	Peripheral Volume (slow)
Cefazolin 30mg/kg Body Weight	0.547	0.102	0.7

Intervention	Days (Mean)
	PP Population	PPE Population
Algorithm-determined Therapy	7.5	4.4
Standard of Care	7.9	6.2

Intervention	participants (Number)
Cefazolin 25mg/kg Body Weight and Vancomycin	0
Cefazolin 30mg/kg Body Weight	0

Intervention	mcg/mL (Mean)
	Subcutaneous tissue-opening	Subcutaneous tissue-closing	Plasma concentration at incision	Plasma concentration at closure	Myometrial levels	Umbilical cord blood concentrations
2 Gram Dose of Cefazolin	18.36	21.73	155.45	83.49	67.18	25.01
4 Gram Dose	40.11	34.89	346.16	150.12	146.22	82.23

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Success	Failure	Indeterminate	Missing
Standard of Care	36	15	0	1
Telavancin	28	13	5	1

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Cure	Failure	Indeterminate
Standard of Care	27	21	4
Telavancin	22	19	6

Intervention	cm^2 (Mean)
	Baseline	Change at Day 25
Antibiotic Comparator Drug	83.22	-82.51
Tedizolid Phosphate	135.44	-134.27

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	4.7
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	5.2

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	85.2
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	75.2

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	2109.3
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	1883.1

Intervention	Minutes (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	3491
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	3394.4

Intervention	mg OME (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	58.4
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	47.5

Intervention	mg OME (Mean)
Peri-Articular Injections Only	67.9
Peri-Articular Injections and Adductor Canal Block	60.1

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Chlorhexidine irrigation	Triple antibiotic irrigation
Participants Undergoing Bilateral Mastectomy	21	23

Intervention	mcg/mL (Mean)
	0.5 - 1.0 HR	2 HR	3 HR	4 HR
Cefazolin 1 g Infusion	124.7	53.51	37.35	27.30
Cefazolin 2 g Infusion	145.5	93.26	57.74	45.03

Intervention	hours (Mean)
	MFCU Length of Stay	Total Hospital Length of Stay
Antibiotics	30.67	88.83
Control	29.75	83.75

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	0 RBC Transfusions	1 RBC Transfusions	2 RBC Transfusions	3 RBC Transfusions
Antibiotics	0	2	2	1
Control	3	0	2	0

Intervention	cc (Mean)
	Estimated Blood Loss Pre-IBT	Estimated Blood Loss with IBT in
Antibiotics	1385.83	197
Control	1626	165.6

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	6
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	10

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	HIV72518390		HIV72518391	Immunosuppressive medications72518390	Immunosuppressive medications72518391	Steroid use72518390	Steroid use72518391	Diabetes mellitus72518390	Diabetes mellitus72518391	Hypertension72518390	Hypertension72518391	Congestive heart failure72518391	Congestive heart failure72518390	Cardiac valvular disease72518391	Cardiac valvular disease72518390	Coronary artery disease72518390	Coronary artery disease72518391	Chronic kidney disease72518391	Chronic kidney disease72518390	Pulmonary disease72518390	Pulmonary disease72518391
	Vulvar wound complication(s)	No vulvar wound complication(s)
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	0
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	6
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	1
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	5
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	5
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	13
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	0
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	1
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	3
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	2
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	4
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	2
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	3
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	8

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Chose to not sit and to lie/stand when possible = yes72518390		Chose to not sit and to lie/stand when possible = yes72518391	Chose to not sit and to lie/stand when possible = no72518390	Chose to not sit and to lie/stand when possible = no72518391	Regularly performed vulvar wound care = yes postop72518391	Regularly performed vulvar wound care = yes postop72518390	Regularly performed vulvar wound care = no72518391	Regularly performed vulvar wound care = no72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times a day postop for 1-2 days72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times a day postop for 1-2 days72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 3-7 days72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 3-7 days72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 8-14 days72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 8-14 days72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 14+ days72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for 14+ days72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for unknown # of days72518390	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop for unknown # of days72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop = no72518391	Performed sitz baths or cleansed with a showerhead 2-3 times per day postop = no72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 1-2 days72518391	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 1-2 days72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 3-7 days72518391	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 3-7 days72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 8-14 days72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 8-14 days72518391	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 14+ days72518391	Actively kept the vulva dry postop 14+ days72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop for unknown # of days72518391	Actively kept the vulva dry postop for unknown # of days72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop = no72518390	Actively kept the vulva dry postop = no72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 1-2 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 1-2 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 3-7 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 3-7 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 8-14 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 8-14 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 14+ days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop 14+ days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop for unknown # of days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop for unknown # of days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop = no72518391	Cleaned the vulva after urinating postop = no72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 1-2 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 1-2 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 3-7 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 3-7 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 8-14 days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 8-14 days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 14+ days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop 14+ days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop for unknown # of days72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop for unknown # of days72518391	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop = no72518390	Cleaned the vulva after having a bowel movement postop = no72518391
	Vulvar wound complication(s)	No vulvar wound complication(s)
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	16
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	10
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	17
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	13
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	1
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	2
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	4
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	7
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	4
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	6
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	0
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	2
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	1
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	5
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	0
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	5
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	3
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	7
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	8
Arm B: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	3
Arm A: No Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Skin Incision	6

cefazolin

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (120)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (4)

Pathways (1)

Protein Targets (21)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (33)

Molecular Functions (29)

Ceullar Components (14)

Bioassays (572)

Research

Studies (2,948)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 103.32

Study Types

Clinical Trials (138)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Wound Complications

Number of Participants With Total Wound Infections

Number of Participants Who Experienced At Least One Postoperative Infectious Complication

Number of Participants Who Experienced Clostridium (C) Difficile Colitis

Number of Participants Who Experienced Empyema

Number of Participants Who Experienced Pneumonia

Number of Participants Who Experienced Surgical Site Infection

Number of Participants Who Needed Reoperation

Number of Participants Who Received Additional Antibiotics for Any Reason Within 28 Days After Surgery

Number of Participants With Allergic Reactions

Time to Removal of Chest Tubes

All-Cause Mortality

Length of Hospital Stay

The Number of Patients Failing Therapy After 72 Hours of Antibiotic Treatment With Oral Cephalexin or Intravenous Cefazolin Plus Oral Probenecid.

Gestational Latency Achieved Between Cerclage Placement and Time of Delivery

Gestational Age at Delivery

Birthweight

Neonatal Morbidity and Mortality

Gestational Latency of More Than 28 Days

Cure Rate

Number of Participants That Changed From Vancomycin to Another Study Antibiotic Due to an Adverse Event

Number of Participants With Adverse Events Leading to Study Drug Withdrawal

Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events

Antibiotic Days by Treatment Group

Number of Infections in Each Study Arm

Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics (Plasma Concentration vs Time Curve) in Children on Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB)

Vancomycin Pharmacokinetics (Plasma Concentration vs Time Curve) in Children During the Peri-operative Period in Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery With Cardiopulmonary Bypass (CPB)

Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics

Cefazolin Pharmacokinetics

Number of Patients Who Receive Preoperative Vancomycin and Cefazolin Who Develop a Surgical Site Infection Compared to Those Whose Received Only Cefazolin.

Count of Participants Experiencing Adverse Events Commonly Associated With Peri-operative Vancomycin Prophylaxis

Cefazolin Levels

Achievement of Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations Within Adipose and Serum Sampled at Time of Cesarean Delivery

Investigator Clinical Response (Success or Failure) at EOT in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Population

Number of Participants With the Development of a New Metastatic Foci of S. Aureus Infection at Test of Cure (TOC) in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Populations

Number of Participants With a Clinical Outcome of Cure at Test of Cure (TOC)

Number of Participants With an Investigator Clinical Outcome of Cure at TOC in the Microbiological All-treated (mAT) Population

Number of Participants With Adverse Events on Tedizolid Phosphate and Comparator Drugs

Number of Participants With Early Clinical Responses Measured by Lesion Reduction

Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at End of Therapy (EOT) Visit (Intent to Treat Analysis Set)

Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at EOT Visit (Clinically Evaluable-End of Therapy [CE-EOT] Analysis Set)

Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at Test of Cure (TOC) Visit (Intent to Treat Analysis Set)

Number of Participants With Investigator's Assessment Indicating Clinical Success at TOC Visit (Clinically Evaluable-Test of Cure [CE-TOC] Analysis Set)

Peak Plasma Concentration (Cmax) of Tedizolid

Change From Baseline in Lesion Size

Area Under the Plasma Concentration Versus Time Curve Time 0 to 24 Hours (AUC0-24h) of Tedizolid

NRS Pain Score With Movement POD2