Page last updated: 2024-11-08

pinostilbene

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

pinostilbene: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene : A stilbenoid that is trans-resveratrol in which one of the meta-hydroxy groups is converted to the corresponding methyl ether. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID5473050
CHEMBL ID498917
CHEBI ID63672
SCHEMBL ID562335
SCHEMBL ID562336
MeSH IDM0513795

Synonyms (49)

Synonym
42438-89-1
AC-7026
3-methoxyresveratrol
nsc-723532
nsc723532
CHEMBL498917 ,
chebi:63672 ,
3-[(e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxyphenol
3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-trans-stilbene
P1927
3-methoxy-4',5-dihydroxy-trans-stilbene
resveratrol monomethyl ether
pinostilbene
C20154
3-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-5-methoxy-phenol;pinostilbene
A825900
pinostilbene hydrate
AKOS015915100
SCHEMBL562335
SCHEMBL562336
DTXSID50420234
trans-3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxystilbene
3-[(e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)vinyl]-5-methoxy-phenol
mfcd12407153
KUWZXOMQXYWKBS-NSCUHMNNSA-N
bdbm50252422
BCP18618
(e)-3-(4-hydroxystyryl)-5-methoxyphenol
3-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxyphenol
Q18388690
CS-0023117
HY-N3059
AS-56412
3-[(1e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxyphenol
871504-87-9
phenol, 3-[2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxy-
phenol, 3-[(e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxy-
Z3210723812
3-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxyphenol
3-((1e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxyphenol
phenol, 3-((1e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxy-
3,4-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-trans-stilbene
pinostilbene, trans-
4pak325bem ,
phenol, 3-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxy-, (e)-
unii-4pak325bem
trans-pinostilbene
phenol, 3-(2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl)-5-methoxy-
3-[(e)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethenyl]-5-methoxy-phenol

Research Excerpts

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Pharmacokinetic comparison among pinostilbene, resveratrol and some resveratrol analogues suggested that stilbenes with meta-hydroxyl group(s) may be associated with metabolic instability and subsequently suffer from rapid clearance and low oral bioavailability."( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016
)
0.43

Bioavailability

pinostilbene's bioavailability was limited but highly erratic after oral dosing (50mg/kg) Enhanced bioavailability may thus be a major factor contributing to the neuroprotective activity.

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Enhanced bioavailability may thus be a major factor contributing to the neuroprotective activity of pinostilbene."( Protective effects of pinostilbene, a resveratrol methylated derivative, against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells.
Chang, RC; Chao, J; Cheng, KW; Li, H; Wang, M; Yu, MS, 2010
)
0.36
" However, the methylated resveratrol analogs exhibit better bioavailability as they are more easily transported into the cell and more resistant to degradation."( Biosynthesis of methylated resveratrol analogs through the construction of an artificial biosynthetic pathway in E. coli.
Choi, O; Hong, YS; Hwang, BY; Jang, JH; Kang, SY; Kim, CY; Lee, JK, 2014
)
0.4
" After oral dosing (50mg/kg), the bioavailability of pinostilbene was limited but highly erratic (F=1."( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016
)
0.43

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" After oral dosing (50mg/kg), the bioavailability of pinostilbene was limited but highly erratic (F=1."( Determination of pinostilbene in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS: Application to a pharmacokinetic study.
Chen, W; Chuang, XF; Lin, HS; Yeo, SC, 2016
)
0.43
" All compounds activated AhR, but their efficacies, potencies and dose-response profiles differed substantially."( Hydroxystilbenes and methoxystilbenes activate human aryl hydrocarbon receptor and induce CYP1A genes in human hepatoma cells and human hepatocytes.
Bachleda, P; Dvořák, Z; Pastorková, B; Vrzalová, A, 2017
)
0.46
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

ClassDescription
stilbenolAny stilbenoid with at least one phenolic group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
pterostilbene biosynthesis16

Protein Targets (2)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Cytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.13000.01200.94693.8000AID1452982
Cytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)Ki0.90000.00300.97417.4600AID1452983
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (88)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cellular response to organic cyclic compoundCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxiaCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
lipid hydroxylationCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
porphyrin-containing compound metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
amine metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nematodeCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to herbicideCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
ethylene metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
coumarin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to iron(III) ionCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
insecticide metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to foodCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharideCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to vitamin ACytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to immobilization stressCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
camera-type eye developmentCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide metabolic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substanceCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
digestive tract developmentCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
tissue remodelingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to hyperoxiaCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
maternal process involved in parturitionCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
hepatocyte differentiationCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to copper ionCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycleCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
response to 3-methylcholanthreneCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to organic cyclic compoundCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
trabecular meshwork developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
DNA modificationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cell adhesionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrientCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
steroid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
male gonad developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to oxidative stressCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
toxin metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor productionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of smooth muscle cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
sterol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
epoxygenase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
collagen fibril organizationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
adrenal gland developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of NF-kappaB transcription factor activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to follicle-stimulating hormoneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to estradiolCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell adhesion mediated by integrinCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
benzene-containing compound metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel endothelial cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell migrationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrous cycleCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of translationCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of angiogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
membrane lipid catabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to arsenic-containing substanceCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel morphogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinal blood vessel morphogenesisCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
ganglion developmentCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hydrogen peroxideCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cAMPCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to tumor necrosis factorCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to luteinizing hormone stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to cortisol stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to progesterone stimulusCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to dexamethasoneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell-cell adhesionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to indole-3-methanolCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to toxic substanceCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
omega-hydroxylase P450 pathwayCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
response to 3-methylcholanthreneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic processCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on diphenols and related substances as donorsCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
flavonoid 3'-monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
oxygen bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp70 protein bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
demethylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
Hsp90 protein bindingCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 2-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid omega-1 hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
monooxygenase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
iron ion bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, reduced flavin or flavoprotein as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
heme bindingCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
aromatase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
estrogen 16-alpha-hydroxylase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
hydroperoxy icosatetraenoate dehydratase activityCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen, NAD(P)H as one donor, and incorporation of one atom of oxygenCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
mitochondrial inner membraneCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1A1Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrionCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membraneCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelleCytochrome P450 1B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (23)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID510869Cytotoxicity against human Caco-2 cells after 3 days by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 45, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo studies on stilbene analogs as potential treatment agents for colon cancer.
AID1183069Antifungal activity against Candida lusitaniae CBS 6936 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID470664Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1183074Antifungal activity against Candida tropicalis ATCC MYA-3404/T1 assessed as growth inhibition at 300 ug/ml after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID1452982Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1A1 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1.
AID356481ABTS radical scavenging activity assessed as trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity after 10 mins2003Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 66, Issue:9
Resveratrol and two monomethylated stilbenes from Israeli Rumex bucephalophorus and their antioxidant potential.
AID1183067Antifungal activity against Candida kefyr clinical isolate assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID1183066Antifungal activity against Candida inconspicua clinical isolate assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID1183064Antifungal activity against Candida glabrata ATCC 90030 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID470663Cytotoxicity against human A549 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1183071Antifungal activity against Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID1183063Antifungal activity against Candida famata VKMY-9 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID470661Cytotoxicity against human PANC1 cells in nutrient-deprived condition after 24 hrs by WST8 assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1452983Inhibition of recombinant human CYP1B1 expressed in supersomes coexpressing NADPH-CYP reductase using 7-ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 15 mins in presence of NADP+ by Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis2017European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-28, Volume: 135Inhibitors of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1B1.
AID1183062Antifungal activity against Candida dubliniensis ATCC MYA-646 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID470662Cytotoxicity against human HT1080 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1183068Antifungal activity against Candida krusei ATCC 6258 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID470665Cytotoxicity against mouse Colon 26-L5 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1183061Antifungal activity against Candida albicans SC5314 ATCC MYA-2876 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID510868Cytotoxicity against human HT-29 cells after 3 days by [3H]thymidine incorporation assay2010European journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 45, Issue:9
In vitro and in vivo studies on stilbene analogs as potential treatment agents for colon cancer.
AID470666Cytotoxicity against mouse B16-BL6 cells after 72 hrs by MTT assay2009Journal of natural products, Sep, Volume: 72, Issue:9
Cytotoxic constituents of Soymida febrifuga from Myanmar.
AID1183065Antifungal activity against Candida guilliermondii ATCC 6260 assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
AID1183070Antifungal activity against Candida norvegensis clinical isolate assessed as growth inhibition after 48 hrs by broth microdilution method2014Journal of natural products, Jul-25, Volume: 77, Issue:7
Antifungal activity of resveratrol derivatives against Candida species.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (30)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's0 (0.00)18.2507
2000's3 (10.00)29.6817
2010's20 (66.67)24.3611
2020's7 (23.33)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews1 (3.33%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other29 (96.67%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]