pioglitazone profile

Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) antidiabetic drug that acts as an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). PPARγ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression involved in glucose metabolism, insulin sensitivity, and adipocyte differentiation. Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity by increasing glucose uptake and utilization in peripheral tissues, such as skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. It also reduces hepatic glucose production. Pioglitazone is used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus in patients who have inadequate glycemic control with diet and exercise alone. It can also be used in combination with other antidiabetic medications. The synthesis of pioglitazone involves multiple steps, including a nucleophilic aromatic substitution reaction, a Grignard reaction, and a final step that involves a cyclization reaction to form the thiazolidinedione ring. Pioglitazone is studied extensively because of its unique mechanism of action and its potential to improve the management of type 2 diabetes. It is also being studied for its potential use in the treatment of other conditions, such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, and inflammatory diseases.'

Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	4829
CHEBI ID	8228
SCHEMBL ID	4121
MeSH ID	M0168845

Synonym
AC-1021
STL309607
5-{4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}-4-hydroxy-1,3-thiazol-2(5h)-one
AB00698454-10
BRD-A48430263-003-02-4
unii-x4ov71u42s
x4ov71u42s ,
piozone
pioglu
gtpl2694
u-72107
zactos
glustin
SPECTRUM5_001480
CHEBI:8228 ,
pioglitazonum
pioglitazona
SPECTRUM_001623
BSPBIO_002723
actos
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]- (9ci)
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-, (+/-)-
(+/-)-5-[p-[2-(ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
5-[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-
u 72107
(+/-)-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)-ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
ad-4833
5-[[4-[2-[(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)]ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine- 2,4-dione
5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
111025-46-8
C07675
pioglitazone
DB01132
5-{4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]benzyl}-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
(+/-)-5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione
actos (tn)
SPECTRUM5_002067
NCGC00163128-01
hsdb 7322
5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione
pioglitazona [inn-spanish]
pioglitazonum [inn-latin]
c19h20n2o3s
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-, (+-)-
pioglitazone [inn:ban]
KBIO2_004671
KBIOGR_001619
KBIO2_007239
KBIO2_002103
KBIOSS_002103
KBIO3_001943
SPECTRUM3_001002
SPECTRUM2_001679
SPBIO_001897
SPECTRUM4_001130
NCGC00163128-02
HMS2089H14
D08378
pioglitazone (inn)
5-[[4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
(5s)-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl]thiazolidine-2,4-dione;pioglitazone
A802277
NCGC00163128-03
NCGC00163128-05
NCGC00163128-04
105355-27-9
pharmakon1600-01504401
nsc758876
pioglitazone [ban:inn]
FT-0601906
FT-0645030
NCGC00163128-07
STL373406
NCGC00163128-06
AKOS015894953
S2590
5-[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
AKOS022109420
pioglitazone [vandf]
pioglitazone [inn]
198077-89-3
5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione
pioglitazone [mi]
pioglitazone [ema epar]
5-(4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-, (+/-)-
5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
pioglitazone [hsdb]
pioglitazone [iarc]
2,4-thiazolidinedione, 5-((4-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy)phenyl)methyl)-
pioglitazone [who-dd]
(rs)-5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-dione
(+/-)-5-(p-(2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy)benzyl)-2,4-thiazolidinedione
CCG-220107
CS-1700
HY-13956
MLS006011848
smr002204015
BBL029068
SCHEMBL4121
HS-0047 ,
5-{4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl}-2,4thiazolidinedione
5-[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl) ethoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
5-{4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy]benzyl}-2,4-thiazolidinedione
5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)ethoxy] phenyl]methyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
HYAFETHFCAUJAY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
HB4139
5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl)ethoxy]phenyl]methyl-2,4-thiazolidinedione
AB00698454_13
AB00698454_11
AB00698454_12
DTXSID3037129 ,
5-({4-[2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy]phenyl}methyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
J-002506
J-516181
sr-01000763737
SR-01000763737-5
HMS3651D09
mfcd00865504
bdbm50103521
SBI-0206791.P001
HMS3712E16
[()-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl) ethoxy] phenyl] methyl]-2,4-] thiazolidinedione monohydrochlorid
SW197561-3
[( inverted exclamation marka)-5-[[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridinyl) ethoxy] phenyl] methyl]-2,4-] thiazolidinedione monohydrochlorid
5-[4-[2-(5-ethyl-2-pyridyl)eth-oxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinedione
EN300-117258
pioglitazone (actos)
BCP26474
Q417765
BRD-A48430263-003-06-5
SB17323
HMS3884L10
SY017473
pioglitazone-[d4]
BP164273
pioglitazone- bio-x
Z1501480426
pioglitazonum (latin)
pioglitazona (inn-spanish)
pioglitazonum (inn-latin)
dtxcid1017129
5-(4-(2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy)benzyl)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione
pioglitazone (iarc)
a10bg03

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pioglitazone (Pio) is a Food and Drug Administration-approved drug for type-2 diabetes that binds and activates the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), yet it remains unclear how in vivo Pio metabolites affect PPARγ structure and function. "	( Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone. Brust, R; Eberhardt, J; Forli, S; Griffin, PR; Kojetin, DJ; Mosure, SA; Shang, J; Zheng, J, 2019)	2.16
"Pioglitazone is a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor (PPAR) agonist of the thiazolidinedione class of compounds with promising anticancer activity. "	( Quantitative measurement of pioglitazone in neoplastic and normal tissues by AP-MALDI mass spectrometry imaging. Bello, E; Ceruti, T; D'Incalci, M; Davoli, E; Frapolli, R; Fuso Nerini, I; Matteo, C; Meroni, M; Morosi, L; Zucchetti, M, 2022)	2.46
"Pioglitazone is an oral antidiabetic drug."	( Preparation and Evaluation of Polyvinylpyrrolidone Electrospun Nanofiber Patches of Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Atopic Dermatitis. Aljarrah, M; Hamed, R; Obaidat, R; Shameh, AA, 2022)	1.67
"Pioglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) whose pleiotrophic activities include modulation of cellular energy metabolism and reduction in inflammation."	( Systemic Treatment with Pioglitazone Reverses Vision Loss in Preclinical Glaucoma Models. Dumitrescu, AV; Elwood, BW; Gramlich, OW; Kuehn, MH; Wadkins, D; Zeng, H, 2022)	1.75
"Pioglitazone is a potent insulin-sensitizing drug with anti-atherosclerotic properties, but adverse effects have limited its use. "	( Efficacy of lower doses of pioglitazone after stroke or transient ischaemic attack in patients with insulin resistance. Abdul-Ghani, M; Dandona, P; DeFronzo, R; Furie, K; Inzucchi, SE; Kernan, WN; Spence, JD; Viscoli, C; Young, LH, 2022)	2.46
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist shown to prevent lung tumors in preclinical models."	( PPARgamma agonism inhibits progression of premalignant lesions in a murine lung squamous cell carcinoma model. Alavi, K; Dwyer-Nield, LD; Ghosh, M; Hudish, LI; Hudish, TM; Keith, RL; McArthur, DG; Merrick, DT; Mirita, C; Smith, AJ; Sompel, K; Tennis, MA, 2022)	1.44
"As pioglitazone is an insulin sens MSDC-itizer used for diabetes, its MPC inhibitory effect in diabetic individuals was investigated."	( Inactivation of mitochondrial pyruvate carrier promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation and gout development via metabolic reprogramming. Chen, CC; Chen, LC; Chen, YJ; Chien, WC; Chung, CH; Huang, CN; Huang, KY; Liao, NS; Lin, HA; Lin, HC; Lin, YY; Ojcius, DM; Shih, CT; Tsai, KJ; Wang, JY, 2023)	1.42
"Pioglitazone (Pio) is an approved diabetes medicine with proven efficacy in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); PXL065 is a novel related oral agent which has been shown to retain Pio's efficacy in preclinical NASH models, with reduced potential for PPARγ-driven side effects. "	( Evaluation of PXL065 - deuterium-stabilized (R)-pioglitazone in patients with NASH: A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial (DESTINY-1). Bedossa, P; Bolze, S; Cusi, K; Dewitt, S; Dubourg, J; Fouqueray, P; Grouin, JM; Hallakou-Bozec, S; Harrison, SA; Moller, DE; Ratziu, V; Thang, C, 2023)	2.61
"Pioglitazone (Pio) is an approved diabetes medicine with proven efficacy in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH); PXL065 is a novel related oral agent which has been shown to retain Pio's efficacy in preclinical NASH models, with reduced potential for PPARγ-driven side effects. "	( Evaluation of PXL065 - deuterium-stabilized (R)-pioglitazone in patients with NASH: A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial (DESTINY-1). Bedossa, P; Bolze, S; Cusi, K; Dewitt, S; Dubourg, J; Fouqueray, P; Grouin, JM; Hallakou-Bozec, S; Harrison, SA; Moller, DE; Ratziu, V; Thang, C, 2023)	2.61
"Pioglitazone is an insulin resistance inhibitor widely used as monotherapy or combined with metformin or insulin in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "	( Pioglitazone use increases risk of Alzheimer's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving insulin. Chen, CC; Chen, LC; Chien, WC; Chung, CH; Huang, KY; Lin, HA; Lin, HC; Tsai, MH; Wang, JY, 2023)	3.8
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug showing potential for memory improvement."	( Neuropharmacological studies on repurposed utilization of pioglitazone in learning and memory: A dose related study. Darakhshan Jabeen Haleem, -; Huma Ikram, -; Rabia Masood, -; Shazia Syed, -, 2023)	1.88
"Pioglitazone is an insulin sensitizer used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. "	( Pioglitazone-Enhanced Brown Fat Whitening Contributes to Weight Gain in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Cheng, L; Cheng, Y; Guo, W; Shen, Y; Wan, Z; Wang, W; Xu, F; Yu, P, 2023)	3.8
"Pioglitazone is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) and shows anti-inflammatory effects in multiple diseases."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone alleviates hemorrhage-induced thalamic pain and neuroinflammation. Ai, Y; He, L; Li, D; Yang, JJ; Yuan, C, 2023)	1.88
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an oral antidiabetic agent that increases cell resistance to insulin, thereby decreasing blood glucose levels. "	( Co-stabilization of pioglitazone HCL nanoparticles prepared by planetary ball milling: Abou El Ela, AES; Almeanazel, OT; Alsaif, S; Alshora, DH; Ashri, LY; Ezzeldin, E; Ibrahim, MA, 2020)	2.32
"Pioglitazone is a promising therapeutic method for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients with or without type 2 diabetes. "	( Gender differences in the efficacy of pioglitazone treatment in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease patients with abnormal glucose metabolism. Chang, X; Gao, J; Ma, S; Wang, L; Wu, W; Xia, M; Yan, H, 2021)	2.34
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione oral antidiabetic agent. "	( Pioglitazone Enhances β-Arrestin2 Signaling and Ameliorates Insulin Resistance in Classical Insulin Target Tissues. El-Fayoumi, S; Fahmy, A; Ibrahim, I; Mahmoud, A; Mansour, R, 2021)	3.51
"Pioglitazone is a drug primarily used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( The Protective Effects of Pioglitazone Against Cognitive Impairment Caused by L-methionine Administration in a Rat Model. Al-Azzam, SI; Alfaqih, M; Alrabadi, N; Alzoubi, KH; Khabour, OF; Mhaidat, NM; Tashtoush, M, 2022)	1.74
"Pioglitazone is an FDA-approved PPAR-γ agonist drug used to treat diabetes, and it has demonstrated neuroprotective effects in multiple models of central nervous system (CNS) injury. "	( Pioglitazone treatment following spinal cord injury maintains acute mitochondrial integrity and increases chronic tissue sparing and functional recovery. Bailey, WM; Cox, DH; Geldenhuys, WJ; Gensel, JC; Gollihue, JL; Patel, SP; Rabchevsky, AG; Sullivan, PG, 2017)	3.34
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist with a variety of anti-inflammatory effects."	( Immunomodulation in systemic lupus erythematosus: induction of M2 population in monocyte-derived macrophages by pioglitazone. Memarian, A; Mohammadi, S; Saghaeian-Jazi, M; Sedighi, S, 2017)	1.39
"Pioglitazone is a safe and effective option to manage patients with type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). "	( Concentration-dependent response to pioglitazone in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Bril, F; Cusi, K; Frye, RF; Kalavalapalli, S; Kawaguchi-Suzuki, M, 2017)	2.17
"Pioglitazone is an important prescription antidiabetic drug with positive roles in controlling high blood sugar in patients with type 2 diabetes. "	( Activation of catalase by pioglitazone: Multiple spectroscopic methods combined with molecular docking studies. Dehghan, G; Moosavi-Movahedi, AA; Rashtbari, S; Sheibani, N; Yekta, R, 2017)	2.2
"Pioglitazone is a pharmacologic agonist of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) that was reported to ameliorate hepatic steatosis and inflammatory changes."	( Pioglitazone suppresses inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by down-regulating PDGF and TIMP-2: Evidence from in vitro study. Deng, W; Meng, Z; Sun, A; Yang, Z, 2017)	2.62
"Pioglitazone is an anti-diabetic agent that belongs to the thiazolidinedione class, which target peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a transcription factor in the nuclear receptor family. "	( Pioglitazone inhibits cancer cell growth through STAT3 inhibition and enhanced AIF expression via a PPARγ-independent pathway. Imano, M; Itoh, T; Kawashima, K; Nishida, S; Satou, T; Takeda, T; Tomonari, Y; Tsubaki, M, 2018)	3.37
"Pioglitazone is an effective drug for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. "	( Hybrid drug combination: Anti-diabetic treatment of type 2 diabetic Wistar rats with combination of ellagic acid and pioglitazone. Doble, M; Nankar, RP, 2017)	2.11
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a thiazolidindione antidiabetic agent which improves insulin sensitivity and reduces blood glucose in experimental animals and treated patients. "	( Effects of pioglitazone on ventricular myocyte shortening and Ca(2+) transport in the Goto-Kakizaki type 2 diabetic rat. Howarth, FC; Oz, M; Qureshi, M; Salem, KA; Sydorenko, V, 2018)	2.31
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), a nuclear receptor that regulates important cellular functions, including inflammatory responses."	( Human Skin Permeation Studies with PPARγ Agonist to Improve Its Permeability and Efficacy in Inflammatory Processes. Calpena, AC; Espina, M; Espinoza, LC; Fábrega, MJ; García, ML; Rodríguez-Lagunas, MJ; Silva-Abreu, M, 2017)	1.18
"Pioglitazone (PGZ), which is a class II Biopharmaceutical Classification System drug has a slight solubility in water and a slow rate of dissolution, which may have a negative effect on its metabolism leading to a therapeutic failure."	( Nanocrystalization of Pioglitazone by Precipitation Method. Ahmadipour, S; Tabbakhian, M; Varshosaz, J, 2018)	1.52
"Pioglitazone is an extremely useful agent in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) through its actions on alleviating insulin resistance."	( Effect of Low (7.5 mg/day), Standard (15 mg/ day) and High (30 mg/day) Dose Pioglitazone Therapy on Glycemic Control and Weight Gain in Recently-Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients. Deogaonkar, N; Hoskote, SS; Joshi, SR; Kale, NJ; Panikar, V, 2015)	1.37
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Study on the interaction of antidiabetic drug Pioglitazone with calf thymus DNA using spectroscopic techniques. Ahmad, N; Al Qumaizi, KI; Alosaimi, SM; Anwer, R; Fatma, T, 2018)	2.18
"Pioglitazone is an effective agent for chemoprevention in rodents and could be repurposed as a multi-targeted drug for delaying liver fibrosis and hepatocarcinogenesis."	( Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. Arora, G; Baumert, TF; Erstad, DJ; Fuchs, BC; Ghoshal, S; Hoshida, Y; Lanuti, M; Li, S; Masia, R; Sojoodi, M; Tanabe, KK, 2019)	3.4
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is a member of the thiazolidinedione (TZDs) family of drugs and it is primarily used to treat type 2 diabetes. "	( Thiazolidinedione as an alternative to facilitate oral administration in geriatric patients with Alzheimer's disease. Calpena, AC; Espina, M; Espinoza, LC; García, ML; Gonzalez-Pizarro, R; Rodríguez-Lagunas, MJ; Silva-Abreu, M, 2019)	1.96
"Pioglitazone is a potent insulin sensitizer, preserves beta-cell function, causes durable reduction in HbA1c, corrects multiple components of metabolic syndrome and improves nonalcoholic fatty liver disease/nonalcoholic steatohepatitis."	( Pioglitazone: The forgotten, cost-effective cardioprotective drug for type 2 diabetes. Abdul-Ghani, M; DeFronzo, RA; Inzucchi, S; Nissen, SE, 2019)	2.68
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist and is widely used to treat type 2 diabetes."	( Low-dose pioglitazone can ameliorate learning and memory impairment in a mouse model of dementia by increasing LRP1 expression in the hippocampus. Cha, BS; Kang, ES; Kim, E; Lee, BW; Lee, HC; Lee, M; Lee, PH; Lee, YH; Moon, JH; Seok, H; Shin, E; Yun, MR, 2019)	1.65
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist. "	( Nanoemulsion strategy of pioglitazone for the treatment of skin inflammatory diseases. Calpena, AC; Clares, B; Espinoza, LC; Fábrega, MJ; Garduño-Ramírez, ML; Rodríguez-Lagunas, MJ; Silva-Abreu, M, 2019)	2.26
"Pioglitazone is an oral antidiabetic drug with multiple pleiotropic actions. "	( Effect of pioglitazone in acute ischemic stroke patients with diabetes mellitus: a nested case-control study. Kim, J; Lee, HS; Woo, MH, 2019)	2.36
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an antidiabetic agent belongs to thiazolidinediones. "	( Physicochemical and pharmacodynamic evaluation of pioglitazone binary systems with hydrophilic carriers. Abou El Ela, AESF; Al-Amin, MA; Al-Rasheed, NM; Ibrahim, MA, 2019)	2.21
"Pioglitazone is an effective multidrug resistance reversal agent for tumors."	( [Reversal Effect of Pioglitazone on Multidrug Resistance in K562/ADR Cells and Its Mechanism]. Cao, WJ; Dang, HB; Wan, DM; Wei, YJ; Zhang, C; Zhang, Y, 2019)	1.56
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist widely repositioned as an adjuvant of various drugs that have toxic effects due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects."	( Pioglitazone as an adjuvant of amphotericin B for the treatment of cryptococcosis. Carmo, PHF; Costa, MC; de Brito, CB; de Souza, DG; Emídio, ECP; Freitas, GJC; Paixão, TA; Ribeiro, NQ; Santos, APN; Santos, DA; Silva, MF, 2019)	2.68
"Pioglitazone is a PPARγ agonist that is widely used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( The effect of sex hormones on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and activity in mature adipocytes. Funaki, A; Ishikawa, M; Kimura, Y; Kurosaki, H; Sato, H; Sugai, H; Ueno, K, 2013)	1.11
"Pioglitazone is a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) agonist used for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. "	( Activation of PPARγ by pioglitazone potentiates the effects of naltrexone on alcohol drinking and relapse in msP rats. Cannella, N; Ciccocioppo, R; Cippitelli, A; de Guglielmo, G; Demopulos, G; Gaitanaris, G; Heilig, M; Kallupi, M; Somaini, L; Stopponi, S; Ubaldi, M, 2013)	2.14
"Pioglitazone is a stimulator of nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma while alogliptin is a selective dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor. "	( Enhancing pancreatic Beta-cell regeneration in vivo with pioglitazone and alogliptin. Bell, GI; Chong, AS; Grossman, EJ; Misawa, R; Park, SY; Tao, J; Wang, XJ; Witkowski, P; Yin, H; Zhong, R, 2013)	2.08
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ agonist insulin-sensitiser with anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic effects. "	( Pioglitazone improves glucose metabolism and modulates skeletal muscle TIMP-3-TACE dyad in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, mechanistic study. Andreozzi, F; Chavez-Velasquez, A; Daniele, G; Defronzo, RA; Fanti, P; Federici, M; Fiorentino, TV; Folli, F; Gastaldelli, A; Jenkinson, C; Kamath, S; Perez-Cadena, Z; Tripathy, D, 2013)	3.28
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a member of the thiazolidinediones - a group of insulin-sensitizing drugs that are selective agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ)."	( Pioglitazone does not improve insulin signaling in mice with GH over-expression. Bartke, A; Gesing, A; Masternak, MM, 2013)	2.55
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ agonist and, although it is mostly used as an antidiabetic agent, it has been reported to have analgesic effects."	( Antinociceptive and antidiarrheal effects of pioglitazone in a rat model of diarrhoea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: role of nitric oxide. Azary, S; Dehpour, AR; Gharedaghi, MH; Javidan, AN; Kazemi, MH; Khalifeh-Soltani, A; Moradi, K; Paragomi, P; Rahimian, R; Sakuma, S, 2014)	1.38
"Pioglitazone is an anti-diabetic agent with recognized antifibrotic and vasculoprotective properties, which can protect smooth muscle function."	( Pioglitazone prevents cavernosal nerve injury after radical prostatectomy. Aliperti, LA; Hellstrom, WJ, 2014)	2.57
"Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing agent and can reduce insulin resistance."	( The endothelial protective effects of pioglitazone on insulin resistance in endothelial cells. Jin, J; Kong, J; Yang, O; Zeng, H, 2014)	1.39
"Pioglitazone is a member of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists, particularly used in management of type II diabetes. "	( Anti-pruritic activity of pioglitazone on serotonin-induced scratching in mice: possible involvement of PPAR-gamma receptor and nitric oxide. Dehpour, A; Imran khan, M; Ostadhadi, S; Rajaba, A; Rastegar, H; Shafizadeh, M, 2014)	2.15
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione drug that acts as an insulin sensitizer. "	( Effects of pioglitazone on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome. Asano, C; Hattori, T; Ito, S; Matsuura, N; Minagawa, Y; Murohara, T; Nagasawa, K; Nagata, K; Sano, Y; Watanabe, S; Yamada, Y, 2015)	2.25
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) agonist in clinical use for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). "	( Effects of low doses of pioglitazone on resting-state functional connectivity in conscious rat brain. Asin, K; Crenshaw, DG; Gottschalk, WK; Liang, Z; Roses, AD; Zhang, N, 2015)	2.17
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ agonist that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and is neuroprotective."	( Pioglitazone blocks ethanol induction of microglial activation and immune responses in the hippocampus, cerebellum, and cerebral cortex in a mouse model of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Douglas, JC; Drew, PD; Johnson, JW; Kane, CJ; Phelan, KD, 2015)	2.58
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ antidiabetic agent with antiproliferative effects on smooth muscle cells (SMCs), and antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions."	( The possible protective effect of simvastatin and pioglitazone separately and in combination on bleomycin-induced changes in mice thin skin. Balaha, M; Kandeel, S, 2015)	1.39
"Pioglitazone (Pio) is a PPARγ agonist used clinically as an anti-diabetic agent for improving insulin sensitivity in patients with diabetes."	( Local release of pioglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist) accelerates proliferation and remodeling phases of wound healing. Kishi, K; Sakai, S; Sato, K; Tabata, Y, )	1.19
"Pioglitazone (PTZ) is an oral antidiabetic agent whose anti-cancer properties have been described recently. "	( Genotoxic investigation of a thiazolidinedione PPARγ agonist using the in vitro micronucleus test and the in vivo homozygotization assay. de Castro-Prado, MA; Franco, CC; Mathias, PC; Morais, JF; Pereira, TS; Sant'Anna, JR, 2016)	1.88
"Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing thiazolidinedione (TZD) whose use is associated with bone loss. "	( In Vitro Effects of Pioglitazone on the Expression of Components of Wnt Signaling Pathway and Markers of Bone Mineralization. Avtanski, D; Babushkin, N; Hirth, Y; Poretsky, L; Seto-Young, D; Sharma, D; Sy, V, 2016)	2.2
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic agent with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties."	( The effects of pioglitazone adjuvant therapy on negative symptoms of patients with chronic schizophrenia: a double-blind and placebo-controlled trial. Akhondzadeh, S; Esalatmanesh, S; Farokhnia, M; Goguol, A; Iranpour, N; Khodaie-Ardakani, MR; Mohammadinejad, P; Salehi, B; Yekehtaz, H; Zandifar, A; Zeinoddini, A; Zeionoddini, A, 2016)	1.51
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antidiabetic with actions similar to those of rosiglitazone. "	( Pioglitazone. Abdel Aziz, HA; Al-Jenoobi, FI; Al-Majed, A; Alharbi, H; Bakheit, AH, 2016)	3.32
"Pioglitazone is a type of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor x03B3; agonist and is capable of alleviating renal ischemia-reperfusion injury."	( Pioglitazone, a Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor x03B3; Agonist, Ameliorates Chronic Kidney Disease by Enhancing Antioxidative Capacity and Attenuating Angiogenesis in the Kidney of a 5/6 Nephrectomized Rat Model. Feng, J; Lu, C; Ma, J; Sun, L; Wang, D; Wang, L; Xu, T; Yao, L; Yuan, Q, 2016)	3.32
"Pioglitazone is a widely used anti-diabetic drug that induces cytotoxicity in cancer cells; however, its clinical use is questioned due to its associated liver toxicity caused by increased oxidative stress. "	( Redox nanoparticle increases the chemotherapeutic efficiency of pioglitazone and suppresses its toxic side effects. Nagasaki, Y; Sakharkar, MK; Thangavel, S; Yoshitomi, T, 2016)	2.12
"Pioglitazone is a synthetic agonist for the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Pioglitazone increases the glycolytic efficiency of human Sertoli cells with possible implications for spermatogenesis. Alves, MG; Barros, A; Bernardino, RL; Meneses, MJ; Oliveira, PF; Sá, R; Silva, BM; Silva, J; Sousa, M, 2016)	3.32
"Pioglitazone (AD4833) is an insulin sensitizer of the thiazolidinedione class of nuclear Peroxisome-Proliferator Activated Receptor γ (PPARγ) agonists."	( Pioglitazone for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Galimberti, D; Scarpini, E, 2017)	2.62
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) full agonist and useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Naringenin interferes with the anti-diabetic actions of pioglitazone via pharmacodynamic interactions. Atsumi, T; Kurokawa, M; Narumi, K; Sugita, C; Tsuhako, R; Watanabe, W; Yoshida, H, 2017)	2.14
"Pioglitazone is a PPARγ agonist commonly prescribed for the clinical treatment of diabetes. "	( Safety and Preclinical Efficacy of Aerosol Pioglitazone on Lung Adenoma Prevention in A/J Mice. Antonides, JD; Galbraith, AR; Haynes, AM; Miller, KA; Miller, WA; O'Sullivan, MG; Ondrey, FG; Seabloom, DE; Steele, VE; Suen, CS; Wuertz, BR, 2017)	2.16
"Pioglitazone at 15 mg/kg/d is a viable chemopreventive agent at early-stage interventions."	( Fixed-Dose Combinations of Pioglitazone and Metformin for Lung Cancer Prevention. Antonides, JD; Clapper, ML; Galbraith, AR; Haynes, AM; Miller, KA; Miller, MS; Miller, WA; O'Sullivan, MG; Ondrey, FG; Seabloom, DE; Steele, VE; Wuertz, BR, 2017)	1.47
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione antihyperglycemic drug with insulin-sensitizing properties. "	( Effects of functional CYP2C8,CYP2C9,CYP3A5,and ABCB1 genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics of insulin sensitizer pioglitazone in Chinese Han individuals. Li, P; Lou, YQ; Lu, C; Lu, Y; Qi, GZ; Qi, HM; Wang, X; Wei, MJ; Yin, SJ; Zhang, GL; Zhang, P, 2017)	2.11
"Pioglitazone is an anti-diabetic drug with potential to cause adverse effects following prolonged use. "	( Quercetin and pioglitazone synergistically reverse endothelial dysfunction in isolated aorta from fructose-streptozotocin (F-STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Achike, FI; Kunasegaran, T; Murugan, DD; Mustafa, MR, 2017)	2.26
"Pioglitazone is a time- and dose-dependent protective factor against dementia in patients with diabetes. "	( Effects of pioglitazone on the incidence of dementia in patients with diabetes. Chou, PS; Ho, BL; Yang, YH, 2017)	2.29
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug that targets insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus by stimulating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma. "	( Monitoring the safety of pioglitazone : results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 12,772 patients in England. Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2008)	2.09
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist that decreases insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Massive bilateral pleural effusion associated with use of pioglitazone. Chen, HH; Chen, YC; Chen, YW; Wu, CJ, 2008)	2.03
"Pioglitazone is a widely used anti-type 2 diabetic drug. "	( Mechanisms underlying pioglitazone-mediated relaxation in isolated blood vessel. Hara, Y; Mukohda, M; Nomura, H; Okada, M; Yamawaki, H, 2008)	2.1
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug that belongs to the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of insulin-sensitizing agents. "	( Risk management and outcomes of adverse events to pioglitazone in primary care in the UK: an observational study. Fogg, C; Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA, 2009)	2.05
"Pioglitazone is an FDA-approved peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) agonist. "	( Effects of pioglitazone on diffusion tensor imaging indices in multiple sclerosis patients. Feinstein, DL; Kaiser, CC; Shukla, DK; Stebbins, GT, 2010)	2.19
"Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing agent that has been reported to have anti-arteriosclerotic effects. "	( Effect of pioglitazone on various parameters of insulin resistance including lipoprotein subclass according to particle size by a gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Adachi, T; Fujinami, A; Fukui, M; Hara, H; Hasegawa, G; Ishihara, K; Kitagawa, Y; Nakamura, N; Nakano, K; Obayashi, H; Ogata, M; Ohta, M; Takashima, T; Yamasaki, M, 2010)	2.21
"Pioglitazone is an oral antidiabetic agent that decreases insulin resistance in adipose tissue, liver and muscles. "	( Pioglitazone: beyond glucose control. de Pablos-Velasco, P, 2010)	3.25
"Pioglitazone is a potent insulin sensitizer, improves pancreatic beta cell function and has been shown in several outcome trials to lower the risk of atherosclerotic and cardiovascular events."	( Pioglitazone and alogliptin combination therapy in type 2 diabetes: a pathophysiologically sound treatment. Cersosimo, E; DeFronzo, RA; Triplitt, C, 2010)	2.52
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that displays high affinity for PPARγ(1) and PPARγ(2), which are predominately expressed in adipose tissue."	( Efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: comparison with other oral antihyperglycaemic agents. Derosa, G, 2010)	1.37
"Pioglitazone is a medicine of thiazolidinedione (TZD) class with hypoglycemic (antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic) action. "	( Interaction study of pioglitazone with albumin by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular docking. Faridbod, F; Ganjali, MR; Hosseini, M; Larijani, B; Norouzi, P; Pillip, C; Riahi, S; Saboury, AA, 2011)	2.13
"Pioglitazone (PG) is an insulin-sensitizing drug used in humans that is absorbed after oral administration to horses."	( Effects of the insulin-sensitizing drug pioglitazone and lipopolysaccharide administration on insulin sensitivity in horses. Corl, BA; Crisman, MV; Geor, RJ; Hulver, MW; McCutcheon, LJ; Suagee, JK; Wearn, JG, )	1.12
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) activator used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (DM2) patients and it has been suggested that can induce bone loss. "	( Tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 expression in leukocytes and their association with polymorphisms and bone markers in diabetic individuals treated with pioglitazone. Arazi, SS; Bertolami, A; Bertolami, MC; Faludi, A; Farjado, CM; Garofalo, A; Himelfarb, ST; Hirata, MH; Hirata, RD; Rezende, AA; Sampaio, MF; Silva, FA, 2011)	2.01
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione class of antidiabetic agent with proven efficacy in increasing insulin sensitivity in humans with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a syndrome of insulin resistance sharing similarities with equine metabolic syndrome. "	( Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses. Ashraf-Khorassani, M; Crisman, MV; Davis, JL; Geor, RJ; Hodgson, DR; McCutcheon, LJ; Suagee, JK; Wearn, JM, 2011)	2.14
"Pioglitazone (PGZ) is an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARg), itself a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, responsible for the modulation of a number of metabolic pathways, including cell differentiation, metabolism of lipids and inflammation."	( Chemoprevention of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proof of concept in animal models. Borbath, I; Stärkel, P, 2011)	1.09
"Pioglitazone (PIO) is a new class of anti-diabetic agent with an anti-inflammatory effect. "	( Effect of pretreatment with pioglitazone on reperfusion injury in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction. Abe, M; Kasahara, Y; Kataoka, Y; Kokubu, N; Otsuka, Y; Yagi, N, 2011)	2.11
"Pioglitazone is suggested to be a rational add-on therapy to basal insulin in patients with high CV risk."	( Double-blind, randomized, multicentre, and active comparator controlled investigation of the effect of pioglitazone, metformin, and the combination of both on cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes receiving stable basal insulin therapy: the Forst, T; Fuchs, W; Hanefeld, M; Kleine, I; Pfützner, A, 2011)	1.31
"Pioglitazone is a novel class of oral antidiabetic agents currently used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Protective effects of pioglitazone on renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. Hu, H; Huang, X; Shi, Z; Wang, G; Xi, X; Zou, C, 2012)	1.41
"Pioglitazone is a safe and effective adjunctive short-term treatment in patients with moderate-to-severe MDD even in the absence of metabolic syndrome and diabetes."	( Pioglitazone adjunctive therapy for moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder: randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Akhondzadeh, S; Ashrafi, M; Modabbernia, A; Modabbernia, MJ; Sepanjnia, K, 2012)	2.54
"Pioglitazone is an anti-diabetic agent that preserves pancreatic beta cell mass and improves their function. "	( Pioglitazone attenuates the detrimental effects of advanced glycation end-products in the pancreatic beta cell line HIT-T15. Durante, A; Puddu, A; Sanguineti, R; Viviani, GL, 2012)	3.26
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione insulin sensitizer that has shown efficacy in Type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans. "	( Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in lean and obese cats. Clark, MH; Dirikolu, L; Ferguson, DC; Hoenig, M, 2012)	2.15
"Pioglitazone is a prototype of thiazolidinediones, used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Evaluation of vitamin B12 effects on DNA damage induced by pioglitazone. Al-Azzam, S; Alzoubi, K; Hussain, N; Khabour, O; Mhaidat, N, 2012)	2.06
"Pioglitazone is an insulin sensitizer used for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "	( Effect of pioglitazone on testosterone in eugonadal men with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Bhansali, A; Sachdeva, N; Sridhar, S; Walia, R, 2013)	2.23
"Pioglitazone might prove to be a clinically applicable and effective pharmaceutic treatment for proliferative eye diseases."	( Epithelial-mesenchymal transition-like phenotypic changes of retinal pigment epithelium induced by TGF-β are prevented by PPAR-γ agonists. Hamuro, J; Hatanaka, H; Kay, EP; Kinoshita, S; Koizumi, N; Mizuhara, E; Okumura, N, 2012)	1.1
"Pioglitazone is a peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor γ(PPARγ) agonist that induces differentiation in adipocytes and induces growth arrest and/or apoptosis in vitro in several cancer cell lines."	( Suppressive effect of pioglitazone, a PPAR gamma ligand, on azoxymethane-induced colon aberrant crypt foci in KK-Ay mice. Fujii, G; Komiya, M; Mutoh, M; Nakano, K; Takahashi, M; Takasu, S; Teraoka, N; Ueno, T; Wakabayashi, K; Yamamoto, M; Yanaka, A, 2012)	1.41
"Pioglitazone is a novel oral anti-diabetic agent belonging to the thiazolidinedione class. "	( Metabolic efficacy and safety of once-daily pioglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Göke, B; Scherbaum, WA, 2002)	2.02
"Pioglitazone is a novel oral hypoglycemic agent that increases insulin responsiveness in target tissues."	( Treating type 2 diabetes in renal insufficiency: the role of pioglitazone. Budde, K; Diekmann, F; Einecke, G; Fritsche, L; Glander, P; Neumayer, HH; Schötschel, R, 2003)	1.28
"Pioglitazone is a TZD that provides appropriate monotherapy or combination treatment for patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Long-term glycaemic control with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Campbell, IW, 2004)	1.33
"Pioglitazone is an oral antidiabetic agent that acts primarily on adipose tissue to reduce insulin resistance."	( Improvement of fat redistribution, insulin resistance and hepatic fatty infiltration in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome by pioglitazone: a case report. Bunnag, P; Prasithsirikul, W, 2004)	1.25
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that reduces insulin resistance, and glimepiride is a sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue."	( Effects of pioglitazone and glimepiride on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in Mexican patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group trial. Antúnez, O; Fabián, G; Flores-Lozano, F; Garza, E; González Gálvez, G; Herz, M; Johns, D; Konkoy, C; Morales, H; Tan, M; Zúñiga Guajardo, S, 2004)	1.43
"Pioglitazone is a member of the thiazolidinediones (TZDs), insulin-sensitizing agents used to treat type 2 diabetes. "	( The effect of pioglitazone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes related to lipid storage in vivo. Bogacka, I; Bray, GA; Smith, SR; Xie, H, 2004)	2.13
"Pioglitazone is a promising drug for the treatment of ocular neovascularization."	( Inhibition of corneal neovascularization by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand. Benson, SC; Chittiboyina, A; Chuck, RS; Li, L; Liu, NH; Osann, KE; Patel, AJ; Pershadsingh, HA; Sarayba, MA; Sweet, PM; Tungsiripat, T, 2005)	1.05
"Pioglitazone is a new oral antidiabetic agent, a potent inhibitor of glycation and potent antioxidant."	( Effects of pioglitazone on hyperglycemia-induced alterations in antioxidative system in tissues of alloxan-treated diabetic animals. Gumieniczek, A, 2005)	1.44
"Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizing agent that has been reported to have anti-arteriosclerotic effects."	( Effect of pioglitazone on arteriosclerosis in comparison with that of glibenclamide. Anazawa, T; Kanmatsuse, K; Kushiro, T; Tani, S; Watanabe, I, 2005)	2.17
"Pioglitazone is an insulin-sensitizer with a thiazolidinedione structure. "	( Relationship between plasma hANP level and pretibial edema by pioglitazone treatment. Kahara, T; Kaneko, S; Misaki, T; Sakurai, M; Shimizu, A; Takamura, T; Takeshita, Y, 2005)	2.01
"Pioglitazone is an agonist of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) that raises HDL-cholesterol plasma in humans. "	( Pioglitazone increases the fractional catabolic and production rates of high-density lipoproteins apo AI in the New Zealand White Rabbit. Cardoso-Saldaña, G; Carreón-Torres, E; Fievet, C; Franco, M; Gómez, CH; Juárez-Meavepeña, M; Juárez-Oropeza, MA; Luc, G; Pérez-Méndez, O, 2005)	3.21
"Pioglitazone is an antihyperglycaemic agent that, in the presence of insulin resistance, increases hepatic and peripheral insulin sensitivity, thereby inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and increasing peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake. "	( Pioglitazone: a review of its use in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Easthope, S; Keating, GM; Plosker, GL; Robinson, DM; Waugh, J, 2006)	3.22
"Pioglitazone is an antidiabetic drug known to decrease peripheral, hepatic and vascular insulin resistance by the stimulation of PPARgamma. "	( Pioglitazone: an antidiabetic drug with the potency to reduce cardiovascular mortality. Forst, T; Pfützner, A, 2006)	3.22
"Pioglitazone is a new oral antidiabetic agent with potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties."	( Interleukin-6 and oxidative stress in plasma of alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits after pioglitazone treatment. Bojarska-Junak, A; Gumieniczek, A; Hopkała, H; Roliński, J, 2006)	1.28
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that has been shown to improve insulin resistance."	( Pioglitazone increases gallbladder volume in insulin-resistant obese mice. Al-Azzawi, HH; Lu, D; Mathur, A; Nakeeb, A; Pitt, HA; Swartz-Basile, DA, 2006)	2.5
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that ameliorates insulin resistance and improves glucose and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( A placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Balas, B; Bannayan, GA; Belfort, R; Berria, R; Brown, K; Cusi, K; Darland, C; DeFronzo, R; Dwivedi, S; Finch, J; Fincke, C; Gastaldelli, A; Hardies, J; Harrison, SA; Havranek, R; Ma, JZ; Pulcini, J; Schenker, S; Tio, F, 2006)	1.34
"Pioglitazone is an agonist of PPARgamma, capable of reducing chronic inflammation."	( Pioglitazone limits cyclosporine nephrotoxicity in rats. Câmara, NO; Campaholle, G; Cenedeze, MA; de Paula Antunes Teixeira, V; dos Reis, MA; Pacheco-Silva, A; Pereira, MG, 2006)	2.5
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione compound used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, metabolized mainly by CYP2C8 and CYP3A4. "	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2006)	2.08
"Pioglitazone is a potent and selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist that improves whole-body insulin sensitivity and augments hepatic glucose uptake."	( Pioglitazone plus glimepiride: a promising alternative in metabolic control. Derosa, G, 2007)	2.5
"Pioglitazone HCL is an insulin sensitizer in the TZD family and glimepiride is an insulin secretagogue in the SU family."	( A review of pioglitazone HCL and glimepiride in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Dorkhan, M; Frid, A, 2007)	1.44
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione (TZD) class of antidiabetic drug acting mainly through activation of PPARgamma which is a member of family of ligand activated nuclear hormone receptors. "	( Synthesis of polymeric thiazolidinedione and fibrate conjugates. Jeon, R; Kang, B; Kim, Y, 2008)	1.79
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione drug (TZD) which potently and specifically stimulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) and sensitizes cells to insulin. "	( In vivo effects of pioglitazone on uncoupling protein-2 and -3 mRNA levels in skeletal muscle of hyperglycemic KK mice. Hashimoto, S; Hirayama, R; Kato, M; Kurosaki, E; Shikama, H; Shimokawa, T; Watanabe, Y, 1998)	2.07
"Pioglitazone is an orally administered insulin sensitising thiazolidinedione agent that has been developed for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Pioglitazone. Dunn, CJ; Gillies, PS, 2000)	3.19
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione. "	( Pioglitazone. Lawrence, JM; Reckless, JP, 2000)	3.19
"Pioglitazone is a potent agonist for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, (PPAR)-gamma, that is related to differentiation of adipocytes, and the relationship between TNF-alpha production and PPAR-gamma has been reported."	( [Insulin resistance-reducing effect of a new thiazolidinedione derivative, pioglitazone]. Ikeda, H; Sugiyama, Y, 2001)	1.26
"Pioglitazone is a newly developed antidiabetic agent that attenuates insulin resistance."	( Pioglitazone reduces urinary podocyte excretion in type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria. Hara, M; Koide, H; Nakamura, T; Osada, S; Shimada, N; Ushiyama, C, 2001)	2.47
"Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione that increases insulin sensitivity in target tissues. "	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pioglitazone. Hanefeld, M, 2001)	2.02
"Pioglitazone is a potent agonist for the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor(PPAR)-gamma, that is related to differentiation of adipocytes, and the relationship between TNF-alpha production and PPAR-gamma has been reported."	( [Pharmacological effects of a thiazolidinedione derivative, pioglitazone]. Ikeda, H; Sugiyama, Y, 2001)	1.27
"Pioglitazone is a member of a recently developed class of glucose-lowering agents, the thiazolidinediones, used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chilcott, J; Jones, ML; Tappenden, P; Wight, JP, 2001)	2
"Pioglitazone is an oral hypoglycemic agent in the thiazolidinedione class. "	( Mixed hepatocellular-cholestatic liver injury after pioglitazone therapy. Kram, MT; Lefkowitch, JH; May, LD; Rubin, DE, 2002)	2.01
"Pioglitazone is a TZD that reduces plasma glucose levels by increasing peripheral glucose utilisation and decreasing hepatic glucose production."	( New solutions for type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of pioglitazone. Grossman, LD, 2002)	1.28

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pioglitazone (PG), which has a neuroprotective impact and can decrease inflammation after TBI, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR"	( Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury. Abdullaev, SY; Bazmandegan, G; Bokov, DO; Gholamrezapour, M; Heidari, M; Opulencia, MJC; Taheri, N; Zamanian, MY, 2022)	1.7
"Pioglitazone has a noticeable benefit towards the CGD, which is involved in changes of synthesis, transformation, absorption, and transportation of cholesterol."	( Pioglitazone prevents cholesterol gallstone formation through the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in guinea pigs with a lithogenic diet. Fu, Z; Han, T; Hong, H; Hu, T; Lv, Y; Wang, S, 2019)	3.4
"Pioglitazone has a null association with oral cancer after adjustment for potential confounders."	( Pioglitazone and oral cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tseng, CH, 2014)	3.29
"Pioglitazone has a promoting effect on ischemic limb angiogenesis in diabetic rats."	( Effect of pioglitazone on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic hindlimb of diabetic rats. Bai, SJ; Gao, X; Ye, XM; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2014)	1.53
"Pioglitazone has a preventive effect on cardiovascular disease, but its ability to stabilize coronary plaque is unknown."	( Pioglitazone reduces the necrotic-core component in coronary plaque in association with enhanced plasma adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hirata, K; Kato, H; Kawamori, H; Miyoshi, N; Ogasawara, D; Otake, H; Sawada, T; Shinke, T; Shite, J; Tanino, Y; Watanabe, S, 2009)	3.24
"Pioglitazone has a potential beneficial antipsoriatic effect and may provide a convenient, efficacious, and relatively safe option to combine with acitretin, although further studies are needed. "	( Efficacy and safety of combination Acitretin and Pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dogra, S; Kaur, I; Malhotra, S; Mittal, R; Pandhi, P, 2009)	2.05
"Pioglitazone has an important role in the treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes. "	( Which is the eligible patient to be treated with pioglitazone? The expert view. Avogaro, A; Betteridge, J; Bonadonna, R; Campbell, IW; Crepaldi, G; Farinaro, E; Federici, M; Schernthaner, GH; Staels, B, 2011)	2.07
"Pioglitazone has a good safety profile in diabetic patients with impaired renal function."	( Treating type 2 diabetes in renal insufficiency: the role of pioglitazone. Budde, K; Diekmann, F; Einecke, G; Fritsche, L; Glander, P; Neumayer, HH; Schötschel, R, 2003)	1.28
"As pioglitazone has a low toxicity profile, we believe it would be interesting to evaluate its effect in chemoprevention of HCC in humans in a clinical setting."	( The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone inhibits early neoplastic occurrence in the rat liver. Borbath, I; Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, I; Moulin, P; Sempoux, C, 2007)	1.17
"Pioglitazone (PG), which has a neuroprotective impact and can decrease inflammation after TBI, activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR"	( Neuroprotective and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Traumatic Brain Injury. Abdullaev, SY; Bazmandegan, G; Bokov, DO; Gholamrezapour, M; Heidari, M; Opulencia, MJC; Taheri, N; Zamanian, MY, 2022)	1.7
"Pioglitazone has been reported as a possible therapeutic option."	( Efficacy and safety of oral pioglitazone in the management of lichen planopilaris in comparison with clobetasol: A randomized clinical trial. Azar, PM; Balighi, K; Daneshpazhooh, M; Dasdar, S; Ghiasi, M; Kianfar, N; Lajevardi, V; Peymanfar, AA, 2022)	1.74
"Pioglitazone has positive effects not only on cardiac risk factors and surrogate measures of cardiovascular disease, it also lowers the incidence of cardiac events in patients with diabetes."	( In praise of pioglitazone: An economically efficacious therapy for type 2 diabetes and other manifestations of the metabolic syndrome. Bell, DSH; Jerkins, T, 2023)	2
"Pioglitazone has a noticeable benefit towards the CGD, which is involved in changes of synthesis, transformation, absorption, and transportation of cholesterol."	( Pioglitazone prevents cholesterol gallstone formation through the regulation of cholesterol homeostasis in guinea pigs with a lithogenic diet. Fu, Z; Han, T; Hong, H; Hu, T; Lv, Y; Wang, S, 2019)	3.4
"Pioglitazone has been shown to consistently induce resolution of NASH in both patients with or without diabetes in a total of 498 participants in five randomized controlled trials (RCTs), but with modest effects on liver fibrosis."	( A diabetologist's perspective of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): Knowledge gaps and future directions. Cusi, K, 2020)	1.28
"Pioglitazone has more potential for benefit than harm, and can be continued in people with T2DM and mild/moderate COVID-19, unless there are specific contraindications for its use. "	( Use of pioglitazone in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): Boon or bane? Jagat J, M; Kalyan K, G; Subir, R, )	2.03
"Pioglitazone has shown promise in secondary stroke prevention for insulin-resistant patients; however, its use is not yet widespread."	( Diabetes, stroke, and neuroresilience: looking beyond hyperglycemia. Krinock, MJ; Singhal, NS, 2021)	1.34
"Pioglitazone has important role in the inflammatory response, which suggests that it might have the associated anti-depressant effects being manifested by its anti-depressant profile which needs further exploration."	( Dose related acute behavioral and neurochemical profile of pioglitazone. Choudhry, AM; Ganau, M; Haleem, DJ; Ikram, H; Sheikh, SA, 2021)	1.59
"Pioglitazone has antioxidant properties independent of its hypoglycemic effects."	( The Protective Effects of Pioglitazone Against Cognitive Impairment Caused by L-methionine Administration in a Rat Model. Al-Azzam, SI; Alfaqih, M; Alrabadi, N; Alzoubi, KH; Khabour, OF; Mhaidat, NM; Tashtoush, M, 2022)	1.74
"Pioglitazone (PIO) has been found to exert an anti-inflammatory effect in patients with diabetes mellitus, but it is still unclear whether PIO exhibits a similar effect in DN."	( Pioglitazone ameliorates glomerular NLRP3 inflammasome activation in apolipoprotein E knockout mice with diabetes mellitus. Wang, L; Wang, Y; Wei, W; Xia, Z; Yang, M; Yu, B; Yuan, X; Zhang, F, 2017)	2.62
"Pioglitazone use has increased since 2008 in response to safety issues surrounding rosiglitazone."	( Impact of clinical evidence communications and drug regulation changes concerning rosiglitazone on prescribing patterns of antidiabetic therapies. Kang, DR; Kim, DJ; Lee, KJ; Lee, S; Noh, Y; Shin, S, 2017)	1.18
"Pioglitazone has superior antiatherosclerotic effects compared with other classes of antidiabetic agents, and there is substantial evidence that pioglitazone improves cardiovascular (CV) outcomes. "	( Effect of pioglitazone on cardiometabolic profiles and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary artery intervention: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial. Hikichi, Y; Horiuchi, K; Inoue, T; Iwasaki, Y; Kawaguchi, A; Kawasaki, T; Komukai, S; Nakao, K; Nakashima, H; Node, K; Shibata, Y; Shimomura, M; Tago, M; Tamashiro, M; Tanaka, A; Toyoda, S; Ueno, T; Yokoi, H, 2018)	2.33
"Pioglitazone has been widely used as an insulin-sensitizing agent for improving glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Pioglitazone Induces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis and Inhibits Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy Via VEGFR-2 Signaling Pathway. Chen, L; Jin, W; Liang, M; Luo, S; Wu, Y; Xu, S; Zhong, W, 2018)	3.37
"Pioglitazone has potentially restored cellular antioxidants and reduced levels of IL-6 and TNF-α by declining expression of membrane RAGE and NF-κB."	( Pioglitazone inhibits advanced glycation induced protein modifications and down-regulates expression of RAGE and NF-κB in renal cells. Adeshara, KA; Agrawal, SB; Gaikwad, SM; Tupe, RS, 2018)	2.64
"Pioglitazone has proved effective in raising HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) and lowering small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL), but no clinical studies have examined its effect on lipoprotein oxidation in patients with DM2."	( Long-term effect of pioglitazone vs glimepiride on lipoprotein oxidation in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized study. Burlina, S; Chilelli, NC; Cosma, C; Lapolla, A; Marin, R; Ragazzi, E; Roverso, M; Sartore, G; Seraglia, R; Vaccaro, O, 2019)	1.56
"Pioglitazone has been used for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) related to diabetes. "	( Adiponectin is required for pioglitazone-induced improvements in hepatic steatosis in mice fed a high-fat diet. de Mendonça, M; de Sousa, É; Dos Santos, BAC; Rodrigues, AC, 2019)	2.25
"Pioglitazone has been demonstrated to exert anti-fibrotic and renoprotective effects. "	( Pioglitazone attenuates kidney fibrosis via miR-21-5p modulation. Chen, Y; Qu, W; Song, X; Sun, D; Sun, L; Xu, T; Yao, L; Yuan, Q, 2019)	3.4
"Pioglitazone has been shown to significantly reduce cardiovascular adverse outcomes, while preliminary data on IBTs are very encouraging as well."	( Non-glycemic effects of pioglitazone and incretin-based therapies. Avogaro, A; Montalto, G; Rizvi, AA; Rizzo, M, 2013)	1.42
"Pioglitazone has been reported to variably influence visceral fat volume; however, its effect on metabolic activity of the visceral fat remains uncharacterized."	( Effects of pioglitazone on visceral fat metabolic activity in impaired glucose tolerance or type 2 diabetes mellitus. Abe, T; Fukumoto, Y; Honda, A; Ikeda, H; Imaizumi, T; Ishibashi, M; Kaida, H; Kodama, N; Mizoguchi, M; Narula, J; Nitta, Y; Tahara, A; Tahara, N; Yamagishi, S, 2013)	1.5
"Pioglitazone has shown an inhibitory effect on the growth of cell lines derived from human salivary gland and human oral squamous cell carcinoma. "	( Pioglitazone and oral cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tseng, CH, 2014)	3.29
"Pioglitazone has a null association with oral cancer after adjustment for potential confounders."	( Pioglitazone and oral cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tseng, CH, 2014)	3.29
"Pioglitazone has a promoting effect on ischemic limb angiogenesis in diabetic rats."	( Effect of pioglitazone on expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α and vascular endothelial growth factor in ischemic hindlimb of diabetic rats. Bai, SJ; Gao, X; Ye, XM; Zhang, J; Zhang, M, 2014)	1.53
"Pioglitazone has anti-inflammatory effects on acute gouty arthritis by inhibiting the expression of TNF-α and IFN-γ."	( PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone affects rat gouty arthritis by regulating cytokines. Jiang, DM; Wang, RC, 2014)	1.48
"Pioglitazone has been shown to increase levels of adiponectin in diabetic patients."	( Pioglitazone increases adiponectin levels in nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Coppola, JT; Mailloux, LM; Mindrescu, C; Patel, SR; Staniloae, CS, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone has favorable effects on important components of metabolic syndrome including blood pressure."	( [Pioglitazone effects on blood pressure in patients with metabolic syndrome]. Kushiro, T; Takahashi, A, 2008)	1.98
"Pioglitazone has advantage over rosiglitazone in lowering lipid and proinflammatory cytokines."	( Effect of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on mediators of endothelial dysfunction, markers of angiogenesis and inflammatory cytokines in type-2 diabetes. Kumar, H; Mishra, M; Tripathi, K; Vijay, SK, 2009)	1.48
"Pioglitazone has been reported to improve common cardiovascular risk factors in addition to glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). "	( [Six-month effectiveness and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with sulfonylureas or metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Mesa, J; Polavieja, P; Reviriego, J; Rodríguez, A, 2008)	2.05
"Pioglitazone has a preventive effect on cardiovascular disease, but its ability to stabilize coronary plaque is unknown."	( Pioglitazone reduces the necrotic-core component in coronary plaque in association with enhanced plasma adiponectin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hirata, K; Kato, H; Kawamori, H; Miyoshi, N; Ogasawara, D; Otake, H; Sawada, T; Shinke, T; Shite, J; Tanino, Y; Watanabe, S, 2009)	3.24
"Pioglitazone has been associated with improved cardiac outcome but also with an elevated risk of heart failure."	( Pioglitazone improves cardiac function and alters myocardial substrate metabolism without affecting cardiac triglyceride accumulation and high-energy phosphate metabolism in patients with well-controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. Bax, JJ; de Jong, HW; de Roos, A; Diamant, M; Heine, RJ; Kamp, O; Lamb, HJ; Lammertsma, AA; Lubberink, M; Paulus, WJ; Rijzewijk, LJ; Romijn, JA; Smit, JW; van der Meer, RW, 2009)	2.52
"Pioglitazone has a potential beneficial antipsoriatic effect and may provide a convenient, efficacious, and relatively safe option to combine with acitretin, although further studies are needed. "	( Efficacy and safety of combination Acitretin and Pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dogra, S; Kaur, I; Malhotra, S; Mittal, R; Pandhi, P, 2009)	2.05
"Pioglitazone has been shown to reduce fasting triglyceride levels. "	( Decreased whole body lipolysis as a mechanism of the lipid-lowering effect of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients. Buzzigoli, E; Casolaro, A; Ciociaro, D; Ferrannini, E; Frascerra, S; Gastaldelli, A; Nannipieri, M, 2009)	2.02
"Pioglitazone has diverse multiple effects on metabolic and inflammatory processes that have the potential to influence cardiovascular disease pathophysiology at various points in the disease process, including atherogenesis, plaque inflammation, plaque rupture, haemostatic disturbances and microangiopathy."	( Pioglitazone and mechanisms of CV protection. Erdmann, E; Wilcox, R, 2010)	3.25
"Pioglitazone has demonstrated a favorable CV profile relative to other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in outcome and observational studies."	( Effects of pioglitazone and metformin fixed-dose combination therapy on cardiovascular risk markers of inflammation and lipid profile compared with pioglitazone and metformin monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Arora, V; Jacks, R; Perez, A; Spanheimer, R, 2010)	1.47
"Pioglitazone has beneficial effects on central obesity of the patients with polycystic ovary syndrome but other clinical consequences of the syndrome may not improve with the drug."	( Pioglitazone reduces central obesity in polycystic ovary syndrome women. Asadipooya, K; Kalantar-Hormozi, M; Nabipour, I, 2012)	3.26
"Pioglitazone has an important role in the treatment of patients with Type 2 diabetes. "	( Which is the eligible patient to be treated with pioglitazone? The expert view. Avogaro, A; Betteridge, J; Bonadonna, R; Campbell, IW; Crepaldi, G; Farinaro, E; Federici, M; Schernthaner, GH; Staels, B, 2011)	2.07
"Pioglitazone has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on cardiovascular outcomes. "	( Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Asker, ME; Elrashidy, RA; Mohamed, HE, 2012)	3.26
"Pioglitazone has been shown to reduce the occurrence of fatal and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). "	( Effect of pioglitazone on arterial baroreflex sensitivity and sympathetic nerve activity in patients with acute myocardial infarction and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iwasaka, T; Miyasaka, Y; Murakawa, K; Sugiura, T; Tsujimoto, S; Yokoe, H; Yoshida, S; Yuasa, F; Yuyama, R, 2012)	2.22
"Pioglitazone has no beneficial effects on the survival of ALS patients as add-on therapy to riluzole."	( A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial of pioglitazone in combination with riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Benecke, R; Bogdahn, U; Dengler, R; Dreyhaupt, J; Dupuis, L; Fischer, W; Grehl, T; Grosskreutz, J; Heneka, MT; Hermann, A; Kassubek, J; Lindauer, E; Ludolph, AC; Meyer, T; Otto, M; Schrank, B; Steiner, F; Wessig, C; Winkler, AS; Zierz, S, 2012)	2.07
"Pioglitazone has been shown to be effective in the treatment of glucose and lipid abnormalities in diabetes and decreasing longer-term conversion of impaired glucose tolerance to frank diabetes."	( Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic abnormalities, psychopathology, and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic medication: a randomized double-blind study. Bark, N; Davis, JM; Dwivedi, S; Hu, Q; Jin, H; Li, C; Lohr, J; Mortiere, C; Shekhar, A; Smith, RC, 2013)	1.5
"Pioglitazone has been shown to be effective and well tolerated in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes, as it reduces insulin resistance and improves glycaemic control and abnormal lipid profiles."	( Metabolic efficacy and safety of once-daily pioglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Göke, B; Scherbaum, WA, 2002)	1.3
"Pioglitazone has a good safety profile in diabetic patients with impaired renal function."	( Treating type 2 diabetes in renal insufficiency: the role of pioglitazone. Budde, K; Diekmann, F; Einecke, G; Fritsche, L; Glander, P; Neumayer, HH; Schötschel, R, 2003)	1.28
"Pioglitazone has been approved in Europe for oral combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus. "	( Cost effectiveness of combination therapy with pioglitazone for type 2 diabetes mellitus from a german statutory healthcare perspective. Lübben, G; Neeser, K; Schramm, W; Siebert, U, 2004)	2.02
"Pioglitazone (PIO) has preventive effects on impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and urinary albumin excretion in diabetes. "	( Effect of pioglitazone on the early stage of type 2 diabetic nephropathy in KK/Ta mice. Fan, Q; Gohda, T; Makita, Y; Shike, T; Tanimoto, M; Tomino, Y, 2004)	2.17
"Pioglitazone (PIO) has been shown to decrease insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes, resulting in lowered blood glucose concentrations, lowered plasma insulin levels and lowered haemoglobin A1C (A1C) values. "	( Pioglitazone and reductions in post-challenge glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. Karunaratne, M; Khan, M; Murray, FT; Perez, A, 2006)	3.22
"Pioglitazone has furthermore demonstrated numerous antiatherogenic effects in clinical and preclinical investigations."	( Organ protection in the secondary prevention of type 2 diabetes. Schernthaner, G, 2006)	1.06
"Pioglitazone has vasorelaxant property in the grafts."	( Alteration of vascular reactivity in diabetic human mammary artery and the effects of thiazolidinediones. Ari, N; Aslamaci, S; Irat, AM; Karasu, C, 2006)	1.06
"As pioglitazone has a low toxicity profile, we believe it would be interesting to evaluate its effect in chemoprevention of HCC in humans in a clinical setting."	( The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone inhibits early neoplastic occurrence in the rat liver. Borbath, I; Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, I; Moulin, P; Sempoux, C, 2007)	1.17
"Pioglitazone has been reported to have antiatherogenic effects."	( The effects of pioglitazone on cerebrovascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ahn, CW; Cha, BS; Cho, MH; Kim, CS; Kim, HJ; Kim, KR; Lee, HC; Lee, KY; Lim, SK; Nam, JS; Park, JS, 2007)	1.41
"Pioglitazone has antiatherogenic property through the inhibition of inflammation."	( Pioglitazone attenuates neointimal thickening via suppression of the early inflammatory response in a porcine coronary after stenting. Daida, H; Ikeda, E; Kajimoto, K; Kasai, T; Kubota, N; Miyauchi, K; Sumiyoshi, K; Yokoyama, T, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone has also been shown to reduce matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity."	( PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone reduces [corrected] neuronal cell damage after transient global cerebral ischemia through matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Jang, YH; Lee, H; Lee, KJ; Lee, SR; Yoo, HS, 2008)	1.4
"Pioglitazone has been shown to exert multiple antiatherosclerotic actions independent from its glycemic effects. "	( Impact of pioglitazone on coronary endothelial function in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Höher, M; Hombach, V; Kestler, HA; Koenig, W; Marx, N; Nusser, T; Wöhrle, J, 2008)	2.19
"Pioglitazone, therefore, has no direct effect on insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity, but interferes with a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism that normally antagonizes this action of insulin."	( Pioglitazone promotes insulin-induced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting a negative control mechanism. Bleasdale, JE; Jacob, CS; Sizer, KM; Smith, CL; Swanson, ML, 1994)	2.45
"Pioglitazone, therefore, has no direct effect on insulin-stimulated PI 3-kinase activity, but interferes with a cyclic AMP-dependent mechanism that normally antagonizes this action of insulin."	( Pioglitazone promotes insulin-induced activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting a negative control mechanism. Bleasdale, JE; Jacob, CS; Sizer, KM; Smith, CL; Swanson, ML, 1994)	2.45
"Pioglitazone has also been associated with improvements in serum lipid profiles in randomised placebo-controlled clinical studies."	( Pioglitazone. Dunn, CJ; Gillies, PS, 2000)	2.47
"Pioglitazone has been shown to reduce blood glucose levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. "	( A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chilcott, J; Jones, ML; Tappenden, P; Wight, JP, 2001)	2

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pioglitazone plays protective roles similar to luteolin."	( Luteolin alleviates inflammation and autophagy of hippocampus induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion by activating PPAR gamma in rats. Fan, R; Guo, L; Li, D; Li, L; Liang, H; Ma, L; Pan, G; Qiu, J, 2022)	1.44
"The pioglitazone group had a lower incidence of PD, with an adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of 0.66 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.57-0.78], and this benefit was dose-dependent."	( Pioglitazone and statins lower incidence of Parkinson disease in patients with diabetes mellitus. Chang, YH; Lin, KD; Wu, WJ; Yen, SJ, 2021)	2.54
"Pioglitazone could enhance alternative activation of monocyte-derived macrophages and consequently immunomodulation in these patients."	( Immunomodulation in systemic lupus erythematosus: induction of M2 population in monocyte-derived macrophages by pioglitazone. Memarian, A; Mohammadi, S; Saghaeian-Jazi, M; Sedighi, S, 2017)	1.39
"Pioglitazone does not lower the risk for all-cause mortality, and increases the risk for the development of HF."	( Pioglitazone and the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. A meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. de Jong, M; van der Graaf, Y; van der Worp, HB; Visseren, FLJ; Westerink, J, 2017)	2.62
"Pioglitazone can suppress the luminal occlusions of the tracheal graft in an allograft through enhanced Treg infiltration, and may provide new therapies to prevent BO."	( The prevention of tracheal graft occlusion using pioglitazone: A mouse tracheal transplant model study. Ohtsuka, T; Shigenobu, T; Shimoda, M, 2019)	1.49
"Pioglitazone could inhibit activation of the glia cells, prevent cell apoptosis, and protect the retina from subsequent cellular damage caused by the retinal I/R. "	( Protective effect of pioglitazone on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Xiao, YQ; Ye, W; Zhang, XY; Zhang, Y, 2013)	2.15
"Pioglitazone can inhibit the myocardial apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion. "	( [Effects of pioglitazone on TGFbeta1 expression in ischemia/reperfusion injury myocardium of rats]. Li, Y; Li, ZB; Wang, H; Wang, L; Ye, P, 2013)	2.21
"Pioglitazone can inhibit oxidative stress through suppressing NADPH oxidase expression and p38MAPK phosphorylation."	( Pioglitazone inhibits the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rat mesangial cells. Hu, YY; Sun, WJ; Wang, S; Ye, SD, 2013)	3.28
"Pioglitazone can inhibit myocardial apoptosis induced by I/R injury and up-regulate myocardial PGC-lα expression, and these effects are mediated by PPARγ."	( [Effects of pioglitazone on myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator lα expression in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury]. Shen, L; Wang, H; Ye, P, 2014)	2.22
"Pioglitazone failed to increase adiponectin secretion from either ND or T2D VAT and increased cellular content only in ND VAT."	( Adiponectin secretion and response to pioglitazone is depot dependent in cultured human adipose tissue. Ciaraldi, TP; Henry, RR; Oh, DK; Phillips, SA; Savu, MK, 2008)	1.34
"Pioglitazone was found to increase adiponectin secretion and PI3K activity in a dose-dependent manner from 3T3-L1 and human adipocytes. "	( Pioglitazone acutely stimulates adiponectin secretion from mouse and human adipocytes via activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase. Draznin, B; Erickson, C; Leitner, JW; Pereira, RI, 2008)	3.23
"Pioglitazone does not increase the risk for MI and may decrease the risk for stroke and revascularization."	( Pioglitazone and the risk of myocardial infarction and other major adverse cardiac events: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Adigopula, S; Balamuthusamy, S; Benatar, D; Khosla, S; Khraisat, A; Molnar, J; Nagajothi, N; Raghunathan, K; Singh, S; Velazquez-Cecena, JL, )	2.3
"Pioglitazone may cause fluid retention, a well-known side effect of thiazolidinediones, and may exacerbate heart failure. "	( Comparison of pioglitazone vs glyburide in early heart failure: insights from a randomized controlled study of patients with type 2 diabetes and mild cardiac disease. Bhattacharya, M; Elkayam, U; Giles, TD; Miller, AB; Perez, A, )	1.93
"Pioglitazone can suppress the oxidative stress and damage and can stimulate antioxidant capacity in cardiac allografts after transplantation. "	( Antioxidant properties of pioglitazone limit nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen oxidase and augment superoxide dismutase activity in cardiac allotransplantation. Hasegawa, T; Okada, K; Okita, Y; Pinsky, DJ, 2011)	2.11
"Pioglitazone led to an increase in adiponectin compared with glimepiride. "	( Pioglitazone-mediated changes in lipoprotein particle composition are predicted by changes in adiponectin level in type 2 diabetes. D'Agostino, R; Davidson, MH; Haffner, S; Mazzone, T; Perez, A; Sam, S, 2012)	3.26
"Pioglitazone did not cause increased expression of PKC in the cardiomyocytes."	( [Effect of pioglitazone on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and protein kinase C expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes]. Luo, LM; Wang, H; Ye, P; Zhang, JY; Zhu, QW, 2011)	1.48
"Pioglitazone did not increase the risk of bladder cancer significantly compared with the other antidiabetic drugs treatment group, (adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.16, 95% CI 0.83, 1.62)."	( Pioglitazone and bladder cancer: a propensity score matched cohort study. MacDonald, TM; Mackenzie, IS; Wei, L, 2013)	2.55
"Pioglitazone may allow the donor indications for liver transplantation to be expanded to include severe macrovesicular fatty livers."	( Decreased Mrp2 transport in severe macrovesicular fatty liver grafts. Aihara, A; Arii, S; Ban, D; Irie, T; Kudo, A; Nakamura, N; Ochiai, T; Tanaka, S, 2012)	1.1
"Pioglitazone did not increase weight or produce any other significant side-effects."	( Effects of pioglitazone on metabolic abnormalities, psychopathology, and cognitive function in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic medication: a randomized double-blind study. Bark, N; Davis, JM; Dwivedi, S; Hu, Q; Jin, H; Li, C; Lohr, J; Mortiere, C; Shekhar, A; Smith, RC, 2013)	1.5
"Pioglitazone prevented increase in plasma aspartate transaminase, alanine aminotransferase, and TNF-alpha levels but had no effect on plasma and hepatic levels of lipid peroxide. "	( Pioglitazone prevents acute liver injury induced by ethanol and lipopolysaccharide through the suppression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Hashimoto, K; Hokkyo, K; Nakajima, H; Ohata, M; Sakamoto, K; Suzuki, H; Toda, G; Yamada, H; Yamauchi, M, 2004)	3.21
"Pioglitazone does not increase the plasma concentrations of repaglinide, indicating that the inhibitory effect of pioglitazone on CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 is very weak in vivo, probably due to its extensive plasma protein binding. "	( Pioglitazone, an in vitro inhibitor of CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, does not increase the plasma concentrations of the CYP2C8 and CYP3A4 substrate repaglinide. Backman, JT; Jaakkola, T; Kajosaari, LI; Neuvonen, PJ, 2006)	3.22
"Pioglitazone did inhibit the increase in expressions vs I/R (P < 0.05)."	( Antiapoptosis and mitochondrial effect of pioglitazone preconditioning in the ischemic/reperfused heart of rat. Feng, YB; Lang, MJ; Li, J; Mao, XB; Tian, L, 2008)	1.33

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased intracellular lipid accumulation in adipocytes compared to control."	( A Novel Partial PPARγ Agonist Has Weaker Lipogenic Effect in Adipocytes and Stimulates GLUT4 Translocation in Skeletal Muscle Cells via AMPK-Dependent Signaling. Guru, B; Kumar, PBR; Mandal, SP; Manjula, SN; Sharma, A; Tamrakar, AK, 2022)	1.44
"Pioglitazone treatment increased oxygen saturation and pTyr14cav-1 vs."	( Pioglitazone restores phosphorylation of downregulated caveolin-1 in right ventricle of monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension. Balis, P; Doka, G; Klimas, J; Kmecova, Z; Krenek, P; Malikova, E; Pivackova, LB; Trubacova, S; Velasova, E, 2022)	2.89
"Pioglitazone treatment was associated with increased expression of chemokine (Cxcl1, Cxcl2, and Ccl20) and cytokine genes (Tnfa, Il6, and Cfs3) in bronchial brushes obtained 6 h after infection."	( The PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone exerts proinflammatory effects in bronchial epithelial cells during acute Pseudomonas aeruginosa pneumonia. de Vos, AF; Ferreira, BL; Otto, NA; Ramirez-Moral, I; Salomão, R; van der Poll, T, 2022)	1.77
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly reduced squamous lesions and the presence of airway basal cells, along with increasing normal epithelial cells in the airways of NTCU-exposed mice."	( PPARgamma agonism inhibits progression of premalignant lesions in a murine lung squamous cell carcinoma model. Alavi, K; Dwyer-Nield, LD; Ghosh, M; Hudish, LI; Hudish, TM; Keith, RL; McArthur, DG; Merrick, DT; Mirita, C; Smith, AJ; Sompel, K; Tennis, MA, 2022)	1.44
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetic patients with a mean age of < 55 years, but did not improve left ventricular diastolic function in patients with a mean age of ≥ 55 years."	( Change in left ventricular diastolic function after pioglitazone treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis. Bi, Y; Li, Y; Meng, X; Song, H; Yu, R, 2023)	2.6
"Pioglitazone treatment led to a significant 3% body mass increase. "	( Effect of pioglitazone treatment on brown adipose tissue volume and activity and hypothalamic gliosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a proof-of-concept study. Cendes, F; Cintra, RM; de-Lima-Júnior, JC; Folli, F; Monfort-Pires, M; Rachid, B; Ramos, CD; Rodovalho, S; Van de Sande-Lee, S; Velloso, LA, 2019)	2.36
"Pioglitazone treated TBI rats performed significantly better in the RAM test than untreated TBI rats, and similarly to control animals."	( Pioglitazone improves working memory performance when administered in chronic TBI. Anwar, FN; Correll, EA; Lowery, AC; McCullumsmith, RE; McGuire, JL; Ngwenya, LB; Rhame, K, 2019)	2.68
"Pioglitazone treatment of obese mice increased insulin-mediated glucose transport as a result of increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial activity."	( MicroRNA miR-222 mediates pioglitazone beneficial effects on skeletal muscle of diet-induced obese mice. Araújo Dos Santos, B; Araújo, HN; da Paixão, AO; de Mendonça, M; de Sousa, É; Imamura de Lima, T; Murata, GM; Passos Simões Fróes Guimarães, DS; Rodrigues, AC; Roveratti Spagnol, A; Silveira, LR, 2020)	1.58
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased cell viability, promoted SIRT1-p53 interaction, upregulated Bcl-2 expression, activated SIRT1 and elevated mitochondrial ATP synthesis after cisplatin treatment."	( Pioglitazone alleviates cisplatin nephrotoxicity by suppressing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis via SIRT1/p53 signalling. Cheng-Jing, Y; Li, GS; Wang, J; Wang, XP; Xiang-Heng, L; Yu, XJ; Zhang, J; Zou, Y, 2020)	2.72
"Pioglitazone treatment attenuated obesity-induced elastin fiber fragmentation and elastolytic activity and ameliorated the obesity-induced upregulation of cathepsin S and metalloproteinase 12, predominantly in the PVAT."	( PPARγ activation improves the microenvironment of perivascular adipose tissue and attenuates aortic stiffening in obesity. Chen, JY; Chiou, YW; Jheng, HF; Kao, LZ; Leu, SY; Li, CY; Lien, IC; Tai, HC; Tang, MJ; Tsai, PJ; Tsai, YS; Weng, WT; Wu, YP; Yang, CC, 2021)	1.34
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved LPS-induced neurobehavioral and physiological disturbances including the loss of body weight, hypothermia, righting reflex, wire-hanging maneuver, negative geotaxis, and hind-limb suspension in neonatal rats."	( Pioglitazone Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Behavioral Impairment, Brain Inflammation, White Matter Injury and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Neonatal Rats. Fan, LW; Kaizaki, A; Lee, JW; Ojeda, NB; Tien, LT; Tucci, MA; Wang, KC; Wei, HC; Yeh, JH, 2021)	2.79
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased urinary calcium, serum TRAP, mRNA expression of RANKL, PPAR-γ as well as significantly decreased Runx2, OPG, osteocalcin and AMPK levels in diabetic rats."	( Pioglitazone-induced bone loss in diabetic rats and its amelioration by berberine: A portrait of molecular crosstalk. Adil, M; Kandhare, AD; Mansoori, MN; Sharma, M; Singh, D, 2017)	2.62
"Upon pioglitazone treatment, the PDGF and TIMP-2 expression levels were decreased compared with high-fat diet-fed mice devoid of drug stimulation. "	( Pioglitazone suppresses inflammation and fibrosis in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by down-regulating PDGF and TIMP-2: Evidence from in vitro study. Deng, W; Meng, Z; Sun, A; Yang, Z, 2017)	2.41
"Pioglitazone treatment seems to have more beneficial effects than rosiglitazone and no significantly increased cardiovascular risk was detected for both agents."	( Different Effects of Thiazolidinediones on In-Stent Restenosis and Target Lesion Revascularization after PCI: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Chen, S; Dai, J; Hua, J; Mao, W; Qiu, Y; Xu, X; Zhou, X; Zhu, M, 2017)	1.18
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced HbA1c levels to a similar degree as conventional treatment (pioglitazone group 6.5 to 6.0%, P < 0.01; control group 6.5 to 5.9%, P < 0.001), without body weight gain."	( Effect of pioglitazone on cardiometabolic profiles and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary artery intervention: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial. Hikichi, Y; Horiuchi, K; Inoue, T; Iwasaki, Y; Kawaguchi, A; Kawasaki, T; Komukai, S; Nakao, K; Nakashima, H; Node, K; Shibata, Y; Shimomura, M; Tago, M; Tamashiro, M; Tanaka, A; Toyoda, S; Ueno, T; Yokoi, H, 2018)	1.6
"Pioglitazone treatment did not influence body weight or ovarian weight in either group."	( Pioglitazone is effective for multiple phenotyepes of the Zucker fa/fa rat with polycystc ovary morphology and insulin resistance. Baba, T; Endo, T; Honnma, H; Ikeda, K; Kiya, T; Kuno, Y; Morishita, M; Saito, T, 2018)	2.64
"Pioglitazone treatment in diabetic patients does not increase the incidence of bone fractures. "	( Pioglitazone Therapy and Fractures: Systematic Review and Meta- Analysis. Filipova, E; Kalinov, K; Pavlova, V; Uzunova, K; Vekov, T, 2018)	3.37
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly altered levels of hepatic metabolites, including free fatty acids, lysophosphatidylcholines and phosphatidylcholines, in the liver."	( Metabolomic and lipidomic analysis of the effect of pioglitazone on hepatic steatosis in a rat model of obese Type 2 diabetes. Jung, ES; Kim, DH; Lee, CH; Liu, KH; Park, CY; Suh, DH; Yang, H, 2018)	1.45
"Pioglitazone treatment increased the amounts of pro-resolving lipid mediators including lipoxin B"	( Modulation of lipid mediator profile may contribute to amelioration of chronic inflammation in adipose tissue of obese mice by pioglitazone. Hosooka, T; Ogawa, W; Okada, K; Shinohara, M, 2018)	1.41
"Pioglitazone treatment started at the first signs of fibrosis in both models."	( Pioglitazone Reduces Hepatocellular Carcinoma Development in Two Rodent Models of Cirrhosis. Arora, G; Baumert, TF; Erstad, DJ; Fuchs, BC; Ghoshal, S; Hoshida, Y; Lanuti, M; Li, S; Masia, R; Sojoodi, M; Tanabe, KK, 2019)	2.68
"Pioglitazone treatment improved features of the metabolic syndrome."	( Increased production and reduced urinary buffering of acid in uric acid stone formers is ameliorated by pioglitazone. Adams-Huet, B; Maalouf, NM; Moe, OW; Poindexter, JR; Sakhaee, K, 2019)	1.45
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased TRX1 protein level in heart and aorta tissues in MetS group. "	( Cardiovascular protective effect of pioglitazone on oxidative stress in rats with metabolic syndrome. Bilginoglu, A, 2019)	2.23
"Pioglitazone treatment in adult BHR caused no detectable changes in antioxidant and detoxificant responses."	( Age-dependent effect of PPARγ agonist pioglitazone on kidney signaling in borderline hypertensive rats. Dovinova, I; Grešová, L; Kvandova, M; Kvasnicka, P, 2019)	1.51
"Pioglitazone-treated patients showed a significant increase in HDL-C compared to placebo group (6.3 mg/dl vs 3.0 mg/dl; p<0.01) in addition to a greater reduction in the extent of MS (-13.2 vs -4.9; p=0.0055). "	( Pioglitazone Randomised Italian Study on Metabolic Syndrome (PRISMA): effect of pioglitazone with metformin on HDL-C levels in Type 2 diabetic patients. Bravi, F; Brunetti, P; Chinea, B; Comaschi, M; Cucinotta, D; Di Pietro, C; Egan, CG; Genovese, S; Passaro, A, 2013)	3.28
"Pioglitazone pretreatment also suppressed NF-κB activation and altered GFAP overexpression."	( Protective effect of pioglitazone on retinal ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. Xiao, YQ; Ye, W; Zhang, XY; Zhang, Y, 2013)	1.43
"Pioglitazone treatment increased energy expenditure and improved insulin resistance, hypotriglyceridaemia and liver steatosis in these mice."	( Thiazolidinediones partially reverse the metabolic disturbances observed in Bscl2/seipin-deficient mice. Capeau, J; Cariou, B; Costet, P; Dollet, L; Fève, B; Lathrop, M; Le May, C; Magré, J; Matsuda, F; Mounier, C; Nemani, M; Pillot, B; Prieur, X; Takahashi, M; Takigawa-Imamura, H; Zelenika, D, 2013)	1.11
"Pioglitazone treatment improved plasma Glc and adiponectin levels, and decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines."	( Pioglitazone reduces inflammation through inhibition of NF-κB in polymicrobial sepsis. Chima, R; Kaplan, J; Nowell, M; Zingarelli, B, 2014)	2.57
"One pioglitazone-treated and three placebo-treated women experienced confirmed fractures."	( Effects of pioglitazone on bone in postmenopausal women with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Bone, HG; Lindsay, R; McClung, MR; Perez, AT; Raanan, MG; Spanheimer, RG, 2013)	1.26
"In pioglitazone pre-treated groups, a TUNEL assay indicated a high level of apoptosis in SAP but little apoptosis in MAP, showing pioglitazone could promote taurocholate-induced apoptosis but inhibit ceruleininduced apoptosis in pancraeatic aniniar cells."	( Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ activation on apoptosis in rats with acute pancreatitis. Chen, C; Lou, XL; Xu, P; Yang, ZW, 2013)	0.9
"Pioglitazone treatment was associated with reductions in limb perfusion at 2 weeks measured by contrast-enhanced ultrasound and Tc(99m)-Sestamibi SPECT-CT."	( Pioglitazone inhibits HIF-1α-dependent angiogenesis in rats by paracrine and direct effects on endothelial cells. Dromparis, P; McMurtry, MS; Michelakis, ED; Paulin, R; Proctor, S; Sutendra, G, 2014)	2.57
"Pioglitazone treatment decreases portosystemic shunting via modulation of splanchnic inflammation and neoangiogenesis. "	( Pioglitazone decreases portosystemic shunting by modulating inflammation and angiogenesis in cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic portal hypertensive rats. Angermayr, B; Boucher, Y; Fuhrmann, V; Grahovac, J; Horvatits, T; Klein, S; Mitterhauser, M; Payer, BA; Peck-Radosavljevic, M; Reiberger, T; Schwabl, P; Stift, J; Trauner, M; Trebicka, J, 2014)	3.29
"Pioglitazone treatment suppressed mRNA and protein expression of fetuin-A in Fao hepatoma cells."	( Direct inhibitory effects of pioglitazone on hepatic fetuin-A expression. Emoto, M; Fukumoto, S; Imanishi, Y; Inaba, M; Ishimura, E; Koyama, H; Mori, K; Morioka, T; Motoyama, K; Nakatani, S; Ochi, A, 2014)	1.41
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly suppressed myocardial apoptosis (21.4%∓8.8%,17.3%∓8.7%, 40.1%∓12.3%, P<0.05) following I/R injury and up-regulated myocardial PGC-lα expression at both the mRNA and protein levels (P<0.05), but these effects were antagonized by GW9662 (P<0.05)."	( [Effects of pioglitazone on myocardial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator lα expression in rats with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury]. Shen, L; Wang, H; Ye, P, 2014)	2.22
"Pioglitazone treatment also resulted in increased expression of markers of mitochondrial biogenesis in brown adipose tissue and white adipose tissue, with mild elevations observed in animals treated with alogliptin alone."	( Administration of pioglitazone alone or with alogliptin delays diabetes onset in UCD-T2DM rats. Bettaieb, A; Cummings, BP; Graham, JL; Haj, FG; Havel, PJ; Stanhope, K, 2014)	1.46
"In pioglitazone-treated subjects, plasma adiponectin concentration increased threefold from 13 ± 0.5 to 38 ± 2.5 μg/mL (P < 0.001) and was strongly correlated with the improvement in SI (r = 0.436, P < 0.001) and modestly correlated with glucose area under the curve during oral glucose tolerance test (r = 0.238, P < 0.005) and insulin secretion/insulin resistance index (r = 0.306, P < 0.005)."	( Baseline adiponectin levels do not influence the response to pioglitazone in ACT NOW. Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; DeFronzo, RA; Gastaldelli, A; Henry, RR; Kitabchi, AE; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D, 2014)	1.16
"Pioglitazone treatment decreased the mRNA expression levels of these cytokines compared with the respective values in the CLP group."	( Pioglitazone attenuates lung injury by modulating adipose inflammation. Kobayashi, M; Kutsukake, M; Matsuda, A; Matsutani, T; Tachikawa, E; Tamura, K; Uchida, E, 2014)	2.57
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a change in augmentation index of -4.7% units (95% confidence interval [95% CI] -7.9, -1.5) (P = 0.004) and in diastolic blood pressure of -3.0 mm Hg (95% CI -5.7, -0.2) (P = 0.03), but did not significantly change aortic PWV (P = 0.33) or reactive hyperemia index (P = 0.46). "	( Reversing vascular dysfunction in rheumatoid arthritis: improved augmentation index but not endothelial function with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist therapy. Bian, A; Cunningham, A; Oeser, AM; Ormseth, MJ; Shintani, A; Solus, J; Stein, CM; Tanner, SB, 2014)	1.85
"∆2-pioglitazone treatment did not trigger cells to enter apoptosis but enhanced the autophagy process."	( Evaluation of ∆2-pioglitazone, an analogue of pioglitazone, on colon cancer cell survival: Evidence of drug treatment association with autophagy and activation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway. Chaimbault, P; Huber, S; Schohn, H; Valente, S, 2014)	1.26
"Pioglitazone treatment increased the cross-sectional area of adipocytes by 18% (p = 0.01), and also increased capillary density without affecting larger vessels. "	( Pioglitazone treatment reduces adipose tissue inflammation through reduction of mast cell and macrophage number and by improving vascularity. Adu, A; Finlin, BS; Kern, PA; Peterson, CA; Rasouli, N; Shipp, LR; Spencer, M; Yang, L; Zhu, B, 2014)	3.29
"The pioglitazone treatment group showed synovial expression of TNF-α, and IFN-γ was significantly lower than in the control group; the inhibition rates were 78.5 and 60.4%."	( PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone affects rat gouty arthritis by regulating cytokines. Jiang, DM; Wang, RC, 2014)	1.24
"Pioglitazone treatment restored in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in diabetic rats to the level of lean controls."	( Pioglitazone treatment restores in vivo muscle oxidative capacity in a rat model of diabetes. Ciapaite, J; Houten, SM; Nicolay, K; Prompers, JJ; van den Broek, NM; Wessels, B, 2015)	2.58
"Pioglitazone treatment lowered IGT conversion to diabetes (hazard ratio = 0.25; 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.50; P < .0001). "	( A novel insulin resistance index to monitor changes in insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance: the ACT NOW study. Adam, KP; Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; Cobb, JE; DeFronzo, RA; Ferrannini, E; Gall, W; George, T; Henry, RR; Kitabchi, AE; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D, 2015)	1.86
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly decreased serum RBP4 levels in obese rats, which was correlated with reduced body weight and increased insulin sensitivity. "	( Pioglitazone lowers serum retinol binding protein 4 by suppressing its expression in adipose tissue of obese rats. Han, J; Jia, W; Liu, X; Wei, L; Xiao, Y; Zhang, J; Zhu, C, 2015)	3.3
"Pioglitazone treatment normalized mitoflash frequency and morphology while restored mitochondrial respiratory function and insulin sensitivity in 12 weeks mt-cpYFP db/db mice."	( Mitoflash altered by metabolic stress in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle. Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Fang, H; Hou, N; Ma, Q; Pan, L; Shang, W; Sun, T; Sun, X; Wang, X; Xiao, Y; Zhang, X; Zhou, J, 2015)	1.14
"With pioglitazone-treatment, diabetic animals remained euglycemic and treatment was able to reverse the clearance changes, although incompletely."	( Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on IgG Pharmacokinetics and Subcutaneous Bioavailability in the Rat. Chadha, GS; Morris, ME, 2015)	0.87
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines (monocyte chemoattractant factor-1, interleukin-1, and interleukin-6) that are primarily produced by macrophages in the cerebral arteries."	( Protective Role of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ in the Development of Intracranial Aneurysm Rupture. Furukawa, H; Hashimoto, T; Kitazato, KT; Korai, M; Kuwabara, A; Lawton, MT; Nagahiro, S; Shikata, F; Shimada, K; Tada, Y; Wada, K; Wei, Y, 2015)	1.14
"Pioglitazone treatment of BKS db/db mice produced a significant weight gain, restored glycemic control, and normalized measures of serum oxidative stress and triglycerides but had no effect on LDLs or total cholesterol."	( The Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes. Backus, C; Brosius, FC; Dauch, JR; Feldman, EL; Hayes, JM; Hinder, LM; Hur, J; Kretzler, M; Pennathur, S, 2015)	1.14
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in exacerbated hepatic steatosis and increased hepatic triglyceride and free fatty acids concentrations, though significantly increased the glucose infusion rate in hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp test."	( Effect of Chronic Pioglitazone Treatment on Hepatic Gene Expression Profile in Obese C57BL/6J Mice. Hou, S; Huan, Y; Jia, C; Jiang, Q; Li, C; Liu, Q; Liu, S; Shen, Z; Sun, S; Wang, Y, 2015)	1.47
"Pioglitazone treatment suppressed excess lipid accumulation and superoxide production in the aorta in an angiotensin II-induced rat model of hypertension."	( Pioglitazone Reduces Vascular Lipid Accumulation in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertensive Rat. Higashikuni, Y; Hongo, M; Imai, Y; Ishizaka, N; Koike, K; Komuro, I; Nagai, R; Sakamoto, A, 2015)	3.3
"Pioglitazone treatment abrogated renal oxidative stress (decreased reduced glutathione and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde), elevated serum cytokine (interleukin-6, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and transforming growth factor-beta1) and Fas induced by MTX."	( Pioglitazone ameliorates methotrexate-induced renal endothelial dysfunction via amending detrimental changes in some antioxidant parameters, systemic cytokines and Fas production. El-Gowelli, HM; El-Gowilly, SM; Helmy, MM, 2015)	2.58
"Pioglitazone treatment incompletely reversed the disease-related PK changes."	( An Extended Minimal Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model: Evaluation of Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on Human IgG Pharmacokinetics in Rats. Chadha, GS; Morris, ME, 2015)	1.14
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a decrease in cardiomyocyte apoptosis as revealed by a decrease in cardiac caspase-3, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels and DNA fragmentation, and an increase in Na+K+ATPase levels in diabetic rats. "	( Protective effect of pioglitazone on cardiomyocyte apoptosis in low-dose streptozotocin & high-fat diet-induced type-2 diabetes in rats. Bhandari, U; Khanna, G; Kumar, P; Kumar, V; Tripathi, CD, 2015)	2.18
"Pioglitazone treatment improved survival, reduced PASP, muscularization of small pulmonary arteries, and medial wall thickness."	( Pioglitazone alleviates cardiac and vascular remodelling and improves survival in monocrotaline induced pulmonary arterial hypertension. Baldus, S; Behringer, A; Berghausen, EM; Blaschke, F; Caglayan, E; Er, F; Gassanov, N; Kappert, K; Odenthal, M; Rosenkranz, S; Ten Freyhaus, H; Trappiel, M; Wellnhofer, E, 2016)	2.6
"Pioglitazone treatment afforded anti-oxidant effect and renoprotection in a dose-dependent manner in rats."	( Pioglitazone ameliorates renal ischemia reperfusion injury through NMDA receptor antagonism in rats. Bedi, PM; Singh, AP; Singh, N, 2016)	2.6
"Pioglitazone treatment also was associated with improvement in individual histologic scores, including the fibrosis score (treatment difference, -0.5 [CI, -0.9 to 0.0]; P = 0.039); reduced hepatic triglyceride content from 19% to 7% (treatment difference, -7 percentage points [CI, -10 to -4 percentage points]; P < 0.001); and improved adipose tissue, hepatic, and muscle insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001 vs."	( Long-Term Pioglitazone Treatment for Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis and Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomized Trial. Bril, F; Cusi, K; Darland, C; Hardies, J; Hecht, J; Lomonaco, R; Musi, N; Orsak, B; Ortiz-Lopez, C; Portillo-Sanchez, P; Tio, F; Webb, A, 2016)	1.56
"Pioglitazone treatment rescued a third of these proteins, mainly those associated with oxidative stress, promotion of cerebrovascular vasocontractile tone, and vascular compliance."	( Proteomic differences in brain vessels of Alzheimer's disease mice: Normalization by PPARγ agonist pioglitazone. Badhwar, A; Brown, R; Hamel, E; Haqqani, AS; Stanimirovic, DB, 2017)	1.39
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly inhibited various effector T cell differentiations including Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells from female naïve T cells, but it selectively reduced IL-17 production in male Th17 differentiation."	( Sex-Based Selectivity of PPARγ Regulation in Th1, Th2, and Th17 Differentiation. Bothwell, AL; Choi, JM; Lee, JU; Park, HJ; Park, HS, 2016)	1.16
"Pioglitazone-treated mice showed identical weight gain, body fat distribution, and insulin sensitivity compared with controls."	( Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-γ Activation Augments the β-Cell Unfolded Protein Response and Rescues Early Glycemic Deterioration and β Cell Death in Non-obese Diabetic Mice. Colvin, SC; Maganti, AV; Maier, B; Mirmira, RG; Nelson, JB; Syed, F; Tersey, SA, 2016)	1.16
"Pioglitazone-pretreated ASCs had a more potent therapeutic effect than non-pretreated ASCs in the repair of both elastase-induced and smoke-induced emphysema models (mean linear intercept, 78.1±2.5 μm vs 83.2±2.6 μm in elastase models and 75.6±1.4 μm vs 80.5±3.2 μm in smoke models, P<0.05)."	( Therapeutic effects of adipose-derived stem cells pretreated with pioglitazone in an emphysema mouse model. Hong, SH; Hong, Y; Kim, YS; Oh, YM, 2016)	1.39
"Pioglitazone treatment enhanced ST2"	( PPAR-γ agonist ameliorates liver pathology accompanied by increasing regulatory B and T cells in high-fat-diet mice. Chen, L; Fu, Z; Hou, M; Ji, M; Liu, R; Ni, Y; Song, J; Sun, H; Wang, G; Xu, Z; Yang, B; Zhu, Y, 2017)	1.18
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced mean plasma fasting glucose and mean peak postprandial glucose levels. "	( Pioglitazone decreases fasting and postprandial endogenous glucose production in proportion to decrease in hepatic triglyceride content. Cobelli, C; Dalla Man, C; English, PT; Firbank, MJ; Gerrard, J; Lane, A; Ravikumar, B; Taylor, R, 2008)	3.23
"Pioglitazone treatment also shifted myocardial substrate utilization towards greater contribution of glucose in both groups, as evidenced by decreased rate of palmitate oxidation and higher 2-deoxyglucose uptake and elevated glycogen content."	( Pioglitazone induces lipid accumulation in the rat heart despite concomitant reduction in plasma free fatty acid availability. Baranowski, M; Blachnio-Zabielska, A; Gorski, J; Zabielski, P, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone treatment improved insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and GS activity in PCOS (all P < 0.05) and restored the ability of insulin to dephosphorylate GS at sites 2 and 2a."	( Impaired insulin activation and dephosphorylation of glycogen synthase in skeletal muscle of women with polycystic ovary syndrome is reversed by pioglitazone treatment. Andersen, NR; Beck-Nielsen, H; Glintborg, D; Hansen, BF; Højlund, K; Wojtaszewski, JF, 2008)	1.27
"Pioglitazone treatment in obese women with the Pro/Ala genotype induced a greater glucose decrease, and obese women may derive more benefit from this drug."	( Effect of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR gamma 2 gene on response to pioglitazone treatment in menopausal women. Fajardo-Araujo, M; Garza, SM; Malacara, JM; Pérez-Luque, E; Ramírez-Salazar, M, )	1.08
"Pioglitazone treatment also ameliorated left ventricular hypertrophy and fibrosis, improved diastolic function, and increased both the serum adiponectin concentration and the level of AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in the heart."	( Pioglitazone attenuates cardiac hypertrophy in rats with salt-sensitive hypertension: role of activation of AMP-activated protein kinase and inhibition of Akt. Cheng, XW; Kato, MF; Koike, Y; Miyachi, M; Murate, T; Murohara, T; Nagata, K; Nishizawa, T; Noda, A; Obata, K; Shibata, R; Tsuboi, K; Yamada, T; Yazawa, H; Yokota, M, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone treatment increases VLDL-triacylglycerol clearance, but the role of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) has not been explored, and no direct comparison has been made between the thiazolidinediones (TZDs)."	( A pilot study of the effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on de novo lipogenesis in type 2 diabetes. Beysen, C; Boyle, PJ; Decaris, M; Fong, A; Hellerstein, MK; Murphy, EJ; Nagaraja, H; Riiff, T, 2008)	1.35
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced the infarct size and improved neurological functions."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsgamma (PPARgamma) differently modulate the interleukin-6 expression in the peri-infarct cortical tissue in the acute and delayed phases of cerebral ischaemia. Culman, J; Gohlke, P; Herdegen, T; Patzer, A; Stöck, I; Zhao, Y, 2008)	1.07
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved insulin sensitivity without affecting testosterone, body composition, MCP-1, MIP-1alpha and MIF levels."	( Plasma monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha are increased in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and associated with adiposity, but unaffected by pioglitazone treatment. Andersen, M; Bruun, JM; Glintborg, D; Richelsen, B, 2009)	1.26
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced the severity of ulceration, repressed levels of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta and nuclear p65 subunit as well as increased the abundance of PPAR-gamma in gastric mucosa."	( Involvement of glucocorticoid receptor and peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in pioglitazone mediated chronic gastric ulcer healing in rats. Lahiri, S; Palit, G; Sen, T, 2009)	1.29
"Pioglitazone pretreatment also attenuated the oxidative stress and DNA fragmentation after cerebral IR injury."	( Protective effects of pioglitazone against global cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in gerbils. Iyer, S; Kaundal, RK; Kumar, A; Sharma, SS, 2009)	1.39
"Pioglitazone treatment increased direct costs by CHF 10,914 per patient over a lifetime horizon."	( Cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes and a history of macrovascular disease in a Swiss setting. Brändle, M; Erdmann, E; Erny-Albrecht, KM; Goodall, G; Valentine, WJ, 2009)	1.39
"Pioglitazone treatment of atherogenic mice prevented this progression of atherosclerosis from its middle stages of disease, but was not able to reverse it."	( Atherosclerosis in LDLR-knockout mice is inhibited, but not reversed, by the PPARgamma ligand pioglitazone. Gotto, AM; Hajjar, DP; Han, J; Nakaya, H; Nicholson, AC; Summers, BD, 2009)	1.29
"Pioglitazone treatment might suppress in-stent neointimal proliferation and reduce incidence of TLR after PCI in patients with T2DM."	( A prospective, multicenter, randomized trial to assess efficacy of pioglitazone on in-stent neointimal suppression in type 2 diabetes: POPPS (Prevention of In-Stent Neointimal Proliferation by Pioglitazone Study). Fitzgerald, PJ; Honda, Y; Ikeno, F; Ito, A; Kataoka, T; Kobayashi, Y; Okura, H; Sakanoue, Y; Shimeno, K; Taguchi, H; Takagi, T; Tamita, K; Toda, I; Waseda, K; Yamamuro, A; Yamasaki, M; Yanagi, S; Yoshikawa, J; Yoshiyama, M, 2009)	2.03
"Pioglitazone (Pio) treatment induces weight gain in Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which could worsen hepatic lipid accumulation, and alter adiponectin and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)."	( Pioglitazone, but not metformin, reduces liver fat in Type-2 diabetes mellitus independent of weight changes. Bray, GA; Greenway, FL; Gupta, AK; Johnson, WD; Martin, CK; Smith, SR, )	3.02
"Pioglitazone treatment led to reduction of the bone formation marker osteocalcin, whereas balaglitazone treatment did not affect it."	( A comparison of glycemic control, water retention, and musculoskeletal effects of balaglitazone and pioglitazone in diet-induced obese rats. Beck-Nielsen, H; Byrjalsen, I; Christiansen, C; Henriksen, K; Karsdal, MA; Larsen, LK; Madsen, AN; Nielsen, RH, 2009)	1.29
"Pioglitazone-treated mice showed improvement in insulin resistance, adipokine, and lipid profile."	( The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist pioglitazone improves cardiometabolic risk and renal inflammation in murine lupus. Brosius, FC; Hodgin, JB; Kaplan, MJ; Kretzler, M; Park, JL; Pennathur, S; Randolph, A; Somers, EC; Thacker, SG; Wang, JH; Zhang, H; Zhao, W, 2009)	1.32
"Pioglitazone treatment with low-dose cyclosporine has synergistic protective effects for cardiac allografts and recipient kidneys, leading to improvement of graft survival with a minimal cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity."	( Renoprotective immunosuppression by pioglitazone with low-dose cyclosporine in rat heart transplantation. Chen, Z; Hasegawa, T; Okada, K; Okita, Y; Tanaka, Y, 2009)	1.35
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved the insulin sensitivity index (placebo: 0.35 +/- 0.16 micromol/kg . "	( Pioglitazone treatment enlarges subcutaneous adipocytes in insulin-resistant patients. de Graaf, J; Hermus, AR; Koenen, TB; Kroese, JM; Stalenhoef, AF; Stienstra, R; Sweep, FC; Tack, CJ; van der Laak, J; van Tits, LJ, 2009)	3.24
"Pioglitazone treatment increased the insulin sensitivity index compared with the control group (-0.8 +/- 3.1x10(-)(2) vs +1.1 +/- 3.7x10(-)(2), P = 0.036)."	( Effects of pioglitazone on subclinical atherosclerosis and insulin resistance in nondiabetic renal allograft recipients. Cha, BS; Choi, SH; Han, SJ; Hur, KY; Kang, ES; Kim, DJ; Kim, MS; Kim, SI; Kim, YS; Kwak, JY; Lee, HC, 2010)	1.47
"Pioglitazone treatment ameliorated insulin resistance with concomitant reduction in serum visfatin, free fatty acid, and triglyceride (TG) of the rats fed HF."	( Effect of pioglitazone on visfatin expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and SD rats. Lv, Q; Wang, L; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Zhou, X, 2009)	1.48
"Pioglitazone treatment (2 wk) ameliorated dysmetabolism, increased islet insulin content, restored glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, and preserved beta-cell mass in db/db mice but had no significant effects in m/m mice."	( Molecular mechanism by which pioglitazone preserves pancreatic beta-cells in obese diabetic mice: evidence for acute and chronic actions as a PPARgamma agonist. Hamamoto, S; Hashiramoto, M; Kaku, K; Kanda, Y; Kawasaki, F; Matsuki, M; Nakashima, K; Shimoda, M; Tawaramoto, K, 2010)	1.37
"Pioglitazone-treated rats exhibited significantly increased membrane/total (cytosolic plus membrane) ratio of both PKC-epsilon and PKC-theta isoforms compared to untreated controls."	( Long-term pioglitazone treatment augments insulin sensitivity and PKC-epsilon and PKC-theta activation in skeletal muscles in sucrose fed rats. Kazdová, L; Marková, I; Mlejnek, P; Musilová, A; Pravenec, M; Šimáková, M; Zídek, V, 2010)	1.48
"Pioglitazone pretreatment significantly reduced liver enzyme content (ALT, 176.80 +/- 13.75 vs 235.28 +/- 31.92 and AST, 748.20 +/- 79.29 vs 944.85 +/- 101.87) and TNF-alpha level (9:8.60 +/- 8.67 vs 138.28 +/- 9.99) after I/R compared with the control group. "	( Pioglitazone attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced liver injury in rats. Asl, NA; Azar, AN; Estakhri, R; Haghjou, AG; Hajipour, B; Somi, MH; Vatankhah, AM; Zade, MN, 2009)	3.24
"Pioglitazone treatment for 12 weeks decreased serum hsCRP levels (0.83 [1.14] to 0.52 [0.82] mg/L, P < .001) and improved glycemic control (fasting glucose, P < .001; glycosylated hemoglobin, P < .001) and lipid profiles (triglyceride, P = .016; high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, P < .001)."	( Fat redistribution preferentially reflects the anti-inflammatory benefits of pioglitazone treatment. Ahn, CW; Cha, BS; Kang, ES; Kim, HJ; Kim, SK; Lee, BW; Lee, HC; Moon, JH, 2011)	1.32
"The pioglitazone-treated carriers of the D allele showed an attenuation of MaxIMT as compared with the diet-treated carriers."	( Genetic risk factors and the anti-atherosclerotic effect of pioglitazone on carotid atherosclerosis of subjects with type 2 diabetes--a retrospective study. Kaneto, H; Katakami, N; Kawamori, R; Matsuhisa, M; Osonoi, T; Saitou, M; Yamasaki, Y, 2010)	1.08
"Pioglitazone treatment of atherogenic mice prevented this progression of atherosclerosis from its middle stages of disease."	( [Roles of PPARgamma in preventing the development of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor null mice]. Nakaya, H, 2010)	1.08
"Both pioglitazone and metformin treatment were associated with significant reductions in hyperglycemia, HOMA-IR and HbA1c levels."	( Effect of pioglitazone on various parameters of insulin resistance including lipoprotein subclass according to particle size by a gel-permeation high-performance liquid chromatography in newly diagnosed patients with type 2 diabetes. Adachi, T; Fujinami, A; Fukui, M; Hara, H; Hasegawa, G; Ishihara, K; Kitagawa, Y; Nakamura, N; Nakano, K; Obayashi, H; Ogata, M; Ohta, M; Takashima, T; Yamasaki, M, 2010)	1.22
"Pioglitazone treatment was associated with a significant improvement in oral glucose tolerance in the obese animals (p<0.05 compared with untreated obese)."	( Pioglitazone improves superoxide dismutase mediated vascular reactivity in the obese Zucker rat. Bryer-Ash, M; Dorafshar, AH; Khoe, M; Lyon, C; Moodley, K, 2010)	2.52
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in better glycemic control, improved lipid levels, an increase in insulin sensitivity and adiponectin levels, and a decrease in inflammatory markers, thus improving the risk factors of cardiovascular disease. "	( Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Maruyama, N; Maruyama, T; Matsumoto, K; Okada, K; Soma, M, 2010)	2.05
"pioglitazone treatment increased fat mass and the surface area of adipocytes more than rosiglitazone at dosages with equivalent effects on plasma glucose. "	( Differential modulatory effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone on white adipose tissue in db/db mice. Gang, GT; Hwang, JH; Kim, YH; Lee, CH; Noh, JR; Yang, KJ; Yang, SJ; Yeom, YI, 2010)	2.05
"Pioglitazone treatment altered fat distribution, improved insulin sensitivity and normalized lipid and insulin level in rats on the high-fat diet."	( Pioglitazone attenuates prostatic enlargement in diet-induced insulin-resistant rats by altering lipid distribution and hyperinsulinaemia. Jena, G; Ramarao, P; Vikram, A, 2010)	2.52
"Pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus produced significant improvements in glycaemic control, plasma lipids, blood pressure and inflammation. "	( Pioglitazone improves ventricular diastolic function in patients with diabetes mellitus: a tissue Doppler study. Alemdar, R; Aydin, M; Basar, C; Caglar, O; Ordu, S; Ozhan, H; Yalcin, S; Yazici, M, 2010)	3.25
"Pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes mellitus produced significant improvements in measures of glycaemic control and diastolic ventricular function."	( Pioglitazone improves ventricular diastolic function in patients with diabetes mellitus: a tissue Doppler study. Alemdar, R; Aydin, M; Basar, C; Caglar, O; Ordu, S; Ozhan, H; Yalcin, S; Yazici, M, 2010)	3.25
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased body mass index (P<0.05) and waist circumference (P<0.05) and decreased triglycerides (P<0.05) and HOMA-IR (P<0.01)."	( Effect of pioglitazone on serum concentrations of osteoprotegerin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ahn, CW; Cha, BS; Cho, MH; Kim, KR; Lee, HC; Nam, JS; Park, JS; Yoo, JS, 2011)	1.49
"Pioglitazone treatment of virally-infected smoke-exposed mice proved more efficacious than the steroid intervention."	( Treating viral exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: insights from a mouse model of cigarette smoke and H1N1 influenza infection. Bauer, CM; Botelho, FM; Brown, EG; Lambert, KN; Mossman, KL; Stämpfli, MR; Taylor, JD; Zavitz, CC, 2010)	1.08
"Pioglitazone treatment of RAW264.7 murine macrophages were compared with those of simply cultured control and RANKL-mediated control. "	( [Effect of pioglitazone on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B expression in osteoclast from RAW264.7 cells]. Cheng, P; Ding, GX; Jiang, M; Liu, J; Lü, S; Wu, L, 2010)	2.19
"Pioglitazone-treated patients demonstrated greater increases in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and reductions in glycated hemoglobin, triglycerides, and C-reactive protein. "	( Lowering the triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio is associated with the beneficial impact of pioglitazone on progression of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic patients: insights from the PERISCOPE (Pioglitazone Effect on Regression o Bayturan, O; Kupfer, S; Lavoie, A; Nesto, R; Nicholls, SJ; Nissen, SE; Perez, A; Tuzcu, EM; Uno, K; Wolski, K, 2011)	2.02
"Pioglitazone treatment also improved all the antioxidants levels showing activity against oxidative stress induced by BCCAO."	( Neuroprotective effect of pioglitazone on acute phase changes induced by partial global cerebral ischemia in mice. Aggarwal, R; Chakrabarti, A; Medhi, B, 2010)	1.38
"Pioglitazone treatment up-regulates telomerase activity, telomere-stabilizing proteins and reduces senescence markers in vascular cells. "	( Pioglitazone activates aortic telomerase and prevents stress-induced endothelial apoptosis. Böhm, M; Gensch, C; Haendeler, J; Laufs, U; Pöss, J; Werner, C, 2011)	3.25
"Pioglitazone treatment (3 mg/kg body weight/d for 6 weeks), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist, reversibly improved atherogenic dyslipidemia and insulin resistance and fully restored flow-mediated dilation with persistent benefits."	( Rhesus macaques develop metabolic syndrome with reversible vascular dysfunction responsive to pioglitazone. Cheng, H; Ding, Y; Han, C; Hou, N; Huang, PL; Li, C; Li, K; Liu, N; Liu, Y; Mao, J; Raab, S; Sebokova, E; Shang, S; Song, Z; Wang, H; Wang, J; Xue, L; Zhang, H; Zhang, R; Zhang, X; Zhang, Y; Zheng, W; Zhu, T, 2011)	1.31
"Pioglitazone-treated monkeys also showed a dose-dependent modulation of CD68-ir inflammatory cells, that was significantly decreased for 5 mg/kg treated animals compared to placebo (P = 0.018)."	( The PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone modulates inflammation and induces neuroprotection in parkinsonian monkeys. Bondarenko, V; Brunner, K; Emborg, ME; Joers, V; Johnson, JA; Kemnitz, JW; Simmons, HA; Swanson, CR; Ziegler, TE, 2011)	1.42
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced the number of Ki-67-positive proliferating cells in the neointima of the vein grafts at 14 days after implantation in the pioglitazone group (4.1% ± 1.1%) vs the controls (16.8% ± 1.7%; P < .05)."	( Pioglitazone prevents intimal hyperplasia in experimental rabbit vein grafts. Komori, K; Maehara, Y; Morisaki, K; Murohara, T; Ouchi, N; Shibata, R; Takahashi, N, 2011)	2.53
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased phosphorylated (p-) Akt but significantly reduced p-ERK1/2 and p-JNK."	( PPAR-γ activator pioglitazone prevents age-related atrial fibrillation susceptibility by improving antioxidant capacity and reducing apoptosis in a rat model. Aonuma, K; Hirayama, A; Igarashi, M; Ito, Y; Murakoshi, N; Seo, Y; Tada, H; Xu, D, 2012)	1.44
"Pioglitazone treatment (n = 10) reduced hepatic fat as assessed by magnetic resonance spectroscopy, despite a significant increase in body weight (Δ = 3.7 kg); plasma FGF21 levels did not change (1.9 ± 0.6 to 2.2 ± 0.6 ng/ml [mean ± SEM])."	( Exenatide decreases hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 resistance in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in a mouse model of obesity and in a randomised controlled trial. Bajaj, M; Chan, L; Gonzalez, EV; Gutierrez, A; Jogi, M; Krishnamurthy, R; Muthupillai, R; Samson, SL; Sathyanarayana, P, 2011)	1.09
"Pioglitazone treatment before or after induction of ALI significantly diminished alveolar (reduction by 73% and 67%, respectively) and interstitial neutrophil influx (reduction by 55% and 63%, respectively) and reduced lung permeability changes (reduction by 64% and 58%, respectively) indicating a protective role of pioglitazone treatment in ALI."	( Pioglitazone attenuates endotoxin-induced acute lung injury by reducing neutrophil recruitment. Grommes, J; Mörgelin, M; Soehnlein, O, 2012)	2.54
"Pioglitazone treatment also significantly increased subcutaneous AT expression of CEBPβ mRNA."	( Restoration of adipose function in obese glucose-tolerant men following pioglitazone treatment is associated with CCAAT enhancer-binding protein β up-regulation. Crowe, P; Kankara, C; McCance, DR; McGinty, A; McPeake, J; Powell, LA; Trimble, ER; Young, IS, 2012)	1.33
"Pioglitazone treatment improved hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), plasma glucose, insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance score and increased serum adiponectin levels during the 16-week run-in phase and maintained these improvements during the standard-care phase."	( Chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with insulin resistance treated with pioglitazone and peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin. Hamzeh, FM; Han, J; Harrison, SA; Pandya, PK; Sheikh, MY; Vierling, JM, 2012)	1.33
"Pioglitazone treatment (2.5mg/kg/day) reduced the amount of triglycerides in the kidney of the angiotensin II-induced hypertensive rat without significantly altering either blood pressure levels or mRNA expression of lipogenic genes in the kidney."	( Reduction of renal lipid content and proteinuria by a PPAR-γ agonist in a rat model of angiotensin II-induced hypertension. Hongo, M; Ishizaka, N; Nagai, R; Saito, K; Sakamoto, A, 2012)	1.1
"Pioglitazone treatment revealed a podocyte-protective capacity in patients with type 2 diabetes, and the underlying mechanisms may be partly attributed to its effective suppression of excessive local renal inflammation."	( Podocyte as a potential target of inflammation: role of pioglitazone hydrochloride in patients with type 2 diabetes. Chen, Y; Hu, Y; Xing, Y; Ye, S, )	1.82
"In pioglitazone-treated animals, AA and TAS increased above control values while GSH and PCG were normalized."	( Oxidative/nitrosative stress and protein damages in aqueous humor of hyperglycemic rabbits: effects of two oral antidiabetics, pioglitazone and repaglinide. Gumieniczek, A; Owczarek, B; Pawlikowska, B, 2012)	1.1
"Oral pioglitazone treatment was applied for 6 months."	( Pioglitazone therapy in progressive differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Bockisch, A; Nagarajah, J; Rosenbaum-Krumme, SJ, 2012)	2.28
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly attenuated cardiac lipid peroxidation, oxidative injury and myocardial fibrosis in diabetic nephropathic rats. "	( Beneficial effects of pioglitazone against cardiovascular injury are enhanced by combination with aliskiren in a rat model of diabetic nephropathy. Asker, ME; Elrashidy, RA; Mohamed, HE, 2012)	2.14
"Pioglitazone treatment appears to be associated with a significantly increased risk of bladder cancer in patients with diabetes."	( Increased risk of bladder cancer with pioglitazone therapy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis. Lu, Y; Shen, Z; Xu, C; Zhong, S; Zhu, Z, 2012)	2.09
"A pioglitazone-treated group and normal saline-treated group served as positive and negative controls."	( Therapeutic effects of hydrogen saturated saline on rat diabetic model and insulin resistant model via reduction of oxidative stress. Huang, Q; Kang, ZM; Wang, QJ; Xu, MJ; Zha, XJ; Zou, DJ, 2012)	0.94
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in the phenotypic polarization of microglial cells from a proinflammatory M1 state, into an anti-inflammatory M2 state that was associated with enhanced phagocytosis of deposited forms of amyloid."	( Mechanisms underlying the rapid peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ-mediated amyloid clearance and reversal of cognitive deficits in a murine model of Alzheimer's disease. Karlo, JC; Landreth, GE; Mandrekar-Colucci, S, 2012)	1.1
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased fasting levels of serum-free carnitine, propionyl carnitine, and total carnitine."	( Free carnitine and acylcarnitines in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and effects of pioglitazone treatment. Berge, RK; Bjørndal, B; Bohov, P; Gaster, M; Glintborg, D; Nygård, O; Seifert, R; Svardal, A; Vigerust, NF, 2012)	1.32
"Pioglitazone treatment reduces the inflammatory state but may decrease bone mineral density (BMD)."	( Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with testosterone levels but unaffected by pioglitazone treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Andersen, M; Glintborg, D; Hermann, AP; Rasmussen, LM, )	1.08
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly decreased inflammatory markers, insulin sensitivity, and BMD without affecting OPG levels."	( Plasma osteoprotegerin is associated with testosterone levels but unaffected by pioglitazone treatment in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Andersen, M; Glintborg, D; Hermann, AP; Rasmussen, LM, )	1.08
"Pioglitazone-treated patients were found to have statistically significantly larger decreases in mean CRP levels (-0.4 mg/dL) compared to those treated with metformin (-0.2 mg/dL) (P=0.04), as well as greater reductions in levels of mean fasting plasma glucose (-27 vs."	( Effect of pioglitazone versus metformin on cardiovascular risk markers in type 2 diabetes. Ceriello, A; De Berardis, G; Evangelista, V; Genovese, S; Mannucci, E; Nicolucci, A; Pellegrini, F; Totani, L, 2013)	1.51
"Pioglitazone treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes reduces insulin resistance and improves lipid profiles."	( Effects of pioglitazone in nondiabetic patients with arterial hypertension: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Badenhoop, K; Füllert, S; Haak, E; Konrad, T; Lübben, G; Rau, H; Schneider, F; Usadel, KH, 2002)	1.43
"Pioglitazone treatment showed no effect on plasma glucose levels in the control group."	( Protective effect of pioglitazone against multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Anjaneyulu, M; Ramarao, P, 2003)	1.36
"Pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes 1) decreases hepatic fat content and improves insulin-mediated suppression of EGP and 2) augments splanchnic and peripheral tissue glucose uptake."	( Pioglitazone reduces hepatic fat content and augments splanchnic glucose uptake in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bajaj, M; Cersosimo, E; DeFronzo, RA; Glass, L; Hardies, LJ; Miyazaki, Y; Pratipanawatr, T; Pratipanawatr, W; Suraamornkul, S, 2003)	2.48
"Pioglitazone treatment alone had no effects on these parameters of beta cell function in control MIN6 cells, although pioglitazone synergistically augmented the inhibitory effect of PPAR-gamma on proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release under the condition of PPAR-gamma overexpression."	( PPAR-gamma overexpression suppresses glucose-induced proinsulin biosynthesis and insulin release synergistically with pioglitazone in MIN6 cells. Ishida, H; Ito, E; Kikuta, T; Nagamatsu, S; Nakamichi, Y; Nishiwaki, C; Ohara-Imaizumi, M, 2003)	1.25
"The pioglitazone treatment significantly reduced hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and HbA(1c) levels and increased plasma adiponectin concentrations relative to the control group (P < 0.01). "	( Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients irrespective of the responsiveness to its antidiabetic effect. Kono, S; Kuzuya, H; Nakao, K; Ogawa, Y; Satoh, N; Shimatsu, A; Sugawara, A; Sugiyama, H; Tagami, T; Uesugi, H; Usui, T; Yamada, K, 2003)	1.18
"Pioglitazone treatment enlarged subcutaneous adiposity in high-fat-fed rats."	( Differential influences of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma and -alpha on food intake and energy homeostasis. Jensen, PB; Larsen, LK; Larsen, PJ; Sørensen, RV; Vrang, N; Wassermann, K; Wulff, EM, 2003)	1.04
"Pioglitazone treatment also improves insulin sensitivity and lowers WHR, but this is due to a selective increase in lower body fat."	( Effects of pioglitazone versus diet and exercise on metabolic health and fat distribution in upper body obesity. Jensen, MD; Shadid, S, 2003)	1.43
"Pioglitazone treatment during 4 weeks decreased the catalase activity in relation to the control diabetic animals."	( Effect of the new thiazolidinedione-pioglitazone on the development of oxidative stress in liver and kidney of diabetic rabbits. Gumieniczek, A, 2003)	1.32
"Pioglitazone treatment increased PPARgamma expression and activity in OP rats, suggesting a possible direct ligand-related effect of pioglitazone."	( Pioglitazone prevents hypertension and reduces oxidative stress in diet-induced obesity. Dobrian, AD; Khraibi, AA; Prewitt, RL; Schriver, SD, 2004)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment in the OLETF rats improved the DTE (51.6 +/- 1.7 ms, P < 0.05), and the fenofibrate treatment also improved the DTE (61.4 +/- 4.3 ms, P < 0.05) and E/A ratio (1.57 +/- 0.05, P < 0.05) compared to the untreated OLETF rats."	( Left-ventricular diastolic dysfunction may be prevented by chronic treatment with PPAR-alpha or -gamma agonists in a type 2 diabetic animal model. Cha, BS; Choi, D; Chung, N; Kang, SM; Kim, SK; Lee, HC; Lee, KE; Lee, YJ; Lim, SK; Zhao, ZS, )	0.85
"With pioglitazone treatment, E(2) responses to r-hFSH remained unchanged during low-dose insulin infusion, whereas a highly significant (P < 0.02) increased response was noted with the high-dose hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp."	( Enhanced granulosa cell responsiveness to follicle-stimulating hormone during insulin infusion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with pioglitazone. Chang, RJ; Coffler, MS; Dahan, MH; Malcom, PJ; Patel, K; Yoo, RY, 2003)	0.97
"Pioglitazone-treated animals showed a significant increase in GIR, reaching a similar level as the control group."	( The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on improved insulin action by pioglitazone in high-fructose-fed rats. Han, YQ; Koshinaka, K; Ohsawa, I; Oshida, Y; Sato, Y, 2004)	1.27
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly reduced the insulin response to OGTT and improved the insulin sensitivity indices (P < 0.01 and P = 0.03 respectively). "	( Effect of pioglitazone treatment on the adrenal androgen response to corticotrophin in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome. Apa, R; Costantini, B; Giuliani, M; Guido, M; Lanzone, A; Romualdi, D; Suriano, R, 2004)	2.17
"Pioglitazone treatment before ischemia attenuated lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. "	( Protective effects of preischemic treatment with pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand, on lung ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Ito, K; Kato, D; Kitamura, N; Naito, Y; Shimada, J; Takagi, T; Toda, S; Yoshikawa, T, 2004)	2.02
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly decreased AIP from baseline in each of the study groups."	( Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic index of plasma in patients with type 2 diabetes. Glazer, NB; Johns, D; Tan, MH, 2004)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment increased the expression of genes involved in glycerol-3-phosphate synthesis. "	( The effect of pioglitazone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes related to lipid storage in vivo. Bogacka, I; Bray, GA; Smith, SR; Xie, H, 2004)	2.13
"Pioglitazone treatment was discontinued because of edema in 29 of the 309 evaluable patients (9.4%)."	( Substitution of pioglitazone for troglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bakst, G; Busch, RS; Hamilton, RA; Kane, MP, )	1.2
"Pioglitazone treatment, which can attenuate the decrease of glomerular MMP-2 and the increase of C-IV degradation, has curative effects on diabetic nephropathy."	( Effects of pioglitazone on expressions of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in kidneys of diabetic rats. Cai, WM; Dong, FQ; Li, H; Li, Q; Ruan, Y; Tao, J; Zhang, Z; Zheng, FP, 2004)	1.43
"Pioglitazone treatment slightly normalised glucose and insulin levels, with a slight reduction in mPai-1 gene expression."	( Night-time restricted feeding normalises clock genes and Pai-1 gene expression in the db/db mouse liver. Akiyama, M; Kudo, T; Kuriyama, K; Moriya, T; Shibata, S; Sudo, M, 2004)	1.04
"Pioglitazone treatment might be considered as a choice for similar cases of diabetes secondary to acromegaly."	( A case of secondary diabetes mellitus with acromegaly improved by pioglitazone. Aiba, N; Arakawa, Y; Kamoshida, S; Kanou, M; Komine, F; Nabe, K; Nakamura, S; Nirei, K; Okubo, H; Otsuka, M; Sawada, S; Tamura, K; Uchiyama, T; Watanabe, A, 2004)	2
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a decrease in hemoglobin A(1c) level by 0.96 +/- 1.1% vs 0.11 +/- 0.8% in the placebo group (P < .005). "	( Effect of pioglitazone on body composition and energy expenditure: a randomized controlled trial. Bray, GA; De Jonge, L; Li, Y; Smith, SR; Volaufova, J; Xie, H, 2005)	2.17
"With pioglitazone treatment, there was a 65% increase in insulin sensitivity along with a 34% decrease in IMCL (both P < or = 0.002)."	( Pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity through reduction in muscle lipid and redistribution of lipid into adipose tissue. Di Gregorio, GB; Elbein, SC; Kern, PA; Lu, T; Miles, LM; Rasouli, N; Raue, U, 2005)	2.23
"Pioglitazone treatment extended survival by 13%, and it reduced gliosis as assessed by immunohistochemical staining for CD-40 and GFAP."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist extends survival in transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Beal, MF; Calingasan, NY; Chen, J; Kiaei, M; Kipiani, K, 2005)	1.05
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced blood pressure without having any significant effect on blood glucose level and body weight of STZ-diabetic rats. "	( Pioglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, restores endothelial function in aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Balaraman, R; Majithiya, JB; Paramar, AN, 2005)	3.21
"Pioglitazone treatment for 8 weeks affected GSH-Px activity in diabetic liver (261.5+/-7.3 mU/mg protein)."	( Effects of pioglitazone on hyperglycemia-induced alterations in antioxidative system in tissues of alloxan-treated diabetic animals. Gumieniczek, A, 2005)	1.44
"Pioglitazone (20 mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased serum insulin, triglyceride and free fatty acid levels, and elevated high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels."	( Pioglitazone can ameliorate insulin resistance in low-dose streptozotocin and high sucrose-fat diet induced obese rats. Chen, YT; Ding, SY; Liu, Q; Shen, ZF; Sun, SJ; Xie, MZ, 2005)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased mitochondrial copy number and expression of factors involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma coactivator-1alpha and mitochondrial transcription factor A."	( Pioglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Bogacka, I; Bray, GA; Smith, SR; Xie, H, 2005)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment for 12 weeks in subjects with insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes had no demonstrable effect on coronary flow reserve despite metabolic improvements. "	( Effect of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist on myocardial blood flow in type 2 diabetes. Bhattacharyya, T; Daher, E; DiCarli, MF; Grunberger, G; McMahon, GT; Plutzky, J, 2005)	1.77
"Pioglitazone treatment is useful to improve insulin resistance and glucose control in DM1 patients with diabetes mellitus, especially patients with reactive hyperinsulinemia to glucose loading."	( [Long-term treatment of diabetes mellitus in myotonic dystrophy with pioglitazone]. Isobe, T; Kawai, M; Ogata, K; Ogawa, M; Oya, Y; Shirafuji, T; Yamamoto, T, 2005)	1.28
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly elevated plasma adiponectin and MMP-2 levels, and the increase in MMP-2 was positively correlated with the increase in adiponectin."	( Pioglitazone improves left ventricular diastolic function in patients with essential hypertension. Funahashi, T; Hiuge, A; Horio, T; Iwashima, Y; Kamide, K; Kawano, Y; Kihara, S; Suzuki, K; Suzuki, M; Takamisawa, I; Takiuchi, S; Yoshimasa, Y, 2005)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly decreased fasting insulin and homeostasis model assessment levels."	( Pioglitazone treatment increases spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion and stimulated GH levels in polycystic ovary syndrome. Andersen, M; Flyvbjerg, A; Frystyk, J; Glintborg, D; Hagen, C; Hermann, AP; Støving, RK; Veldhuis, JD, 2005)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly increased GHRH-stimulated GH levels and 24-h pulsatile GH secretion, probably directly or indirectly due to improved insulin sensitivity."	( Pioglitazone treatment increases spontaneous growth hormone (GH) secretion and stimulated GH levels in polycystic ovary syndrome. Andersen, M; Flyvbjerg, A; Frystyk, J; Glintborg, D; Hagen, C; Hermann, AP; Støving, RK; Veldhuis, JD, 2005)	3.21
"Pioglitazone treatment had no significant effect on PE induced contraction and Ach induced relaxation in L-NAME diabetic and nondiabetic rats."	( Effect of pioglitazone on L-NAME induced hypertension in diabetic rats. Balaraman, R; Majithiya, JB; Parmar, AN; Trivedi, CJ, 2005)	1.45
"Pioglitazone combination treatment produced significant increases from baseline for average and peak low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particle size at weeks 12 and 24 (p<0.0001 for each; range 0.29-0.39 nm for average and 0.36-0.55 nm for peak particle size, respectively)."	( Pioglitazone plus a sulphonylurea or metformin is associated with increased lipoprotein particle size in patients with type 2 diabetes. Johnson, T; Karunaratne, M; Khan, M; Perez, A, 2004)	2.49
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced insulin, FFA, and C-reactive protein concentrations compared with placebo (18.3 +/- 2.4 versus 14.8 +/- 2.1 mU/L, P = 0.03; 641 +/- 46 versus 542 +/- 33 mumol/L, P = 0.04; and 3.5 +/- 0.6 mg/L versus 2.6 +/- 0.5 mg/L, P = 0.01; respectively)."	( Short-term pioglitazone treatment improves vascular function irrespective of metabolic changes in patients with type 2 diabetes. de Koning, EJ; Martens, FM; Rabelink, TJ; Visseren, FL, 2005)	1.44
"Pioglitazone treatment of FCH patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus increases insulin sensitivity, decreases liver enzymes and improves LDL composition but has a neutral effect on total serum lipid levels. "	( Effects of pioglitazone in familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Abbink, EJ; De Graaf, J; De Haan, JH; Heerschap, A; Stalenhoef, AF; Tack, CJ, 2006)	2.17
"Pioglitazone treatment lowered total postprandial triglyceride, as well as chylomicron- and chylomicron-remnant retinyl palmitate levels to normal."	( The effect of sensitisation to insulin with pioglitazone on fasting and postprandial lipid metabolism, lipoprotein modification by lipases, and lipid transfer activities in type 2 diabetic patients. Al Majali, K; Betteridge, DJ; Cooper, MB; Luc, G; Staels, B; Taskinen, MR, 2006)	1.32
"Pioglitazone treatment restored MCD activity to non-diabetic level and improved the restrained fatty acid metabolism in myocardial and skeletal muscles caused by insulin-resistant diabetic status."	( Tissue-specific regulation of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase activity in OLETF rats. Ahn, CW; Cha, BS; Kim, HJ; Kim, SK; Lee, HC; Lee, YJ; Park, CW; Shim, WS; Zhao, ZS, 2006)	1.78
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly improved endothelium-dependent dilation to bradykinin (P=0.01) without affecting the response to sodium nitroprusside (P=0.31)."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation with pioglitazone improves endothelium-dependent dilation in nondiabetic patients with major cardiovascular risk factors. Campia, U; Matuskey, LA; Panza, JA, 2006)	1.29
"Pioglitazone treatment was introduced at various time points."	( Limited therapeutic efficacy of pioglitazone on progression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, IA; Sempoux, C; Stärkel, P, 2006)	1.34
"When pioglitazone treatment was initiated after five weeks of CCl4, no antifibrotic effect was observed."	( Limited therapeutic efficacy of pioglitazone on progression of hepatic fibrosis in rats. Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, IA; Sempoux, C; Stärkel, P, 2006)	1.07
"In pioglitazone-treated patients, circulating adiponectin levels were significantly increased from 4 weeks after the start of treatment, and until the end of the study at 12 weeks."	( Pioglitazone increases circulating adiponectin levels and subsequently reduces TNF-alpha levels in Type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized study. Mori, M; Oh-I, S; Ohtani, KI; Okada, S; Shimizu, H; Tsuchiya, T, 2006)	2.29
"Pioglitazone-treated allografts showed significantly reduced expression of interferon-gamma, interleukin-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1."	( Pioglitazone prevents acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection. Haraguchi, G; Isobe, M; Koga, N; Kosuge, H; Maejima, Y; Suzuki, J, 2006)	2.5
"Pioglitazone treatment can convey direct protection against cytokine (TNF-alpha)-induced endothelial dysfunction in humans with an increased cardiovascular risk due to type 2 diabetes."	( TNF-alpha induces endothelial dysfunction in diabetic adults, an effect reversible by the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone. de Koning, EJ; Martens, FM; op 't Roodt, J; Rabelink, TJ; Visseren, FL, 2006)	1.99
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in significantly lower levels of fasting insulin and significantly higher insulin sensitivity, increased insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation, and increased insulin-stimulated inhibition of lipid oxidation."	( Effect of pioglitazone on glucose metabolism and luteinizing hormone secretion in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Andersen, M; Beck-Nielsen, H; Glintborg, D; Hagen, C; Henriksen, JE; Hermann, AP; Veldhuis, JD, 2006)	1.46
"Pioglitazone treatment can significantly attenuate the evolutionary in the early stages of experimental diabetic retinopathy. "	( [Effects of pioglitazone on MKP-1 and TSP-1 expression in early stages of diabetic retinopathy induced by streptozotocin]. Kong, JX; Shen, JG; Wang, JY, 2006)	2.16
"Pioglitazone pretreatment of diabetic islets restored their glucose sensitivity."	( Pioglitazone acutely influences glucose-sensitive insulin secretion in normal and diabetic human islets. Sjöholm, A; Zhang, F; Zhang, Q, 2006)	2.5
"Pioglitazone treated rats had a significantly lesser degree of neointimal hyperplasia than control rats."	( Long-term effects of a PPAR-gamma agonist, pioglitazone, on neointimal hyperplasia and endothelial regrowth in insulin resistant rats. Desouza, CV; Gerety, M; Hamel, FG, 2007)	1.32
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced the concentration of plasma free fatty acids in rats fed on either diet."	( Effects of pioglitazone and high-fat diet on ceramide metabolism in rat skeletal muscles. Baranowski, M; Górski, J; Zabielski, P; Zendzian-Piotrowska, M, 2006)	1.45
"Pioglitazone treatment decreased muscle GLUT5 mRNA and protein by 52 and 40%, respectively, whereas placebo did not alter GLUT5 expression."	( Overexpression of GLUT5 in diabetic muscle is reversed by pioglitazone. Howell, ME; Stuart, CA; Yin, D, 2007)	1.31
"Pioglitazone treatment markedly corrected the above abnormalities."	( Mechanisms underlying the chronic pioglitazone treatment-induced improvement in the impaired endothelium-dependent relaxation seen in aortas from diabetic rats. Kamata, K; Kobayashi, T; Matsumoto, T; Noguchi, E, 2007)	1.34
"Pioglitazone treatment was also associated with increased cytoplasmic but reduced mitochondrial peroxide levels."	( The thiazolidinedione pioglitazone alters mitochondrial function in human neuron-like cells. Berry, D; Ghosh, S; Horwitz, G; McAllister, J; Patel, N; Rahn, D; Sadeghi, S; Swerdlow, RH; Wang, KX, 2007)	1.38
"Pioglitazone treatment improved insulin resistance and decreased visceral fat accumulation without significant changes in plasma glucose levels, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c levels, and lipid profiles."	( Reduction of neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stenting by pioglitazone in nondiabetic patients with metabolic syndrome. Katayama, T; Kawakami, M; Kubo, N; Kuroki, M; Momomura, S; Saito, M; Tsuboi, K; Ueba, H; Yasu, T, 2007)	1.3
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a significant increase in total (5.3%, p=0.02) and subcutaneous (7.1%, p=0.003) adipose tissue as well as in soleus-IMCL levels (47.4%, p=0.02) without alteration in intra-abdominal AT or IHCL."	( Pioglitazone added to conventional lipid-lowering treatment in familial combined hyperlipidaemia improves parameters of metabolic control: relation to liver, muscle and regional body fat content. Amber, V; Bell, JD; Betteridge, DJ; Fitzpatrick, J; Hamilton, G; Holvoet, P; Hughes, R; Naoumova, RP; North, C; Potter, E; Seed, M; Thomas, EL; Tosi, I, 2007)	2.5
"Pioglitazone treatment was associated with a reduction in A1GP at 20 weeks (p<0.001) and at 52 weeks (p<0.05) as compared to baseline."	( Pioglitazone has anti-inflammatory effects in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Ebeling, P; Heliövaara, MK; Herz, M; Leinonen, E; Teppo, AM, 2007)	2.5
"Pioglitazone treatment results in reduced A1GP concentration suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect."	( Pioglitazone has anti-inflammatory effects in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Ebeling, P; Heliövaara, MK; Herz, M; Leinonen, E; Teppo, AM, 2007)	2.5
"Pioglitazone treatment was initiated the day after the first diethylnitrosamine injection."	( The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone inhibits early neoplastic occurrence in the rat liver. Borbath, I; Horsmans, Y; Leclercq, I; Moulin, P; Sempoux, C, 2007)	1.38
"More pioglitazone-treated patients experienced oedema (9.0 vs."	( Effect of pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy on glycaemic control, insulin dose requirement and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Berhanu, P; Perez, A; Yu, S, 2007)	1.2
"The pioglitazone treatment significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decreased triglyceride levels and insulin resistance."	( The effects of pioglitazone on cerebrovascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ahn, CW; Cha, BS; Cho, MH; Kim, CS; Kim, HJ; Kim, KR; Lee, HC; Lee, KY; Lim, SK; Nam, JS; Park, JS, 2007)	1.17
"Pioglitazone treatment also improved post-challenge insulin responses."	( Effects of pioglitazone in combination with metformin or a sulfonylurea compared to a fixed-dose combination of metformin and glibenclamide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Bellatreccia, A; Comaschi, M; Demicheli, A; Di Pietro, C; Mariz, S, 2007)	1.45
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a significant improvement of FMD (4.3%+/-3.3; p=0.003), while no effect was seen under placebo medication (2.0%+/-2.7; p=0.71)."	( Improved vascular function upon pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes is not associated with changes in mononuclear NF-kappaB binding activity. Bierhaus, A; Buchbinder, S; Djuric, Z; Grafe, IA; Hamann, A; Humpert, PM; Konrade, I; Morcos, M; Nawroth, PP; Reismann, P; Rudofsky, G; Tafel, J; Zorn, M, 2007)	1.34
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced both hepatic lipid content (12.0 +/- 6.1 vs 8.4 +/- 3.7 arbitrary units [AU], P < .01) and IMCL (8.4 +/- 3.6 vs 6.3 +/- 2.4 AU/creatine, P < .01), whereas metformin reduced only IMCL (7.0 +/- 3.6 vs 5.8 +/- 2.0 AU/creatine, P < .05)."	( Effects of pioglitazone and metformin on intracellular lipid content in liver and skeletal muscle of individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Fujii, M; Hirota, Y; Kasuga, M; Kawamitsu, H; Kouyama, K; Maeda, K; Ohara, T; Sugimura, K; Teranishi, T; Zenibayashi, M, 2007)	1.45
"Pioglitazone treatment significantly inhibited hepatic I/R injury as determined by serological and histological analyses."	( Importance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Akahori, T; Enomoto, K; Hamada, K; Kanehiro, H; Kuzumoto, Y; Nakajima, Y; Nakamura, S; Nomi, T; Sho, M; Suzaki, Y, 2007)	1.06
"Pioglitazone treatment resulted in a significant reduction in fasting levels of PI and SPI compared to those of the controls. "	( Reduced postprandial proinsulinaemia and 32-33 split proinsulinaemia after a mixed meal in type 2 diabetic patients following sensitization to insulin with pioglitazone. Al Majali, K; Bailey, CJ; Betteridge, DJ; Cooper, MB, 2008)	1.99
"Pioglitazone treatment reduced sCD36 while improving insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism, further supporting the association between sCD36 and insulin resistance in PCOS."	( Soluble CD36 and risk markers of insulin resistance and atherosclerosis are elevated in polycystic ovary syndrome and significantly reduced during pioglitazone treatment. Andersen, M; Beck-Nielsen, H; Glintborg, D; Handberg, A; Henriksen, JE; Højlund, K, 2008)	1.27
"Pioglitazone treatment was followed by reduced BMD [geometric means (-2 to +2 sd)]: lumbar spine 1.140 (0.964-1.348) vs."	( Association of pioglitazone treatment with decreased bone mineral density in obese premenopausal patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Andersen, M; Glintborg, D; Hagen, C; Heickendorff, L; Hermann, AP, 2008)	1.42
"Pioglitazone treatment was followed by decreased lumbar and hip BMD and decreased measures of bone turnover in a premenopausal study population relatively protected from bone mineral loss."	( Association of pioglitazone treatment with decreased bone mineral density in obese premenopausal patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Andersen, M; Glintborg, D; Hagen, C; Heickendorff, L; Hermann, AP, 2008)	2.14
"Pioglitazone treatment markedly reduced urinary albumin and MCP-1 excretion, and ameliorated glomerulosclerosis."	( Pioglitazone attenuates diabetic nephropathy through an anti-inflammatory mechanism in type 2 diabetic rats. Cha, DR; Han, JY; Han, KH; Han, SY; Kang, YS; Kim, HK; Ko, GJ; Lee, MH; Song, HK, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone treatment led to improvement in levels of multiple cardiovascular risk markers, including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, apolipoprotein B, apolipoprotein A1, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglyceride, insulin, and free fatty acid."	( Increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol predicts the pioglitazone-mediated reduction of carotid intima-media thickness progression in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chen, Z; D'Agostino, R; Davidson, M; Feinstein, S; Haffner, S; Kondos, GT; Mazzone, T; Meyer, PM; Perez, A, 2008)	1.31
"Pioglitazone treatment of KK-A(y) mice for 14 days significantly reduced the accumulation of inflammatory cells in ischemic myocardium, and infarct size 3 days after reperfusion compared to vehicle treatment (p<0.05 and p<0.05, respectively)."	( Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, attenuates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice with metabolic disorders. Fuchigami, S; Hayasaki, T; Honda, T; Kaikita, K; Matsukawa, M; Ogawa, H; Sakashita, N; Sugiyama, S; Takeya, M; Tsujita, K, 2008)	2.51
"Pioglitazone treatment in non-diabetic patients with CAD was associated with a significantly better coronary endothelial function compared to placebo."	( Impact of pioglitazone on coronary endothelial function in non-diabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Höher, M; Hombach, V; Kestler, HA; Koenig, W; Marx, N; Nusser, T; Wöhrle, J, 2008)	2.19
"Pioglitazone and insulin treatments, but not metformin, reduced hyperglycemia, polydipsia, and polyphagia."	( Metabolic recovery of adipose tissue is associated with improvement in insulin resistance in a model of experimental diabetes. Andreotti, S; Borges-Silva, Cd; Campana, AB; de Campos, TB; Fonseca-Alaniz, MH; Lima, FB; Machado, UF; Okamoto, M; Takada, J, 2008)	1.07
"Pioglitazone treatment ameliorated the level of decrease in adiponectin expression and improved colonic inflammation induced by the omega-3 fat-rich diet."	( Omega-3 fatty acids exacerbate DSS-induced colitis through decreased adiponectin in colonic subepithelial myofibroblasts. Hokari, R; Itoh, K; Kawaguchi, A; Komoto, S; Kurihara, C; Matsunaga, H; Miura, S; Nagao, S; Nakamura, M; Okada, Y; Okudaira, K; Takebayashi, K; Tsuzuki, Y; Watanabe, C, 2008)	1.07
"Pioglitazone pretreatment augmented the secretory response by isolated islets to high glucose, alpha-KIC, and tolbutamide."	( Insulin secretory defect in Zucker fa/fa rats is improved by ameliorating insulin resistance. de Souza, CJ; Meglasson, MD; Robinson, DD; Ulrich, RG; Yu, JH, 1995)	1.01
"Pioglitazone treatment prevented the development of hypertension and reduced plasma insulin concentration by 70% and 37% in rats fed a high-fat or glucose diet, respectively (P < .05 compared with rats fed the same diet without pioglitazone)."	( Pioglitazone attenuates diet-induced hypertension in rats. DeGrange, LM; Kaufman, LN; Peterson, MM, 1995)	2.46
"Pioglitazone treatment of diabetic animals significantly enhanced the effects of insulin to reverse elevated blood glucose."	( Insulin sensitization in diabetic rat liver by an antihyperglycemic agent. Colca, JR; Hofmann, C; Lorenz, K; Palazuk, BJ; Williams, D, 1995)	1.01
"Pioglitazone treatment did not have any effect on intact receptor kinase."	( Pioglitazone ameliorates high glucose induced desensitization of insulin receptor kinase in Rat 1 fibroblasts in culture. Egawa, K; Iwanishi, M; Kashiwagi, A; Kikkawa, R; Maegawa, H; Shigeta, Y; Tachikawa-Ide, R; Ugi, S, 1993)	2.45
"Pioglitazone treatment did not change insulin binding in high-fat-fed rats, but increased insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of insulin receptors to the level of control animals."	( Effect of pioglitazone on insulin receptors of skeletal muscles from high-fat-fed rats. Iwanishi, M; Kobayashi, M, 1993)	1.41
"Pioglitazone treatment alone did not change the kinase activity of EGF receptors."	( Pioglitazone attenuates the inhibitory effect of phorbol ester on epidermal growth factor receptor autophosphorylation and tyrosine kinase activity. Imamura, T; Kobayashi, M; Morioka, H; Sawa, T; Takada, Y; Takata, Y; Yang, GH, 1996)	2.46
"Pioglitazone pretreatment increased (P < 0.001) in vitro insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipose tissue, but not in thoracic aortas of Dahl-S."	( Effect of pioglitazone on vascular reactivity in vivo and in vitro. Hoffmann, RG; Kotchen, TA; Reddy, S; Zhang, HY, 1996)	1.42
"With pioglitazone pretreatment and submaximal insulin concentrations, DNA synthesis was significantly increased from 2.1-fold (insulin 10(-12) mol/l alone) to 3.9-fold (insulin 10(-12) mol/l + pioglitazone 10(-6) mol/l)."	( Pioglitazone: in vitro effects on rat hepatoma cells and in vivo liver hypertrophy in KKAy mice. Diani, A; Messina, JL; Murray, FT; Sangani, GA; Wachowski, MB; Weinstock, RS, 1997)	2.19
"Pioglitazone treatment also significantly reduced the urinary excretion of catecholamines and plasma renin activity, both of which were significantly greater in sucrose-fed SHR than in control SHR."	( Reduction of insulin resistance attenuates the development of hypertension in sucrose-fed SHR. Fujita, H; Hatta, T; Itoh, H; Kawa, T; Kiyama, M; Miki, S; Moriguchi, J; Morimoto, S; Nakagawa, M; Nakamura, K; Nakata, T; Sasaki, S; Takeda, K; Uchida, A, 1997)	1.02
"The pioglitazone treatment increased the mean glucose infusion rate (GIR) prior to OGL from 8.2 +/- 2.2 to 9.2 +/- 2.0 mg/kg.min (mean +/- SD, P = 0.003) and increased the SGU rate from 28.5 +/- 19.4 to 59.4 +/- 27.1% (P = 0.010)."	( Pioglitazone enhances splanchnic glucose uptake as well as peripheral glucose uptake in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. AD-4833 Clamp-OGL Study Group. Arisaka, T; Ikebuchi, M; Ikeda, M; Kanda, T; Kawamori, R; Kinoshita, J; Kubota, M; Matsuhisa, M; Mochizuki, K; Niwa, M; Tohdo, R; Wada, M; Yamasaki, Y, 1998)	2.22
"In pioglitazone-treated Wistar fatty rats, UCP3 mRNA levels were significantly increased by 2.1-, 2.0-, and 1.6-fold in the epididymal WAT, retroperitoneal WAT, and BAT, respectively, as compared with those in nontreated fatty rats."	( Increased adipose expression of the uncoupling protein-3 gene by thiazolidinediones in Wistar fatty rats and in cultured adipocytes. Doi, K; Hanaoka, I; Hosoda, K; Inoue, G; Itoh, H; Matsuda, J; Nakao, K; Nishimura, H; Odaka, H; Son, C; Yamori, Y; Yoshimasa, Y, 1998)	0.81
"Pioglitazone treatment was associated with significant weight gain (up to 4 kg over 16 weeks)."	( A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness of pioglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Chilcott, J; Jones, ML; Tappenden, P; Wight, JP, 2001)	1.28
"Pioglitazone treatment also provided significant benefit with respect to plasma HDL-C and triglyceride levels."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled study in patients receiving stable insulin therapy. Einhorn, D; Glazer, NB; Hershon, K; Rosenstock, J; Yu, S, 2002)	1.35
"Pioglitazone treatment did not change insulin binding in Wistar fatty rats but increased insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation of insulin receptors to 78% over the level in the control but not the basal state."	( Pioglitazone increases insulin sensitivity by activating insulin receptor kinase. Egawa, K; Iwanishi, M; Kobayashi, M; Shigeta, Y, 1992)	2.45
"Pioglitazone treatment of preadipocytes enhanced the insulin- or insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-I)-regulated differentiation (monitored by the rate of lipogenesis or triglyceride accumulation), whereas treatment of the cells in the absence of insulin or IGF-I resulted in no apparent change in the cellular phenotype."	( Enhancement of adipocyte differentiation by an insulin-sensitizing agent. Clarke, SD; Kletzien, RF; Ulrich, RG, 1992)	1
"Treatment of pioglitazone also protected the secondary structural alterations induced by glycation and inhibited the formation of protein aggregates."	( Ameliorative effect of pioglitazone on glucose induced glycation of α-crystallin: Management of complications associated with diabetic retinopathy. Ren, Z; Song, J, 2022)	1.38
"Treatment with pioglitazone ameliorated Aβ42 deposition in the hippocampus by increasing IDE and PPARγ expression."	( Pioglitazone ameliorates Aβ42 deposition in rats with diet-induced insulin resistance associated with AKT/GSK3β activation. Cao, M; Chen, Z; Li, R; Wang, Z; Yang, S; Zhang, M, 2017)	2.24
"Treatment of pioglitazone and berberine alone and in combination significantly ameliorate abnormal blood glucose, serum insulin, and HbA1c levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats."	( Pioglitazone-induced bone loss in diabetic rats and its amelioration by berberine: A portrait of molecular crosstalk. Adil, M; Kandhare, AD; Mansoori, MN; Sharma, M; Singh, D, 2017)	2.25
"Treatment with pioglitazone reduced the density of CLS in periprostatic fat and suppressed levels of TNFα, TGFβ, and the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)."	( Pioglitazone Inhibits Periprostatic White Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obese Mice. Bhardwaj, P; Dannenberg, AJ; Falcone, DJ; Giri, DD; Miyazawa, M; Subbaramaiah, K; Wang, H; Zhou, XK, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with pioglitazone may offer a new effect on the whole vessel wall, promoting the stability of advanced atherosclerotic plaques."	( Vascular dysfunction elicited by a cross talk between periaortic adipose tissue and the vascular wall is reversed by pioglitazone. Cannizzo, B; Castro, C; Cejas, J; García, R; Quesada, I; Redondo, A, 2018)	1.03
"Treatment with pioglitazone decreased both the plasma and hepatic apoM and S1P levels only in diet-induced obese mice."	( Regulation of the metabolism of apolipoprotein M and sphingosine 1-phosphate by hepatic PPARγ activity. Hara, M; Ikeda, H; Iso-O, N; Kurano, M; Tsukamoto, K; Yatomi, Y, 2018)	0.82
"Treatment with pioglitazone induced HIF-1α mRNA as well as PPARγ mRNA expression in a concentration dependent manner."	( Pioglitazone induces hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2. Kuroda, Y; Miyazaki, M; Murata, T; Nagai, J; Urakami-Takebayashi, Y, 2018)	2.26
"Treatment with pioglitazone, BCP, BCP + CB2R antagonist, AM630, or BCP + PPAR-γ antagonist, BADGE was started from the 9th week and continued till the 12th week."	( Beta-caryophyllene protects against diet-induced dyslipidemia and vascular inflammation in rats: Involvement of CB2 and PPAR-γ receptors. El-Fayoumi, HM; Mahmoud, MF; Youssef, DA, 2019)	0.85
"Treatment with pioglitazone in this group was associated with a significantly lower occurrence of the outcome than SUs (HR, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.25 to 0.76)."	( Cardiovascular Effects of Pioglitazone or Sulfonylureas According to Pretreatment Risk: Moving Toward Personalized Care. Bonora, E; Del Prato, S; Giorda, CB; Lucisano, G; Maggioni, AP; Masulli, M; Mocarelli, P; Nicolucci, A; Riccardi, G; Rivellese, AA; Squatrito, S; Vaccaro, O, 2019)	1.15
"Treatment with pioglitazone reduces the expression of ER stress markers and mitochondrial fusion proteins."	( Pioglitazone Improves the Function of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients. Lee, JH; Lee, SH; Yoon, YM; Yun, CW, 2019)	2.3
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly attenuated the prenatal VPA-induced social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety and low exploratory activity."	( Beneficial effects of pioglitazone, a selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist in prenatal valproic acid-induced behavioral and biochemical autistic like features in Wistar rats. Mirza, R; Sharma, B, 2019)	1.17
"Treatment with pioglitazone, significantly attenuated the postnatal propionic acid-induced social impairment, repetitive behavior, hyperactivity, anxiety and low exploratory activity."	( A selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist benefited propionic acid induced autism-like behavioral phenotypes in rats by attenuation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Mirza, R; Sharma, B, 2019)	0.85
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone not only decreased the expression of PAI-1 and matrix proteins (FN and collagen I), but prevented the downregulation of PPARγ in RPMCs under HG conditions."	( Pioglitazone inhibits high glucose-induced synthesis of extracellular matrix by NF-κB and AP-1 pathways in rat peritoneal mesothelial cells. Li, D; Ma, J; Su, X; Wang, L; Zhou, G, 2013)	2.16
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone produced reduction in serum levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine caused by IRI. "	( Pioglitazone protects against renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by enhancing antioxidant capacity. Hu, H; Huang, X; Shi, Z; Wang, G; Xi, X; Zou, C, 2013)	2.17
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone dose dependently attenuated gastric lesions induced by ethanol in both sham and cirrhotic rats, but this effect was more prominent in cirrhotic ones. "	( Enhanced anti-ulcer effect of pioglitazone on gastric ulcers in cirrhotic rats: the role of nitric oxide and IL-1β. Amirghofran, Z; Dehpour, AR; Heidari, R; Moezi, L; Monabati, A; Nekooeian, AA, 2013)	1.01
"Treatment with pioglitazone (30 mg/day) plus nateglinide (PIO arm) to control for glimepiride-induced insulin secretion was compared to treatment with glimepiride (2 mg/day) plus placebo (GLI arm)."	( Effects of pioglitazone versus glimepiride exposure on hepatocellular fat content in type 2 diabetes. Anderwald, CH; Bernroider, E; Brehm, A; Krebs, M; Krssak, M; Nowotny, P; Phielix, E; Roden, M; Schmid, AI, 2013)	1.12
"Treatment with pioglitazone increases the number of proliferating SPA in subcutaneous, but not visceral, fat, suggesting that SPA may be important in regulating systemic insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism."	( Small proliferative adipocytes: identification of proliferative cells expressing adipocyte markers. Fujioka, K; Hanamoto, T; Ikeda, T; Ishizuka, T; Kajita, K; Kajita, T; Kitada, Y; Mori, I; Morita, H; Okada, H; Taguchi, K; Uno, Y; Usui, T; Yamauchi, M, 2013)	0.73
"Treatment with pioglitazone suppressed both whole-phase and effector-phase of EAU."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist pioglitazone suppresses experimental autoimmune uveitis. Goto, H; Hattori, T; Kezuka, T; Matsuda, R; Nakagawa, H; Okunuki, Y; Tajima, K; Ueda, S; Usui, Y, 2013)	0.98
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone dose-dependently attenuated gastric lesions induced by ethanol in both sham and cholestatic rats, but this effect was more prominent in cholestatic ones."	( The increased gastroprotective effect of pioglitazone in cholestatic rats: role of nitric oxide and tumour necrosis factor alpha. Amirghofran, Z; Dehpour, AR; Janahmadi, Z; Moezi, L; Nekooeian, AA, 2014)	0.99
"Treatment with pioglitazone resulted in significant reductions in the levels of HbA1c, diastolic blood pressure and LDL-cholesterol and a significant increase in the levels of HDL-cholesterol. "	( Effects of pioglitazone on macrovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus at high risk of stroke: the PROFIT-J study. Kawamori, R; Kitagawa, K; Kitakaze, M; Matsuhisa, M; Matsumoto, M; Onuma, T; Watada, H; Yamasaki, Y; Yamazaki, T; Yoshii, H, 2014)	1.15
"Treatment with pioglitazone improved heart function by decreasing the expression of AGEs and OX-62 in the rats with myocardial infarction (MI) plus diabetes."	( Advanced glycation end products promote heart failure through inducing the immune maturation of dendritic cells. Cao, W; Chen, J; Chen, X; Chen, Y; Liu, P, 2014)	0.74
"Treatment with pioglitazone improves the irregularities of menses and hirsutism. "	( Effects of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone on menstrual irregularity, insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in young women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Artenisio, AC; Benvenga, S; Borrielli, I; Bruno, LM; Giunta, L; La Marca, A; Pizzo, A; Stabile, G; Volpe, A, 2014)	1.03
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 24 h significantly increased the expression of CYP11B2 and enhanced AngII-induced CYP11B2 expression."	( The effect of pioglitazone on aldosterone and cortisol production in HAC15 human adrenocortical carcinoma cells. Bollag, WB; Chen, X; Choudhary, V; Olala, L; Pan, ZQ; Seremwe, M; Tsai, YY; Xie, D, 2014)	1.1
"Treatment with pioglitazone (PG), an activator of PPARγ, improved the viability of the cellular model of SBMA."	( Pioglitazone suppresses neuronal and muscular degeneration caused by polyglutamine-expanded androgen receptors. Adachi, H; Iida, M; Ikenaka, K; Katsuno, M; Kishida, K; Kondo, N; Miyazaki, Y; Nakatsuji, H; Sobue, G; Tohnai, G; Watanabe, H; Yamamoto, M, 2015)	2.2
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone, as a PPARγ agonist, potentiated the anticonvulsant effects of WIN, while PPARγ antagonist inhibited these anticonvulsant effects partially."	( Involvement of PPAR receptors in the anticonvulsant effects of a cannabinoid agonist, WIN 55,212-2. Aghaei, HN; Dehpour, AR; Ebrahimi, A; Gholizadeh, R; Gooshe, M; Mousavizadeh, K; Payandemehr, B; Rahimian, R; Varastehmoradi, B, 2015)	0.74
"Co-treatment with pioglitazone + fenofibrate had no significant effect on bone strength in comparison with OVX vehicle controls."	( Effects of pioglitazone and fenofibrate co-administration on bone biomechanics and histomorphometry in ovariectomized rats. Awori, M; Bauss, F; Bénardeau, A; Chouinard, L; Guldberg, RE; Samadfam, R; Sebokova, E; Smith, SY; Wright, MB, 2015)	1.13
"Treatment with pioglitazone or nicorandil either alone or in combination successfully ameliorated the deleterious effects of HFD on the all previous parameters."	( Ameliorative effect of nicorandil on high fat diet induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in rats. Elshazly, SM, 2015)	0.76
"Treatment with pioglitazone and alogliptin (19 of 43 DM subjects) improved serum haemoglobin A1c and decreased BCAA levels."	( Elevation of branched-chain amino acid levels in diabetes and NAFL and changes with antidiabetic drug treatment. Fujita, N; Hasegawa, H; Ishihara, T; Iwasa, M; Iwata, K; Kaito, M; Kobayashi, Y; Mifuji-Moroka, R; Takei, Y, )	0.47
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 6 months, compared with placebo, significantly reduced multiple plasma ceramide concentrations: C18:0 (p = 0.001), C20:0 (p = 0.0004), C24 : 1 (p = 0.009), dihydroceramide C18 :0 (p = 0.005), dihydroceramide C24:1 (p = 0.004), lactosylceramide C16:0 (p = 0.02) and the hexosylceramides C16:0 (p = 0.0003), C18 : 0 (p = 0.00001), C22:0 (p = 0.00002) and C24:1 (p = 0.0006). "	( Effect of pioglitazone on plasma ceramides in adults with metabolic syndrome. Anuwe, E; Blankfard, MB; Gordillo, R; Hicks, J; Holland, WL; Lingvay, I; Lopez, X; Scherer, PE; Warshauer, JT, 2015)	1.17
"Treatment with pioglitazone prevented abnormal valve calcification, but did not protect valve function."	( Spontaneous Aortic Regurgitation and Valvular Cardiomyopathy in Mice. Baumbach, GL; Brooks, RM; Chen, B; Chu, Y; Davis, MK; Doshi, H; El Accaoui, RN; Funk, ND; Hajj, GP; Hameed, T; Heistad, DD; Leinwand, LA; Lund, DD; Magida, JA; Song, LS; Weiss, RM; Zimmerman, KA, 2015)	0.76
"Dual treatment of pioglitazone and eplerenone demonstrated synergistic effect on reducing ICAM-1 and IL-6 expression and alleviating NF-κB activation when compared with their monotherapies in TNF-α activated renal tubular cells."	( Crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and mineralcorticoid receptor in TNF-α activated renal tubular cell. Chen, W; Fu, C; Lu, Y; Xiao, J; Yan, Z; Ye, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.74
"Dual treatment of pioglitazone and eplerenone present better efficacy in attenuating excessive inflammatory response in activated renal tubular cells under stimulation of TNF-α than single treatment."	( Crosstalk between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and mineralcorticoid receptor in TNF-α activated renal tubular cell. Chen, W; Fu, C; Lu, Y; Xiao, J; Yan, Z; Ye, Z; Zhang, X; Zhang, Z, 2015)	0.74
"Treatment with pioglitazone and ceftriaxone significantly prevented these behavioral, biochemical, mitochondrial and cellular alterations in rats."	( Ameliorative potential of pioglitazone and ceftriaxone alone and in combination in rat model of neuropathic pain: Targeting PPARγ and GLT-1 pathways. Bhatnagar, A; Ekavali, E; Garg, S; Kumar, A; Pottabathini, R, 2016)	1.07
"Treatment with pioglitazone caused an increase in body weight gain in Pemt(-/-) mice that was mainly due to increased adiposity."	( Pioglitazone attenuates hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase-deficient mice. Armstrong, EA; Gao, X; Jacobs, RL; Kassiri, Z; Lehner, R; Lingrell, S; Quiroga, AD; Takawale, A; van der Veen, JN; Vance, DE; Yager, JY, 2016)	2.22
"Treatment with pioglitazone resulted in increased expression of PPARγ mRNA in hFOB 1.19 osteoblasts."	( In Vitro Effects of Pioglitazone on the Expression of Components of Wnt Signaling Pathway and Markers of Bone Mineralization. Avtanski, D; Babushkin, N; Hirth, Y; Poretsky, L; Seto-Young, D; Sharma, D; Sy, V, 2016)	1.1
"Treatment with pioglitazone (5 mg/kg) reduced the infarct size and improved some ECG findings."	( Cardioprotective effect of pioglitazone in diabetic and non-diabetic rats subjected to acute myocardial infarction involves suppression of AGE-RAGE axis and inhibition of apoptosis. Farag, NE; Khodeer, DM; Moustafa, YM; Zaitone, SA, 2016)	1.07
"The treatment of pioglitazone was associated with a reduction in ISR and TLR in T2DM patients suffering from PCI, except the incidence of MACE."	( Effect of Pioglitazone in Preventing In-Stent Restenosis after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Chen, L; Qi, GX; Shi, LY; Tian, W; Zhao, SJ; Zhong, ZS, 2016)	1.18
"Treatment with pioglitazone improved serum lipid profile of non-diabetic hyperlipidaemic rats equivalent to that of gemfibrozil."	( Pioglitazone improves serum lipid profile in diet induced hyperlipidaemic non diabetic rats. Arain, AQ; Chiragh, S; Hussian, M, 2016)	2.23
"Treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone both were associated with reduction in fasting and postprandial blood sugar levels but more with pioglitazone. "	( A Study of Effects of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone on Various Parameters in Patients of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus with Special Reference to Lipid Profile. Sharma, SK; Verma, SH, 2016)	1.1
"Treatment with pioglitazone, orlistat and metformin reduced the overall IR by 41.0 +/- 4.1%, 19.7 +/- 6.4% and 16.1 +/- 6.8% (P = 0.005, P = 0.013, P = 0.17, respectively) and IR variability by 28.5 +/- 18.0%, 41.8 +/- 11.6% and 23.7 +/- 17.0 (P = 0.20, P = 0.015 and P = 0.28, respectively). "	( Effect of metformin, orlistat and pioglitazone treatment on mean insulin resistance and its biological variability in polycystic ovary syndrome. Atkin, SL; Cho, LW; Coady, AM; Keevil, BG; Kilpatrick, ES, 2009)	0.98
"Treatment with pioglitazone improved insulin-stimulated glucose metabolism and plasma adiponectin, and reduced fasting serum insulin (all P<0.05)."	( Pioglitazone enhances mitochondrial biogenesis and ribosomal protein biosynthesis in skeletal muscle in polycystic ovary syndrome. Beck-Nielsen, H; Glintborg, D; Højlund, K; Jensen, T; Knudsen, S; Kruse, TA; Skov, V; Tan, Q, 2008)	2.13
"Treatment with pioglitazone increased adiponectin levels from an average of 10.6 to 21.1 microg/ml (P=0.001) and improved ED-FMD from 4.45 to 8.43% (P=0.001)."	( Pioglitazone increases adiponectin levels in nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Coppola, JT; Mailloux, LM; Mindrescu, C; Patel, SR; Staniloae, CS, 2008)	2.14
"Treatment with pioglitazone increased plasma adiponectin levels and improved ED-FMD in patients with stable CAD and no evidence of diabetes or insulin resistance."	( Pioglitazone increases adiponectin levels in nondiabetic patients with coronary artery disease. Coppola, JT; Mailloux, LM; Mindrescu, C; Patel, SR; Staniloae, CS, 2008)	2.14
"Treatment with pioglitazone (15 or 30mg/day, n=31) or placebo (n=30) was randomly assigned and initiated within 5 days after the onset of ACS in 61 patients with type 2 DM and echolucent carotid plaques. "	( Rapid improvement of carotid plaque echogenicity within 1 month of pioglitazone treatment in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Fujioka, D; Hirano, M; Kawabata, K; Kitta, Y; Kobayashi, T; Kodama, Y; Kugiyama, K; Nakamura, K; Nakamura, T; Obata, JE; Saito, Y; Sano, K; Yano, T, 2009)	0.94
"Treatment with pioglitazone, associated with metformin, showed a reduction of IL-6 monocyte production after their in vitro activation with LPS."	( Pioglitazone reduces monocyte activation in type 2 diabetes. Biasucci, LM; Buffon, A; Crea, F; Di Stasio, E; Ghirlanda, G; Giubilato, S; Liuzzo, G; Pitocco, D; Zaccardi, F, 2009)	2.14
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly reduced eNOS and iNOS by improving adipocytokine levels."	( The effect of pioglitazone on nitric oxide synthase in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Itoh, S; Katagiri, T; Kobayashi, Y; Kodama, Y; Konno, N; Nishio, K; Satoh, R; Shigemitsu, M, 2008)	1.05
"Treatment with pioglitazone was associated with significant improvements of lipid and glycemic parameters that are linked to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in patients with T2DM in their routine clinical care. "	( [Six-month effectiveness and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with sulfonylureas or metformin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus]. Mesa, J; Polavieja, P; Reviriego, J; Rodríguez, A, 2008)	0.96
"Treatment of pioglitazone reduced neointimal hyperplasia in patients with STEMI treated with primary stent implantation without placing the patient at increased risk of complications. "	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction treated with primary stent implantation. Domae, H; Kaneda, H; Matsumi, J; Minami, Y; Miyashita, Y; Mizuno, S; Saito, S; Shiono, T; Sugitatsu, K; Takahashi, S; Taketani, Y, 2009)	1.03
"Treatment with pioglitazone produced improvement in several parameters, such as systolic blood pressure and lipid levels, including a 14% increase in HDL cholesterol, and reduced CIMT progression, compared with glimepiride."	( The clinical implications of the CHICAGO study for the management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Davidson, M; Mazzone, T; Polonsky, T, 2009)	0.69
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly improved insulin sensitivity in CAH patients (glucose infusion rate (GIR) from 28.5+/-11.6 to 38.9+/-11.0 micromol/kg per min, P=0.000, GIR in controls 46.2+/-23.4 micromol/kg per min, P<0.05 versus CAH)."	( Pioglitazone improves insulin resistance and decreases blood pressure in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hermus, AR; Kroese, JM; Mooij, CF; Tack, CJ; van der Graaf, M, 2009)	2.14
"Treatment with pioglitazone improves insulin sensitivity and decreases blood pressure in CAH patients."	( Pioglitazone improves insulin resistance and decreases blood pressure in adult patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Hermus, AR; Kroese, JM; Mooij, CF; Tack, CJ; van der Graaf, M, 2009)	2.14
"Treatment with pioglitazone at concentrations ranging from 1 to 10 mum significantly decreased corneal fibroblast migration, as determined by scrape-wound assay, inhibited corneal fibroblast-induced collagen lattice contraction, and reduced MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion into the supernatant of cell cultures in a dose-dependent manner. "	( Antifibrotic effect by activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in corneal fibroblasts. Chen, J; Chen, M; Ma, R; Pan, H; Xu, J, 2009)	0.71
"Co-treatment of pioglitazone with the PPARgamma antagonist GW9662 did not significantly reduce these effects, suggesting a PPARgamma-independent mechanism."	( The thiazolidinedione pioglitazone increases cholesterol biosynthetic gene expression in primary cortical neurons by a PPARgamma-independent mechanism. Bousgouni, V; Cocks, G; Graham, SJ; Lovestone, S; Richardson, J; Virley, D; Wilde, JI, 2010)	1.01
"Treatment with pioglitazone may reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in this patient group."	( Effect of pioglitazone on endothelial function in impaired glucose tolerance. Hamilton, PK; Lockhart, CJ; Loughrey, CM; McVeigh, GE; Quinn, CE, 2010)	1.1
"Treatment with pioglitazone decreased the level of amylase activity, proinflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α, ameliorated pancreatic histological score, and upregulated the expression of PPARγ mRNA. "	( Pioglitazone: a promising therapeutic tool in sodium taurocholate-induced severe acute pancreatitis. Chen, LQ; Jiang, JP; Wang, J; Xu, K; Xu, P, 2011)	2.16
"Treatment with Pioglitazone prevented the increase in the number of activated microglia and no difference was observed between sham and Pioglitazone-treated animals."	( Pioglitazone attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction, cognitive impairment, cortical tissue loss, and inflammation following traumatic brain injury. Bing, G; Gao, J; Liu, M; Pauly, JR; Readnower, R; Sauerbeck, A; Sullivan, PG, 2011)	2.15
"Treatment with pioglitazone as compared with placebo was associated with significantly reduced levels of fasting glucose (a decrease of 11.7 mg per deciliter vs."	( Pioglitazone for diabetes prevention in impaired glucose tolerance. Banerji, M; Bray, GA; Buchanan, TA; Clement, SC; DeFronzo, RA; Henry, RR; Hodis, HN; Kitabchi, AE; Mack, WJ; Mudaliar, S; Musi, N; Ratner, RE; Reaven, PD; Schwenke, DC; Stentz, FB; Tripathy, D; Williams, K, 2011)	2.15
"Pretreatment of pioglitazone not only prevented the down-regulation of PPARγ, but inhibited VSMC proliferation and prevented S-phase entry of cell via a G0-G1 block in the presence of AGEs."	( Inhibition of reactive oxygen species/extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway by pioglitazone attenuates advanced glycation end products-induced proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells in rats. Gong, K; Liu, N; Qin, J; Yuan, X; Zhang, Z; Zhao, P, 2011)	0.93
"Treatment with pioglitazone in T2DM was shown to improve insulin resistance and blood glucose levels without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia. "	( Review of approved pioglitazone combinations for type 2 diabetes. Forst, T; Hanefeld, M; Pfützner, A, 2011)	1.05
"Treatment with pioglitazone resulted in significant decreases in elevated proinsulin levels in type 2 diabetes patients. "	( Elevated intact proinsulin levels are indicative of Beta-cell dysfunction, insulin resistance, and cardiovascular risk: impact of the antidiabetic agent pioglitazone. Forst, T; Pfützner, A, 2011)	0.92
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone significantly increased the CTE in vitro (1.9% ± 0.2% n = 47 vs."	( Pretreatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with pioglitazone improved efficiency of cardiomyogenic transdifferentiation and cardiac function. Hida, N; Miyoshi, S; Nishiyama, N; Ogawa, S; Segawa, K; Shinmura, D; Togashi, I; Tsuji, H; Tsukada, Y; Tsuruta, H; Umezawa, A, 2011)	0.95
"Treatment with pioglitazone dramatically inhibited AS progression, stabilized plaque and modulated the Treg/Teff imbalance (up-regulated Treg/down-regulated Teff) in uremic mice, without influencing serum lipid profiles and blood glucose."	( Antiatherogenic effect of pioglitazone on uremic apolipoprotein E knockout mice by modulation of the balance of regulatory and effector T cells. Chen, T; Kishimoto, C; Liang, X; Liu, W; Liu, Y; Shen, Y; Tian, Y; Wang, L; Wu, Y; Xiao, Y; Yin, A; Yuan, Z; Zhao, Y, 2011)	1.01
"Treatment with pioglitazone markedly inhibited intimal hyperplasia of carotid interposition-reversed jugular vein grafts in the pioglitazone group (0.54 ± 0.04 mm(2)) vs control (0.93 ± 0.04 mm(2); n = 7; P < .01). "	( Pioglitazone prevents intimal hyperplasia in experimental rabbit vein grafts. Komori, K; Maehara, Y; Morisaki, K; Murohara, T; Ouchi, N; Shibata, R; Takahashi, N, 2011)	2.16
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly inhibited the increases in the serum interleukin-6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) levels after CLP and lowered the mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-6, and MCP-1 in omental tissue after CLP."	( Effects of pioglitazone on survival and omental adipocyte function in mice with sepsis induced by cecal ligation and puncture. Kutsukake, M; Matsuda, A; Matsutani, T; Sasajima, K; Tamura, K; Tsujimura, Y; Uchida, E, 2011)	1.1
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone significantly lowered the apoptosis rate of the cardiomyocytes with hypoxia/reoxygenation injury to (8.32∓0.89)%, and this effect was antagonized by GW9662, a specific blocker of peroxisome proliferators activated receptors γ (PPARγ)."	( [Effect of pioglitazone on hypoxia/reoxygenation injury and protein kinase C expression in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes]. Luo, LM; Wang, H; Ye, P; Zhang, JY; Zhu, QW, 2011)	1.08
"Treatment with pioglitazone before and during treatment with peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin improved several indices of glycemic control in patients with chronic hepatitis C and insulin resistance, but did not improve virologic response rates compared with peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin alone."	( Chronic hepatitis C genotype 1 patients with insulin resistance treated with pioglitazone and peginterferon alpha-2a plus ribavirin. Hamzeh, FM; Han, J; Harrison, SA; Pandya, PK; Sheikh, MY; Vierling, JM, 2012)	0.96
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 12 weeks improves left ventricular diastolic and systolic function in people with type 2 diabetes."	( A randomized placebo controlled double blind crossover study of pioglitazone on left ventricular diastolic function in type 2 diabetes. Chaturvedi, N; Coady, E; Hughes, AD; Khir, A; March, K; Park, C; Thom, SA, 2013)	0.98
"Treatment with pioglitazone or telmisartan demonstrated a significant improvement in the reperfusion-induced renal injury in comparison with diabetic I/R group, without difference between the two treated groups."	( Renoprotective activity of telmisartan versus pioglitazone on ischemia/reperfusion induced renal damage in diabetic rats. Tawfik, MK, 2012)	0.98
"Treatment of pioglitazone lowered blood glucose level and prevented delay of MNCV in SDT fatty rats."	( Diabetic peripheral neuropathy in Spontaneously Diabetic Torii-Lepr(fa) (SDT fatty) rats. Kemmochi, Y; Matsushita, M; Mera, Y; Ohta, T; Sasase, T; Sato, E; Tadaki, H; Tomimoto, D; Yamaguchi, T, 2012)	0.73
"2) Treatment with pioglitazone significantly improved the memory performance in morphine-treated mice in both tests."	( Involvement of nitric oxide in pioglitazone memory improvement in morphine-induced memory impaired mice. Almasi-Nasrabadi, M; Babaei, R; Dehpour, AR; Javadi-Paydar, M; Mahdavian, S; Norouzi, A; Sharifian, M, 2012)	0.99
"Treatment with pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonist, resulted in attenuation of pressure overload-induced LA fibrosis."	( Novel strategy to prevent atrial fibrosis and fibrillation. Fukunaga, N; Hara, M; Kume, O; Saikawa, T; Takahashi, N; Teshima, Y; Wakisaka, O, 2012)	0.72
"Treatment with pioglitazone is able to redistribute free fatty acids from insulin-sensitive tissues, diminish demand for carnitine, and influence the overall carnitine turnover."	( Free carnitine and acylcarnitines in obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome and effects of pioglitazone treatment. Berge, RK; Bjørndal, B; Bohov, P; Gaster, M; Glintborg, D; Nygård, O; Seifert, R; Svardal, A; Vigerust, NF, 2012)	0.94
"Treatment with pioglitazone orMNCs, demonstrated a significant improvement in the STZ-induced renal functional and structural changes in comparison with diabetic control group. "	( Effect of mononuclear cells versus pioglitazone on streptozotocin-induced diabetic nephropathy in rats. Abd El-All, HS; Ewais, MM; Masoad, RE; Tawfik, MK, 2012)	1.01
"Treatment with pioglitazone 30 or 45 mg QD for 16 weeks reduced mean HbA(1c) by 0.8% and 0.9% from baseline, respectively (both P < 0.001 vs baseline and placebo)."	( A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of the effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control and dyslipidemia in oral antihyperglycemic medication-naive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Duran, S; Escobar-Jiménez, F; Godin, C; Grossman, LD; Hardin, PA; Hawkins, F; Herz, M; Johns, D; Konkoy, CS; Lochnan, H; Reviriego, J; Tan, MH, 2003)	0.88
"Treatment with pioglitazone (20mg/kg bw/day for 3 weeks) did not significantly increase either P-AMPK or P-ACC (which varies inversely with ACC activity) in control rats."	( Pioglitazone treatment activates AMP-activated protein kinase in rat liver and adipose tissue in vivo. Assifi, MM; Avilucea, PR; Kraegen, EW; Ruderman, NB; Saha, AK; Ye, JM, 2004)	2.11
"Treatment with pioglitazone thus protects against beta-cell damage and would be useful for restoration of insulin secretory capacity in obese diabetes individuals."	( Pioglitazone improves insulin secretory capacity and prevents the loss of beta-cell mass in obese diabetic db/db mice: Possible protection of beta cells from oxidative stress. Ishida, H; Itagaki, E; Katahira, H; Katsuta, H; Maruyama, M; Nagamatsu, S; Nakamichi, Y; Ozawa, S; Takizawa, M; Tanaka, T; Yamaguchi, S; Yoshimoto, K, 2004)	2.11
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 8 weeks lowered glycated albumin level (27.1 +/- 1.2 to 23.8 +/- 1.4%, p < 0.05), and inverse relationship between changes in glycated albumin and plasma adiponectin concentration before treatment was revealed (r = -0.66, p < 0.05). "	( Lower plasma adiponectin concentration predicts the efficacy of pioglitazone in diabetic patients. Hiramatsu, S; Karashima, T; Tajiri, Y, 2004)	0.92
"Treatment with pioglitazone increased body weight, and this is associated with upregulation of some, but not all, genes previously demonstrated as "TZD responsive" in subcutaneous fat. "	( The effect of pioglitazone on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma target genes related to lipid storage in vivo. Bogacka, I; Bray, GA; Smith, SR; Xie, H, 2004)	1.04
"Treatment with pioglitazone was also associated with higher ovulation rates (P < 0.02)."	( Effect of the insulin sensitizer pioglitazone on insulin resistance, hyperandrogenism, and ovulatory dysfunction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Brettenthaler, N; De Geyter, C; Huber, PR; Keller, U, 2004)	0.94
"Treatment with pioglitazone (10 and 30 mg/kg p.o.) once daily for 2 weeks significantly diminished the elevated basal plasma insulin and TG levels in HFD-fed rats."	( Reversal of glucose intolerance by by pioglitazone in high fat diet-fed rats. Kaul, CL; Patole, PS; Ramarao, P; Srinivasan, K, 2004)	0.93
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone (10 mg/kg, 4 times at 10-min intervals) significantly protected the endotoxin-induced decreases in the systemic clearance of antipyrine and protein levels of CYP3A2, but not CYP2C11, with no biochemical and histopathological changes in the liver."	( Effect of pioglitazone on endotoxin-induced decreases in hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme activity and expression of CYP3A2 and CYP2C11. Hasegawa, T; Iwase, M; Kanazawa, H; Kitaichi, K; Nadai, M; Suzuki, R; Takagi, K; Tomyo, N; Ueyama, J, 2004)	1.05
"Treatment with pioglitazone or metformin was associated with the occurrence of pregnancy (n = 5 and n = 3, respectively)."	( Responses of serum androgen and insulin resistance to metformin and pioglitazone in obese, insulin-resistant women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Aguayo, P; Arteaga-Troncoso, G; Crespo, G; Hernández, L; Luna, S; Ortega-González, C; Parra, A, 2005)	0.9
"Cotreatment of pioglitazone (PIO) or allopurinol (ALL) with L-NAME restored plasma adiponectin concentration and fat adiponectin mRNA levels to control levels."	( Hypoadiponectinemia is caused by chronic blockade of nitric oxide synthesis in rats. Hattori, S; Hattori, Y; Kasai, K, 2005)	0.67
"Treatment with pioglitazone stimulated the expression of genes in the fatty acid oxidation pathway, including carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1, malonyl-CoA decarboxylase, and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase."	( Pioglitazone induces mitochondrial biogenesis in human subcutaneous adipose tissue in vivo. Bogacka, I; Bray, GA; Smith, SR; Xie, H, 2005)	2.11
"Treatment with pioglitazone decreased the neointimal content of lipid in 20-week-old mice from 50 +/- 6% to 30 +/- 7%, p=0.005 and decreased the cellularity reflected by the multisection cross-sectional areas of lesions comprising cells in atheroma from 24 +/- 1% to 19 +/- 3%, p=0.018."	( Attenuation of accumulation of neointimal lipid by pioglitazone in mice genetically deficient in insulin receptor substrate-2 and apolipoprotein E. Clough, MH; Schneider, DJ; Sobel, BE; Taatjes, DJ; Wadsworth, MP; White, MF, 2005)	0.92
"Treatment with pioglitazone as monotherapy or combination therapy led to sustained, positive effects on important components of metabolic syndrome in patients with type 2 diabetes, independent of effects on blood glucose control and, as such, could be translated to potential for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease."	( Effect of pioglitazone on metabolic syndrome risk factors: results of double-blind, multicenter, randomized clinical trials. Iyer, S; Khan, M; Rajagopalan, R, 2005)	1.08
"Pre-treatment with pioglitazone dose-dependently attenuated gastric lesions induced by 100% ethanol and WRS; the dose reducing these lesions by 50% (ID50) being 10 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg, respectively."	( Agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma): a new compound with potent gastroprotective and ulcer healing properties. Brzozowski, T; Burnat, G; Cieszkowski, J; Hahn, EG; Konturek, PC; Konturek, S; Kwiecień, SN; Pajdo, R; Pawlik, WW; Targosz, A, 2005)	0.65
"The treatment with pioglitazone in type 2 diabetic patients significantly reduced leptin. "	( A randomized comparison of pioglitazone to inhibit restenosis after coronary stenting in patients with type 2 diabetes. Fukui, T; Itoh, S; Katagiri, T; Kawamura, K; Konno, N; Kusuyama, T; Nishio, K; Sakurai, M; Shigemitsu, M, 2006)	0.96
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly lowered plasma insulin (-22.9%; P<0.001), improved QUICKI insulin sensitivity index (3.7%; P<0.001), increased HDL cholesterol (8.2%; P<0.001), and reduced triglycerides (-15.1%; P=0.003), free fatty acids (-14%; P=0.005), and C-reactive protein (-28.6%; P=0.001)."	( Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma activation with pioglitazone improves endothelium-dependent dilation in nondiabetic patients with major cardiovascular risk factors. Campia, U; Matuskey, LA; Panza, JA, 2006)	0.91
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly suppressed graft expression of interferon-gamma and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1."	( Pioglitazone prevents acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection. Haraguchi, G; Isobe, M; Koga, N; Kosuge, H; Maejima, Y; Suzuki, J, 2006)	2.12
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 4 weeks completely blocked TNF-alpha-induced impairment of endothelial-dependent FBF compared with placebo."	( TNF-alpha induces endothelial dysfunction in diabetic adults, an effect reversible by the PPAR-gamma agonist pioglitazone. de Koning, EJ; Martens, FM; op 't Roodt, J; Rabelink, TJ; Visseren, FL, 2006)	0.89
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly lowered triglyceride, very low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels and insulin sensitivity (all P < .05)."	( Pioglitazone increases the numbers and improves the functional capacity of endothelial progenitor cells in patients with diabetes mellitus. Cherng, WJ; Hsieh, IC; Hung, A; Kuo, LT; Ting, MK; Verma, S; Wang, CH; Wang, SY; Yang, NI, 2006)	2.12
"Treatment with pioglitazone and rosiglitazone significantly decreased the AT(1)R specific binding in HFD fed rats."	( PPAR gamma agonists partially restores hyperglycemia induced aggravation of vascular dysfunction to angiotensin II in thoracic aorta isolated from rats with insulin resistance. Gaikwad, AB; Ramarao, P; Viswanad, B, 2007)	0.68
"Treatment with pioglitazone for 72 hours increased the number of EPC-CFUs, DiI-ac-LDL(+)/lectin(+), CD31(+) and KDR(+) EPCs at 1 microM but not at 10 microM."	( Biphasic effect of pioglitazone on isolated human endothelial progenitor cells: involvement of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and transforming growth factor-beta1. Gümbel, D; Hristov, M; Redondo, S; Tejerina, T; Weber, C, 2007)	1.01
"Mice treated with pioglitazone had attenuated gelatinase activity."	( PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone reduces [corrected] neuronal cell damage after transient global cerebral ischemia through matrix metalloproteinase inhibition. Jang, YH; Lee, H; Lee, KJ; Lee, SR; Yoo, HS, 2008)	1
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly decreased the levels of HbA1c, FPG, the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index, RLP-C, PAI-1, TNF- alpha , and hs-CRP, but not the level, IRI, lipids, or leptin. "	( Pioglitazone reduces atherogenic outcomes in type 2 diabetic patients. Hirata, A; Igarashi, M; Jimbu, Y; Tominaga, M; Yamaguchi, H, 2008)	2.14
"Pretreatment with pioglitazone completely prevented these effects of MPTP."	( The PPARgamma agonist pioglitazone is effective in the MPTP mouse model of Parkinson's disease through inhibition of monoamine oxidase B. Chapman, H; Crook, B; Hows, ME; Medhurst, AD; Quinn, LP; Upton, N; Vidgeon-Hart, M; Virley, DJ, 2008)	0.98
"Treatment with pioglitazone decreased retroperitoneal fat, but as reported previously, it increased the mass of the epididymal fat pad."	( Malonyl coenzyme A and adiposity in the Dahl salt-sensitive rat: effects of pioglitazone. Colca, JR; Corkey, BE; Cunningham, BA; Holbert, RI; Kurowski, TG; Ruderman, NB; Saha, AK, 1996)	0.86
"Treatment with pioglitazone significantly improved glucose and lipid metabolism."	( Antihypertensive and vasculo- and renoprotective effects of pioglitazone in genetically obese diabetic rats. Aikawa, E; Demura, H; Demura, R; Imaki, T; Naruse, K; Naruse, M; Nishikawa, M; Seki, T; Tanabe, A; Yoshimoto, T, 1997)	0.88
"Treatment with pioglitazone reduced the amount of anti-alpha-smooth muscle actin antibody-staining cells."	( Pioglitazone reduces smooth muscle cell density of rat carotid arterial intima induced by balloon catheterization. Igarashi, M; Ishibashi, N; Mori, S; Saito, Y; Takahashi, K; Takeda, Y; Tominaga, M, 1997)	2.08
"Treatment with pioglitazone was associated with a reduction in mean TG of 55.17 mg/dL, a reduction in TC of 8.45 mg/dL, an increase in HDL-C of 2.65 mg/dL, and a reduction in LDL-C of 5.05 mg/dL. "	( Effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective review of randomly selected medical records. Boyle, PJ; King, AB; Lau, H; Magar, R; Marchetti, A; Martin, J; Olansky, L, 2002)	1.06
"Treatment with pioglitazone was associated with greater beneficial effects on blood lipid levels than treatment with rosiglitazone, whereas glycemic control was equivalent between the 2 treatments."	( Effects of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone on blood lipid levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a retrospective review of randomly selected medical records. Boyle, PJ; King, AB; Lau, H; Magar, R; Marchetti, A; Martin, J; Olansky, L, 2002)	1.06
"Treatment with pioglitazone improved survival of Pkd1(-/-) embryos and ameliorated the cardiac defects and the degree of renal cystogenesis."	( Pioglitazone improves the phenotype and molecular defects of a targeted Pkd1 mutant. Aiba, A; Harris, PC; Higashihara, E; Horie, S; Katsuki, M; Kitamura, T; Kurabayashi, M; Muto, S; Nagai, R; Nakamura, K; Nakao, K; Saito, Y; Tomita, K, 2002)	2.1
"Treatment with pioglitazone alone is sufficient for correction of glucose transport in hyperinsulinemic insulin-resistant animals, but hypoinsulinemic animals require insulin therapy along with pioglitazone treatment for similar corrections."	( Glucose transport deficiency in diabetic animals is corrected by treatment with the oral antihyperglycemic agent pioglitazone. Colca, JR; Hofmann, C; Lorenz, K, 1991)	0.83
"Treatment with pioglitazone restored the responses of HGP and PGU to infused insulin in the fatty rats, but did not produce any changes in the lean rats."	( Effects of pioglitazone on hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance in Wistar fatty rats. Ikeda, H; Shimura, Y; Sugiyama, Y, 1990)	1.01

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In these trials, adverse events were recorded, as were details of laboratory blood values, urine analysis, vital signs and electrocardiograms."	( Safety profile of pioglitazone. Belcher, G; Hanefeld, M, 2001)	0.64
"The first thiazolidinedione derivative drug for diabetes, troglitazone, was found to cause fatal hepatotoxicity, although it was judged as safe during the clinical trial."	( [Evaluation of thiazolidinedione derivative drugs for safety]. Iwata, M; Kobayashi, M, 2001)	0.31
" The incidence of adverse events was similar in all treatment groups, although the incidences of weight increase, hypoglycaemia and oedema were higher among patients receiving insulin plus pioglitazone."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled study in patients receiving stable insulin therapy. Einhorn, D; Glazer, NB; Hershon, K; Rosenstock, J; Yu, S, 2002)	0.82
" The profile and frequency of adverse events were similar in all treatment groups."	( Metabolic efficacy and safety of once-daily pioglitazone monotherapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Göke, B; Scherbaum, WA, 2002)	0.58
" This is further supported by experimental data that demonstrate that troglitazone, alone among the thiazolidinediones, is toxic in hepatocyte cell culture."	( Hepatotoxicity of the thiazolidinediones. Chandramouli, J; Tolman, KG, 2003)	0.32
"To determine whether thiazolidinediones cause significant changes in intravascular volume, anemia, or chronic heart failure; to determine which thiazolidinedione, rosiglitazone or pioglitazone, has a greater propensity to cause these adverse effects; and to evaluate thiazolidinedione efficacy in patients with diabetes mellitus and end-stage renal disease who require hemodialysis."	( Thiazolidinedione safety and efficacy in ambulatory patients receiving hemodialysis. Allcock, NM; Manley, HJ, 2003)	0.51
"Thiazolidinedione therapy is safe and effective for ambulatory patients receiving hemodialysis."	( Thiazolidinedione safety and efficacy in ambulatory patients receiving hemodialysis. Allcock, NM; Manley, HJ, 2003)	0.32
" However, the use of these drugs in routine clinical practice was associated with more frequent adverse events than previously reported in clinical trials."	( Effectiveness and side effects of thiazolidinediones for type 2 diabetes: real-life experience from a tertiary hospital. Colman, PG; Hussein, Z; Nankervis, AJ; Proietto, J; Wentworth, JM, 2004)	0.32
" The overall frequency of adverse events was similar between treatment groups, but adverse event profiles were different between treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone versus metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a double-blind, randomized trial. Brunetti, P; Charbonnel, B; Hanefeld, M; Matthews, DR; Schernthaner, G, 2004)	0.63
" Fasting and mean 7- and 8-point blood glucose profiles, blood lipid levels, plasminogen activator inhibitor levels, adverse events, and hypoglycemia frequency were also compared."	( Efficacy and safety of biphasic insulin aspart 30 combined with pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes poorly controlled on glibenclamide (glyburide) monotherapy or combination therapy: an 18-week, randomized, open-label study. Chow, CC; Filipczak, R; Joshi, P; Lertoft, B; Rastam, J; Raz, I; Shaban, J; Stranks, S, 2005)	0.57
" These significant levels were achieved within 8 weeks and all patients tolerated the drug well with no reported case of serious adverse events including hypoglycaemia."	( Evaluation of efficacy and safety of fixed dose combination of glimepiride 2 mg pluspioglitazone 15 mg plus metformin SR 500 mg in the management of patients with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Chopra, D; Kinagi, SB; Langade, DG; Meshram, DM; Morye, V; Naikwadi, AA, 2005)	0.55
"This analysis was conducted to evaluate the impact of pioglitazone (PIO), both as monotherapy and as part of combination therapy, on glycemic and lipid parameters and adverse events in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes."	( The effect of pioglitazone on glycemic and lipid parameters and adverse events in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of four randomized trials. Abbadessa, M; Rajagopalan, R; Xu, Y, 2006)	0.94
" The rate of deaths was <2% in all the treatment groups; no adverse event associated with death was considered related to study medication."	( The effect of pioglitazone on glycemic and lipid parameters and adverse events in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a post hoc analysis of four randomized trials. Abbadessa, M; Rajagopalan, R; Xu, Y, 2006)	0.69
" Withdrawal due to lack of efficacy or adverse events occurred more frequently with glyburide (20."	( Long-term safety of pioglitazone versus glyburide in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, R; Kupfer, S; Osei, K; Perez, AT; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.66
"With long-term treatment, both glyburide and pioglitazone resulted in comparable glycemic control; however, pioglitazone was associated with less hypoglycemia and fewer withdrawals due to lack of efficacy or adverse events."	( Long-term safety of pioglitazone versus glyburide in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jain, R; Kupfer, S; Osei, K; Perez, AT; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.92
" Genes that are differentially expressed between the more toxic troglitazone/ciglitazone group and the less toxic rosiglitazone/pioglitazone group are involved in necrotic, apoptotic, and cell proliferative pathways."	( Differences in hepatotoxicity and gene expression profiles by anti-diabetic PPAR gamma agonists on rat primary hepatocytes and human HepG2 cells. Blann, E; Dial, S; Dragan, YP; Guo, L; Muskhelishvili, L; Schroth, G; Shi, L; Sun, Y; Zhang, L, 2006)	0.54
" Baseline patient characteristics, changes in serum hemoglobin A1c (A1c) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), other treatments for diabetes mellitus, and hepatobiliary adverse reactions were examined."	( Hepatic safety profile and glycemic control of pioglitazone in more than 20,000 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: postmarketing surveillance study in Japan. Akanuma, Y; Kadowaki, T; Kawamori, R; Onji, M; Seino, Y, 2007)	0.6
" No adverse events including death, emergency bypass surgery, and reinfarction, occurred in any patients in the hospital."	( Efficacy and safety of low-dose pioglitazone after primary coronary angioplasty with the use of bare metal stent in patients with acute myocardial infarction and with type 2 diabetes mellitus or impaired glucose tolerance. Echizen, T; Hanada, H; Higuma, T; Horiuchi, D; Katoh, C; Okumura, K; Osanai, T; Sasaki, S; Sutoh, N; Yokota, T; Yokoyama, J, 2007)	0.62
" No serious adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, liver impairment or rhabdomyolysis were observed in any of the patients."	( Combination therapy of pioglitazone with voglibose improves glycemic control safely and rapidly in Japanese type 2-diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Kaizu, K; Kikuchi, F; Matsumoto, K, 2007)	0.65
"Pioglitazone was safe and effective as a treatment for diabetics on dialysis therapy."	( Combination therapy of pioglitazone with voglibose improves glycemic control safely and rapidly in Japanese type 2-diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Kaizu, K; Kikuchi, F; Matsumoto, K, 2007)	2.09
" All of this has left diabetes care in some disarray, with weak evidence for adverse cardiovascular effects driving the reduced use of rosiglitazone, an agent that has important sustained effects on glycaemic control."	( The cardiovascular safety of rosiglitazone. Ajjan, RA; Grant, PJ, 2008)	0.35
" Information on demographics, the use of pioglitazone, clinical event data, events suspected as adverse drug reactions, reasons for stopping the drug and cause of death (if appropriate) were collected using questionnaires posted to GPs at least 8 months after the date of first prescription for each patient."	( Monitoring the safety of pioglitazone : results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 12,772 patients in England. Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2008)	0.92
" 'Malaise/lassitude' and 'nausea/vomiting' were the most frequently reported suspected adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with pioglitazone."	( Monitoring the safety of pioglitazone : results of a prescription-event monitoring study of 12,772 patients in England. Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA; Wilton, LV, 2008)	0.85
" Overall, combination therapy and monotherapy were equally well tolerated and the incidence of adverse effects 'possibly' related to therapy was 15."	( Efficacy and safety of therapy with metformin plus pioglitazone in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, clinical trial. Kaku, K, 2009)	0.6
" Overall, safety and tolerability was predictable, and adverse events were not treatment limiting."	( Safety and tolerability of pioglitazone in high-risk patients with type 2 diabetes: an overview of data from PROactive. Bhattacharya, M; Dormandy, J; van Troostenburg de Bruyn, AR, 2009)	0.65
" Adverse events to pioglitazone of potential severity are listed in the 'special warnings and special precautions for use' section of the pioglitazone summary of product characteristics (SPC), with recommendations for monitoring and management."	( Risk management and outcomes of adverse events to pioglitazone in primary care in the UK: an observational study. Fogg, C; Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA, 2009)	0.93
"An observational study of risk management and event outcomes for the adverse events of cardiac failure, fluid retention/oedema, weight gain, anaemia and abnormal liver function tests (LFTs) was performed."	( Risk management and outcomes of adverse events to pioglitazone in primary care in the UK: an observational study. Fogg, C; Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA, 2009)	0.61
"Timely drug withdrawal and/or interventions such as corrective treatment or referral to a specialist can lead to successful resolution of class-effect adverse events of pioglitazone."	( Risk management and outcomes of adverse events to pioglitazone in primary care in the UK: an observational study. Fogg, C; Kasliwal, R; Shakir, SA, 2009)	0.8
" The majority of the adverse events were mild to moderate except for 1 possibly unrelated episode of acute myocardial infarction in a 49-year-old woman in the acitretin plus placebo group."	( Efficacy and safety of combination Acitretin and Pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dogra, S; Kaur, I; Malhotra, S; Mittal, R; Pandhi, P, 2009)	0.61
"Pioglitazone has a potential beneficial antipsoriatic effect and may provide a convenient, efficacious, and relatively safe option to combine with acitretin, although further studies are needed."	( Efficacy and safety of combination Acitretin and Pioglitazone therapy in patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque-type psoriasis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Dogra, S; Kaur, I; Malhotra, S; Mittal, R; Pandhi, P, 2009)	2.05
" The incidences of overall adverse events and hypoglycemia were similar across treatment groups, but cardiac events occurred more often with active treatment than placebo."	( Efficacy and safety of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin added to pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Fleck, PR; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Reusch, JE; Wilson, CA, 2009)	0.58
" DPP-4 inhibitors are safe and tolerable with no increased risk of adverse events compared to placebo and have a low risk of hypoglycaemia."	( Clinical results of treating type 2 diabetic patients with sitagliptin, vildagliptin or saxagliptin--diabetes control and potential adverse events. Ahrén, B, 2009)	0.35
" The pioglitazone/metformin FDC was well tolerated with no unexpected findings in adverse events of special interest, including hypoglycemia, bone fractures, peripheral edema, and cardiac failure."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination therapy compared with pioglitazone and metformin monotherapy in treating patients with T2DM. Jacks, R; Perez, A; Spanheimer, R; Zhao, Z, 2009)	1.18
" The FDC therapy was well tolerated, with reduced or similar adverse event rates compared with each individual monotherapy."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone/metformin fixed-dose combination therapy compared with pioglitazone and metformin monotherapy in treating patients with T2DM. Jacks, R; Perez, A; Spanheimer, R; Zhao, Z, 2009)	0.66
"The main adverse effects reported with pioglitazone are those common to the TZD class: weight gain, pedal edema, bone loss and precipitation of congestive heart failure in at-risk individuals, without any increase in CVD/all-cause mortality."	( Pioglitazone: side effect and safety profile. Mudaliar, S; Shah, P, 2010)	2.07
" No serious adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, liver impairment, or heart failure were observed in any of the patients."	( Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Maruyama, N; Maruyama, T; Matsumoto, K; Okada, K; Soma, M, 2010)	0.6
" An understanding of structure-activity relationships (SARs) of chemicals can make a significant contribution to the identification of potential toxic effects early in the drug development process and aid in avoiding such problems."	( Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity. Fisk, L; Greene, N; Naven, RT; Note, RR; Patel, ML; Pelletier, DJ, 2010)	0.36
" Severe adverse events were uncommon in all 16 trials."	( The efficacy and safety of insulin-sensitizing drugs in HIV-associated lipodystrophy syndrome: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Larson, RJ; Sheth, SH, 2010)	0.36
" The most frequent adverse events with exenatide and sitagliptin were nausea (n=38, 24%, and n=16, 10%, respectively) and diarrhoea (n=29, 18%, and n=16, 10%, respectively); upper-respiratory-tract infection (n=17, 10%) and peripheral oedema (n=13, 8%) were the most frequent events with pioglitazone."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus sitagliptin or pioglitazone as an adjunct to metformin for treatment of type 2 diabetes (DURATION-2): a randomised trial. Bergenstal, RM; Macconell, L; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Porter, LE; Walsh, B; Wilhelm, K; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2010)	0.77
" Twenty-five of 29 subjects completed the study; no withdrawals were attributable to adverse effects."	( A randomized pilot clinical trial of the safety of pioglitazone in treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease. Fritsch, T; Geldmacher, DS; Landreth, G; McClendon, MJ, 2011)	0.62
"The primary outcome was frequency of reported adverse effects (AEs)."	( A randomized pilot clinical trial of the safety of pioglitazone in treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease. Fritsch, T; Geldmacher, DS; Landreth, G; McClendon, MJ, 2011)	0.62
" There were no serious or unanticipated adverse events or clinical laboratory changes attributable to pioglitazone over a long-term exposure in nondiabetic patients with AD."	( A randomized pilot clinical trial of the safety of pioglitazone in treatment of patients with Alzheimer disease. Fritsch, T; Geldmacher, DS; Landreth, G; McClendon, MJ, 2011)	0.84
" Several studies have shown the adverse effect of weight gain and edema with rosiglitazone."	( Adverse effect of pioglitazone in military personnel and their families: a preliminary report. Benjasuratwong, Y; Patarakitvanit, S; Satyapan, N; Temboonkiat, S; Vudhironarit, T, 2009)	0.69
"The authors prospectively recorded the adverse events in 40 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who underwent administration with pioglitazone 15 mg once daily between June 2005 to May 2007."	( Adverse effect of pioglitazone in military personnel and their families: a preliminary report. Benjasuratwong, Y; Patarakitvanit, S; Satyapan, N; Temboonkiat, S; Vudhironarit, T, 2009)	0.89
" Given that T2DM is a lifetime disease, there is a need for assurance that new drugs are both safe and effective."	( The safety of thiazolidinediones. Tolman, KG, 2011)	0.37
" The proportion of patients that experienced at least one adverse event was similar for both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with linagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Dugi, KA; Espadero, RM; Gomis, R; Jones, R; Woerle, HJ, 2011)	0.6
" Exenatide once-weekly was generally well tolerated and adverse events were predominantly mild or moderate in intensity."	( DURATION-2: efficacy and safety of switching from maximum daily sitagliptin or pioglitazone to once-weekly exenatide. Bergenstal, R; Malloy, J; Malone, J; Taylor, K; Walsh, B; Wysham, C; Yan, P, 2011)	0.6
"To analyze the association between pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through a spontaneous adverse event reporting system for medications."	( Assessing the association of pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through drug adverse event reporting. Marchesini, G; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E, 2011)	0.94
" Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS) between 2004 and 2009 and analyzed by the reporting odds ratio (ROR)."	( Assessing the association of pioglitazone use and bladder cancer through drug adverse event reporting. Marchesini, G; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E, 2011)	0.66
" Adverse event frequency was similar between groups."	( Safety and efficacy of saxagliptin added to thiazolidinedione over 76 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Allen, E; Chen, R; Frederich, R; Hollander, PL; Li, J, 2011)	0.37
" A numerically higher incidence of gastrointestinal adverse events and a significantly lower incidence of oedema were observed with SITA/MET vs."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin and the fixed-dose combination of sitagliptin and metformin vs. pioglitazone in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes. Engel, SS; Goldstein, BJ; Kaufman, KD; Lee, MA; Pérez-Monteverde, A; Seck, T; Sisk, CM; Williams-Herman, DE; Xu, L, 2011)	0.59
" Prolonged combined use of CC/PIO did not increase adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of combination therapy with candesartan cilexetil and pioglitazone hydrochloride in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Enya, K; Kaku, K; Sugiura, K; Totsuka, N, 2011)	0.6
" In conclusion, PIO and OLM combination can primarily be stated as safe in terms of present toxicity and pharmacokinetics findings."	( Development of safety profile evaluating pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of a combination of pioglitazone and olmesartan medoxomil in Wistar albino rats. Nandi, U; Pal, TK; Sengupta, P, 2012)	0.59
" Common adverse events were as follows: EQW, nausea (11."	( Efficacy and safety of exenatide once weekly versus metformin, pioglitazone, and sitagliptin used as monotherapy in drug-naive patients with type 2 diabetes (DURATION-4): a 26-week double-blind study. Boardman, MK; Chan, M; Cuddihy, RM; González, JG; Hanefeld, M; Kumar, A; Russell-Jones, D; Wolka, AM, 2012)	0.62
" They provide similar effects on glycemic control, as well as a range of similar adverse effects, such as weight gain, fluid retention, and increased risk of hearth failure, which seem to be PPARγ mediated."	( Update on cardiovascular safety of PPARgamma agonists and relevance to medicinal chemistry and clinical pharmacology. Ciudin, A; Hernandez, C; Simó, R, 2012)	0.38
": The aim of the study was to verify if the analysis of a large spontaneous reporting database could generate early signals on these adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with TZDs."	( Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Biagi, C; Marchesini, G; Marra, A; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2012)	0.38
": A case/non-case study, restricted to antidiabetic drugs, was performed on spontaneous reports of ADRs (2005-2008) in the US FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)."	( Cardiovascular, ocular and bone adverse reactions associated with thiazolidinediones: a disproportionality analysis of the US FDA adverse event reporting system database. Biagi, C; Marchesini, G; Marra, A; Motola, D; Piccinni, C; Poluzzi, E; Raschi, E, 2012)	0.38
" Adverse events were generally mild to moderate; the most frequent adverse events with taspoglutide 10 mg, taspoglutide 20 mg, and placebo were nausea (35, 44, and 10%), vomiting (21, 24, and 2%), and injection site reactions (24, 24, and 5%)."	( Efficacy and safety of taspoglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled with metformin plus pioglitazone over 24 weeks: T-Emerge 3 trial. Balena, R; Henry, RR; Kanitra, L; Mudaliar, S; Woloschak, M, 2012)	0.59
" The primary endpoint during the long-term extension phase was adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
" Incidences of adverse effects were comparable between groups, with no increases in hypoglycaemia."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
"5 and 25 mg once daily was safe and effective when added to metformin (500 or 750 mg/day) in Japanese patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes on metformin alone."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to metformin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label, long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Miyata, Y; Seino, Y, 2012)	0.38
" The adverse event (AE) profile and effects on glycemic control have not been assessed for the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide once weekly in combination with a thiazolidinedione (TZD) with or without metformin."	( Safety of exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with a thiazolidinedione alone or in combination with metformin for 2 years. Boardman, MK; Haber, H; Liutkus, JF; Norwood, P; Pintilei, E; Trautmann, ME, 2012)	0.38
" The incidences of reported adverse events were generally similar between the treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of sitagliptin added to ongoing metformin and pioglitazone combination therapy in a randomized, placebo-controlled, 26-week trial in patients with type 2 diabetes. Fonseca, V; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Johnson-Levonas, AO; Kaufman, KD; Morgan, JD; Shentu, Y; Staels, B; Steinberg, H, )	0.37
"1%) had five treatment-related adverse events, and 10 patients in group B (32."	( A multicenter, phase III evaluation of the efficacy and safety of a new fixed-dose pioglitazone/glimepiride combination tablet in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Kaku, K; Kawakami, K; Kuriyama, K; Matsuno, K; Sugiura, K, 2013)	0.61
" No episodes of worsening of control of diabetes were anticipated, nor were episodes of decreased efficacy or adverse effects as a result of automatically switching patients from rosiglitazone to pioglitazone at the time of prescription filling."	( Drug utilization, safety and clinical use of Actos and Avandia. Marks, DH, 2013)	0.58
" Overall, lixisenatide once daily was well tolerated, with a similar proportion of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and serious TEAEs between groups (lixisenatide: 72."	( Efficacy and safety of lixisenatide once daily versus placebo in type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled on pioglitazone (GetGoal-P). Aronson, R; Goldenberg, R; Guo, H; Muehlen-Bartmer, I; Niemoeller, E; Pinget, M, 2013)	0.6
" Overall adverse events (AEs) were similar in both groups."	( Efficacy and safety of adding pioglitazone or sitagliptin to patients with type 2 diabetes insufficiently controlled with metformin and a sulfonylurea. Chen, WC; Chien, KL; Leung, CH; Liu, SC; Wang, CH, )	0.42
" Combination therapy was generally well tolerated; adverse events (AEs) of hypoglycaemia were reported with similar incidence (7."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination treatment with sitagliptin and pioglitazone--a factorial study. Chou, MZ; Fonseca, VA; Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Henry, RR; Kaufman, KD; Langdon, RB; Staels, B; Steinberg, H; Teng, R, 2014)	0.63
" Overall adverse event (AE) incidence over 52 weeks was 69."	( Efficacy and safety of canagliflozin over 52 weeks in patients with type 2 diabetes on background metformin and pioglitazone. Forst, T; Goldenberg, R; Guthrie, R; Meininger, G; Stein, P; Vijapurkar, U; Yee, J, 2014)	0.61
" The most common gastrointestinal adverse events for dulaglutide were nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea."	( Efficacy and safety of dulaglutide added onto pioglitazone and metformin versus exenatide in type 2 diabetes in a randomized controlled trial (AWARD-1). Arakaki, R; Atisso, C; Blevins, T; Colon, G; Garcia, P; Kuhstoss, D; Lakshmanan, M; Wysham, C, 2014)	0.66
"Cisplatin is a chemotherapeutic agent, which is used in the treatment of various solid organ cancers, and its main dose limiting side effect of cisplatin is nephrotoxicity."	( Effect of creatine and pioglitazone on Hk-2 cell line cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Bedir, A; Genc, G; Kilinc, V; Ozkaya, O, 2014)	0.71
" There were no serious drug-related adverse events, and the majority of adverse events were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of colesevelam in combination with pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Baz-Hecht, M; Chou, HS; Ford, DM; Rosenstock, J; Tao, B; Truitt, KE, 2014)	0.65
"To show that albiglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, is an effective and generally safe treatment to improve glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus whose hyperglycaemia is inadequately controlled with pioglitazone (with or without metformin)."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 1 trial): 52-week primary endpoint results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled Bode, BW; Cirkel, DT; Perkins, CM; Perry, CR; Reinhardt, RR; Reusch, J; Stewart, MW; Ye, J, 2014)	0.58
" With few exceptions, the results of safety assessments were similar between the groups, and most adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate."	( Efficacy and safety of once-weekly glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist albiglutide (HARMONY 1 trial): 52-week primary endpoint results from a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus not controlled Bode, BW; Cirkel, DT; Perkins, CM; Perry, CR; Reinhardt, RR; Reusch, J; Stewart, MW; Ye, J, 2014)	0.4
" In case of hepato-toxicity by non-chromane glitazone and their metabolite such as M-3, RM-3, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone; PASS suggest that these chemicals are not apoptic agonist but they are the substrate for CYP enzyme (Phase-I Oxidative Enzyme) and Phase-II conjugating enzymes; interfering with bile acid metabolism rendering bile acid more toxic (cholestasis)."	( Structural insight of glitazone for hepato-toxicity: Resolving mystery by PASS. Dhangar, K; Jagtap, R; Karpoormath, R; Noolvi, M; Patel, H; Rane, RA; Shaikh, MS; Sonawane, Y; Surana, S; Thapliyal, N, 2015)	0.63
" Overall, all treatments were well tolerated and no new adverse events or tolerability issues were observed for IDegLira."	( One-year efficacy and safety of a fixed combination of insulin degludec and liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes: results of a 26-week extension to a 26-week main trial. Bode, BW; Buse, JB; Gough, SC; Linjawi, S; Reiter, PD; Rodbard, HW; Woo, VC; Zacho, M, 2015)	0.42
" Adverse drug reactions were present in 24% of subjects, most frequently gastrointestinal disorders (11."	( ROOTS: A multicenter study in Belgium to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of liraglutide (Victoza®) in type 2 diabetic patients. Buysschaert, M; D'Hooge, D; Preumont, V, )	0.13
" The overall incidence rates of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar among the treatment groups."	( Efficacy and safety of pioglitazone added to alogliptin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicentre, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, comparative study. Igeta, M; Kaku, K; Katou, M; Ohira, T; Sano, H, 2015)	0.73
"Our aim is to investigate the usefulness of metric indices in post-marketing safety evaluations by estimating number needed to harm (NNH) values for cardiovascular (CV) adverse outcomes for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone."	( Number needed to harm in the post-marketing safety evaluation: results for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Alves, C; Batel-Marques, F; Mendes, D, 2015)	0.82
" NNHs [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)] per year were estimated for CV adverse events."	( Number needed to harm in the post-marketing safety evaluation: results for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Alves, C; Batel-Marques, F; Mendes, D, 2015)	0.64
" The secondary outcome measures include acne scores, prevalence of dysglycaemia, BMI, lipid profile, total testosterone level, and adverse events."	( The effectiveness and safety of treatments used for polycystic ovarian syndrome management in adolescents: a systematic review and network meta-analysis protocol. Al Khalifah, RA; Bassilious, E; Dennis, B; Flórez, ID; Neupane, B; Thabane, L, 2015)	0.42
"Nephrotoxicity is a major side effect for the antineoplastic drug cisplatin."	( Additive Renoprotection by Pioglitazone and Fenofibrate against Inflammatory, Oxidative and Apoptotic Manifestations of Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity: Modulation by PPARs. El-Mas, MM; Helmy, MM; Helmy, MW, 2015)	0.71
" The percentage of subjects who experienced all adverse events including hypoglycemia with alogliptin were comparable to those with placebo."	( [Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial in mainland China]. Bu, R; Gu, W; Han, P; Ji, Q; Jiang, Z; Lei, M; Li, C; Li, L; Li, W; Li, X; Li, Z; Liu, J; Liu, X; Liu, Y; Liu, Z; Lu, J; Lyu, X; Pan, C; Peng, Y; Qu, S; Shi, B; Song, Q; Xu, X; Xue, Y; Yan, L; Yang, J; Zeng, J; Zheng, B, 2015)	0.42
" A similar percentage of patients experienced drug-related, treatment-emergent adverse events in the alogliptin and placebo arms."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A multicentre randomized double-blind placebo-controlled Phase 3 study in mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. Chan, J; Han, P; Hsieh, AT; Ji, Q; Li, C; Li, W; Lu, J; Pan, C; Yang, J; Zeng, J, 2017)	0.46
" Outcomes included the changes in hemoglobin A1c, fasting plasma glucose, bodyweight and treatment-emergent adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The incidences of treatment-emergent adverse events were similar between the ipragliflozin and placebo groups in all patients combined and in the four body mass index categories."	( Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes stratified by body mass index: A subgroup analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Kashiwagi, A; Kawamuki, K; Kazuta, K; Kosakai, Y; Nakamura, I; Satomi, H; Takahashi, H; Ueyama, E; Yoshida, S, 2016)	0.43
" The proportion of patients reporting ≥1 adverse event was similar across treatment groups, but events consistent with genital infection were more common in patients treated with empagliflozin 10 mg (3."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in patients with type 2 diabetes from Asian countries: pooled data from four phase III trials. Crowe, S; Hach, T; Lee, J; Nishimura, R; Salsali, A; Woerle, HJ; Yoon, KH, 2016)	0.43
"Many adverse drug reactions are caused by the cytochrome P450 (CYP)-dependent activation of drugs into reactive metabolites."	( Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships. Jones, LH; Nadanaciva, S; Rana, P; Will, Y, 2016)	0.43
" This preliminary investigation concludes that the combination of pioglitazone and telmisartan can primarily be stated as safe in animals, even at the dose level which is several folds higher than the intended human dose."	( Safety profiling of pioglitazone and telmisartan combination by sub-chronic toxicity study in rat. Chatterjee, B; Das, A; Das, SK; Ibrahim, F; Kifayatullah, M; Mahmood, S; Mandal, UK; Sengupta, P, 2016)	0.99
" Adverse effect rates were 64% with placebo, 63."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
" Reporting of CTs and adverse drug reactions to Clinical Trials Registry of India and Pharmacovigilance Programme of India, respectively, along with compliance studies with warning given in package insert and epidemiological studies with larger sample size are needed."	( Pioglitazone utilization, efficacy & safety in Indian type 2 diabetic patients: A systematic review & comparison with European Medicines Agency Assessment Report. Kshirsagar, NA; Pai, SA, 2016)	1.88
"Statin therapy is safe in patients with prediabetes/T2DM and NASH."	( Liver Safety of Statins in Prediabetes or T2DM and Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial. Bril, F; Cusi, K; Hecht, J; Lomonaco, R; Orsak, B; Portillo Sanchez, P; Tio, F, 2017)	0.46
" The potential concomitant changes in the reporting of adverse reactions concerning these alternatives have been studied less often."	( Impact of Medicine Withdrawal on Reporting of Adverse Events Involving Therapeutic Alternatives: A Study from the French Spontaneous Reporting Database. Arnaud, M; Bégaud, B; Bezin, J; Haramburu, F; Pageot, C; Pariente, A; Salvo, F; Smith, A, 2017)	0.46
"The objective of this study was to analyse the changes in the reporting of adverse events (AEs) for therapeutic alternatives after the withdrawal of three medicines (dextropropoxyphene, pioglitazone and tetrazepam) from the market for safety reasons."	( Impact of Medicine Withdrawal on Reporting of Adverse Events Involving Therapeutic Alternatives: A Study from the French Spontaneous Reporting Database. Arnaud, M; Bégaud, B; Bezin, J; Haramburu, F; Pageot, C; Pariente, A; Salvo, F; Smith, A, 2017)	0.65
" Therefore, it is clinically important to determine whether pioglitazone is safe in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who require treatment for secondary prevention of CV disease, since they have an intrinsically higher risk of HF."	( Effect of pioglitazone on cardiometabolic profiles and safety in patients with type 2 diabetes undergoing percutaneous coronary artery intervention: a prospective, multicenter, randomized trial. Hikichi, Y; Horiuchi, K; Inoue, T; Iwasaki, Y; Kawaguchi, A; Kawasaki, T; Komukai, S; Nakao, K; Nakashima, H; Node, K; Shibata, Y; Shimomura, M; Tago, M; Tamashiro, M; Tanaka, A; Toyoda, S; Ueno, T; Yokoi, H, 2018)	1.13
" Available data among patients with CKD suggest that pioglitazone was effective and safe, with no increase in serious adverse effects."	( Safety and efficacy of low dose pioglitazone compared with standard dose pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O; Watanakijthavonkul, K, 2018)	1.01
" No major adverse effects including hypoglycemia, congestive heart failure and abnormal liver function were identified."	( Safety and efficacy of low dose pioglitazone compared with standard dose pioglitazone in type 2 diabetes with chronic kidney disease: A randomized controlled trial. Satirapoj, B; Supasyndh, O; Watanakijthavonkul, K, 2018)	0.76
" 45 mg is a safe dose to use in future efficacy trials."	( Safety of pioglitazone during and after radiation therapy in patients with brain tumors: a phase I clinical trial. Alphonse-Sullivan, N; Blackstock, AW; Brown, DR; Chan, MD; Cramer, CK; Cummings, TL; Isom, S; Lesser, GJ; Metheny-Barlow, LJ; Page, BR; Peiffer, AM; Rapp, S; Shaw, EG; Strowd, RE, 2019)	0.92
"Pioglitazone, the only thiazolidinedione drug in clinical practice is under scrutiny due to reported adverse effects, it's unique insulin sensitising action provides rationale to remain as a therapeutic option for managing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)."	( Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Monotherapy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Ahmad, I; Alam, F; Donnelly, R; Gan, SH; Idris, I; Islam, MA; Kamal, MA; Mohamed, M, 2019)	2.27
" This finding could be of great importance for the wider use of aminoglycosides, with therapy that would reduce the occurrence of serious adverse effects, such as nephrotoxicity and acute renal failure."	( Pioglitazone attenuates kidney injury in an experimental model of gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Divac, N; Jovanović, GB; Kekić, D; Medić, B; Prostran, M; Radenković, M; Rovčanin, B; Škodrić, SR; Stojanović, M; Stojanović, R; Vujović, KS, 2019)	1.96
" No statistically significant differences in total adverse events were observed between the groups."	( Effectiveness and safety of different doses of pioglitazone in psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ding, Y; Guan, MM; Kang, XJ; Xiang, F; Yu, SR; Zhang, DZ; Zhang, JZ, 2020)	0.82
" The therapeutic effect of the daily 30 mg dose may be greater than that of the 15 mg dose per day with no significant change in the frequency of adverse reactions."	( Effectiveness and safety of different doses of pioglitazone in psoriasis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Ding, Y; Guan, MM; Kang, XJ; Xiang, F; Yu, SR; Zhang, DZ; Zhang, JZ, 2020)	0.82
" Adverse drug reactions were mild and treated symptomatically."	( The evaluation of efficacy and safety of methotrexate and pioglitazone in psoriasis patients: A randomized, open-labeled, active-controlled clinical trial. Abidi, A; Ahmad, A; Chaudhary, S; Rizvi, DA; Saxena, K, )	0.38
"Pioglitazone alone or in combination with standard treatment may be a safe alternative drug for psoriasis coexisting with MS proving beneficial for both."	( The evaluation of efficacy and safety of methotrexate and pioglitazone in psoriasis patients: A randomized, open-labeled, active-controlled clinical trial. Abidi, A; Ahmad, A; Chaudhary, S; Rizvi, DA; Saxena, K, )	1.82
" There were no other notable differences in adverse events between groups."	( Safety and efficacy of pioglitazone for the delay of cognitive impairment in people at risk of Alzheimer's disease (TOMMORROW): a prognostic biomarker study and a phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Alexander, RC; Burke, JR; Burns, DK; Chiang, C; Culp, M; Evans, RM; Haneline, S; Harrigan, P; Lutz, MW; O'Neil, J; Plassman, BL; Ratti, E; Saunders, AM; Schneider, LS; Schwarz, AJ; Welsh-Bohmer, KA; Wu, J; Yaffe, K, 2021)	0.93
" Patients were visited every 2 months to assess the lichen planopilaris activity index (LPPAI) and record probable adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of oral pioglitazone in the management of lichen planopilaris in comparison with clobetasol: A randomized clinical trial. Azar, PM; Balighi, K; Daneshpazhooh, M; Dasdar, S; Ghiasi, M; Kianfar, N; Lajevardi, V; Peymanfar, AA, 2022)	1.02
"Combined treatment with pioglitazone-metformin can effectively reduce liver fat content and gamma-GT level in newly diagnosed diabetic patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and adverse events do not increase compared with the control group, showing good safety and tolerance."	( Effect and Safety of Pioglitazone-Metformin Tablets in the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Shaanxi Province: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Double-Simulated Multicenter Study. Jianfang, F; Jianrong, L; Jie, M; Jing, X; Jingxuan, L; Kaiyan, M; Mengying, L; Qian, X; Qingzhen, H; Qiuhe, J; Taixiong, C; Wanxia, X; Wenjuan, Y; Xiling, G, 2023)	1.54

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The half-life is about 9 hours but two active metabolites mainly contribute to the extended glucose-lowering effects."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of pioglitazone. Hanefeld, M, 2001)	0.57
" The serum pharmacokinetic profiles of pioglitazone and its metabolites M-III and M-IV were assessed for the first and last dose administered (day 1 and day 12, respectively)."	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in patients with impaired renal function. Budde, K; Eckland, D; Fritsche, L; Neumayer, HH; Stompôr, T; Sulowicz, W, 2003)	0.9
" There was no significant difference in the pharmacokinetic profile of pioglitazone in subjects with normal and with moderately impaired renal function."	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in patients with impaired renal function. Budde, K; Eckland, D; Fritsche, L; Neumayer, HH; Stompôr, T; Sulowicz, W, 2003)	0.86
" Despite breaking all the "rule of five" criteria, the dimers had excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in good in vivo efficacy in db/db mice."	( Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo. Albrektsen, T; Bury, PS; Deussen, HJ; Din, N; Fleckner, J; Frederiksen, KS; Jeppesen, L; Mogensen, JP; Nehlin, J; Pettersson, I; Sauerberg, P; Svensson, LA; Wulff, EM; Ynddal, L, 2003)	0.32
" The mean half-life was 8 to 9 hours for pioglitazone and 24 to 32 hours for M-III and M-IV, with similar values at each dose level."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Burghen, GA; Capparelli, EV; Christensen, ML; Meibohm, B; Tamborlane, WV; Velasquez-Mieyer, P, 2005)	0.85
" Also, the peak plasma concentration and elimination half-life of pioglitazone remained unaffected by montelukast and zafirlukast."	( Montelukast and zafirlukast do not affect the pharmacokinetics of the CYP2C8 substrate pioglitazone. Backman, JT; Jaakkola, T; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2006)	0.79
" The results highlight the importance of in vivo interaction studies and of the incorporation of relevant pharmacokinetic properties of drugs, including plasma protein binding data, to in vitro-in vivo interaction predictions."	( Montelukast and zafirlukast do not affect the pharmacokinetics of the CYP2C8 substrate pioglitazone. Backman, JT; Jaakkola, T; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2006)	0.56
" The assay has been applied successfully to a pharmacokinetic study with human volunteers."	( High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of pioglitazone in human plasma using ultraviolet detection and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Neamhom, P; Saraphanchotiwitthaya, A; Sripalakit, P, 2006)	0.57
" Because they are metabolised via cytochrome P450 (CYP), glitazones are exposed to numerous pharmacokinetic interactions."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions with thiazolidinediones. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
" The relevant pharmacokinetic parameters including peak plasma concentration (Cmax), time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax), elimination rate constant (Kel), elimination half-life (T1/2), area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC(0-t), AUC(0-inf)), clearance (Cl) and volume of distribution (Vd) were determined."	( The pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in Thai healthy subjects. Chompootaweep, S; Thaworn, N; Wittayalertpanya, S, 2006)	0.64
"SLCO1B1 polymorphism had no statistically significant effect on any of the pharmacokinetic variables of rosiglitazone, pioglitazone or their metabolites."	( No significant effect of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the pharmacokinetics of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone. Kalliokoski, A; Neuvonen, M; Neuvonen, PJ; Niemi, M, 2008)	0.78
" Two studies were performed to determine the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between vildagliptin and the sulfonylurea, glyburide, or pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin, glyburide and pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Balez, S; Bullock, J; Dole, WP; He, YL; Jarugula, V; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Riviere, GJ; Schwartz, S; Serra, D; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.74
" Changes in AUC and Cmax during combination treatment were small ( pound 15%), and 90% confidence intervals for the geometric mean ratios (drug coadministration/monotherapy) were generally contained within the acceptance range for bioequivalence (0."	( Evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase IV inhibitor vildagliptin, glyburide and pioglitazone in patients with Type 2 diabetes. Balez, S; Bullock, J; Dole, WP; He, YL; Jarugula, V; Ligueros-Saylan, M; Riviere, GJ; Schwartz, S; Serra, D; Wang, Y, 2008)	0.55
"05) increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) and the peak concentration (C(max)) of verapamil by 49."	( Effect of pioglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of verapamil and its major metabolite, norverapamil, in rats. Burm, JP; Choi, JS, 2008)	0.75
" Potential pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions of alogliptin with pioglitazone or glyburide were evaluated in healthy adults."	( Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. Fleck, P; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Mekki, Q; Munsaka, M; Wann, E, 2009)	0.91
" This study aimed to investigate any potential pharmacokinetic interaction between linagliptin and pioglitazone, a CYP 2C8 substrate."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.79
"Linagliptinand pioglitazone have no clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interaction and may be co-administered without dose adjustment."	( Evaluation of the pharmacokinetic interaction between the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor linagliptin and pioglitazone in healthy volunteers. Dugi, KA; Graefe-Mody, EU; Jungnik, A; Ring, A; Woerle, HJ, 2010)	0.93
" The method was successfully applied for pharmacokinetic study of pioglitazone and felodipine from bioadhesive buccal tablet after buccal administration to pigs."	( Development of a high-performance liquid chromatography method for simultaneous determination of pioglitazone and felodipine in pig serum: application to pharmacokinetic study. Gannu, R; Palem, CR; Yamsani, MR; Yamsani, SK; Yamsani, VV, 2011)	0.82
" The method proved highly reproducible and sensitive and was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study after single dose oral administration of olmesartan and pioglitazone to the rat."	( Development and validation of an LC-ESI-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantitation of olmesartan and pioglitazone in rat plasma and its pharmacokinetic application. Bhaumik, U; Chakraborty, US; Chatterjee, B; Pal, TK; Roy, B; Sarkar, AK; Sengupta, P, 2010)	0.77
" The current studies assessed the potential for pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between dapagliflozin and pioglitazone, metformin, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects following single-dose administration."	( Lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between dapagliflozin, a novel sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor, and metformin, pioglitazone, glimepiride or sitagliptin in healthy subjects. Boulton, DW; Griffen, SC; Kasichayanula, S; LaCreta, FP; Li, T; Liu, X; Pfister, M; Shyu, WC; Zhang, W, 2011)	0.79
"To evaluate the pharmacokinetic interactions of the potent, selective, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, saxagliptin, in combination with metformin, glyburide or pioglitazone."	( Saxagliptin, a potent, selective inhibitor of DPP-4, does not alter the pharmacokinetics of three oral antidiabetic drugs (metformin, glyburide or pioglitazone) in healthy subjects. Boulton, DW; Brenner, E; Handschuh del Corral, M; Komoroski, B; Kornhauser, D; Li, L; Patel, CG; Vachharajani, N, 2011)	0.77
" The developed method was applied for preclinical pharmacokinetic studies."	( Novel liquid chromatographic method for simultaneous estimation of pioglitazone and glimepiride in rat plasma by solid phase extraction: application to preclinical pharmacokinetic studies. Deshpande, PB; Karthik, A; Musmade, PB; Pandey, S; Pathak, SM; Talole, KB; Udupa, N, 2011)	0.61
" Samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using noncompartmental modeling."	( Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone after multiple oral dose administration in horses. Ashraf-Khorassani, M; Crisman, MV; Davis, JL; Geor, RJ; Hodgson, DR; McCutcheon, LJ; Suagee, JK; Wearn, JM, 2011)	0.69
" The novel compound linagliptin has important different pharmacokinetic (PK) properties, when compared with previously commercialized DPP-4 inhibitors, which may offer some advantages in clinical practice."	( Linagliptin for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (pharmacokinetic evaluation). Scheen, AJ, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic study was performed by orally administering PIO and OLM at single dose of 3 and 2mg/kg, respectively alone and in combination analyzing the plasma samples using LC-MS/MS."	( Development of safety profile evaluating pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and toxicity of a combination of pioglitazone and olmesartan medoxomil in Wistar albino rats. Nandi, U; Pal, TK; Sengupta, P, 2012)	0.59
"This study was aimed to develop a maximum a posteriori Bayesian (MAPB) estimation method to estimate individual pharmacokinetic parameters based on D-optimal sampling strategy."	( [Estimation of individual pharmacokinetic parameters using maximum a posteriori Bayesian method with D-optimal sampling strategy]. Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Wang, Y, 2011)	0.37
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined using two-compartmental analysis for IV data and noncompartmental analysis for oral data."	( Pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in lean and obese cats. Clark, MH; Dirikolu, L; Ferguson, DC; Hoenig, M, 2012)	0.7
" The aim of this study was to elucidate potential pharmacokinetic interaction between RA and pioglitazone, and to provide guidance for clinical medicine safety."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction between radix astragali and pioglitazone in rats. Gao, JW; Huang, M; Huang, P; Lu, YS; Shi, Z; Yao, MC; Yuan, YM, 2012)	0.84
" Between healthy and healthy-RAD groups, half-life (T(1/2)), area under the curve (AUC (0-t)), Vz/F, and Cl/F showed mild yet statistically significant differences; no significant difference for any above parameter was detected between T2DM and T2DM-RAD groups."	( Herb-drug pharmacokinetic interaction between radix astragali and pioglitazone in rats. Gao, JW; Huang, M; Huang, P; Lu, YS; Shi, Z; Yao, MC; Yuan, YM, 2012)	0.62
" The purpose of this investigation was to develop a population pharmacokinetic model using nonlinear mixed effects analysis to evaluate and quantify the effect of CYP2C8*3, demographic, and clinical variables on interindividual variability in pioglitazone pharmacokinetics in nondiabetic adults."	( Effect of Cytochrome P450 2C8*3 on the Population Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone in Healthy Caucasian Volunteers. Aquilante, C; Bourne, D; Kadam, R; Kompella, U, 2013)	0.81
"Prospective, open-label, single-dose pharmacokinetic study."	( Influence of CYP2C8*2 on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in healthy African-American volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Spencer, SH; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.64
"Participants received a single 15-mg dose of pioglitazone in the fasted state, followed by a 48-hour pharmacokinetic study."	( Influence of CYP2C8*2 on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in healthy African-American volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Spencer, SH; Wempe, MF, 2013)	0.9
" Pioglitazone area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC)0-∞ and half-life (t1/2 ) did not differ significantly between CYP2C81/1 and CYP2C82 carriers (AUC0-∞ 7331 ± 2846 vs 10431 ± 5090 ngh/ml, p=0."	( Influence of CYP2C8*2 on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in healthy African-American volunteers. Aquilante, CL; Kosmiski, LA; Predhomme, JA; Sidhom, MS; Spencer, SH; Wempe, MF, 2013)	1.55
" The method is simple, selective, robust economic and has been applied successfully to more than 2000 plasma samples as part of pharmacokinetic study in humans."	( Development and validation of highly selective and robust method for simultaneous estimation of pioglitazone, hydroxypioglitazone and metformin in human plasma by LC-MS/MS: application to a pharmacokinetic study. Bharathi, DV; Jagadeesh, B; Narayana, VS; Pankaj, C; Venkateswarulu, V, 2013)	0.61
"The object of this study is to investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride and atorvastatin calcium in healthy adult Beagle dogs following single and multiple oral dose administration."	( [Pharmacokinetic interaction of pioglitazone hydrochloride and atorvastatin calcium in Beagle dogs]. Chen, HL; Dang, HW; Wang, XY; Yang, FY; Yang, WC; Zhang, WP, 2013)	0.9
"The objective of the current study was to assess the possible pharmacokinetic interactions of spirulina with glitazones in an insulin resistance rat model."	( Assessment of pharmacokinetic interaction of spirulina with glitazone in a type 2 diabetes rat model. Al-Dhubiab, BE; Chattopadhyaya, I; Gupta, A; Gupta, S; Kumria, R; Nair, A, 2013)	0.39
" The differences between the pharmacokinetic parameters Cmax, AUC0-24, AUC0-∞, CL/F of (+)-pioglitazone and (-)-pioglitazone were significant, suggesting that the disposition of pioglitazone in rats may be enantioselective."	( Chiral liquid chromatography resolution and stereoselective pharmacokinetic study of pioglitazone enantiomers in rats. Du, B; Pang, L; Shen, G; Yang, Y; Zhang, Z, 2014)	0.85
"The purpose of this study was to develop floating microparticles containing Pioglitazone HCl, for controlled release and perform pharmacodynamic studies."	( Design, statistical optimisation, characterisation and pharmacodynamic studies on Pioglitazone hydrochloride floating microparticles. Baby, B; Gupta, NV; Haritha, P; Mathews, R; Rajarajan, S; Ramesh, K; Rao, BP, 2014)	0.86
" The pharmacokinetic effect of RRR on pioglitazone was studied in healthy rats and type 2 diabetic rats."	( Effect of raw Radix Rehmanniae on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in rats. Gao, J; Shi, Z; Yao, M; Yuan, Y; Zhu, S, 2014)	0.92
"The rapid, sensitive, and selective liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry method (LC-ESI-MS/MS) for the simultaneous estimation and pharmacokinetic investigation of glimepiride and pioglitazone in human plasma has been developed and fully validated."	( Simultaneous determination of glimepiride and pioglitazone in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to pharmacokinetic study. Hu, JQ; Ni, XJ; Qiu, C; Shang, DW; Wang, ZZ; Wen, YG; Zhang, M, 2014)	0.85
" The pharmacokinetic parameters of nifedipine and dehydronifedipine were determined after oral and intravenous administrations of nifedipine to rats in the presence and absence of pioglitazone (0."	( Effects of pioglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine and its main metabolite, dehydronifedipine, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2016)	1.02
" The simple and robust LC/MS/MS method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of phentermine and topiramate in a pharmacokinetic study in healthy male Chinese volunteers."	( Simultaneous determination of phentermine and topiramate in human plasma by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with positive/negative ion-switching electrospray ionization and its application in pharmacokinetic study. Chen, H; Haseeb, S; He, X; Li, H; Li, W; Ni, Y; Xu, M; Zhou, Y, 2015)	0.42
" The method was validated as per FDA guidelines and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of rosiglitazone in rats."	( LC-MS/MS method for the determination of rosiglitazone on rat dried blood spots and rat urine: Application to pharmacokinetics. Ramesh, T; Rao, PN; Rao, RN, 2015)	0.42
" No clinically relevant pharmacokinetic interactions between the two agents have been described and the fixed-dose combination has shown bioequivalence with alogliptin and pioglitazone given separately."	( Pharmacokinetics and clinical evaluation of the alogliptin plus pioglitazone combination for type 2 diabetes. Scheen, AJ, 2015)	0.85
" The geometric mean ratio (GMR) for pioglitazone Cmax at steady state (Cmax,ss) and for AUC during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) when coadministered with empagliflozin versus administration alone was 187."	( Pharmacokinetics of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone After Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.96
" We investigated whether the variant genotypes of cytochrome P450 2C8 (CYP2C8), CYP2C9, CYP3A5 and transporter ABCB1 influence the pharmacokinetic phenotype of the substrate pioglitazone in Chinese individuals."	( Effects of functional CYP2C8,CYP2C9,CYP3A5,and ABCB1 genetic variants on the pharmacokinetics of insulin sensitizer pioglitazone in Chinese Han individuals. Li, P; Lou, YQ; Lu, C; Lu, Y; Qi, GZ; Qi, HM; Wang, X; Wei, MJ; Yin, SJ; Zhang, GL; Zhang, P, 2017)	0.86
"Significant differences were seen in pharmacokinetic parameters of pioglitazone like AUC, t1/2, Ke, Cl/F, Vd/F when given in combination with cinnamon in normal and diabetic rabbits."	( Effect of Cinnamomum cassia on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pioglitazone. Koganti, B; Koganti, VSRGP; Mamindla, S; Ravouru, N, 2017)	0.92
"Although the mechanism of action for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists has been extensively explored, the impact of the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile on the pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of PPARγ agonists has not been elucidated in detail."	( Influence of the pharmacokinetic profile on the plasma glucose lowering effect of the PPARγ agonist pioglitazone in Wistar fatty rats. Amano, N; Goto, A; Kimura, Y; Kogame, A; Moriya, Y; Tagawa, Y, 2017)	0.67
" The aim of this research was to experimentally evaluate the pharmacokinetic interaction of pioglitazone and telmisartan when are coadministered in rat."	( Assessment of preclinical pharmacokinetics and acute toxicity of pioglitazone and telmisartan combination. Chatterjee, B; Pal, TK; Sengupta, P, 2017)	0.91
" The objectives of this study were to assess the pharmacodynamic effects of oral pioglitazone on morphometric parameters, hepatic enzyme activity and function, adipokines, and enteroinsular response to oral sugar."	( Pharmacodynamic Effects of Pioglitazone on High Molecular Weight Adiponectin Concentrations and Insulin Response After Oral Sugar in Equids. Bello, K; Davis, JL; Judd, RL; Legere, RM; Parker, C; Taylor, DR; Wooldridge, AA, 2019)	1.04
" The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction between evogliptin and pioglitazone."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Evogliptin and Pioglitazone in Healthy Male Subjects. Hwang, I; Jang, IJ; Kim, Y; Lee, S; Yoo, H; Yu, KS, 2020)	1
" Serial blood samples were collected for 24 hours for pharmacokinetic analysis and 3 hours after the oral glucose tolerance test for the pharmacodynamic analysis."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Evogliptin and Pioglitazone in Healthy Male Subjects. Hwang, I; Jang, IJ; Kim, Y; Lee, S; Yoo, H; Yu, KS, 2020)	0.79
"Concomitant administration of evogliptin and pioglitazone showed similar glucose-lowering effects with those of evogliptin alone without pharmacokinetic interactions when compared to the intake of each drug alone."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Evogliptin and Pioglitazone in Healthy Male Subjects. Hwang, I; Jang, IJ; Kim, Y; Lee, S; Yoo, H; Yu, KS, 2020)	1.05
" To estimate the pharmacokinetic parameters, the diabetic animals were assigned to 2 groups: one group received PIO (10 mg/kg), while the other received PIO + caffeine (20 mg/kg)."	( Caffeine modulates pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pioglitazone in diabetic rats: Impact on therapeutics. Alkahtani, SA; Alshabi, AM; Habeeb, MS; Shaikh, IA, 2021)	0.86
" Serum pioglitazone concentration was estimated by high performance liquid chromatography method for pharmacokinetic data."	( Influence of trazodone on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Ahad, A; Chinthaginjala, H; Goruntla, N; Pradeepkumar, B; Raghavendra, M; Reddy, KS; Sudheer, A, )	0.82
"Trazodone apparently produced pharmacokinetic interaction with pioglitazone which might be by attenuating the metabolism of pioglitazone."	( Influence of trazodone on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Ahad, A; Chinthaginjala, H; Goruntla, N; Pradeepkumar, B; Raghavendra, M; Reddy, KS; Sudheer, A, )	0.6

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The effects of dietary fructose alone or in combination with a new oral agent, pioglitazone, on VLDL-triglyceride (TG) turnover were studied in genetically obese Wistar fatty rats characterized by hyperinsulinemia (7,488 +/- 954 pmol/l), hyperglycemia, (22."	( VLDL triglyceride kinetics in Wistar fatty rats, an animal model of NIDDM: effects of dietary fructose alone or in combination with pioglitazone. Amano, N; Ebara, T; Hirano, T; Hozumi, T; Ishida, Y; Kazumi, T; Odaka, H; Yoshino, G, 1996)	0.73
"This study was undertaken to assess the efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with metformin in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. The Pioglitazone 027 Study Group. Egan, JW; Einhorn, D; Mathisen, AL; Rendell, M; Rosenzweig, J; Schneider, RL, 2000)	1.98
"To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone in combination with a sulfonylurea in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Pioglitazone hydrochloride in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Egan, JW; Kipnes, MS; Krosnick, A; Mathisen, AL; Rendell, MS; Schneider, RL, 2001)	2.01
" PIO 30mg combined with MET enhanced HOMA-S versus baseline (66."	( Pioglitazone as monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea or metformin enhances insulin sensitivity (HOMA-S or QUICKI) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Gilmore, KJ; Glazer, NB; Johns, D; Tan, MH; Widel, M, 2004)	1.77
" Data have been lacking on their use in combination with both sulfonylurea and metformin among patients of type 2 diabetes who are on insulin therapy secondary to failure of routine oral hypoglycemic drugs in controlling their diabetes."	( Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. Chandalia, HB; Fafadia, A; Joshi, SR; Panikar, V; Santvana, C, 2003)	0.57
"To determine the effects of pioglitazone in combination with sulphonylurea and metformin on diabetes control in patients being treated with insulin due to secondary failure of oral hypoglycemic agents."	( Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. Chandalia, HB; Fafadia, A; Joshi, SR; Panikar, V; Santvana, C, 2003)	0.87
" They were switched on to triple drug combination of glibenclamide 5 mg, metformin 500 mg and pioglitazone 15 mg along with insulin."	( Beneficial effects of triple drug combination of pioglitazone with glibenclamide and metformin in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients on insulin therapy. Chandalia, HB; Fafadia, A; Joshi, SR; Panikar, V; Santvana, C, 2003)	0.79
"A Phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of a continuously administered molecularly targeted treatment regimen (daily pioglitazone [45 mg administered orally] and rofecoxib [25 mg administered orally]) combined with sequentially added angiostatic chemotherapy for patients with previously treated metastatic melanoma (n = 19) or soft tissue sarcoma (n = 21)."	( Pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with angiostatically scheduled trofosfamide in the treatment of far-advanced melanoma and soft tissue sarcoma. Andreesen, R; Bataille, F; Berand, A; Bross, K; Krause, SW; Reichle, A; Vogt, T; Wild, P, 2004)	1.97
"To evaluate the clinical efficacy and tolerability of pioglitazone monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea therapy in the treatment of chinese patients with type 2 diabetes."	( [Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemia control in patients with type 2 diabetes]. Fan, J; Gao, H; Li, Y; Liao, Z; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yu, H; Yu, Y; Zhao, W, 2003)	1.48
"In patients with type 2 diabetes, pioglitazone monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea therapy significantly improves HbA1c, FBG and PBG levels and reserves the beta-cell function with beneficial effects on serum triglyceride and HDL-C levels."	( [Pioglitazone hydrochloride monotherapy or in combination with sulfonylurea therapy improves glycemia control in patients with type 2 diabetes]. Fan, J; Gao, H; Li, Y; Liao, Z; Wang, C; Wang, Y; Yu, H; Yu, Y; Zhao, W, 2003)	1.51
" Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by induction of CYP3A4 can result in decreased exposure to coadministered drugs, with potential loss of efficacy."	( Use of immortalized human hepatocytes to predict the magnitude of clinical drug-drug interactions caused by CYP3A4 induction. de Morais, SM; Fahmi, OA; Liras, JL; Maurer, TS; Mills, JB; Ripp, SL; Trevena, KA, 2006)	0.33
"In this multicentre, randomized, double-blind, controlled, parallel-group trial, 103 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were randomized to receive one of two thiazolidinediones--pioglitazone or rosiglitazone--in combination with 1500 mg/day of metformin, increasing up to 3000 mg/day, for 12 months."	( Effects of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone combined with metformin on the prothrombotic state of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome. Ciccarelli, L; Cicero, AF; Dangelo, A; Derosa, G; Ferrari, I; Galli, S; Gravina, A; Montagna, L; Paniga, S; Piccinni, MN; Pricolo, F; Ragonesi, PD; Salvadeo, S, )	0.61
"The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of the dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor vildagliptin in combination with the thiazolidinedione (TZD) pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)."	( Vildagliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes failing thiazolidinedione monotherapy: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Baron, MA; Dejager, S; Garber, AJ; Rochotte, E; Schweizer, A, 2007)	0.81
"This study was performed to ascertain whether losartan combined with pioglitazone is superior to losartan alone in delaying the progression of chronic renal failure in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy."	( Renoprotection provided by losartan in combination with pioglitazone is superior to renoprotection provided by losartan alone in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Jin, HM; Pan, Y, 2007)	0.82
"Renoprotection conferred by losartan combined with pioglitazone is superior to that conferred by losartan alone in subjects with type 2 diabetic nephropathy."	( Renoprotection provided by losartan in combination with pioglitazone is superior to renoprotection provided by losartan alone in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Jin, HM; Pan, Y, 2007)	0.84
"The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone administered alone or in combination with metformin in reducing insulin dosage requirements for improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy."	( Effect of pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy on glycaemic control, insulin dose requirement and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Berhanu, P; Perez, A; Yu, S, 2007)	0.96
"0% at screening treated with combination therapy initially were given titrated insulin therapy (to fasting plasma glucose <140 mg/dl) and then were randomly assigned to 20-week treatment with pioglitazone or placebo in combination with insulin, with or without concurrent metformin therapy."	( Effect of pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy on glycaemic control, insulin dose requirement and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Berhanu, P; Perez, A; Yu, S, 2007)	0.93
"Pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy improved glycaemic control, reduced insulin dose requirements and improved lipid profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy."	( Effect of pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy on glycaemic control, insulin dose requirement and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Berhanu, P; Perez, A; Yu, S, 2007)	2.18
"This preliminary analysis of an observational, non-randomised, open-label ongoing study has shown that early use of combination therapy at time of diagnosis or within the first 3-6 months following diagnosis with metformin plus pioglitazone in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes results in a slower deterioration in glycaemic control than that with metformin combined with either gliclazide or repaglinide."	( Effects of early use of pioglitazone in combination with metformin in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Baird, J; Campbell, IW; Chalmers, J; Franks, CI; Hunter, JE; Mariz, S; Martin, M; Robertson, SJ; Whately-Smith, CR, 2007)	0.83
"The objective of the study was to demonstrate the effect of pioglitazone and pioglitazone in combination with statin on East Indian patients with hyperinsulinemia and hyperlipidemia."	( Effect of pioglitazone and its combination with statins in coronary artery disease patients with hyperinsulinemia. Baxi, H; Chag, M; Chandarana, A; Goyal, R; Mehta, A; Naik, A; Parikh, K; Shah, K; Shah, U, 2007)	0.98
" Pioglitazone monotherapy significantly attenuated cardiovascular p22(phox) and Rac1 in SHRSP, whereas pioglitazone combined with candesartan more attenuated p22(phox) and significantly reduced Nox1."	( Beneficial effects of pioglitazone on hypertensive cardiovascular injury are enhanced by combination with candesartan. Dong, YF; Kataoka, K; Kim-Mitsuyama, S; Matsuba, S; Nakamura, T; Ogawa, H; Tokutomi, Y; Yamamoto, E; Yamashita, T, 2008)	1.57
"A phase II trial was initiated to analyze the activity of continuously administered pioglitazone and rofecoxib combined with low-dose chemotherapy (capecitabine or temozolomide) in patients with high-grade gliomas (glioblastoma or anaplastic glioma)."	( Low-dose chemotherapy in combination with COX-2 inhibitors and PPAR-gamma agonists in recurrent high-grade gliomas - a phase II study. Baumgart, U; Bogdahn, U; Hau, P; Hirschmann, B; Kunz-Schughart, L; Muhleisen, H; Reichle, A; Ruemmele, P; Steinbrecher, A; Weimann, E, 2007)	0.56
" These results provide a strong argument for using alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone."	( The dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor alogliptin in combination with pioglitazone improves glycemic control, lipid profiles, and increases pancreatic insulin content in ob/ob mice. Asakawa, T; Kataoka, O; Moritoh, Y; Odaka, H; Takeuchi, K, 2009)	0.81
" Potential pharmacokinetic (PK) drug-drug interactions of alogliptin with pioglitazone or glyburide were evaluated in healthy adults."	( Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. Fleck, P; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Mekki, Q; Munsaka, M; Wann, E, 2009)	0.91
"Pioglitazone use in combination with insulin resulted in a sustained improved glycemic control and allowed the treatment regimens to be simplified and the insulin doses reduced."	( Pioglitazone use in combination with insulin in the prospective pioglitazone clinical trial in macrovascular events study (PROactive19). Birkeland, K; Charbonnel, B; Davidson, J; DeFronzo, R; Pirags, V; Scheen, A; Schmitz, O, 2010)	3.25
"The induction of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes is one of the risk factors for drug-drug interactions (DDIs)."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)	0.38
"Few studies have given suggestions on appropriate initiation insulin dosage when combined with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs)."	( Appropriate insulin initiation dosage for insulin-naive type 2 diabetes outpatients receiving insulin monotherapy or in combination with metformin and/or pioglitazone. Dong, JJ; Liao, L; Mou, YR; Qiu, LL; Yang, M; Zhao, JJ, 2010)	0.56
"The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of alogliptin combined with pioglitazone in metformin-treated type 2 diabetic patients."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin combined with pioglitazone, in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Burant, CF; DeFronzo, RA; Fleck, P; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Wilson, C, 2012)	0.83
"5 or 25 mg qd) alone or combined with pioglitazone (15, 30, or 45 mg qd) in 1554 patients on stable-dose metformin monotherapy (≥1500 mg) with inadequate glycemic control."	( Efficacy and tolerability of the DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin combined with pioglitazone, in metformin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes. Burant, CF; DeFronzo, RA; Fleck, P; Mekki, Q; Pratley, RE; Wilson, C, 2012)	0.88
"The hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) influence the pharmacokinetics of several drug classes and are involved in many clinical drug-drug interactions."	( Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions. Artursson, P; Haglund, U; Karlgren, M; Kimoto, E; Lai, Y; Norinder, U; Vildhede, A; Wisniewski, JR, 2012)	0.38
"The objective of this study was to determine the extent to which the CYP2C8*3 allele influences pharmacokinetic variability in the drug-drug interaction between gemfibrozil (CYP2C8 inhibitor) and pioglitazone (CYP2C8 substrate)."	( Impact of the CYP2C8 *3 polymorphism on the drug-drug interaction between gemfibrozil and pioglitazone. Aquilante, CL; Bourne, DW; Bushman, LR; Daily, EB; Hammond, KP; Hopley, CW; Kadam, RS; Kanack, AT; Kompella, UB; Kosmiski, LA; Le, M; Predhomme, JA; Rower, JE; Sidhom, MS, 2013)	0.8
"CYP2C8*3 is associated with decreased pioglitazone plasma exposure in vivo and significantly influences the pharmacokinetic magnitude of the gemfibrozil-pioglitazone drug-drug interaction."	( Impact of the CYP2C8 *3 polymorphism on the drug-drug interaction between gemfibrozil and pioglitazone. Aquilante, CL; Bourne, DW; Bushman, LR; Daily, EB; Hammond, KP; Hopley, CW; Kadam, RS; Kanack, AT; Kompella, UB; Kosmiski, LA; Le, M; Predhomme, JA; Rower, JE; Sidhom, MS, 2013)	0.88
" The adverse event (AE) profile and effects on glycemic control have not been assessed for the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist exenatide once weekly in combination with a thiazolidinedione (TZD) with or without metformin."	( Safety of exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with a thiazolidinedione alone or in combination with metformin for 2 years. Boardman, MK; Haber, H; Liutkus, JF; Norwood, P; Pintilei, E; Trautmann, ME, 2012)	0.38
"To compare pioglitazone or glibenclamide alone and in combination with rosuvastatin on hepatic steatosis in type 2 diabetic patients."	( Ultrasonography modifications of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue after pioglitazone or glibenclamide therapy combined with rosuvastatin in type 2 diabetic patients not well controlled by metformin. D'Angelo, A; Derosa, G; Fogari, E; Maffioli, P; Perrone, T, 2013)	1.01
"The objective was to study the of drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats."	( Drug-drug interaction between voriconazole and oral hypoglycemic agents in diabetic rats. Diwan, PV; Joshi, B; Kumar, BH; Singh, JC, )	0.13
" The present study aimed to investigate the effect of different doses of pioglitazone alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in TNBS (trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid)-induced inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in rats."	( Comparative evaluation of different doses of PPAR-γ agonist alone and in combination with sulfasalazine in experimentally induced inflammatory bowel disease in rats. Byrav D S, P; Chakrabarti, A; Khanduja, KL; Medhi, B; Prakash, A; Vaiphei, K, 2013)	0.62
"Forty rabbits were randomly divided into five groups of eight: normal control, hyperlipidemia model, pioglitazone, simvastatin, and pioglitazone combined with simvastatin therapy."	( Effect of pioglitazone combined with simvastatin on the CD40-CD40 ligand system in rabbits with atherosclerosis. Bao, XC; Gao, XQ; Ji, XP; Li, HW; Qiu, YH; Wu, Z; Xue, L; Yang, XF; Zhu, XH, 2015)	1.04
"We investigated the possibilities of drug-drug interactions between luseogliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor, and oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in healthy Japanese males."	( Absence of Drug-Drug Interactions Between Luseogliflozin, a Sodium-Glucose Co-transporter-2 Inhibitor, and Various Oral Antidiabetic Drugs in Healthy Japanese Males. Fukatsu, A; Sakai, S; Samukawa, Y; Sasaki, T; Seino, Y; Ubukata, M, 2015)	0.42
"While co-administered gemfibrozil can increase the area under the concentration/time curve (AUC) of pioglitazone more than 3-fold, the underlying mechanism of the drug-drug interaction between gemfibrozil and pioglitazone has not been fully understood."	( Underlying mechanism of drug-drug interaction between pioglitazone and gemfibrozil: Gemfibrozil acyl-glucuronide is a mechanism-based inhibitor of CYP2C8. Fujiwara, R; Itoh, T; Sakamoto, M; Takagi, M, 2015)	0.88
"Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in combination with pioglitazone, an agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), can reduce liver fibrosis in models of liver injury."	( Repeated Intraportal Injection of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Combination with Pioglitazone in Patients with Compensated Cirrhosis: A Clinical Report of Two Cases. Aghdami, N; Akhlaghpoor, S; Ashrafi, M; Azimian, V; Baharvand, H; Hosseini, SE; Jarughi, N; Malekzadeh, R; Mardpour, S; Mohamadnejad, M; Moossavi, S; Nikfam, S; Vosough, M, 2016)	0.9
"To analyze the efficacy and safety of empagliflozin combined with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
"Pooled analysis of three phase III trials in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (n=1,801) who received placebo or empagliflozin 10 or 25mg once daily for 24 weeks, in combination with metformin, metformin+sulphonylurea or pioglitazone ± metformin."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.62
"Empagliflozin combined with other oral treatments decreased HbA1c, body weight, and SBP/DBP as compared to placebo, with a good safety and tolerability profile."	( Efficacy and safety of empagliflozin in combination with other oral hypoglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ampudia-Blasco, FJ; Ariño, B; Giljanovic Kis, S; Naderali, E; Pérez, A; Pfarr, E; Romera, I, 2016)	0.43
"The study aims to investigate the effect of vitamin D (VD) combined with pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone metabolism in patients with Type 2 diabetic nephropathy (T2DN)."	( Effects of vitamin D combined with pioglitazone hydrochloride on bone mineral density and bone metabolism in Type 2 diabetic nephropathy. Dong, L; Li, BL; Wang, LX; Wang, N; Xu, QL; Yan, W, 2017)	0.96
" The aim of the study was to evaluate whether dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor alogliptin (ALO) alone or in combination with pioglitazone (PIO) improves β-cell function along with insulin resistance (IR) in metformin (MET) treated obese women with PCOS with persistent IR."	( Add on DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin alone or in combination with pioglitazone improved β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in metformin treated PCOS. Goricar, K; Janez, A; Jensterle, M, 2017)	0.9
"ALO alone and in combination with PIO improved IR along with dynamic IS and meal related β-cell function when added to MET treated PCOS."	( Add on DPP-4 inhibitor alogliptin alone or in combination with pioglitazone improved β-cell function and insulin sensitivity in metformin treated PCOS. Goricar, K; Janez, A; Jensterle, M, 2017)	0.69
" The suggestion of this Expert Panel is that, pending forthcoming randomized clinical trials, physicians should consider using a PPARgamma agonist, such as pioglitazone, or, statin use in those with NAFLD/NASH at high CVD or HCC risk, alone and/or preferably in combination with each other or with ezetimibe, for the primary or secondary prevention of CVD, and the avoidance of cirrhosis, liver transplantation or HCC, bearing in mind that CVD is the main cause of death in NAFLD/NASH patients."	( The use of statins alone, or in combination with pioglitazone and other drugs, for the treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and related cardiovascular risk. An Expert Panel Statement. Alexandrides, TK; Athyros, VG; Bilianou, H; Cholongitas, E; Doumas, M; Elisaf, MS; Ganotakis, ES; Germanidis, G; Giouleme, O; Goudevenos, J; Karagiannis, A; Karvounis, C; Katsiki, N; Kotsis, V; Kountouras, J; Liberopoulos, E; Mantzoros, C; Mikhailidis, DP; Pitsavos, C; Polyzos, S; Rallidis, LS; Richter, D; Tsapas, AG; Tselepis, AD; Tsioufis, K; Tziomalos, K; Tzotzas, T; Vasiliadis, TG; Vlachopoulos, C, 2017)	0.91
"Diabetes was induced in Wistar rats by intraperitoneal administration of 175 mg of nicotinamide/kg body weight in combination with 65 mg of streptozotocin/kg body weight and then fed with high fat diet for 4 weeks (Group II-VII)."	( Hybrid drug combination: Anti-diabetic treatment of type 2 diabetic Wistar rats with combination of ellagic acid and pioglitazone. Doble, M; Nankar, RP, 2017)	0.66
"This study was conducted to evaluate the likelihood of daprodustat to act as a perpetrator in drug-drug interactions (DDI) with the CYP2C8 enzyme and OATP1B1 transporter using the probe substrates pioglitazone and rosuvastatin as potential victims, respectively."	( The drug interaction potential of daprodustat when coadministered with pioglitazone, rosuvastatin, or trimethoprim in healthy subjects. Caltabiano, S; Cizman, B; Cobitz, AR; Lister, K; Mahar, KM; Ravindranath, R; Tenero, D, 2018)	0.9
"Cell viability of 143B human osteosarcoma cells was significantly reduced when PIO (50 μmol/l) was combined with CDDP compared to CDDP alone."	( PPARγ Agonist Pioglitazone in Combination With Cisplatinum Arrests a Chemotherapy-resistant Osteosarcoma PDOX Model. Bouvet, M; Hayashi, K; Higuchi, T; Hoffman, RM; Igarashi, K; Kimura, H; Miwa, S; Nishino, H; Singh, SR; Sugisawa, N; Tashiro, Y; Tsuchiya, H; Yamamoto, J; Yamamoto, N, )	0.49
" This study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer potential of PPAR-γ agonist Pioglitazone combined with COX-2 inhibitor Celelcoxib in NSCLC."	( Preliminary evaluation of anticancer efficacy of pioglitazone combined with celecoxib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Kiran, AVVVR; Krishnamurthy, PT; Kumari, GK, 2022)	1.2
"The significant tumor reducing potential of pioglitazone combined with celecoxib was observed (p < 0."	( Preliminary evaluation of anticancer efficacy of pioglitazone combined with celecoxib for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. Kiran, AVVVR; Krishnamurthy, PT; Kumari, GK, 2022)	1.24
" These beneficial effects of VIT D may expand its use by diabetics combined with antidiabetic drugs due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties."	( Vitamin D Combined with Pioglitazone Mitigates Type-2 Diabetes-induced Hepatic Injury Through Targeting Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress. Elyamany, MF; Hamouda, HA; Mansour, SM, 2022)	1.03
" Our study aimed to determine whether pioglitazone combined with atorvastatin can restrain the progression of atherosclerosis and promote plaque stabilization in a rabbit model."	( Pioglitazone combined with atorvastatin promotes plaque stabilization in a rabbit model. Chen, X; Liang, Z; Nie, M; Yan, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, Q, 2022)	2.44
" Pioglitazone combined with atorvastatin can further restrain the progression of atherosclerosis and promote plaque stabilization in a rabbit model."	( Pioglitazone combined with atorvastatin promotes plaque stabilization in a rabbit model. Chen, X; Liang, Z; Nie, M; Yan, Y; Zhang, X; Zhao, Q, 2022)	3.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" After oral dosing, pioglitazone was well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract at an extent of 96, 95, and 90% in rats, dogs, and monkeys, respectively."	( Disposition of the new antidiabetic agent pioglitazone in rats, dogs, and monkeys. Kiyota, Y; Maeshiba, Y; Motohashi, M; Tanayama, S; Yamashita, K; Yoshimura, Y, 1997)	0.88
" Despite breaking all the "rule of five" criteria, the dimers had excellent oral bioavailability and pharmacokinetic properties, resulting in good in vivo efficacy in db/db mice."	( Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo. Albrektsen, T; Bury, PS; Deussen, HJ; Din, N; Fleckner, J; Frederiksen, KS; Jeppesen, L; Mogensen, JP; Nehlin, J; Pettersson, I; Sauerberg, P; Svensson, LA; Wulff, EM; Ynddal, L, 2003)	0.32
" Bioequivalence, based on absorption and bioavailability parameters, has been established between the fixed-dose tablets and equivalent doses of pioglitazone and metformin coadministered as separate agents."	( Pioglitazone/metformin. Deeks, ED; Scott, LJ, 2006)	1.98
" Hence, it was speculated that quercetin may influence the bioavailability of pioglitazone, which could be particularly crucial, as any increment in its plasma levels may raise safety concerns."	( Quercetin pretreatment increases the bioavailability of pioglitazone in rats: involvement of CYP3A inhibition. Bansod, KU; Dixit, PV; Kumar, V; Umathe, SN; Wanjari, MM, 2008)	0.82
"Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands have been reported to increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in vitro but not in vivo because of the difficulty of measuring plasma NO."	( Effects of pioglitazone on nitric oxide bioavailability measured using a catheter-type nitric oxide sensor in angiotensin II-infusion rabbit. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Yoshida, K, 2008)	0.74
"We examined whether nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced impairment of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability could be modified by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gammaagonist."	( Effect of pioglitazone on nitroglycerin-induced impairment of nitric oxide bioavailability by a catheter-type nitric oxide sensor. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Muragaki, Y; Tsujioka, H; Yoshida, K, 2008)	0.75
" In conclusion, pioglitazone significantly enhanced the oral bioavailability of nicardipine in rats by reducing its presystemic clearance."	( Reduced prehepatic extraction of nicardipine in the presence of pioglitazone in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, JS; Chung, JH; Han, HK; Koh, YY, 2008)	0.93
"Pioglitazone improved endothelial function in hypertensive patients with IGT through an increase in nitric oxide bioavailability by, in part, a decrease in oxidative stress."	( Pioglitazone improves endothelium-dependent vasodilation in hypertensive patients with impaired glucose tolerance in part through a decrease in oxidative stress. Chayama, K; Fujii, Y; Fujimura, N; Goto, C; Hata, T; Hidaka, T; Higashi, Y; Idei, N; Kihara, Y; Nakagawa, K; Soga, J, 2010)	3.25
"The purpose of the present research was to develop bioadhesive buccal tablets for Felodipine (FDP) and Pioglitazone (PIO), low bioavailability drugs, in a combined dosage form for the management of diabetes and hypertension."	( Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets for felodipine and pioglitazone in combined dosage form: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization. Gannu, R; Palem, CR; Yamsani, MR; Yamsani, SK; Yamsani, VV, 2011)	0.83
"6 nM) with partial PPARγ agonism (EC(50) = 212 nM, 31% max) and oral bioavailability in rat."	( Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Bigge, CF; Casimiro-Garcia, A; Chen, J; Davis, JA; Dudley, DA; Edmunds, JJ; Ellis, T; Esmaeil, N; Filzen, GF; Flynn, D; Geyer, A; Heemstra, RJ; Jalaie, M; Ohren, JF; Ostroski, R; Schaum, RP; Stoner, C, 2011)	0.37
"5h and bioavailability of 85%."	( NS-1: a novel partial peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist to improve insulin sensitivity and metabolic profile. Chaudhary, S; Dube, A; Kothari, V; Sachan, N; Upasani, CD, 2012)	0.38
" Particle size, flowability, compactibility, packability, solubility, dissolution rate and bioavailability of plain agglomerates and agglomerates with additives (except with polyvinyl pyrrolidone) were advantageously improved compared with raw crystalline pioglitazone hydrochloride."	( Improved compressibility, flowability, dissolution and bioavailability of pioglitazone hydrochloride by emulsion solvent diffusion with additives. Patil, SV; Pawar, AP; Sahoo, SK, 2012)	0.79
"Low aqueous solubility is often a limiting aspect to the bioavailability of poorly soluble, but highly permeable drugs (class II compounds according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System - BCS) administered in single drug products or as fixed dose combinations."	( New formulation approaches to improve solubility and drug release from fixed dose combinations: case examples pioglitazone/glimepiride and ezetimibe/simvastatin. Dressman, JB; Klein, S; Taupitz, T, 2013)	0.6
"Amorphous forms of crystalline drug are widely utilized for bioavailability enhancement of low solubility drugs in the pharmaceutical industry."	( Effect of polymers and media type on extending the dissolution of amorphous pioglitazone and inhibiting the recrystallization from a supersaturated state. Shi, NQ; Wang, XL; Yao, J, 2014)	0.63
"Alogliptin is a selective, orally bioavailable inhibitor of the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4)."	( Alogliptin: A new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Erowele, G; Ndefo, UA; Okoli, O, 2014)	0.4
" The objective of this Phase 2 proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of JNJ-41443532, an orally bioavailable CCR2 antagonist, in patients with T2DM."	( CCR2 antagonism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Andrade-Gordon, P; Artis, E; Di Prospero, NA; Johnson, DL; Rothenberg, P; Vaccaro, N; Xi, L, 2014)	0.4
" The aim of this study was to design PZ-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) to investigate the bioavailability improvement by transdermal delivery."	( Nanostructured lipid carriers of pioglitazone for transdermal application: from experimental design to bioactivity detail. Alam, S; Ali, A; Aqil, M; Aslam, M; Imam, SS; Khan, A; Sultana, Y, 2016)	0.72
"Owing to the complementary mechanisms of action of metformin hydrochloride (MH) and pioglitazone hydrochloride (PG), combination therapy for type 2 diabetes mellitus using the two drugs is highly desired; on the other hand, MH is not well absorbed in lower gastrointestinal tract and has a short half-life, therefore compromising the therapeutic effects."	( Gastro-floating bilayer tablets for the sustained release of metformin and immediate release of pioglitazone: preparation and in vitro/in vivo evaluation. He, W; Li, Y; Wu, Z; Yin, L; Zhang, R, 2014)	0.85
" Consequently, the absolute bioavailability (AB) of nifedipine in the presence of pioglitazone (1."	( Effects of pioglitazone on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine and its main metabolite, dehydronifedipine, in rats. Choi, DH; Choi, I; Choi, JS, 2016)	1.05
" SC bioavailability of hIgG in all animal groups was similar (>84%)."	( Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on IgG Pharmacokinetics and Subcutaneous Bioavailability in the Rat. Chadha, GS; Morris, ME, 2015)	0.42
"Cinnamon enhanced the bioavailability of pioglitazone by inhibiting the CYP3A4 enzyme."	( Effect of Cinnamomum cassia on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Pioglitazone. Koganti, B; Koganti, VSRGP; Mamindla, S; Ravouru, N, 2017)	0.95
" Crystallization improves solubility, and bioavailability by increasing the surface area of slightly water soluble drugs."	( Nanocrystalization of Pioglitazone by Precipitation Method. Ahmadipour, S; Tabbakhian, M; Varshosaz, J, 2018)	0.8
"The study was aimed to improve the dissolution and bioavailability of developed stable amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PGH), a poorly water-soluble drug."	( Effect of semicrystalline copolymers in solid dispersions of pioglitazone hydrochloride: in vitro-in vivo correlation. Subudhi, BB; Swain, RP, 2019)	0.96
" Level A correlation demonstrated between in vitro release and bioavailability of PGH, suggest its biowaiver potential."	( Effect of semicrystalline copolymers in solid dispersions of pioglitazone hydrochloride: in vitro-in vivo correlation. Subudhi, BB; Swain, RP, 2019)	0.76
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51
" Most remarkably, bioavailability of NAT has been increased markedly on coadministration with PIO, than when it was administered alone."	( Simultaneous Pharmacokinetics Estimation of Nateglinide and Pioglitazone by RP-HPLC: Computational Study to Unlock the Synergism. Alam, SP; Basak, S; De, A; Dey, S; Ghosh, M; Hossain, T; Karmakar, T; Saha, A, 2020)	0.8
"Co-administration of PIO with caffeine enhances its antidiabetic effect, probably due to enhanced bioavailability of PIO, leading to clinical benefits in diabetic patients."	( Caffeine modulates pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of pioglitazone in diabetic rats: Impact on therapeutics. Alkahtani, SA; Alshabi, AM; Habeeb, MS; Shaikh, IA, 2021)	0.86
" Consequently, the variation in metabolism alters the bioavailability of pioglitazone and the expected final effect."	( Arsenic: A Perspective on Its Effect on Pioglitazone Bioavailability. Camacho-Luis, A; López-Guzmán, OD; Nieto-Delgado, G; Ponce-Peña, P; Pozos-Guillén, AJ; Salas-Pacheco, JM; Terrones-Gurrola, MCDR; Vértiz-Hernández, AA, 2023)	1.41
"CAP, PGZ, and combination treatment nano-formulations were prepared by triblock (TB) (PCL-PEG-PCL) biodegradable copolymers to enhance drugs' bioavailability as anti-cancer agents."	( Combination chemotherapy against colorectal cancer cells: Co-delivery of capecitabine and pioglitazone hydrochloride by polycaprolactone-polyethylene glycol carriers. Fathi-Azarbayjani, A; Kheradmand, F; Pouya, FD; Rasmi, Y; Salehi, R, 2023)	1.13

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Metabolites 6-9 have been identified after dosing of rats and dogs."	( Synthesis and biological activity of metabolites of the antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic agent pioglitazone. Colca, JR; Fisher, RM; Kletzein, RF; Parker, TT; Tanis, SP, 1996)	0.51
"Two randomized, two-period crossover studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of repeat oral dosing of troglitazone (Study I) and pioglitazone (Study II) on the pharmacokinetics of plasma HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors following multiple oral doses of simvastatin and of simvastatin on the plasma pharmacokinetics of troglitazone (Study I) in healthy subjects."	( Interactions between simvastatin and troglitazone or pioglitazone in healthy subjects. Amin, RD; Dilzer, S; Gagliano, K; Kuznetsova, O; Lasseter, KC; Liu, L; Musser, B; Prueksaritanont, T; Roadcap, BA; Rogers, JD; Vega, JM; Zhao, J, 2001)	0.76
"To investigate the dose-response effects of pioglitazone on glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, and insulin secretion in patients with type 2 diabetes."	( Dose-response effect of pioglitazone on insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion in type 2 diabetes. DeFronzo, RA; Matsuda, M; Miyazaki, Y, 2002)	0.88
" The prandial glucose regulator repaglinide has been studied in combination with metformin (an inhibitor of hepatic glucose production), neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH)-insulin (which has a long duration of effect, but at the risk of early hypoglycaemia and late hyperglycaemia in the dosing interval) and three thiazolidinediones (TZDs--troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, which stimulate nuclear receptors to increase insulin sensitivity and reduce insulin resistance) in patients whose diabetes was inadequately controlled by previous monotherapy or combination therapy."	( Repaglinide in combination therapy. Moses, R, 2002)	0.48
" The hydroxylated M-VII was detected in incubations with rat, dog and human liver and kidney microsomes, and in plasma from rats and dogs dosed orally with [(3)H]pioglitazone."	( Identification of novel metabolites of pioglitazone in rat and dog. Bakhtiar, R; Creighton, M; Feeney, W; Franklin, RB; Hora, DF; Liu, DQ; Reed, JR; Shen, Z; Szewczyk, J; Tang, YS; Vincent, SH, 2003)	0.78
" The idea of angiostatic therapy following the paradigm of metronomic dosed chemotherapeutics combined with proapoptotic biomodulators had not been considered previously in these patients."	( Antiangiogenetic therapy with pioglitazone, rofecoxib, and metronomic trofosfamide in patients with advanced malignant vascular tumors. Andreesen, R; Bataille, F; Berand, A; Bross, K; Hafner, C; Jauch, KW; Landthaler, M; Reichle, A; Vogt, T, 2003)	0.61
" Then the rats were divided into 3 groups of 9 rats: PPAR-gamma ligand 15-deoxy-(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) group (15d-PGJ(2) was injected intraperitoneally at the dosage of 200 microg."	( [Peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor-gamma ligands ameliorate autoimmune myocarditis associated with inhibition of T cell immunity]. Kishimoto, C; Liu, Y; Liu, ZQ; Yuan, ZY; Zhang, JJ, 2003)	0.32
" Drug exposure remains almost constant across a wide range of renal function since there is no accumulation of the drug or its active metabolites during repeated dosing in renal insufficiency."	( Treating type 2 diabetes in renal insufficiency: the role of pioglitazone. Budde, K; Diekmann, F; Einecke, G; Fritsche, L; Glander, P; Neumayer, HH; Schötschel, R, 2003)	0.56
" Pioglitazone dosage was fixed at 30 mg per day."	( Treatment of type 2 diabetes with a combination regimen of repaglinide plus pioglitazone. Gooch, B; Greco, S; Hale, PM; Hassman, DR; Jain, R; Jovanovic, L; Khutoryansky, N, 2004)	1.46
" Each of the lower dosages was given for at least 4 weeks and the highest dosage for 16 weeks."	( Pioglitazone is effective therapy for elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Khan, M; Murray, FT; Perez, A; Rajagopalan, R; Ye, Z, 2004)	1.77
" Sensitivity analyses undertaken by the assessment team suggest that the cost per quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) of rosiglitazone is most sensitive to dosage and treatment effect, that is, the effect of rosiglitazone on beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity."	( Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Beverley, C; Chilcott, J; Cowan, J; Czoski-Murray, C; Psyllaki, MA; Warren, E, 2004)	0.58
" No published economic studies on either pioglitazone or rosiglitazone were found, although sensitivity analyses undertaken by the assessment team suggest that the cost per QALY of rosiglitazone is most sensitive to dosage and treatment effect."	( Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pioglitazone and rosiglitazone in the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Beverley, C; Chilcott, J; Cowan, J; Czoski-Murray, C; Psyllaki, MA; Warren, E, 2004)	0.84
" Guinea pigs treated with the highest dosage of pioglitazone demonstrated a significant reduction in the levels of both MMP-13 and IL-1beta in OA cartilage."	( Pioglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonist, reduces the progression of experimental osteoarthritis in guinea pigs. Kobayashi, T; Martel-Pelletier, J; Naito, T; Nakamura, A; Notoya, K; Pelletier, JP; Unno, S, 2005)	2.03
" Thoracic aorta was isolated and the dose-response curve of phenylephrine (PE) in the presence or absence of Nomega-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) was recorded."	( Pioglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, restores endothelial function in aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Balaraman, R; Majithiya, JB; Paramar, AN, 2005)	1.77
" The presence of pioglitazone at higher concentrations (>10 muM), but not at lower concentrations, significantly changed the dose-response curve of PE or Ach."	( Pioglitazone, a PPARgamma agonist, restores endothelial function in aorta of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Balaraman, R; Majithiya, JB; Paramar, AN, 2005)	2.11
"Two simple and accurate methods of analysis to determine pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO) and mefformin hydrochloride (MET) in combined dosage forms were developed using second-derivative spectrophotometry and reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC)."	( Estimation of pioglitazone hydrochloride and metformin hydrochloride in tablets by derivative spectrophotometry and liquid chromatographic methods. Bhatt, KK; Geetha, M; Mehta, RS; Modi, VD; Patel, BJ; Shah, DA; Shankar, MB, )	0.74
" The sustained total serum concentration of active compounds during multiple dosing provides the basis for once-daily dose administration of pioglitazone in adolescents."	( Single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone in adolescents with type 2 diabetes. Burghen, GA; Capparelli, EV; Christensen, ML; Meibohm, B; Tamborlane, WV; Velasquez-Mieyer, P, 2005)	0.79
" Careful blood glucose monitoring and dosage adjustments are suggested during coadministration of pioglitazone and gemfibrozil."	( Effect of gemfibrozil on the pharmacokinetics of pioglitazone. Deng, LJ; Li, HD; Wang, F, 2005)	0.8
" Insulin dosage also decreased significantly (-4."	( Addition of pioglitazone to stable insulin therapy in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes: results of a double-blind, multicentre, randomized study. Davidson, JA; Perez, A; Zhang, J, 2006)	0.71
" Pioglitazone and metformin are well tolerated in combination, with low rates of hypoglycemia, and the convenience of a single tablet may be expected to aid dosing compliance."	( A fixed-dose combination of pioglitazone and metformin: A promising alternative in metabolic control. Seufert, J, 2006)	1.54
" In a post hoc meta-analysis of combined data from the 2 studies (n = 124), there was considerable overlapping in AUC(infinity) values between gender and race (Caucasians, Blacks, and Hispanics), making neither gender- nor racial-based dosing of pioglitazone or metformin necessary."	( Oral antidiabetic drugs: bioavailability assessment of fixed-dose combination tablets of pioglitazone and metformin. Effect of body weight, gender, and race on systemic exposures of each drug. Bradford, D; Cao, C; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Schwartz, L; Slater, M; Zhao, Z, 2007)	0.74
" However, in the absence of clinical data, it is prudent to reduce the dosage of each glitazone by half in patients treated with gemfibrozil."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions with thiazolidinediones. Scheen, AJ, 2007)	0.34
"Eight prenatally androgenized (PA) and 5 control female rhesus monkeys of similar age, body weight and body mass index received an oral placebo daily for 6-7 months followed, after at least 90 days, by daily oral dosing with pioglitazone (3mg/kg) for an additional 6-7 months."	( Pioglitazone improves insulin action and normalizes menstrual cycles in a majority of prenatally androgenized female rhesus monkeys. Abbott, DH; Bird, IM; Bruns, CM; Dumesic, DA; Goodfriend, TL; Kemnitz, JW; Zhou, R, )	1.76
"Cultured rat HSCs were divided into a no-treatment control group, a TGF b-treated group, and a TGFb plus different dosage pioglitazone-treated group."	( [Effects of pioglitazone on the morphology and the expression of connective tissue growth factor of transforming growth factor beta-induced rat hepatic stellate cells in vitro]. Chen, WH; Jia, JB; Liu, M; Liu, Y; Lu, LG, 2007)	0.93
" There was considerable overlapping in the AUC(infinity) values, making gender-dependent dosing unnecessary."	( Replicate study design in bioequivalency assessment, pros and cons: bioavailabilities of the antidiabetic drugs pioglitazone and glimepiride present in a fixed-dose combination formulation. Bradford, D; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Schuster, J; Slater, M; Zhao, Z, 2007)	0.55
"The aim of this randomized placebo-controlled study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone administered alone or in combination with metformin in reducing insulin dosage requirements for improved glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy."	( Effect of pioglitazone in combination with insulin therapy on glycaemic control, insulin dose requirement and lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes previously poorly controlled with combination therapy. Berhanu, P; Perez, A; Yu, S, 2007)	0.96
"Evidence gathered from the ipGTT and ICT tests suggests that the SX-fraction of Maitake in a proper dosage as well as pioglitazone enhance insulin sensitivity."	( Enhanced insulin-hypoglycemic activity in rats consuming a specific glycoprotein extracted from maitake mushroom. Bagchi, D; Echard, B; Perricone, NV; Preuss, HG; Zhuang, C, 2007)	0.55
" The mean therapeutic dosage of insulin glargine in group A was 14."	( Therapeutic options for elderly diabetic subjects: open label, randomized clinical trial of insulin glargine added to oral antidiabetic drugs versus increased dosage of oral antidiabetic drugs. Alagona, C; Chiavetta, A; Fedele, V; Leotta, C; Lorenti, I; Luca, S; Papa, G; Pezzino, V; Piro, S; Purrello, F; Rabuazzo, AM; Spadaro, L, 2008)	0.35
" Sixteen male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly distributed into four groups, and dosed daily for 14 days by oral gavage with 0, 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg/day PIO."	( Assessment of genotoxicity in rats treated with the antidiabetic agent, pioglitazone. Aliyazicioglu, Y; Alvur, M; Bedir, A; Bilgici, B; Hökelek, M; Kahraman, H; Okuyucu, A; Suvaci, DE; Uysal, M; Yurdakul, Z, 2008)	0.58
"A simple, precise, rapid, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method is developed for the simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride (MET), pioglitazone hydrochloride (PIO), and glimepiride (GLP) present in multicomponent dosage forms."	( Simultaneous estimation of metformin hydrochloride, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and glimepiride by RP-HPLC in tablet formulation. Amin, M; Jain, D; Jain, S, 2008)	0.79
" The purpose of our study was to investigate the effect of pioglitazone on systemic inflammatory markers and activation of circulating monocytes in type 2 diabetic patients through the dosage of IL-6."	( Pioglitazone reduces monocyte activation in type 2 diabetes. Biasucci, LM; Buffon, A; Crea, F; Di Stasio, E; Ghirlanda, G; Giubilato, S; Liuzzo, G; Pitocco, D; Zaccardi, F, 2009)	2.04
"A simple, fast, and precise reverse phase, isocratic HPLC method was developed for the separation and quantification of pioglitazone and glimepiride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form."	( Simultaneous determination of pioglitazone and glimepiride in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage form by RP-HPLC method. A, K; A, R; Bhat, K; C, MR; G, S; K, K; M, S; N, U; P, M, 2008)	0.84
" Animals were fed a fat-enriched (54% kcal fat) diet for 6 weeks, 2 weeks high of fat-exposure alone followed by a 4-week dosing period."	( Effects of cevoglitazar, a dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist, on ectopic fat deposition in fatty Zucker rats. Boettcher, BR; Gao, J; Gounarides, JS; Laurent, D, 2009)	0.35
"Five hundred and seventy-six consecutive Caucasian obese type 2 diabetic patients were evaluated during a 12-months period and fifty-two patients were resulted intolerant to metformin at maximum dosage (3,000 mg/day)."	( Pioglitazone metabolic effect in metformin-intolerant obese patients treated with sibutramine. Ciccarelli, L; Cicero, AF; D'Angelo, A; Derosa, G; Ferrari, I; Gravina, A; Maffioli, P; Mereu, R; Piccinni, MN; Salvadeo, SA, 2009)	1.8
" In a well-characterized cell culture model of the principal cell type [Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK)-C7], PPARgamma agonists inhibit vasopressin-stimulated Cl(-) secretion with agonist dose-response relationships that mirror receptor transactivation profiles."	( PPARgamma agonists inhibit vasopressin-mediated anion transport in the MDCK-C7 cell line. Ashton, TT; Baines, D; Bisi, J; Blazer-Yost, BL; Brown, KK; Harrington, W; Kalsi, K; Maurio, FP; Murray, D; Nofziger, C; Smith, CD; West, TA, 2009)	0.35
" In a nonrandomized, single-sequence study (study II), participants (n = 24 completed) received a single 5-mg dose of the sulfonylurea glyburide, alone and after 8 days of dosing with alogliptin 25 mg qd."	( Coadministration of pioglitazone or glyburide and alogliptin: pharmacokinetic drug interaction assessment in healthy participants. Fleck, P; Karim, A; Laurent, A; Mekki, Q; Munsaka, M; Wann, E, 2009)	0.68
" Seventeen adult male cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were studied in a Latin square design such that all animals received 0, 1, 2, and 5 mg/kg pioglitazone for 6 weeks with 2 weeks of washout between dosing intervals."	( Fluid compartmental shifts with efficacious pioglitazone therapy in overweight monkeys: implications for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist use in prediabetes. Berquist, ML; Brown, KK; Kavanagh, K; Wagner, JD; Zhang, L, 2010)	0.82
" Translation of these findings into clinical therapy will require careful assessment of dosing paradigms and effective time windows for treatment."	( Extension of the neuroprotective time window for thiazolidinediones in ischemic stroke is dependent on time of reperfusion. Blankenship, DA; Gamboa, J; Hilow, E; Karl, M; Landreth, GE; Niemi, JP; Sundararajan, S, 2010)	0.36
" Average increases in insulin dosage with exenatide and placebo were 13 U/d and 20 U/d."	( Use of twice-daily exenatide in Basal insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, controlled trial. Bergenstal, RM; Buse, JB; Glass, LC; Heilmann, CR; Hoogwerf, BJ; Kwan, AY; Lewis, MS; Rosenstock, J, 2011)	0.37
" Thus, the proposed method is simple and suitable for the simultaneous analysis of active ingredients in dosage forms and human serum."	( Simultaneous determination of gliquidone, pioglitazone hydrochloride, and verapamil in formulation and human serum by RP-HPLC. Arayne, MS; Mirza, AZ; Sultana, N, 2011)	0.63
"The purpose of the present research was to develop bioadhesive buccal tablets for Felodipine (FDP) and Pioglitazone (PIO), low bioavailability drugs, in a combined dosage form for the management of diabetes and hypertension."	( Development of bioadhesive buccal tablets for felodipine and pioglitazone in combined dosage form: in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo characterization. Gannu, R; Palem, CR; Yamsani, MR; Yamsani, SK; Yamsani, VV, 2011)	0.83
" We proposed a systematic classification scheme using FDA-approved drug labeling to assess the DILI potential of drugs, which yielded a benchmark dataset with 287 drugs representing a wide range of therapeutic categories and daily dosage amounts."	( FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury. Chen, M; Fang, H; Liu, Z; Shi, Q; Tong, W; Vijay, V, 2011)	0.37
" Patients had an option to continue in a 40-week, open-label extension study, with those originally randomized to alogliptin remaining on the same dosage regimen while patients treated with placebo were randomly allocated to alogliptin 12."	( Efficacy and safety of alogliptin added to pioglitazone in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with an open-label long-term extension study. Hirayama, M; Hiroi, S; Itayasu, T; Kaku, K; Seino, Y, 2011)	0.63
" Phenylephrine, ACh, and SNP dose-response curves were impaired to different extents in arteries of SHROBs."	( Reactivity of the aorta and mesenteric resistance arteries from the obese spontaneously hypertensive rat: effects of glitazones. Llorens, S; Mendizábal, Y; Nava, E, 2011)	0.37
" VSMCs were treated in a dose-response manner with insulin (0, 1, 10, and 100 nM) for 20 min, and Akt and Erk phosphorylation were measured by Western blot analysis."	( Potential role of insulin signaling on vascular smooth muscle cell migration, proliferation, and inflammation pathways. Cersosimo, E; Musi, N; Xu, X, 2012)	0.38
" We evaluated the inductive effect of rifampicin (RIF), a typical human PXR ligand, on the plasma exposure to the four P450 substrate drugs (triazolam/CYP3A4, pioglitazone/CYP2C8, (S)-warfarin/CYP2C9, and (S)-(-)-mephenytoin/CYP2C19) by cassette dosing in PXB mice."	( Investigation of drug-drug interactions caused by human pregnane X receptor-mediated induction of CYP3A4 and CYP2C subfamilies in chimeric mice with a humanized liver. Hasegawa, M; Inoue, R; Kakuni, M; Tahara, H; Tateno, C; Ushiki, J, 2012)	0.58
"Few studies have given suggestions on appropriate initiation insulin dosage when combined with oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs)."	( Appropriate insulin initiation dosage for insulin-naive type 2 diabetes outpatients receiving insulin monotherapy or in combination with metformin and/or pioglitazone. Dong, JJ; Liao, L; Mou, YR; Qiu, LL; Yang, M; Zhao, JJ, 2010)	0.56
"0%, treated with stable dosage of a sulphonylurea for at least 30 days previously, were randomized to receive placebo or pioglitazone 30 mg once daily for 16 weeks."	( [A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel and multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone with sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetic patients]. Gao, Y; Guo, LX; Jia, PH; Liu, ZM; Lu, JM; Lü, ZH; Ning, G; Pan, CY; Sun, SY; Wang, XX; Zheng, JY, 2011)	0.79
"The 16-week clinical study demonstrated that pioglitazone hydrochloride with a dosage of 30mg daily, could significantly improve the blood glucose control and enhance the insulin sensitivity, lower triglyceride and raise HDL-C level as an additional therapy to a stable-dose sulphonylurea in Chinese type 2 diabetic patients previously poorly controlled by single sulphonylurea therapy, and furthermore had good safety and compliance."	( [A randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled, parallel and multicenter study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of pioglitazone with sulphonylurea in type 2 diabetic patients]. Gao, Y; Guo, LX; Jia, PH; Liu, ZM; Lu, JM; Lü, ZH; Ning, G; Pan, CY; Sun, SY; Wang, XX; Zheng, JY, 2011)	0.84
"To assess the 54-week efficacy of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone, compared with pioglitazone monotherapy, and to assess safety in these groups during the 30 weeks after the dosage of pioglitazone was increased from 30 to 45 mg/day, in drug-naÏve patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and inadequate glycaemic control [haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) 8-12%]."	( Efficacy and safety of initial combination therapy with sitagliptin and pioglitazone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a 54-week study. Goldstein, BJ; Golm, GT; Kaufman, KD; Lee, M; O'Neill, EA; Steinberg, H; Teng, R; Yoon, KH, 2012)	0.84
" A comprehensive, 12-concentration dose-response analysis using a cell-based assay showed aleglitazar to be highly potent, with EC(50) values of 5 nM and 9 nM for PPARα and PPARγ, respectively."	( Comparative molecular profiling of the PPARα/γ activator aleglitazar: PPAR selectivity, activity and interaction with cofactors. Benz, J; Dietz, M; Grether, U; Hartman, P; Kuhn, B; Maerki, HP; Mohr, P; Ruf, A; Wright, MB, 2012)	0.38
" Primary endpoints were the area under the curve from the time of dosing to infinity (AUC(inf)) and the maximum observed plasma concentration (C(max)) of each drug."	( No pharmacokinetic interaction between ipragliflozin and sitagliptin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride in healthy subjects. Kadokura, T; Keirns, J; Krauwinkel, WJ; Smulders, RA; van Dijk, J; Veltkamp, SA; Zhang, W, 2012)	0.61
"45) and in those with a cumulative dosage greater than 28,000 mg (2."	( The use of pioglitazone and the risk of bladder cancer in people with type 2 diabetes: nested case-control study. Assayag, J; Azoulay, L; Filion, KB; Majdan, A; Pollak, MN; Suissa, S; Yin, H, 2012)	0.77
" After being fed a high-fat diet for two weeks, rats were dosed orally with emodin (20, 40, 80 mg/kg/day) or pioglitazone (20 mg/kg/day), once daily for eight weeks."	( Emodin protects against high-fat diet-induced obesity via regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase pathways in white adipose tissue. Chang, CJ; Liou, SS; Liu, IM; Lu, HJ; Tzeng, TF, 2012)	0.59
" Patients were on a stable dosage of TZD (rosiglitazone or pioglitazone) and, if applicable, metformin."	( Safety of exenatide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with a thiazolidinedione alone or in combination with metformin for 2 years. Boardman, MK; Haber, H; Liutkus, JF; Norwood, P; Pintilei, E; Trautmann, ME, 2012)	0.62
" To achieve a significant antineoplastic effect, pio needed to be dosed at 240 PPM in the oral group and >1 μM when delivered intracerebrally."	( The PPARγ agonist pioglitazone crosses the blood-brain barrier and reduces tumor growth in a human xenograft model. Blankenship, D; Caprariello, A; Dechant, A; Grommes, C; Karlo, JC; Landreth, GE, 2013)	0.72
" In the dose-response analyses, none of the categories showed a significant hazard ratio, and all P-trends were >0."	( Pioglitazone does not affect the risk of ovarian cancer: analysis of a nationwide reimbursement database in Taiwan. Tseng, CH, 2013)	1.83
" Dose-response effects were evaluated by comparing the incidence rates among patients with different cumulative exposures to TZD."	( Risk of stroke with thiazolidinediones: a ten-year nationwide population-based cohort study. Chen, PC; Chen, RC; Hsu, CY; Lu, CJ; Muo, CH; Sun, Y, 2013)	0.39
" The results also showed a significant dose-dependent effect of higher risk of ischemic stroke with increasing dosage of rosiglitazone, while there was no increased risk at any level of pioglitazone dosage."	( Risk of stroke with thiazolidinediones: a ten-year nationwide population-based cohort study. Chen, PC; Chen, RC; Hsu, CY; Lu, CJ; Muo, CH; Sun, Y, 2013)	0.58
" However, since the inhibition of transporter is not specific to cancer cells, a decrease in the cytotoxic drug dosing may be needed to prevent excess toxicity, thus undermining the potential benefit brought about by a drug efflux inhibitor."	( Targeting the ABCG2-overexpressing multidrug resistant (MDR) cancer cells by PPARγ agonists. To, KK; Tomlinson, B, 2013)	0.39
" Additionally, the analyses addressing increasing exposure to pioglitazone observed a dose-response relation between exclusive ever use of pioglitazone and bladder cancer in terms of cumulative duration of use and cumulative dosage."	( Pioglitazone prescription increases risk of bladder cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes: an updated meta-analysis. He, S; Tang, YH; Wang, D; Yang, X; Zhang, Y; Zhao, G, 2014)	2.09
"Co-administration of probe substrates midazolam, pioglitazone, omeprazole, and rosuvastatin following repeat dosing of vercirnon 500 mg BID demonstrated vercirnon had no clinically significant effect on CYP3A4, CYP2C8, CYP2C19 enzyme activity or BCRP or OATP1B1 transporter activity."	( Effects of vercirnon on the activity of CYP3A4, CYP2C19 and CYP2C8 enzymes and BCRP and OATP1B1 transporters using probe substrates. Cargill, A; Haberer, LJ; McCarthy, L; McSherry, I, 2014)	0.66
" Insulin dosage and weight-gain were similar."	( Randomized, 1-year comparison of three ways to initiate and advance insulin for type 2 diabetes: twice-daily premixed insulin versus basal insulin with either basal-plus one prandial insulin or basal-bolus up to three prandial injections. Gao, L; Riddle, MC; Rosenstock, J; Vlajnic, A, 2014)	0.4
" The proposed method can be used for simultaneous estimation of these drugs in marketed dosage forms."	( RP-HPLC method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of atorvastatin calcium and pioglitazone hydrochloride in pharmaceutical dosage form. Ammineni, P; Kondreddy, Vk; Mallikarjuna, S; Peraman, R, 2014)	0.62
" Although significant P-trends for the dose-response parameters could be observed in some of the unadjusted and age-sex-adjusted models, none was significant in the multivariable-adjusted models."	( Pioglitazone and oral cancer risk in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tseng, CH, 2014)	1.85
" Alogliptin does not require any dosage adjustment when coadministered with ketoconazole, fluconazole, gemfibrozil, warfarin, metformin, glyburide, and pioglitazone."	( Alogliptin: A new dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Erowele, G; Ndefo, UA; Okoli, O, 2014)	0.6
" Pioglitazone dosing protected TH-positive neurons, closely matching the number of PPAR-gamma expressing cells in the ipsilateral SNpc."	( Expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma in the substantia nigra of hemiparkinsonian nonhuman primates. Emborg, M; Swanson, C, 2014)	1.31
" None of the dose-response parameters showed a significant trend of risk association, with all P-trends >0."	( Pioglitazone does not affect the risk of kidney cancer in patients with type 2 diabetes. Tseng, CH, 2014)	1.85
" Administration of pioglitazone also prevented morphine-induced 50 % effective dose (ED50) shift to the right in the dose-response curve and increased the global analgesic effect of morphine."	( Pioglitazone prevents morphine antinociception tolerance and withdrawal symptoms in rats. Azarfardian, A; Charkhpour, M; Ghasami, S; Ghavimi, H; Hassanzadeh, K; Maleki-Dizaji, N; Zolali, E, 2014)	2.17
"Optimal dosing of basal insulin is needed to achieve target fasting blood glucose and to avoid hypoglycaemia on the other hand in patients of type 2 diabetes on bedtime basal insulin and daytime sulfonylureas."	( Study of optimal basal insulin glargine dose requirement in Indian population as an add on therapy to oral hypoglycaemic agents to achieve target fasting blood glucose levels. Agarwal, SK; Singh, BK; Wadhwa, R, 2013)	0.39
" Dosages-dependent analysis revealed that protective effect of PIO ameliorated the physiopathological changes and reached a peak at dosage of 20 mg/kg/d."	( Hydrochloride pioglitazone protects diabetic rats against podocyte injury through preserving glomerular podocalyxin expression. Chen, Y; Hu, W; Xing, Y; Ye, S, 2014)	0.76
" An analysis of variance was used to evaluate differences in pharmacokinetics with and without concomitant treatment; 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the ratio of the geometric least squares mean (LSM) estimates for maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), area under concentration-time curve for dosing interval (AUC12 or AUC24), and oral clearance (CL/F) with and without concomitant treatment were used to assess a drug interaction."	( Pharmacokinetic interactions between topiramate and pioglitazone and metformin. Curtin, CR; Ford, L; Heald, D; Manitpisitkul, P; Shalayda, K; Wang, SS, 2014)	0.65
" We observed a statistically significant trend in the RE dose-response relationship for change from baseline in HbA1c at week 12 (p < 0."	( Randomized efficacy and safety trial of once-daily remogliflozin etabonate for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Almond, SR; Dobbins, R; Kemp, GL; Kler, L; O'Connor-Semmes, R; Sykes, AP; Walker, S; Wilkison, WO, 2015)	0.42
" It is an attractive option because it is dosed once-weekly, provides A1C lowering similar to liraglutide, weight reduction similar to exenatide, and has an adverse effect profile similar to exenatide and liraglutide."	( Dulaglutide: the newest GLP-1 receptor agonist for the management of type 2 diabetes. Thompson, AM; Trujillo, JM, 2015)	0.42
" We measured blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD) low-frequency fluctuations in conscious rats to map changes in brain resting-state functional connectivity due to daily, oral dosing with low-dose PIO."	( Effects of low doses of pioglitazone on resting-state functional connectivity in conscious rat brain. Asin, K; Crenshaw, DG; Gottschalk, WK; Liang, Z; Roses, AD; Zhang, N, 2015)	0.72
" When mice were dosed with racemic pioglitazone, the concentration of (+)-pioglitazone was 46."	( Influence of drug transporters and stereoselectivity on the brain penetration of pioglitazone as a potential medicine against Alzheimer's disease. Chang, KL; Ho, PC; Pee, HN; Yang, S, 2015)	0.92
" All animals were dosed with 1 mg/kg of hIgG intravenously (IV) or subcutaneously (SC)."	( Effect of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Diabetic Nephropathy on IgG Pharmacokinetics and Subcutaneous Bioavailability in the Rat. Chadha, GS; Morris, ME, 2015)	0.42
"The treatment of newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus is diverse, with no clear consensus regarding the initial drug regimen or dosing to achieve optimal glycemic control."	( Getting to goal in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes using combination drug "subtraction therapy". George, TM; Jennings, AS; Jennings, JS; Lovett, AJ, 2015)	0.42
" The geometric mean ratio (GMR) for pioglitazone Cmax at steady state (Cmax,ss) and for AUC during the dosing interval at steady state (AUCτ,ss) when coadministered with empagliflozin versus administration alone was 187."	( Pharmacokinetics of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone After Coadministration in Healthy Volunteers. Broedl, UC; Macha, S; Mattheus, M; Pinnetti, S; Woerle, HJ, 2015)	0.96
"During this investigation, nondependent prescription opioid abusers (N=17 completers) were maintained for 2-3weeks on ascending daily doses of PIO (0mg, 15mg, 45mg) prior to completing a laboratory session assessing the aforementioned effects of OXY [using a within-session cumulative dosing procedure (0, 10, and 20mg, cumulative dose=30mg)]."	( The effects of pioglitazone, a PPARγ receptor agonist, on the abuse liability of oxycodone among nondependent opioid users. Ciccocioppo, R; Comer, SD; Jones, JD; Manubay, JM; Metz, VE; Mogali, S; Sullivan, MA, 2016)	0.79
" This approach will help formulation scientists detect and understand salt disproportionation and in situ drug-excipients compatibility issues in low dose solid dosage formulations."	( Analytical approaches to investigate salt disproportionation in tablet matrices by Raman spectroscopy and Raman mapping. Byrn, SR; Liu, Z; Marks, BC; Marsac, PJ; Nie, H; Taylor, LS, 2016)	0.43
" Duration-response and dose-response relations were observed for pioglitazone but not for rosiglitazone."	( Pioglitazone use and risk of bladder cancer: population based cohort study. Azoulay, L; Filion, KB; Platt, RW; Tuccori, M; Yin, H; Yu, OH, 2016)	2.11
" We conducted a dose-response meta-analysis to assess this association."	( Association between pioglitazone use and the risk of bladder cancer among subjects with diabetes mellitus: a dose-response meta-analysis . Li, Z; Shi, J; Sun, M; Wang, F; Wang, K, 2017)	0.78
" Pooled results derived from a random-effects model, and the dose-response analyses were conducted for the association between cumulative dose or duration of pioglitazone use and BC risk."	( Association between pioglitazone use and the risk of bladder cancer among subjects with diabetes mellitus: a dose-response meta-analysis . Li, Z; Shi, J; Sun, M; Wang, F; Wang, K, 2017)	0.98
" This sets the stage for dose-response and delayed administration studies to maximize pioglitazone's efficacy for SCI while elucidating the precise role that mitochondria play in governing its neuroprotection; the ultimate goal to develop novel therapeutics that specifically target mitochondrial dysfunction."	( Pioglitazone treatment following spinal cord injury maintains acute mitochondrial integrity and increases chronic tissue sparing and functional recovery. Bailey, WM; Cox, DH; Geldenhuys, WJ; Gensel, JC; Gollihue, JL; Patel, SP; Rabchevsky, AG; Sullivan, PG, 2017)	2.12
" The proposed method is applicable for the analysis of six pharmaceutical dosage forms namely, Nesina®, Actos®, Glucophage®, Oseni®, Kazano® and Actoplus MET® tablets."	( A guide for using experimental design in chromatographic method development: applied to the analysis of selected anti-diabetic pharmaceutical combinations. Abdel-Aziz, O; Ayoub, BM, 2016)	0.43
" A restricted spline regression analysis was used to examine the dose-response relationship with a generalized least-squares trend test."	( Pioglitazone and bladder cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Fu, S; Han, J; Shi, W; Song, Y; Tang, H; Wang, T; Zhai, S, 2018)	1.92
" In the case of a solid oral dosage formulation containing the salt form of a weakly ionizable drug, excipient selection is critical, as some excipients are known to cause salt disproportionation (conversion of salt to the free form)."	( Effect of excipient properties, water activity, and water content on the disproportionation of a pharmaceutical salt. Arora, KK; Krzyzaniak, JF; Luthra, S; Patel, MA; Shamblin, SL; Taylor, LS, 2018)	0.48
"Reliable methods for the characterization of drug substances are critical for evaluating stability and bioavailability, especially in dosage formulations under varying storage conditions and usage."	( Quantifying Disproportionation in Pharmaceutical Formulations with Hirsh, DA; Nie, H; Schurko, RW; Stueber, D; Su, Y; Variankaval, N; Xu, W, 2018)	0.48
" Finally, oral administration of PGZ-SOL did not cause damage of buccal, sublingual and intestinal mucosae which suggests that this formulation is a viable alternative for AD treatment in geriatric populations with difficulty swallowing conventional solid dosage forms."	( Thiazolidinedione as an alternative to facilitate oral administration in geriatric patients with Alzheimer's disease. Calpena, AC; Espina, M; Espinoza, LC; García, ML; Gonzalez-Pizarro, R; Rodríguez-Lagunas, MJ; Silva-Abreu, M, 2019)	0.51
" Co-supplementation of high dosage VD with spironolactone or pioglitazone are more effective in reducing plasma leptin levels than metformin, and thus might prove to be better therapeutic strategies for women with PCOS."	( Differential Impact of Insulin Sensitizers vs. Anti-Androgen on Serum Leptin Levels in Vitamin D Replete PCOS Women: A Six Month Open Labeled Randomized Study. Bhat, GA; Ganie, MA; Rashid, A; Shah, ZA; Shaheen, F; Shrivastava, M; Wani, IA, 2020)	0.8
"Histopathological findings were correlated with the Western blot results and depict a protective effect corresponding to the elevated dosage of Pioglitazone regarding in situ perfusion rat model."	( Effect of Pioglitazone on endoplasmic reticulum stress regarding in situ perfusion rat model. Balogh, B; Caleb, I; Erlitz, L; Hardi, P; Jancsó, G; Nagy, T; Sétáló, G; Takács, I; Telek, V; Vecsernyés, M, 2021)	1.22
"In our study, Pioglitazone can reduce the endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the most effective dosage proved to be the 40 mg/kg Pio referencing the kidney and liver samples."	( Effect of Pioglitazone on endoplasmic reticulum stress regarding in situ perfusion rat model. Balogh, B; Caleb, I; Erlitz, L; Hardi, P; Jancsó, G; Nagy, T; Sétáló, G; Takács, I; Telek, V; Vecsernyés, M, 2021)	1.38
"One-year treatment with pioglitazone even at low dosage significantly improved liver steatosis and inflammation, systemic and adipose tissue insulin resistance in patients with T2D."	( Pioglitazone even at low dosage improves NAFLD in type 2 diabetes: clinical and pathophysiological insights from a subgroup of the TOSCA.IT randomised trial. Bozzetto, L; Carli, F; Della Pepa, G; Gastaldelli, A; Masulli, M; Riccardi, G; Rivellese, AA; Russo, M; Vaccaro, O; Vetrani, C; Vitale, M, 2021)	2.37
" The developed methods were successfully applied for the determination of glimepiride and pioglitazone hydrochloride in pure powder and dosage form."	( Spectrophotometric methods for determination of glimepiride and pioglitazone hydrochloride mixture and application in their pharmaceutical formulation. Atta, MY; Ghoniem, NS; Hegazy, MA; Hussien, EM, 2022)	1.18
" We then hypothesize that optimal pioglitazone dosing will lead to ongoing neuroprotection and cognitive benefits that are dependent on pioglitazone-mitoNEET signalling pathways."	( Clinically relevant mitochondrial-targeted therapy improves chronic outcomes after traumatic brain injury. Berkowitz, BA; Burden, S; Cloud, AL; Geldenhuys, WJ; Gooch, JL; Harris, NG; Hubbard, WB; Powell, DK; Spry, ML; Sullivan, PG; Vekaria, HJ, 2021)	0.9
"The multipurpose RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated for the synchronous estimation of multiple combined pharmaceutical dosage forms of metformin hydrochloride."	( DoE-Based Analytical Failure Modes Critical Effect Analysis (AFMCEA) to a Multipurpose-RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Multiple FDC Products of Metformin Hydrochloride Using an Analytical Quality by Design Approach. Mistry, KY; Prajapati, PB; Shah, SA, 2022)	0.72
" Further study is needed to confirm these findings so that clinicians may optimize dosing of this secondary prevention strategy in patients with stroke."	( Efficacy of lower doses of pioglitazone after stroke or transient ischaemic attack in patients with insulin resistance. Abdul-Ghani, M; Dandona, P; DeFronzo, R; Furie, K; Inzucchi, SE; Kernan, WN; Spence, JD; Viscoli, C; Young, LH, 2022)	1.02
" Eco-friendly, cost-effective, and precise stability-indicating RP-HPLC method was developed and validated for the identification and quantification of Alogliptin and Pioglitazone in their tablet dosage form, as well as implementation to in vitro dissolution studies and uniformity of dosage unit."	( An Effective Chromatographic Method for Simultaneous Quantification of Antidiabetic Drugs Alogliptin Benzoate and Pioglitazone HCl in Their Tablet Dosage Form: Implementation to In vitro Dissolution Studies and Uniformity of Dosage Unit. Mohamed, MA, 2023)	1.32
" The proposed method was applied for the analysis of PIO and MET both individually and in a combined dosage tablet formulation."	( Development of Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Method for the Simultaneous Separation and Quantification of Metformin and Pioglitazone in Dosage Forms; and Comparison with HPLC Method. Alnajjar, AO; AlThikrallah, MKI; Buzid, A; Elbashir, AA; Elgorashe, REE; Idris, AM, 2023)	1.12
"A reversed-phase RP-HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of metformin hydrochloride (MET), pioglitazone (PIO), and glimepiride (GLM) in their combined dosage forms and spiked human plasma."	( Deduction of the operable design space of RP-HPLC technique for the simultaneous estimation of metformin, pioglitazone, and glimepiride. Elkhodary, MM; Hammad, SF; Kamal, AH; Marie, AA; Salim, MM, 2023)	1.33
" Among these 25 ions, 18 exhibited a dose-response relationship."	( Development of a metabolomics-based data analysis approach for identifying drug metabolites based on high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chang, TY; Chiou, YS; Li, PJ; Lin, GY; Shih, CL; Ting, HH, 2023)	0.91
"The combined treatment with INS 18 U/kg + PIO 5 mg/kg was more effective in preventing advanced cachexia in TB rats than each treatment alone, emerging as the best approach, considering the lower dosage and higher efficacy."	( Insulin in combination with pioglitazone prevents advanced cachexia in 256-Walker tumor-bearing rats: effect is greater than treatment alone and is associated with improved insulin sensitivity. Bazotte, RB; Bertolini, GL; Biazi, GR; Cassolla, P; de Souza Galia, WB; de Souza, HM; Diaz, BF; Ferraz, LS; Frasson, IG; Kurauti, MA; Mareze-Costa, CE; Marmentini, C; Miksza, DR; Peres, SB, 2023)	1.2

Role	Description
insulin-sensitizing drug	An agent which overcomes insulin resistance by activation of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR-gamma).
EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor	An EC 2.7.1.* (phosphotransferases with an alcohol group as acceptor) inhibitor that interferes with the action of pantothenate kinase (EC 2.7.1.33).
xenobiotic	A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor	An EC 6.2.1.* (acid-thiol ligase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of a long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase (EC 6.2.1.3).
ferroptosis inhibitor	Any substance that inhibits the process of ferroptosis (a type of programmed cell death dependent on iron and characterized by the accumulation of lipid peroxides) in organisms.
cardioprotective agent	Any protective agent that is able to prevent damage to the heart.
PPARgamma agonist	A PPAR modulator which activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma.
antidepressant	Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions.
geroprotector	Any compound that supports healthy aging, slows the biological aging process, or extends lifespan.
hypoglycemic agent	A drug which lowers the blood glucose level.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
thiazolidinediones	A thiadiazolidine in which the 1,3-thiazolidine ring is substituted by two oxo groups.
aromatic ether	Any ether in which the oxygen is attached to at least one aryl substituent.
pyridines	Any organonitrogen heterocyclic compound based on a pyridine skeleton and its substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	2.5119	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID2517
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	26.1011	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	15.8489	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
EWS/FLI fusion protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.1553	0.0013	10.1577	42.8575	AID1259252; AID1259253
tyrosine-protein kinase Yes	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.7291	0.0000	5.0182	79.2586	AID686947
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	1.0000	1.0000	1.0500	1.1000	AID458856
ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	133.0000	0.6315	4.4531	9.3000	AID1473740
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	49.5000	0.2000	5.6774	10.0000	AID1473741
Bile salt export pump	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	2.0000	0.4000	2.7500	8.6000	AID1209456
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	AID408484
Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.3370	0.1100	7.1903	10.0000	AID1209455; AID1443980; AID1443989; AID1449628; AID1473738; AID1674183
Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.1140	0.0002	1.1060	8.3000	AID625236
Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.8000	0.0001	0.4071	7.6000	AID291758
Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	220.0000	0.0005	3.4984	9.7600	AID440905
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.3800	2.0933	5.1000	AID1207593
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.8567	0.0008	1.0927	6.0000	AID1192621; AID1192622; AID662859
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.2708	0.0019	0.5533	4.8000	AID1192621
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	35.0690	0.0000	2.3789	9.7700	AID625150
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	1.1500	0.0800	0.6150	1.1500	AID1546897
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.1600	2.0300	3.9000	AID1207590
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.2980	0.0000	1.8914	9.5700	AID1917380; AID501302
Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3234	0.0006	1.7771	10.0000	AID1192621; AID1192622; AID662861
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	5.4081	0.0050	1.2051	10.0000	AID1237265; AID1419241; AID1466739; AID156959; AID1614508; AID291758; AID548200; AID699016
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.5761	0.0000	0.3790	5.6000	AID1537172; AID157099; AID157268; AID157275; AID1614505; AID1673238; AID1701617; AID1918900
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	IC50 (µMol)	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	0.7000	AID348420
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	10.0000	1.0500	1.0500	1.0500	AID1207592
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	10.0000	0.0005	0.8269	6.3100	AID156285
Enoyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] reductase [NADH]	Francisella tularensis subsp. tularensis SCHU S4	IC50 (µMol)	79.0000	0.0500	1.9125	6.0000	AID756998
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	4.8000	2.2900	3.5450	4.8000	AID1572805
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	8.6500	0.7310	3.7994	9.0780	AID1323834
CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.3700	0.0310	1.2054	7.2910	AID1323835
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	812.8310	0.0003	0.7369	8.8000	AID1172631
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5500	0.0000	1.2626	10.0000	AID141913
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5500	0.0000	0.7646	10.0000	AID141913
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5500	0.0000	0.9905	10.0000	AID141913
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5500	0.0000	1.0528	10.0000	AID141913
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.5500	0.0000	1.1605	10.0000	AID141913
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.8027	0.0000	0.9922	10.0000	AID1169794; AID1276056; AID1330908; AID1333353; AID1333356; AID1397117; AID1409295; AID1419242; AID1423207; AID1428289; AID1466737; AID1546883; AID156931; AID156943; AID157124; AID157264; AID1578127; AID1614504; AID1614507; AID1614512; AID1737435; AID1918904; AID223547; AID268111; AID473102; AID476882; AID499442; AID550058; AID590196; AID607038; AID614594; AID648526; AID709646; AID718850; AID728045; AID91246
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.8710	0.0012	0.9531	4.9800	AID1614511
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	0.6200	0.0003	1.6542	10.0000	AID141913; AID157283
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	6.6867	0.0006	1.6074	10.0000	AID1546882; AID156146; AID223541
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Activity	3.1400	0.1200	2.0087	5.5000	AID1614509; AID1614510
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin secretion	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of interleukin-1 beta production	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transport	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
response to fatty acid	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ion channel modulating, G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated ion channel signaling pathway	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin secretion	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cilium assembly	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet degranulation	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cAMP transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
leukotriene transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic anion transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
export across plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport across blood-brain barrier	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transport	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid biosynthetic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to oxidative stress	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid and bile salt transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
protein ubiquitination	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to estrogen	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic export from cell	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipid homeostasis	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bile acid secretion	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid metabolic process	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transport	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
morphogenesis of an epithelium	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular pH reduction	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of monoatomic anion transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
secretion	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular pH	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasis	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dipeptide transmembrane transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chloride transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbon dioxide transport	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
one-carbon metabolic process	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid catabolic process	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
female pregnancy	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermis development	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of JUN kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signal transduction	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
actin cytoskeleton organization	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of endocytosis	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intracellular protein transport	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to unfolded protein	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor recycling	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of type I interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
growth hormone receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STAT	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein tyrosine kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of hepatocyte growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of PERK-mediated unfolded protein response	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine dephosphorylation involved in inactivation of protein kinase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of receptor catabolic process	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
biogenic amine metabolic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of signal transduction	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid beta-oxidation	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine shuttle	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to toxic substance	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to aluminum ion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to selenium ion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of serotonin secretion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
phenylethylamine catabolic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
substantia nigra development	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipopolysaccharide	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
dopamine catabolic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of dopamine metabolic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
response to corticosterone	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cholesterol efflux	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of osteoblast differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of smooth muscle cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of receptor signaling pathway via STAT	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of low-density lipoprotein receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of BMP signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of MAP kinase activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adiponectin secretion	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophy in response to stress	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of connective tissue replacement involved in inflammatory response wound healing	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
placenta development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cholesterol storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of lipid storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of angiogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
monocyte differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
BMP signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to insulin stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
response to lipid	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoprotein transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell fate commitment	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fat cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
retinoic acid receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell maturation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
white fat cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid homeostasis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of SMAD protein signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cholesterol transporter activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitochondrial fission	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular response to insulin stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of extracellular matrix assembly	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cellular response to transforming growth factor beta stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of adipose tissue development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vascular associated smooth muscle cell apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of vascular endothelial cell proliferation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
long-chain fatty acid metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid beta-oxidation	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
triglyceride metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine shuttle	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to xenobiotic stimulus	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of lipid storage	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to organic cyclic compound	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell differentiation	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
eating behavior	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to alkaloid	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune response	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
aflatoxin metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fatty acid	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
liver regeneration	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
response to tetrachloromethane	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cytokine production involved in inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of hepatocyte apoptotic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of signaling receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ATP biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transduction	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transformation of host cell by virus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to hypoxia	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
gluconeogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
heart development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to nutrient	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
epidermis development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to starvation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular ketone metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cholesterol storage	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of sequestering of triglyceride	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid beta-oxidation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of appetite	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to insulin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to nicotine	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
wound healing	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lipoprotein metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
steroid hormone mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ethanol	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gluconeogenesis	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood pressure	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glycolytic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid oxidation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of lipid biosynthetic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth involved in cardiac muscle cell development	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
enamel mineralization	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to fructose stimulus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA transcription	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of leukocyte cell-cell adhesion	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fatty acid transport	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of fatty acid metabolic process	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagy	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy of mitochondrion	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagy	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cellular respiration	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein maturation by [2Fe-2S] cluster transfer	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor activity	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
bioactive lipid receptor activity	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
glucuronoside transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
icosanoid transmembrane transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
guanine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
urate transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
purine nucleotide transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type glutathione S-conjugate transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
efflux transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD+) activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glutathione transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATPase-coupled inorganic anion transmembrane transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type transporter activity	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type xenobiotic transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
canalicular bile acid transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate transmembrane transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ABC-type bile acid transporter activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP hydrolysis activity	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
arylesterase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
carbonate dehydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cyanamide hydratase activity	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
steryl-sulfatase activity	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
sulfuric ester hydrolase activity	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
arylsulfatase activity	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
insulin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
ephrin receptor binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
non-membrane spanning protein tyrosine phosphatase activity	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
aliphatic amine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine O-octanoyltransferase activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
acyltransferase activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
primary amine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
aliphatic amine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
monoamine oxidase activity	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
flavin adenine dinucleotide binding	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coregulator binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleic acid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
arachidonic acid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding domain binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
LBD domain binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
alpha-actinin binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
R-SMAD binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
E-box binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
STAT family protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-macromolecule adaptor activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
palmitoleoyltransferase activity	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription coactivator binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear steroid receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatase binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin conjugating enzyme binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific DNA binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
NFAT protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
pyridoxal phosphate binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
metal ion binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
L-cysteine transaminase activity	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Free fatty acid receptor 1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basal plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	ATP-binding cassette sub-family C member 3	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
platelet dense granule membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
external side of apical plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Multidrug resistance-associated protein 4	Homo sapiens (human)
basolateral plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
apical plasma membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intercellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular canaliculus	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Bile salt export pump	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
myelin sheath	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
apical part of cell	Carbonic anhydrase 2	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum lumen	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Steryl-sulfatase	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial crista	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome lumen	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
sorting endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic side of endoplasmic reticulum membrane	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome	Tyrosine-protein phosphatase non-receptor type 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] A	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Mus musculus (house mouse)
nucleoplasm	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial inner membrane	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial envelope	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell body	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Amine oxidase [flavin-containing] B	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular membrane-bounded organelle	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma	Mus musculus (house mouse)
mitochondrion	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 1, liver isoform	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum membrane	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 2	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial outer membrane	CDGSH iron-sulfur domain-containing protein 1	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347411	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Mechanism Interrogation Plate v5.0 (MIPE) Libary	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1636440	Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2D6-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID1443992	Total Cmax in human administered as single dose	2014	Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3	Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID625286	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID705498	Binding affinity to mouse serine/threonine-protein kinase WNK1 by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID625291	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver function tests abnormal	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1323835	Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from recombinant human C-terminal His-tagged MitoNEET cytosolic domain (32 to 108 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by Cheng-Prusoff analysis	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21	Identification of small molecules that bind to the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET.
AID1072116	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced TNF-alpha secretion incubated for 2 hrs prior to PMA challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75	Synthesis of novel 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide-3-ethanone oxime N-aryl acetamide ether derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents and inhibitors of monocyte-to-macrophage transformation.
AID1474166	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1231389	Lipophilicity, log P of the compound	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives: programmed chemical weapons for key protein targets of various pathological conditions.
AID1072114	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion incubated for 2 hrs prior to PMA challenge measured after 72 hrs by ELISA	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75	Synthesis of novel 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide-3-ethanone oxime N-aryl acetamide ether derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents and inhibitors of monocyte-to-macrophage transformation.
AID1217728	Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation per mg of protein based on cytochrome P450 (unknown origin) inactivation rate by TDI assay	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1079946	Presence of at least one case with successful reintroduction. [column 'REINT' in source]
AID1701622	Induction of adipogenesis in human BMMSC cotreated with IDX
AID625277	FDA Liver Toxicity Knowledge Base Benchmark Dataset (LTKB-BD) drugs of less concern for DILI	2011	Drug discovery today, Aug, Volume: 16, Issue:15-16	FDA-approved drug labeling for the study of drug-induced liver injury.
AID1209457	Unbound Cmax in human plasma	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1072115	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced IL-8 secretion incubated for 2 hrs prior to PMA challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-21, Volume: 75	Synthesis of novel 1,2-benzothiazine 1,1-dioxide-3-ethanone oxime N-aryl acetamide ether derivatives as potent anti-inflammatory agents and inhibitors of monocyte-to-macrophage transformation.
AID625292	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) combined score	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1166256	Hepatoprotective effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in serum ALT level	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID157124	Activation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma measured by induction of 50% of maximum alkaline phosphatase activity, transfection assay in CV-1 cells	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-03, Volume: 41, Issue:25	N-(2-Benzoylphenyl)-L-tyrosine PPARgamma agonists. 1. Discovery of a novel series of potent antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic agents.
AID1224232	Hepatotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced in Albino Wistar rat diabetic model assessed increase in portal triad Inflammation by Haematoxylin/Eosin staining-based microscopy	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14	Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression.
AID1335103	Decrease in insulin levels in diet-induced obese mouse at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered daily via gavage for 14 days measured on day 14 post dose	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel and Selective G-protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Spirocyclic Agonists.
AID1677035	Antiproliferative activity against human GURAV cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23	Benzylidene thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro investigations of antiproliferative mechanisms and in vivo efficacy determination in combination with Imatinib.
AID1474167	Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status	2016	Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4	DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID730267	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as total cholesterol level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 153.2 +/- 11.1 mg/dL)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID1276058	Transactivation of human PPARdelta expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1	N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators.
AID705496	Binding affinity to mouse cyclic AMP-dependent transcription factor ATF-2 by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID119525	In vivo decrease in insulin in obese mice(ob/ob) at 3 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1741906	Inhibition of PTP1B in human HepG2 cells assessed as improvement in insulin-induced 2-NBDG uptake at 5 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to compound washout followed by insulin stimulation for 20 mins and subsequent 2-NBDG addition measured after 60 mins by F	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID473102	Transactivation of human PPARgamma LBD expressed in african green monkey Cos7 cells co-transfected with fused GAL4-DBD after 14 hrs by Dual-Glo Luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8	Rational design of a pirinixic acid derivative that acts as subtype-selective PPARgamma modulator.
AID718850	Transactivation of human GAL4-fused PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of fibrate-based analogues inside PPARs.
AID223541	In vitro transactivation using receptor transactivation assay against hPPAR alpha	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID141904	Agonist activity for murine PPAR alpha receptor in transcriptional activation assay; IA means inactive at 10 uM	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
AID1701617	Binding affinity to PPAR-gamma (unknown origin) by TR-FRET assay
AID625290	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver fatty	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID699009	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in human HEK293 cells assessed as SHP promoter transactivation at 100 nM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to vehicle-treated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Sesquiterpene lactones from Tithonia diversifolia act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists.
AID503313	Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells at 15 uM after 120 hrs by MTT assay relative to DMSO	2006	Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6	Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID119521	In vivo decrease in glucose in obese mice(ob/ob) at 3 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1383699	Hypolipemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as total plasma cholesterol level at 30 mg/kg, po treated for 3 consecutive weeks (Rvb = 6.05 to 6.98 mM)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
AID1512632	Toxicity in C57BL/6 mouse assessed as hematocrit level at 40 mg/kg (Rvb = 45%)	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 27, Issue:22	Development of a novel class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma ligands as an anticancer agent with a unique binding mode based on a non-thiazolidinedione scaffold.
AID1224231	Hepatotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced in Albino Wistar rat diabetic model assessed increase in sinusoidal dilatation by Haematoxylin/Eosin staining-based microscopy	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14	Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression.
AID1423207	Transactivation of human full length PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene based luminescence assay	2018	Journal of natural products, 11-26, Volume: 81, Issue:11	Stereoselective Synthesis of the Isomers of Notoincisol A: Assigment of the Absolute Configuration of this Natural Product and Biological Evaluation.
AID119527	In vivo decrease in glucose in obese mice(ob/ob) by 10 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1673228	Induction of adipogenesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as increase in HMGCR mRNA at 1 uM incubated for 3 days by qRT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID1198932	Induction of p53 protein level in human HepG2 cells at 50 uM upto 24 hrs by immunoblot analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 25, Issue:9	Structural insight of glitazone for hepato-toxicity: Resolving mystery by PASS.
AID705482	Binding affinity to mouse serine/threonine-protein kinase MAK by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID665289	Hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1276052	Solubility of the compound in water by microplate reader analysis	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1	N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators.
AID548200	Displacement of fluormone PPAR-green from N-terminal His-tagged human PPARgamma-LBD after 2 hrs by fluorescence polarization assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	1,3-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives as a new series of potent PPARγ partial agonists.
AID1466741	Cytotoxicity against HEK293 cells harboring beta-galactosidase expression plasmid assessed as effect on beta-galactosidase activity	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression.
AID1217729	Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation assessed as summation of [3H]GSH adduct formation rate-based reactive metabolites formation and cytochrome P450 (unknown origin) inactivation rate-based reactive metabolites formation	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID607038	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD/Gal4 DNA binding domain by transactivation assay	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID601557	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in high-glucose medium at 50 ug/ml after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method (Rvb =3.06 +/- 0.29 mmol/L)	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID1466739	Transrepression activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as inhibition of TNFalpha induced NF-kappaB promoter activity pretreated for 4 hrs followed by TNFalpha stimulation after 3 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression.
AID1397111	Agonist activity at PPARgamma in human HepG2 cells assessed as activation of PPRE at 0.78 ug/ml incubated for 24 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 08-07, Volume: 26, Issue:14	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel l-phenylglycine derivatives as potential PPARγ lead compounds.
AID705485	Binding affinity to mouse dynactin-1 by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1537172	Binding affinity to PPARgamma (unknown origin) by TR-FRET assay	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Adiponectin-Secretion-Promoting Phenylethylchromones from the Agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis.
AID730272	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as plasma ALT level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 17.6 +/- 0.9 IU)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID1166248	Agonist activity at PPARgamma (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as receptor transactivation at 10 uM by PPRE-driven luciferase reporter gene assay	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID1217711	Metabolic activation in human liver microsomes assessed as [3H]GSH adduct formation rate measured per mg of protein at 100 uM by [3H]GSH trapping assay	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1409608	AUC (viral infection %) for SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line at 48 h by immunofluorescence-based assay (detecting the viral NP protein in the nucleus of the Vero E6 cells).	2020	Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816	A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID625285	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic necrosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID23875	Clearance after oral administration	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID1870361	Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as increase in adiponectin secretion and measured on 5 day in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7	Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of l-1'-Homologated Adenosine Derivatives.
AID590197	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid after 24 hrs by transactivation assay relative to pioglitazone	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID1356773	Hepatotoxicity in human HepG2 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 24 hrs by MTT assay	2018	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-13, Volume: 61, Issue:17	Tau-Centric Multitarget Approach for Alzheimer's Disease: Development of First-in-Class Dual Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3β and Tau-Aggregation Inhibitors.
AID1192633	Inhibition of human recombinant soluble MAO-B assessed as change in melting temperature at 100 uM after 20 mins by SYPRO orange staining-based fluorescence assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Reversible and irreversible small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) investigated by biophysical techniques.
AID1633589	Ex vivo antiinflammatory activity in Sprague-Dawley rat liver assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced PGE2 production at 1 uM incubated for 4 hrs followed by LPS addition by radioimmunoassay	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Novel Phenyldiazenyl Fibrate Analogues as PPAR α/γ/δ Pan-Agonists for the Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome.
AID648531	Agonist activity at GAL4-tagged human PPARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as transactivation at 5 to 10 uM after 20 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay relative to Wy-14643	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular investigation of fluorinated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α/γ dual agonists.
AID1443991	Induction of mitochondrial dysfunction in Sprague-Dawley rat liver mitochondria assessed as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration per mg mitochondrial protein measured for 20 mins by A65N-1 oxygen probe based fluorescence assay	2014	Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3	Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID730269	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as blood urea nitrogen level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 21.9 +/- 1.1 mg/dL)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID1677032	Antiproliferative activity against human PC-3 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23	Benzylidene thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro investigations of antiproliferative mechanisms and in vivo efficacy determination in combination with Imatinib.
AID1079934	Highest frequency of acute liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% AIGUE' in source]
AID1816972	Cytotoxicity against human CEM cells assessed as cell death incubated at 50 uM for 20 hrs measured by DNS assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-27, Volume: 64, Issue:10	Thiazolidinedione "Magic Bullets" Simultaneously Targeting PPARγ and HDACs: Design, Synthesis, and Investigations of their
AID1079941	Liver damage due to vascular disease: peliosis hepatitis, hepatic veno-occlusive disease, Budd-Chiari syndrome. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'VASC' in source]
AID1079935	Cytolytic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is > 5 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CYTOL' in source]
AID605746	Antidiabetic activity in ZDF rat assessed as adiponectin level at 3 mg/kg, po QD for 40 days (Rvb = 11.9+/-1.5 ug/ml)	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID1674183	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in HEK293 cell membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in 3H-TCA uptake incubated for 5 mins by radiodetection method	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-22, Volume: 63, Issue:20	Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Mechanisms and Medicinal Chemistry Avoidance/Mitigation Strategies.
AID156619	In vitro transactivation of human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (hPPARdelta)	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID458856	Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from rat liver mitochondrial mitoNEET by scintillation counting	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 20, Issue:3	Structure-based design of a thiazolidinedione which targets the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET.
AID1737443	Cytotoxicity against human HS5 cells assessed as cell death at 10 uM measured after 72 hrs by Propidium iodide stain based FACS analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 195	Identification and development of non-cytotoxic cell death modulators: Impact of sartans and derivatives on PPARγ activation and on growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
AID665292	Hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in triglyceride level at 10 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1753287	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-dependent covalent bond binding assessed per mg protein at 10 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID1623711	Inhibition of PTP1B in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in insulin stimulated glucose uptake at 5 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by insulin addition and measured after 10 mins by 2-NBDG dye-based FACS analysis relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Investigation of stereoisomeric bisarylethenesulfonic acid esters for discovering potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors.
AID1451559	Transactivation of PPARgamma in human HepG2 cells assessed as FAM3A mRNA expression at 1 uM after 8 to 16 hrs by SYBR green based qRT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO control	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-28, Volume: 60, Issue:18	A Dual Modulator of Farnesoid X Receptor and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase To Counter Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
AID1614506	Binding affinity to human 6His-tagged PPARgamma isoform 1 LBD (203 to 477 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as unfolding temperature at 1 molar equiv concentration by thermal denaturation assay (Rvb = 45.6 degC)	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID1079944	Benign tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.BEN' in source]
AID1166259	Increase in PPARgamma gene expression in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs by real-time PCR method relative to untreated control	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID730273	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as plasma AST level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 49.6 +/- 2.3 IU)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID1315299	Antidiabetic activity in leptin receptor deficient db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse assessed as decrease in postprandial blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg, po for 15 consecutive days measured on day 7 to 14 post dose	2016	Journal of natural products, 05-27, Volume: 79, Issue:5	Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as Potential Antidiabetic Agents.
AID1614504	Transactivation of chimeric Gal4 yeast DBD fused-PPARgamma LBD (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing PPRE after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID1079932	Highest frequency of moderate liver toxicity observed during clinical trials, expressed as a percentage. [column '% BIOL' in source]
AID665294	Hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in triglyceride level at 100 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1503556	Induction of apoptosis in human SCC15 cells assessed as increase in caspase 3 activity at 50 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID1677031	Antiproliferative activity against human HOP-62 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23	Benzylidene thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro investigations of antiproliferative mechanisms and in vivo efficacy determination in combination with Imatinib.
AID122587	Maximum achieved blood glucose reduction relative to vehicle treated control group	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID1193225	Hypoglycemic effect in eight week old female db/db mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, intragastric for 2 weeks	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GY3-based derivatives for anti-type 2 diabetes activity.
AID730266	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as creatinine level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 0.2 mg/dl)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID705481	Binding affinity to mouse multiple PDZ domain protein by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID605752	Antidiabetic activity in ZDF rat assessed as body weight gain at 3 mg/kg, po QD for 40 days measured on day 6 (Rvb = 133+/-9 g)	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID1673238	Binding affinity to PPARgamma (unknown origin) by TR-FRET assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID761961	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced MCP-1 secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID1593002	Transactivation of GAL4 DBD-fused human PPARgamma LBD expressed in HEK293 cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167	Shooting three inflammatory targets with a single bullet: Novel multi-targeting anti-inflammatory glitazones.
AID1424217	Cytotoxic activity in human MDA-MB-231 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability incubated for 3 days by MTT assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 133	Novel 2,4- thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxic activity, and mechanistic investigation.
AID91246	Agonist activity for Human PPAR gamma receptor in transcriptional activation assay	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
AID1079933	Acute liver toxicity defined via clinical observations and clear clinical-chemistry results: serum ALT or AST activity > 6 N or serum alkaline phosphatases activity > 1.7 N. This category includes cytolytic, choleostatic and mixed liver toxicity. Value is
AID665290	Hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 100 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1443980	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in fall armyworm sf9 cell plasma membrane vesicles assessed as reduction in vesicle-associated [3H]-taurocholate transport preincubated for 10 mins prior to ATP addition measured after 15 mins in presence of [3H]-tauroch	2010	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Dec, Volume: 118, Issue:2	Interference with bile salt export pump function is a susceptibility factor for human liver injury in drug development.
AID157099	Binding affinity to human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma using scintillation proximity assay	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-17, Volume: 11, Issue:24	Synthesis and biological activity of L-tyrosine-based PPARgamma agonists with reduced molecular weight.
AID1166250	Antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as blood glucose level at 36 mg/kg, po by glucose oxidase method	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID1451557	Transactivation of PPARgamma in human HepG2 cells assessed as CD36 mRNA expression at 1 uM after 8 to 16 hrs by SYBR green based qRT-PCR analysis relative to DMSO control	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 09-28, Volume: 60, Issue:18	A Dual Modulator of Farnesoid X Receptor and Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase To Counter Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
AID480102	Increase in PPARgamma mRNA levels in mouse 3T3L1 cells at 100 umol/L by RT-PCR	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-01, Volume: 18, Issue:9	Synthesis and biological evaluation of isoflavone fatty acid esters with potential weight loss and hypolipidemic activities.
AID1918901	Binding affinity to PPARdelta (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition constant by Cheng-Prusoff equation analysis	2022	Journal of natural products, 12-23, Volume: 85, Issue:12	Discovery of Pan-peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulators from an Endolichenic Fungus,
AID1546882	Agonist activity at PPARalpha (unknown origin)	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10	The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease.
AID1572806	Binding affinity to NAF1 (unknown origin) expressed in human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration at 30 uM	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 29, Issue:7	Binding of thiazolidinediones to the endoplasmic reticulum protein nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1.
AID476882	Agonist activity at PPARgamma assessed as transcriptional activation	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7	Discovery of a novel selective PPARgamma modulator from (-)-Cercosporamide derivatives.
AID1172631	Agonist activity at FFAR1 (unknown origin) assessed as increase in ERK1/2 MAP kinase phosphorylation	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-15, Volume: 24, Issue:22	Homology modeling and explicit membrane molecular dynamics simulation to delineate the mode of binding of thiazolidinediones into FFAR1 and the mechanism of receptor activation.
AID665288	Hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 10 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID607115	Antidiabetic activity in ZDF rat assessed as triglyceride level at 3 mg/kg, po QD for 40 days (Rvb = 618+/-52 mg/dL)	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID705500	Binding affinity to triosephosphate isomerase in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1079942	Steatosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'STEAT' in source]
AID114053	Nonfasting triglycerides after 7 days treatment in male db/db mice	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID114051	Nonfasting blood glucose after 7 days treatment in male db/db mice	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID705497	Binding affinity to mouse mitochondrial citrate synthase by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1506482	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in insulin level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 15 days
AID1217727	Intrinsic clearance for reactive metabolites formation per mg of protein in human liver microsomes based on [3H]GSH adduct formation rate at 100 uM by [3H]GSH trapping assay	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1166262	Toxicity in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as induction of sinusoidal space dilation measured 5 hrs post dose by haematoxylin and eosin staining based microscopy	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID1079947	Comments (NB not yet translated). [column 'COMMENTAIRES' in source]
AID1323834	Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from recombinant human C-terminal His-tagged MitoNEET cytosolic domain (32 to 108 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 by scintillation proximity assay	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-01, Volume: 26, Issue:21	Identification of small molecules that bind to the mitochondrial protein mitoNEET.
AID590196	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid after 24 hrs by transactivation assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID1315308	Reversal of insulin resistance in leptin receptor deficient db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse assessed as improvement in HOMA index administered for 15 consecutive days relative to control	2016	Journal of natural products, 05-27, Volume: 79, Issue:5	Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as Potential Antidiabetic Agents.
AID1217710	Covalent binding in human liver microsomes measured per mg of protein using radiolabelled compound at 10 uM after 1 hr incubation by liquid scintillation counting	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1503555	Cytotoxicity against human SCC15 cells transfected with PPARgamma siRNA assessed as reduction in cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by resazurin reduction assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID1917380	Inhibition of recombinant human MAO-B	2022	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 76	Design, synthesis, in-vitro, in-vivo and ex-vivo pharmacology of thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as selective and reversible monoamine oxidase-B inhibitors.
AID1231390	Drug absorption in orally dosed human	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jul-01, Volume: 23, Issue:13	Thiazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives: programmed chemical weapons for key protein targets of various pathological conditions.
AID156959	Receptor binding affinity to human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma against [3H]ragalitazar radioligand	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological and structural characterization of the dual-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist ragaglitazar.
AID1333354	Displacement of Fluoromone from GST-tagged recombinant human PPARgamma ligand binding domain at 10 uM by LanthaScreen TR-FRET assay relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	Evaluation of selected 3D virtual screening tools for the prospective identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ partial agonists.
AID115316	In vivo nonfasting triglyceride in db/db mice after oral treatment	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID705753	Binding affinity to mouse mitochondrial 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase E1 component by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1193227	Toxicity in eight week old female db/db mouse assessed as body weight increase at 30 mg/kg, intragastric for 3 weeks	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GY3-based derivatives for anti-type 2 diabetes activity.
AID1224229	Transactivation of PPAR-gamma (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293 cells at 10 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14	Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression.
AID1614512	Transactivation of full length human PPARgamma2 expressed in HEK293T cells co-expressing PPRE after 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID1419241	Competitive displacement of fluorescently labelled PPAR tracer ligand from GST-tagged human PPARgamma ligand binding domain after 1 hr in dark by TR-FRET competitive binding assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 26, Issue:22	PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Design, synthesis and selection of compounds for clinical development.
AID550077	Toxicity in db/db mouse assessed as effect on food intake at 41 mg/kg administered with chow diet ad for 14 days	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Development of a new class of benzoylpyrrole-based PPARα/γ activators.
AID705477	Binding affinity to mouse transcription factor SOX-5 after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1079945	Animal toxicity known. [column 'TOXIC' in source]
AID1815500	Anti-obesity activity in C57BL/6J mouse model of diet-induced obesity assessed as reduction in area under curve at 25 mg/kg, po dosed once daily for 28 days by insulin tolerance test	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 53	Discovery of novel, potent and orally efficacious inhibitor of neutral amino acid transporter B
AID223547	In vitro transactivation using receptor transactivation assay against hPPAR gamma	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID1673226	Induction of adipogenesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as increase in HMGCS2 mRNA at 1 uM incubated for 3 days by qRT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID1315297	Antidiabetic activity in leptin receptor deficient db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse assessed as decrease in fasting blood glucose level administered for 15 consecutive days relative to control	2016	Journal of natural products, 05-27, Volume: 79, Issue:5	Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as Potential Antidiabetic Agents.
AID588209	Literature-mined public compounds from Greene et al multi-species hepatotoxicity modelling dataset	2010	Chemical research in toxicology, Jul-19, Volume: 23, Issue:7	Developing structure-activity relationships for the prediction of hepatotoxicity.
AID1673240	Binding affinity to PPARalpha (unknown origin) by TR-FRET assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID625287	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatomegaly	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID625283	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for elevated liver function tests	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID662860	Inhibition of human MAOA expressed in Pichia pastoris at 100 uM	2011	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 3, Issue:1	Molecular Insights into Human Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition by the Glitazone Anti-Diabetes Drugs.
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AID503296	Agonist activity at PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of receptor interaction with steroid receptor coactivator-1 by EYFP based reporter gene assay	2006	Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6	Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1651571	Activation of human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells at 3 uM incubated for 18 hrs by luciferase reporter assay relative to control	2020	Journal of natural products, 04-24, Volume: 83, Issue:4	Polyacetylenes from
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AID3423	Effective concentration for 50% enhancement of insulin-induced triglyceride accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells	1998	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-21, Volume: 41, Issue:11	Isoxazolidine-3,5-dione and noncyclic 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds as hypoglycemic agents.
AID699008	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in human HEK293 cells at 100 nM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to vehicle-treated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Sesquiterpene lactones from Tithonia diversifolia act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists.
AID440905	Inhibition of PTP1B	2009	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-01, Volume: 19, Issue:21	Thiazolidinedione derivatives as PTP1B inhibitors with antihyperglycemic and antiobesity effects.
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AID119519	In vivo decrease in glucose in obese mice(ob/ob) at 10 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID590208	Antidiabetic effect in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in plasma triglyceride level at 30 mg/kg/day, po administered daily for 14 days	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID372084	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as plasma adiponectin level at 75 mg/kg, po administered once daily for 11 days by RIA	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13	Discovery of (2R)-2-(3-{3-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl}phenoxy)butanoic acid (MK-0533): a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus w
AID661075	Antidiabetic activity in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as decrease in glucose consumption from cell culture medium using 450 mg/dL D-glucose at 30 ug/mL after 24 hrs (Rvb = 310 +/- 4 mg/dl)	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 22, Issue:12	Synthesis of chalcone derivatives as potential anti-diabetic agents.
AID705511	Binding affinity to hemopexin precursor in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
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AID1217708	Time dependent inhibition of CYP2D6 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1473999	Drug concentration at steady state in human at 15 to 60 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1535277	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as random blood glucose level at 20 mg/kg, po administered once daily for 13 days measured post last dose (Rvb = 530 mg/dl)	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4	Identification of BR101549 as a lead candidate of non-TZD PPARγ agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Proof-of-concept evaluation and SAR.
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AID237836	In vivo blood glucose level was observed in ZDF rats 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 30 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID1276054	Transactivation of human PPARalpha expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter gene assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1	N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators.
AID1614507	Activation of human 6His-tagged PPARgamma isoform 1 LBD (203 to 477 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) assessed as increase in FITC-TRAP220 peptide recruitment after 1 hr by FITC/TR-FRET assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID1741907	Inhibition of PTP1B in human HepG2 cells assessed as improvement in insulin-induced 2-NBDG uptake at 10 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to compound washout followed by insulin stimulation for 20 mins and subsequent 2-NBDG addition measured after 60 mins by	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID124441	Maximum achieved insulin reduction relative to vehicle treated control group	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
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AID1383694	Hypoglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as decrease in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po treated for 1 week measured at 3 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 0.0 +/- 8.6%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
AID590212	Partial agonist activity at human PPARalpha expressed in CHO cells co-transfected with Gal4-responsive luciferase reporter plasmid after 24 hrs by transactivation assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
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AID1409613	Selectivity ratio: ratio of AUC (viral infection %) of SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line compared to AUC (cytotoxicity %) of compound against Vero E6 cells by MTT assay.	2020	Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816	A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID662859	Competitive inhibition of rat MAOB expressed in Pichia pastoris	2011	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 3, Issue:1	Molecular Insights into Human Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition by the Glitazone Anti-Diabetes Drugs.
AID91238	Agonist activity for Human PPAR alpha receptor in transcriptional activation assay; IA means inactive at 10 uM	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
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AID1217707	Time dependent inhibition of CYP2C19 in human liver microsomes at 100 uM by LC/MS system	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID614594	Modulation of human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4 assessed as activation of transactivation activity by luciferase assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18	SAR studies of acidic dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators.
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AID1614511	Binding affinity to human 6His-tagged PPARgamma LBD expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using FITC-NTKNHPMLMNLLKDNPAQD peptide by isothermal titration calorimetry	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
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AID625279	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for bilirubinemia	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
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AID503297	Agonist activity at PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of receptor interaction with retinoid X-receptor alpha by EYFP based reporter gene assay	2006	Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6	Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1918899	Binding affinity to PPARalpha (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition constant by Cheng-Prusoff equation analysis	2022	Journal of natural products, 12-23, Volume: 85, Issue:12	Discovery of Pan-peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulators from an Endolichenic Fungus,
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AID1614510	Displacement of FITC-NCoR1 peptide from human PPARgamma LBD expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) by FP assay (Rvb = 1.7 uM)	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID614596	Modulation of human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells co-transfected with Gal4 assessed as activation of transactivation activity at 1 uM by luciferase assay relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Sep-15, Volume: 19, Issue:18	SAR studies of acidic dual γ-secretase/PPARγ modulators.
AID1701615	Binding affinity to PPAR-alpha (unknown origin) assessed as ligand replacement at 30 uM by TR-FRET assay relative to control
AID665287	Hypoglycemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 3 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID730268	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as plasma triglyceride level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 122.4 +/- 11.0 mg/dL)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID1428292	Agonist activity at GST-tagged human recombinant PPARgamma-LBD assessed as fluorescein-labeled coactivator PGC-1alpha recruitment by lanthascreen TR-FRET assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	Importance of 5/6-aryl substitution on the pharmacological profile of 4'-((2-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid derived PPARγ agonists.
AID156285	Receptor binding affinity to human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha against [3H]-NNC 0061-4655 radioligand	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 46, Issue:8	Synthesis and biological and structural characterization of the dual-acting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/gamma agonist ragaglitazar.
AID3420	Compound was tested for insulin-sensitizing activity by measuring triglyceride accumulation from insulin regulated differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells at 10 uM expressed as percent activity of pioglitazone	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-06, Volume: 10, Issue:21	Hybridization of non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue and thiazolidinedione-derived insulin sensitizer.
AID648526	Agonist activity at GAL4-tagged human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as transactivation after 20 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular investigation of fluorinated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α/γ dual agonists.
AID756998	Inhibition of C-terminal His6-tagged Francisella tularensis SCHU S4 FabI expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using CrCoA as substrate assessed as oxidation of NADH to NAD+ by fluorescence assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-11, Volume: 56, Issue:13	3-substituted indole inhibitors against Francisella tularensis FabI identified by structure-based virtual screening.
AID1166255	Hepatoprotective effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in serum AST level	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID1224234	Hepatotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced in Albino Wistar rat diabetic model assessed as hepatocyte swelling by Haematoxylin/Eosin staining-based microscopy	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14	Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression.
AID1918904	Partial agonist activity at PPARgamma (unknown origin) assessed as increase in fluorescein labeled PRIP/RAP250 coactivator peptide requirement by Lanthascreen TR-FRET assay	2022	Journal of natural products, 12-23, Volume: 85, Issue:12	Discovery of Pan-peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulators from an Endolichenic Fungus,
AID115314	In vivo insulin effect in db/db mice after oral treatment	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1737435	Agonist activity at human PPARgammaDEF receptor expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells transfected with pGal5-TK-pGL3/pRenilla-CMV assessed as intrinsic activity measured after 39 hrs by dual luciferase reporter assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 195	Identification and development of non-cytotoxic cell death modulators: Impact of sartans and derivatives on PPARγ activation and on growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
AID124442	Maximum achieved triglycerides reduction relative to vehicle treated control group	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID705480	Binding affinity to neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-10 in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1578134	Induction of sensitization to imatinib-induced cytotoxicity in imatinib-resistant human K562-IMA[r] cells assessed as cell death at 0.1 to 10 uM measured after 72 hrs in presence of 1 uM imatinib by propidium iodide/Triton-X100 dye based FACS analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 185	Overcoming imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells using non-cytotoxic cell death modulators.
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AID705487	Binding affinity to mouse bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1383693	Hypoglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as decrease in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po administered as single dose measured at 3 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 0.0 +/- 4.1%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
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AID709646	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Design and synthesis of dual modulators of soluble epoxide hydrolase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
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AID421053	Antidiabetic activity in C57BLKS/J-m+/+Leprdb db/db mouse assessed as reduction in plasma glucose levels at 10 mg/kg, po once daily for 11 days relative to control	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	Discovery of a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) modulator with balanced PPARalpha activity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.
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AID1473738	Inhibition of human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-taurocholate in presence of ATP measured after 15 to 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1578133	Cytotoxicity against imatinib-resistant human K562-IMA[r] cells assessed as cell death at 10 uM after 72 hrs by propidium iodide/Triton-X100 dye based FACS analysis	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 185	Overcoming imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells using non-cytotoxic cell death modulators.
AID1079931	Moderate liver toxicity, defined via clinical-chemistry results: ALT or AST serum activity 6 times the normal upper limit (N) or alkaline phosphatase serum activity of 1.7 N. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'BIOL' in source]
AID761962	Antiinflammatory activity in human THP1 cells assessed as inhibition of PMA-induced IL-1beta secretion preincubated for 1 hr prior PMA-challenge measured after 48 hrs by ELISA	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID625282	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cirrhosis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1424226	Increase in p21(WAF1) protein expression in human HT1080 cells at 50 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 133	Novel 2,4- thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro cytotoxic activity, and mechanistic investigation.
AID1870358	Induction of adipogenesis in human differentiated BMMSC cells assessed as fold increase in adiponectin production at 10 uM measured on 5 day in presence of IDX induction medium by ELISA	2022	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-14, Volume: 13, Issue:7	Design, Synthesis, and Biological Activity of l-1'-Homologated Adenosine Derivatives.
AID1209456	Inhibition of Sprague-Dawley rat Bsep expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID1079937	Severe hepatitis, defined as possibly life-threatening liver failure or through clinical observations. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'MASS' in source]
AID1443995	Hepatotoxicity in human assessed as drug-induced liver injury	2014	Hepatology (Baltimore, Md.), Sep, Volume: 60, Issue:3	Human drug-induced liver injury severity is highly associated with dual inhibition of liver mitochondrial function and bile salt export pump.
AID1519402	Inhibition of DPP4 in human serum assessed as decrease in p-nitroaniline formation using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate preincubated for 5 mins followed by incubation with substrate for 15 mins by microplate reader analysis
AID1593001	Induction of PPARgamma nuclear translocation in rat primary adipocytes at 10 uM incubated for 3 hrs by DAPI/FITC staining based immunofluorescence method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167	Shooting three inflammatory targets with a single bullet: Novel multi-targeting anti-inflammatory glitazones.
AID678714	Inhibition of human CYP2C19 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 3-butyryl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID548199	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as induction of receptor transactivation at 1 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	1,3-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives as a new series of potent PPARγ partial agonists.
AID136633	Percent reduction in area under glucose tolerance curve (AUC) was determined at 100 umol/kg dose of diet in mice; IA = No significant activity	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 37, Issue:23	[[omega-(Heterocyclylamino)alkoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent antihyperglycemic agents.
AID601558	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in high-glucose medium at 100 ug/ml after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method (Rvb =3.12 +/- 0.32 mmol/L)	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID136634	Percent reduction in area under glucose tolerance curve (AUC) was determined at 1000 umol/kg dose of diet in mice	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 37, Issue:23	[[omega-(Heterocyclylamino)alkoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1592993	Inhibition of PMA-induced human THP1 monocytes differentiation in to macrophages assessed as macrophage metabolic activity up to 300 uM preincubated for 6 hrs before PMA stimulation	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167	Shooting three inflammatory targets with a single bullet: Novel multi-targeting anti-inflammatory glitazones.
AID1737437	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as effect on metabolic activity at 20 uM measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 195	Identification and development of non-cytotoxic cell death modulators: Impact of sartans and derivatives on PPARγ activation and on growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
AID1335101	Antidiabetic activity in diet-induced obese mouse assessed as insulin sensitivity by measuring reduction in glucose at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered daily via gavage for 28 days measured on day 28 post dose	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel and Selective G-protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Spirocyclic Agonists.
AID268111	Transactivation of PPARgamma in CV1 cells	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 49, Issue:14	Design and synthesis of the first generation of dithiolane thiazolidinedione- and phenylacetic acid-based PPARgamma agonists.
AID237838	In vivo blood glucose level was observed in db/db mouse 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 100 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID550058	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS-1 cells co-transfected with Gal4 by luciferase reporter gene assay	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Development of a new class of benzoylpyrrole-based PPARα/γ activators.
AID601631	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in high-glucose medium after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID1409607	IC50 for antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in the Vero E6 cell line at 48 h by immunofluorescence-based assay (detecting the viral NP protein in the nucleus of the Vero E6 cells).	2020	Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816	A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID109805	Blood glucose level of the diabetic KK-Ay mice on day 4 was measured	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID1473740	Inhibition of human MRP3 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 10 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID136642	Percent reduction in area under glucose tolerance curve (AUC) was determined at 3000 umol/kg dose of diet in mice	1994	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-11, Volume: 37, Issue:23	[[omega-(Heterocyclylamino)alkoxy]benzyl]-2,4-thiazolidinediones as potent antihyperglycemic agents.
AID705499	Binding affinity to creatine kinase M-type in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID678722	Covalent binding affinity to human liver microsomes assessed per mg of protein at 10 uM after 60 mins presence of NADPH	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID372078	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 75 mg/kg, po administered once daily for 11 days	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13	Discovery of (2R)-2-(3-{3-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl}phenoxy)butanoic acid (MK-0533): a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus w
AID156943	In vitro transactivation of human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID156241	In vitro transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator activated delta-receptor (PPAR) expressed in CV-1 cells; Inactive	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-02, Volume: 39, Issue:3	The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones.
AID648527	Agonist activity at GAL4-tagged human PPARalpha ligand binding domain expressed in HepG2 cells assessed as transactivation at 5 to 10 uM after 20 hrs by beta-galactosidase reporter gene assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Mar-15, Volume: 20, Issue:6	Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular investigation of fluorinated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α/γ dual agonists.
AID1506473	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in cholesterol level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 15 days
AID705505	Binding affinity to PX domain-containing protein kinase-like protein in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis relative to pioglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1335104	Decrease in insulin levels in diet-induced obese mouse at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered daily via gavage for 28 days measured on day 28 post dose	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel and Selective G-protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Spirocyclic Agonists.
AID499442	Activation of Gal4-tagged human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Characterization of new PPARgamma agonists: benzimidazole derivatives-importance of positions 5 and 6, and computational studies on the binding mode.
AID550057	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in COS-1 cells co-transfected with Gal4 at 10 uM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Development of a new class of benzoylpyrrole-based PPARα/γ activators.
AID1673225	Induction of adipogenesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as increase in ACACB mRNA at 1 uM incubated for 3 days by qRT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID114052	Nonfasting insulin after 7 days treatment in male db/db mice	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID1701618	Binding affinity to PPAR-delta (unknown origin) assessed as ligand replacement at 30 uM by TR-FRET assay relative to control
AID115313	Area under blood glucose time curve after oral glucose test in mice	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID243367	Activation of PPAR gamma at 5 uM in Cos-7 cell reporter gene assay with 5%FBS	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID1217704	Time dependent inhibition of CYP1A2 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID1276057	Transactivation of human PPARalpha expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter assay relative to GW7647	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1	N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators.
AID1169796	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as induction of receptor activation at 5 uM incubated for 18 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to untreated control	2014	Journal of natural products, Nov-26, Volume: 77, Issue:11	Polyyne hybrid compounds from Notopterygium incisum with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonistic effects.
AID1815499	Anti-obesity activity in high fat diet induced C57BL/6J mouse model assessed as change in body weight at 25 mg/kg, po dosed once daily for 28 days	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 53	Discovery of novel, potent and orally efficacious inhibitor of neutral amino acid transporter B
AID1634122	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po administered daily once for 2 weeks and measured on day 14 by OGTT method	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:16	Discovery of BR102375, a new class of non-TZD PPARγ full agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID156931	Maximal reporter activity against human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Gal4 chimeric in transiently transfected CV-1 cells by functional assay.	2001	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-17, Volume: 11, Issue:24	Synthesis and biological activity of L-tyrosine-based PPARgamma agonists with reduced molecular weight.
AID1503552	Cytotoxicity against human SCC15 cells assessed as reduction in cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by resazurin reduction assay relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID699012	Agonist activity at human PPARgamma expressed in human HEK293 cells assessed as ABCA1 promoter transactivation at 100 nM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to vehicle-treated control	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 22, Issue:8	Sesquiterpene lactones from Tithonia diversifolia act as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists.
AID91243	Agonist activity for Human PPAR delta receptor in transcriptional activation assay; IA means inactive at 10 uM	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
AID1383698	Hypolipemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as plasma fasting triglyceride level at 30 mg/kg, po treated for 3 consecutive weeks (Rvb = 0.70 to 0.97 mM)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
AID25727	Area under plasma concentration time curve after oral administration at a dose 2.2 mg/kg	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID705493	Binding affinity to focal adhesion kinase 2 in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1737436	Cytotoxicity against African green monkey COS7 cells assessed as effect on metabolic activity at 10 uM measured after 72 hrs by MTT assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 195	Identification and development of non-cytotoxic cell death modulators: Impact of sartans and derivatives on PPARγ activation and on growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
AID1737434	Agonist activity at human PPARgammaDEF receptor expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells transfected with pGal5-TK-pGL3/pRenilla-CMV assessed as maximal activation at 10 uM measured after 39 hrs by dual luciferase reporter assay relative to pioglitazo	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-01, Volume: 195	Identification and development of non-cytotoxic cell death modulators: Impact of sartans and derivatives on PPARγ activation and on growth of imatinib-resistant chronic myelogenous leukemia cells.
AID1419242	Transactivation of GAL4-DBD fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in UAS-bla HEL 293H cells preincubated for 16 hrs followed by FRET substrate addition and measured after 2 hrs by TR-FRET assay	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 26, Issue:22	PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Design, synthesis and selection of compounds for clinical development.
AID1506460	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as improvement on glucose tolerance by measuring blood glucose AUC level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 10 days by oral glucose tolerance test
AID705736	Binding affinity to mitochondrial aspartate aminotransferase in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID111650	Antihyperglycemic activity was determined in obese (ob/ob) mice by po administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1578127	Transactivation of Gal4-fused human PPARgamma transfected in COS7 cells co-transfected with pGAL5-TK-pGL3 and pRennilla-CMV incubated for 39 hrs by dual luciferase reporter assay	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 185	Overcoming imatinib resistance in chronic myelogenous leukemia cells using non-cytotoxic cell death modulators.
AID1193224	Hypoglycemic effect in eight week old female db/db mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, intragastric for 1 week	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GY3-based derivatives for anti-type 2 diabetes activity.
AID1079949	Proposed mechanism(s) of liver damage. [column 'MEC' in source]
AID1537168	Induction of adipogenesis in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells assessed as increase in adiponectin production measured on day 5 in presence of IDX by ELISA	2019	Journal of natural products, 02-22, Volume: 82, Issue:2	Adiponectin-Secretion-Promoting Phenylethylchromones from the Agarwood of Aquilaria malaccensis.
AID678713	Inhibition of human CYP2C9 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-methoxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin-3-acetic acid as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID678717	Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 7-benzyloxyquinoline as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1473835	Stimulation of human MRP2 overexpressed in Sf9 cell membrane vesicles assessed as uptake of [3H]-estradiol-17beta-D-glucuronide in presence of ATP and GSH measured after 20 mins by membrane vesicle transport assay	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID705739	Binding affinity to mouse protein kinase C and casein kinase substrate in neurons protein 2 by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1466737	Transactivation activity at Gal4 fused full length human PPARgamma LBD expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression.
AID1753288	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-dependent covalent bond binding at 50 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID1519405	Anti-glycation activity assessed as inhibition of AGE formation by measuring decrease in glycated BSA protein level at 1000 uM incubated for 24 hrs in presence of glucose by fluorescence based assay relative to control
AID113350	In vivo nonfasting triglyceride in db/db mice after oral treatment	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID124440	Maximum achieved blood glucose reduction relative to vehicle treated control group	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID709644	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARdelta ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Design and synthesis of dual modulators of soluble epoxide hydrolase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AID237598	In vivo body weight gain was observed in ZDF rats 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 30 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID1428289	Transactivation of Gal4 fused human PPARgamma LBD expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	Importance of 5/6-aryl substitution on the pharmacological profile of 4'-((2-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid derived PPARγ agonists.
AID1079948	Times to onset, minimal and maximal, observed in the indexed observations. [column 'DELAI' in source]
AID1079939	Cirrhosis, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CIRRH' in source]
AID113348	In vivo insulin effect in db/db mice after oral treatment	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1753285	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-independent covalent bond binding assessed per mg protein at 10 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID1409295	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma transfected in HEK293BENA cells after 24 hrs by steady glo-luciferase reporter gene assay
AID1572805	Binding affinity to recombinant human N-terminal His6-tagged NAF1 expressed in Escherichia coli by scintillation proximity assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 29, Issue:7	Binding of thiazolidinediones to the endoplasmic reticulum protein nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1.
AID601630	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in low-glucose medium after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID1519401	Inhibition of DPP4 in human serum assessed as decrease in p-nitroaniline formation using Gly-Pro-p-nitroanilide as substrate at 100 uM preincubated for 5 mins followed by incubation with substrate for 15 mins by microplate reader analysis relative to cont
AID106695	Compound was evaluated for Antihyperglycemic activity in KKAy mice, glucose level for the treated group (T) over the anti-hyperglycaemic activity	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-20, Volume: 39, Issue:26	Synthesis and biological activity of metabolites of the antidiabetic, antihyperglycemic agent pioglitazone.
AID1166261	Toxicity in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as induction of centrizonal triad inflammation measured 5 hrs post dose by haematoxylin and eosin staining based microscopy	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID1546896	Binding affinity to mouse MPC	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10	The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease.
AID237960	In vivo triglyceride level was observed in db/db mouse 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 100 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID678712	Inhibition of human CYP1A2 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using ethoxyresorufin as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1503557	Induction of apoptosis in human SCC15 cells transfected with PPARgamma siRNA assessed as increase in caspase 3 activity at 50 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID1474130	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 15 to 60 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human MRP4 overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1634120	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in random blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po administered daily once for 2 weeks	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:16	Discovery of BR102375, a new class of non-TZD PPARγ full agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID112794	Area under blood glucose time curve after oral glucose test in mice	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID141910	Agonist activity for murine PPAR delta receptor in transcriptional activation assay; IA means inactive at 10 uM	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
AID372081	AUC in db/db mouse at 75 mg/kg, po administered once daily for 11 days	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-09, Volume: 52, Issue:13	Discovery of (2R)-2-(3-{3-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)carbonyl]-2-methyl-6-(trifluoromethoxy)-1H-indol-1-yl}phenoxy)butanoic acid (MK-0533): a novel selective peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma modulator for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus w
AID1535245	Agonist activity at PPARgamma in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase in AP1 mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by SYBR green dye based RT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4	Identification of BR101549 as a lead candidate of non-TZD PPARγ agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Proof-of-concept evaluation and SAR.
AID1330908	Transactivation at Gal4 fused PPARgamma LBD (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 42 hrs by luciferase assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New telmisartan-derived PPARγ agonists: Impact of the 3D-binding mode on the pharmacological profile.
AID473103	Transactivation of human PPARgamma LBD expressed in african green monkey Cos7 cells co-transfected with fused GAL4-DBD after 14 hrs by Dual-Glo Luciferase reporter gene assay relative to pioglitazone	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8	Rational design of a pirinixic acid derivative that acts as subtype-selective PPARgamma modulator.
AID109827	Body weight of the non-fasted diabetic KK-Ay mice on day 0 was measured	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID1662162	Antidiabetic activity in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in glucose levels	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 03-01, Volume: 28, Issue:5	Anti-diabetic drugs recent approaches and advancements.
AID162627	Binding affinity against Peroxisome Proliferator activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha); Not active	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 9, Issue:23	Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of indole-derived PPARgamma agonists.
AID1830608	Insulin-sensitizing activity in human HepG2 cells assessed as glucose consumption at 10 uM (Rvb= 2.04 +/- 0.12 mM)	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 52	Synthesis and biological evaluation of cajanonic acid A derivatives as potential PPARγ antagonists.
AID1222793	Dissociation constant, pKa of the compound	2013	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, May, Volume: 41, Issue:5	Which metabolites circulate?
AID109804	Blood glucose level of the diabetic KK-Ay mice on day 0 was measured	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID1592999	Antidiabetic activity in Wistar rat hemi-diaphragm at 2 mg assessed as increase in insulin-induced glucose uptake by GOD/POD enzymatic method	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167	Shooting three inflammatory targets with a single bullet: Novel multi-targeting anti-inflammatory glitazones.
AID1614508	Displacement of FITC-NCoR1 peptide from human 6His-tagged PPARgamma isoform 1 LBD (203 to 477 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) after 1 hr by FITC/TR-FRET assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID1623713	Inhibition of PTP1B in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in insulin stimulated glucose uptake at 20 uM preincubated for 24 hrs followed by insulin addition and measured after 10 mins by 2-NBDG dye-based FACS analysis relative to control	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 164	Investigation of stereoisomeric bisarylethenesulfonic acid esters for discovering potent and selective PTP1B inhibitors.
AID1079940	Granulomatous liver disease, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'GRAN' in source]
AID119523	In vivo decrease in insulin in obese mice(ob/ob) at 10 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1674184	Toxicity in po dosed human assessed as maximum daily dose	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 10-22, Volume: 63, Issue:20	Drug Induced Liver Injury (DILI). Mechanisms and Medicinal Chemistry Avoidance/Mitigation Strategies.
AID109829	Body weight of the non-fasted diabetic KK-Ay mice on day 7 was measured	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID109828	Body weight of the non-fasted diabetic KK-Ay mice on day 4 was measured	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID705501	Binding affinity to mouse membrane transport protein XK by chromatographic analysis relative to pioglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID156949	In vitro transactivation of human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID590207	Antidiabetic effect in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in plasma glucose level at 30 mg/kg/day, po administered daily for 14 days	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID1503564	Induction of apoptosis in human SCC15 cells transfected with PPARbeta siRNA assessed as increase in caspase 3 activity at 50 uM after 24 hrs relative to control	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID1546883	Agonist activity at PPARgamma (unknown origin)	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10	The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease.
AID110560	Average food intake of the diabetic KK-Ay mice was measured from total intake amount/days/number of mice	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID705748	Binding affinity to mouse mitochondrial dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1519408	Metal chelating activity assessed as inhibition of Cu2+ ion-induced oxidation of ascorbic acid compound treated with CuSO4.5H2O for 5 mins followed by ascorbate addition and measured immediately by spectrophotometric analysis
AID499444	Induction of adipocyte differentiation in mouse ST-13 cells at 10 uM	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Characterization of new PPARgamma agonists: benzimidazole derivatives-importance of positions 5 and 6, and computational studies on the binding mode.
AID1636356	Drug activation in human Hep3B cells assessed as human CYP2C9-mediated drug metabolism-induced cytotoxicity measured as decrease in cell viability at 300 uM pre-incubated with BSO for 18 hrs followed by incubation with compound for 3 hrs in presence of NA	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 26, Issue:16	Development of a cell viability assay to assess drug metabolite structure-toxicity relationships.
AID662861	Competitive inhibition of human MAOB expressed in Pichia pastoris	2011	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 3, Issue:1	Molecular Insights into Human Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition by the Glitazone Anti-Diabetes Drugs.
AID705478	Binding affinity to mouse tyrosine-protein kinase transmembrane receptor ROR1 by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID605740	Antidiabetic activity in ZDF rat assessed as body weight gain at 3 mg/kg, po QD for 40 days (Rvb = 133+/-9 g)	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID1634123	Toxicity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in food intake at 30 mg/kg, po administered daily once and measured on day 7	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:16	Discovery of BR102375, a new class of non-TZD PPARγ full agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID705756	Binding affinity to L-lactate dehydrogenase B chain in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis relative to rosiglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID705490	Binding affinity to mouse trace amine-associated receptor 7b by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID243335	Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in reporter gene assay: most active	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Mar-15, Volume: 15, Issue:6	Design, synthesis, and biological activity of novel PPARgamma ligands based on rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2.
AID156232	In vitro transcriptional activation of peroxisome proliferator activated alpha-receptor (PPAR) expressed in CV-1 cells; Inactive	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-02, Volume: 39, Issue:3	The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones.
AID1383696	Hypoglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as decrease in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po treated for 3 week measured at 3 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 0.0 +/- 6.8%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
AID1466738	Transactivation activity at Gal4 fused full length human PPARgamma LBD expressed in HEK293 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to pioglitazone	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 06-15, Volume: 27, Issue:12	Structure-activity relationships of rosiglitazone for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma transrepression.
AID1192622	Inhibition of human recombinant soluble MAO-B expressed in Pichia pastoris incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 60 mins by MAO-Glo assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Reversible and irreversible small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) investigated by biophysical techniques.
AID1166257	Hepatoprotective effect in streptozotocin induced diabetic Albino Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in serum ALP level	2014	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-24, Volume: 87	Design, synthesis, in silico molecular docking and biological evaluation of novel oxadiazole based thiazolidine-2,4-diones bis-heterocycles as PPAR-γ agonists.
AID680215	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of estrone-3-sulfate uptake (Estrone-3-sulfate: 9.2 nM) by Pioglitazone at a concentration of 10uM in OATP8-expressing Xenopus oocytes	2004	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides in the transport of troglitazone sulfate: implications for understanding troglitazone hepatotoxicity.
AID590209	Antidiabetic effect in db/db mouse assessed as increase in HDL cholesterol level at 30 mg/kg/day, po administered daily for 14 days	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID1193229	Hypoglycemic effect in eight week old female db/db mouse assessed as reduction in fasting triglyceride level at 30 mg/kg, intragastric for 3 weeks	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 25, Issue:7	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of GY3-based derivatives for anti-type 2 diabetes activity.
AID499443	Activation of Gal4-tagged human PPARgamma expressed in CHO cells by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to pioglitazone	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Aug-15, Volume: 18, Issue:16	Characterization of new PPARgamma agonists: benzimidazole derivatives-importance of positions 5 and 6, and computational studies on the binding mode.
AID1506476	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as increase in HDL-C level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 15 days
AID115625	Minimum effective dose required for significant reduction in blood glucose in ob/ob mice	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-02, Volume: 39, Issue:3	The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones.
AID1757129	Induction of cell sensitization to imatinib in imatinib-resistant human K562 cells assessed as cell death at >10 uM incubated for 72 hrs in presence of 1 uM imatinib by PI staining based flow cytometry	2021	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 216	Tackling resistance in chronic myeloid leukemia: Novel cell death modulators with improved efficacy.
AID501302	Inhibition of human recombinant MAO-B after 15 mins	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-01, Volume: 20, Issue:17	Identification of novel monoamine oxidase B inhibitors by structure-based virtual screening.
AID607109	Antidiabetic activity in ZDF rat assessed as blood glucose level at 3 mg/kg, po QD for 40 days (Rvb = 771+/-60 mg/dL)	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID1333357	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARgamma ligand binding domain expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM after 42 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	Evaluation of selected 3D virtual screening tools for the prospective identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ partial agonists.
AID1650496	Induction of adipogenesis in human MSC incubated for 5 days cotreated with IDX by ELISA	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-01, Volume: 28, Issue:1	Selenium bioisosteric replacement of adenosine derivatives promoting adiponectin secretion increases the binding affinity to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ.
AID1419243	Antidiabetic activity in KKAy mouse model assessed as blood glucose level at 100 mg/kg/day, po administered for 4 days	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 12-01, Volume: 26, Issue:22	PPARγ-sparing thiazolidinediones as insulin sensitizers. Design, synthesis and selection of compounds for clinical development.
AID421097	AUC in C57BLKS/J-m+/+Leprdb db/db mouse at 10 mg/kg, po once daily for 11 days	2009	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 52, Issue:14	Discovery of a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) modulator with balanced PPARalpha activity for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia.
AID705734	Binding affinity to trace amine-associated receptor 7b in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID730271	Toxicity against KKAy mouse assessed as plasma gammaGTP level at 10 mg/kg/day, po for 14 days (Rvb = 5.8 +/- 0.6 IU)	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 56, Issue:5	Mechanism of retinoid X receptor partial agonistic action of 1-(3,5,5,8,8-pentamethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-2-naphthyl)-1H-benzotriazole-5-carboxylic acid and structural development to increase potency.
AID699541	Inhibition of human liver OATP2B1 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E3S uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1535248	Agonist activity at PPARgamma in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase in adiponectin mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by SYBR green dye based RT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4	Identification of BR101549 as a lead candidate of non-TZD PPARγ agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Proof-of-concept evaluation and SAR.
AID1330914	Growth inhibition of human LNCAP cells expressing PPARgamma at 50 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New telmisartan-derived PPARγ agonists: Impact of the 3D-binding mode on the pharmacological profile.
AID761963	Antiinflammatory activity against PMA-stimulated human THP1 cells assessed as IL-1beta levels after 48 hrs by ELISA (Rvb = 172 +/- 0.71 pg/ml)	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID156775	Binding affinity against Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (PPAR delta); Not active	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-06, Volume: 9, Issue:23	Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of indole-derived PPARgamma agonists.
AID705742	Binding affinity to mouse norrin precursor by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1677034	Antiproliferative activity against human K562 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition	2020	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 12-01, Volume: 30, Issue:23	Benzylidene thiazolidinediones: Synthesis, in vitro investigations of antiproliferative mechanisms and in vivo efficacy determination in combination with Imatinib.
AID408484	Displacement of [3H]rosigliatzone from PPARgamma in rat adipocytes	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-01, Volume: 18, Issue:11	New PPARgamma ligands based on 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone: computer-aided design, synthesis, and receptor-binding studies.
AID1535247	Agonist activity at PPARgamma in mouse 3T3L1 cells assessed as increase in Glut4 mRNA expression at 10 uM after 24 hrs by SYBR green dye based RT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-15, Volume: 29, Issue:4	Identification of BR101549 as a lead candidate of non-TZD PPARγ agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: Proof-of-concept evaluation and SAR.
AID678716	Inhibition of human CYP3A4 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using diethoxyfluorescein as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1506456	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg, po qd and measured on day 4 by oral glucose tolerance test
AID718853	Transactivation of human GAL4-fused PPARalpha ligand binding domain transfected in HEK293 cells after 18 hrs by dual luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 22, Issue:24	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of fibrate-based analogues inside PPARs.
AID1409611	AUC (cytotoxicity %) of compound against Vero E6 cells by MTT assay.	2020	Nature, 07, Volume: 583, Issue:7816	A SARS-CoV-2 protein interaction map reveals targets for drug repurposing.
AID110711	Average sample intake of the diabetic KK-Ay mice was measured as average food intake/average body weight of mice	2003	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 13, Issue:24	Phenolics with PPAR-gamma ligand-binding activity obtained from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis roots) and ameliorative effects of glycyrin on genetically diabetic KK-A(y) mice.
AID1276056	Transactivation of human PPARgamma expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated overnight by dual-glo luciferase reporter gene assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-14, Volume: 59, Issue:1	N-Benzylbenzamides: A Novel Merged Scaffold for Orally Available Dual Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Modulators.
AID1614505	Displacement of fluormone PanPPAR green tracer ligand from human 6His-tagged PPARgamma isoform 1 LBD (203 to 477 residues) expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) after 1 hr by TR-FRET assay	2019	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-28, Volume: 62, Issue:4	Structural Basis of Altered Potency and Efficacy Displayed by a Major in Vivo Metabolite of the Antidiabetic PPARγ Drug Pioglitazone.
AID625288	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for jaundice	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID705495	Binding affinity to mitochondrial ATP synthase beta chain in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID709645	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARalpha ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells by luciferase reporter gene assay	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Design and synthesis of dual modulators of soluble epoxide hydrolase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AID1546897	Activation of mouse liver PPARalpha	2020	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-28, Volume: 63, Issue:10	The Race to Bash NASH: Emerging Targets and Drug Development in a Complex Liver Disease.
AID548198	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD expressed in HEK293T cells assessed as induction of receptor transactivation at 10 uM after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 18, Issue:23	1,3-Diphenyl-1H-pyrazole derivatives as a new series of potent PPARγ partial agonists.
AID680565	TP_TRANSPORTER: inhibition of estrone-3-sulfate uptake (Estrone-3-sulfate: 9.2 nM) by Pioglitazone at a concentration of 10uM in OATP-C-expressing Xenopus oocytes	2004	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	Involvement of organic anion transporting polypeptides in the transport of troglitazone sulfate: implications for understanding troglitazone hepatotoxicity.
AID1519407	Anti-glycation activity assessed as inhibition of AGE formation by measuring decrease in glycated BSA protein level incubated for 24 hrs in presence of glucose by fluorescence based assay
AID157283	In vitro transcriptional activation of Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR) expressed in CV-1 cells	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-02, Volume: 39, Issue:3	The structure-activity relationship between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonism and the antihyperglycemic activity of thiazolidinediones.
AID473106	Transactivation of human PPARalpha LBD expressed in african green monkey Cos7 cells co-transfected with fused GAL4-DBD at 10 uM after 14 hrs by Dual-Glo Luciferase reporter gene assay	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-15, Volume: 20, Issue:8	Rational design of a pirinixic acid derivative that acts as subtype-selective PPARgamma modulator.
AID744057	Induction of apoptosis in human OCUM-2MD3 cells after 72 hrs by Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide staining-based fluorescence microscopy	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Apr-15, Volume: 21, Issue:8	Design and synthesis of a series of α-benzyl phenylpropanoic acid-type peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma partial agonists with improved aqueous solubility.
AID705492	Binding affinity to mouse chloride channel protein 6 after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID291758	Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from PPAR gamma	2007	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 17, Issue:16	Design and synthesis of 6-methyl-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-pyrimidine-5-carboxylic acid derivatives as PPARgamma activators.
AID1473998	AUC in human at 15 to 60 mg, po QD after 24 hrs	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID3419	Insulin-sensitizing activity; triglyceride accumulation from insulin regulated differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells at 1 uM expressed as percent activity of pioglitazone	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-06, Volume: 10, Issue:21	Hybridization of non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue and thiazolidinedione-derived insulin sensitizer.
AID1816962	Cytotoxicity against human HeLa cells assessed as cell death incubated at 10 uM for 20 hrs measured by DNS assay	2021	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-27, Volume: 64, Issue:10	Thiazolidinedione "Magic Bullets" Simultaneously Targeting PPARγ and HDACs: Design, Synthesis, and Investigations of their
AID156615	In vitro transactivation of human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor delta (hPPARdelta); Not calculated for transactivation <25% at 30 uM	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID1315302	Antidiabetic activity in overnight fasted leptin receptor deficient db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse assessed as reduction in postprandial blood glucose AUC at 10 mg/kg, po administered on day 10 post glucose challenge measured up to 120 mins by oral glucose toleran	2016	Journal of natural products, 05-27, Volume: 79, Issue:5	Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as Potential Antidiabetic Agents.
AID665293	Hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in triglyceride level at 30 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1224233	Hepatotoxicity in streptozotocin-induced in Albino Wistar rat diabetic model assessed as fatty changes in hepatocyte by Haematoxylin/Eosin staining-based microscopy	2014	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14	Thiazolidine-2,4-diones derivatives as PPAR-γ agonists: synthesis, molecular docking, in vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity with hepatotoxicity risk evaluation and effect on PPAR-γ gene expression.
AID25996	Area under blood glucose time curve after OGTT on the 9th day of treatment	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID601555	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in low-glucose medium at 50 ug/ml after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method (Rvb =2.41 +/- 0.22 mmol/L)	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID705507	Binding affinity to mouse neurofibromin by chromatographic analysis relative to pioglitazone	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID550072	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction of blood glucose level at 41 mg/kg administered with chow diet ad for 14 days	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-01, Volume: 21, Issue:1	Development of a new class of benzoylpyrrole-based PPARα/γ activators.
AID1335109	Antidiabetic activity in diet-induced obese mouse assessed as increase in glucose infusion rate during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp procedure at 10 mg/kg, po qd administered daily via gavage measured after 28 days	2017	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jan-12, Volume: 8, Issue:1	Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Novel and Selective G-protein Coupled Receptor 120 (GPR120) Spirocyclic Agonists.
AID1383695	Hypoglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as decrease in blood glucose level at 30 mg/kg, po treated for 2 week measured at 3 hrs post last dose (Rvb = 0.0 +/- 4.0%)	2018	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 150	Discovery of tetrahydrocarbazoles with potent hypoglycemic and hypolipemic activities.
AID1503553	Cytotoxicity against human SCC15 cells transfected with PPARalpha siRNA assessed as reduction in cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by resazurin reduction assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID1572807	Binding affinity to NAF1 in human HepG2 cells assessed as inhibition of mitochondrial respiration at 30 uM	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 04-01, Volume: 29, Issue:7	Binding of thiazolidinediones to the endoplasmic reticulum protein nutrient-deprivation autophagy factor-1.
AID1741908	Inhibition of PTP1B in human HepG2 cells assessed as improvement in insulin-induced 2-NBDG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 24 hrs prior to compound washout followed by insulin stimulation for 20 mins and subsequent 2-NBDG addition measured after 60 mins by	2020	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-01, Volume: 205	Synthesis and biological evaluation of geniposide derivatives as potent and selective PTPlB inhibitors.
AID1753283	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as total covalent bond binding assessed per mg protein at 10 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID1673239	Binding affinity to PPARdelta (unknown origin) by TR-FRET assay	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID625280	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholecystitis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1830609	Insulin-sensitizing activity in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in glucose consumption at 10 uM relative to control	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 52	Synthesis and biological evaluation of cajanonic acid A derivatives as potential PPARγ antagonists.
AID705754	Binding affinity to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1634121	Antidiabetic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in body weight gain at 30 mg/kg, po administered daily once for 2 weeks	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 08-15, Volume: 29, Issue:16	Discovery of BR102375, a new class of non-TZD PPARγ full agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
AID1315303	Antidiabetic activity in overnight fasted leptin receptor deficient db/db C57BL/KSJ mouse assessed as reduction in postprandial blood glucose AUC at 10 mg/kg, po administered on day 15 post glucose challenge measured up to 120 mins by oral glucose toleran	2016	Journal of natural products, 05-27, Volume: 79, Issue:5	Naturally Occurring Carbazole Alkaloids from Murraya koenigii as Potential Antidiabetic Agents.
AID1673221	Induction of adipogenesis in human BMMSC cells assessed as increase in ANGPTL4 mRNA at 1 uM incubated for 3 days by qRT-PCR analysis	2019	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 07-01, Volume: 27, Issue:13	2-Phenyl-8-(1-phenylallyl)-chromenone compounds have a pan-PPAR modulator pharmacophore.
AID1428291	Agonist activity at GST-tagged human recombinant PPARgamma-LBD assessed as fluorescein-labeled coactivator TRAP220 recruitment by lanthascreen TR-FRET assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	Importance of 5/6-aryl substitution on the pharmacological profile of 4'-((2-propyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-carboxylic acid derived PPARγ agonists.
AID348420	Displacement of [3H]rosiglitazone from mouse PPARgamma receptor by scintillation proximation assay	2008	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 18, Issue:18	New PPARgamma ligands based on barbituric acid: virtual screening, synthesis and receptor binding studies.
AID1753284	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as total covalent bond binding assessed per mg protein at 50 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID590210	Toxicity in db/db mouse assessed as body weight gain at 30 mg/kg/day, po administered daily for 14 days relative to control	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 21, Issue:7	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of novel benzoylazole-based PPAR α/γ activators.
AID705737	Binding affinity to Phosphoglycerate kinase 1 in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID625284	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for hepatic failure	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID476883	Agonist activity at PPARgamma assessed as transcriptional activation relative to GI262570	2010	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-01, Volume: 20, Issue:7	Discovery of a novel selective PPARgamma modulator from (-)-Cercosporamide derivatives.
AID1330915	Growth inhibition of African green monkey COS7 cells at 50 uM after 72 hrs by crystal violet staining based assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	New telmisartan-derived PPARγ agonists: Impact of the 3D-binding mode on the pharmacological profile.
AID607039	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD/Gal4 DNA binding domain by transactivation assay relative to darglitazone	2011	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-23, Volume: 54, Issue:12	Discovery of a series of imidazo[4,5-b]pyridines with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID237601	In vivo body weight gain was observed in db/db mouse 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 100 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.
AID625281	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for cholelithiasis	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID1079943	Malignant tumor, proven histopathologically. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'T.MAL' in source]
AID728044	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD/Gal4 DNA binding domain by transactivation assay relative to darglitazone	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one derivatives with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID1333356	Displacement of Fluoromone from GST-tagged recombinant human PPARgamma ligand binding domain by LanthaScreen TR-FRET assay	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-29, Volume: 124	Evaluation of selected 3D virtual screening tools for the prospective identification of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ partial agonists.
AID1701613	Displacement of [125I]I-AB-MECA from recombinant human A3AR expressed in CHO cell membranes measured after 60 mins by gamma counter analysis
AID1288256	Transactivation of PPARgamma (unknown origin) expressed in HEK293A cells at 150 uM after 16 to 18 hrs by luciferase reporter assay relative to control	2016	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May-23, Volume: 114	Synthesis, in vitro evaluation, and molecular modeling investigation of benzenesulfonimide peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors α antagonists.
AID1506463	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as improvement on glucose tolerance by measuring blood glucose AUC level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 15 days by oral glucose tolerance test
AID699540	Inhibition of human liver OATP1B3 expressed in HEK293 Flp-In cells assessed as reduction in [3H]E17-betaG uptake at 20 uM incubated for 5 mins by scintillation counting	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-24, Volume: 55, Issue:10	Classification of inhibitors of hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs): influence of protein expression on drug-drug interactions.
AID1474000	Ratio of drug concentration at steady state in human at 15 to 60 mg, po QD after 24 hrs to IC50 for human BSEP overexpressed in Sf9 insect cells	2013	Toxicological sciences : an official journal of the Society of Toxicology, Nov, Volume: 136, Issue:1	A multifactorial approach to hepatobiliary transporter assessment enables improved therapeutic compound development.
AID1192621	Inhibition of human recombinant microsomal MAO-B expressed in Pichia pastoris incubated for 30 mins prior to substrate addition measured after 60 mins by MAO-Glo assay	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-15, Volume: 23, Issue:4	Reversible and irreversible small molecule inhibitors of monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B) investigated by biophysical techniques.
AID665291	Hypolipidemic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic Wistar rat model assessed as reduction in triglyceride level at 3 mg/kg, po for 15 days measured on day 15	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 53	Synthesis, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of novel thiazolidinedione derivatives containing thiazole/triazole/oxadiazole ring.
AID1449628	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in baculovirus transfected fall armyworm Sf21 cell membranes vesicles assessed as reduction in ATP-dependent [3H]-taurocholate transport into vesicles incubated for 5 mins by Topcount based rapid filtration method	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 40, Issue:12	Mitigating the inhibition of human bile salt export pump by drugs: opportunities provided by physicochemical property modulation, in silico modeling, and structural modification.
AID1217705	Time dependent inhibition of CYP2B6 (unknown origin) at 100 uM by LC/MS system	2011	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jul, Volume: 39, Issue:7	Combination of GSH trapping and time-dependent inhibition assays as a predictive method of drugs generating highly reactive metabolites.
AID625289	Drug Induced Liver Injury Prediction System (DILIps) training set; hepatic side effect (HepSE) score for liver disease	2011	PLoS computational biology, Dec, Volume: 7, Issue:12	Translating clinical findings into knowledge in drug safety evaluation--drug induced liver injury prediction system (DILIps).
AID705489	Binding affinity to mouse voltage-dependent L-type calcium channel alpha-1F subunit by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID1753286	Drug metabolism in human liver microsomes assessed as NADPH-independent covalent bond binding assessed per mg protein at 50 umol/L incubated for 1 hr in presence of NADPH by liquid scintillation counter analysis
AID82573	Insulin-releasing activity in HIT-T15 cells in the presence of 16.7 mM glucose at 10 uM expressed as percent activity of nateglinide	2000	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-06, Volume: 10, Issue:21	Hybridization of non-sulfonylurea insulin secretagogue and thiazolidinedione-derived insulin sensitizer.
AID1079936	Choleostatic liver toxicity, either proven histopathologically or where the ratio of maximal ALT or AST activity above normal to that of Alkaline Phosphatase is < 2 (see ACUTE). Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHOLE' in source]
AID1918900	Binding affinity to PPARgamma (unknown origin) assessed as inhibition constant by Cheng-Prusoff equation analysis	2022	Journal of natural products, 12-23, Volume: 85, Issue:12	Discovery of Pan-peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Modulators from an Endolichenic Fungus,
AID705512	Binding affinity to creatine kinase B-type in Sprague-Dawley rat heart homogenate after 15 mins by chromatographic analysis	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-11, Volume: 55, Issue:19	Chemical proteomics-based analysis of off-target binding profiles for rosiglitazone and pioglitazone: clues for assessing potential for cardiotoxicity.
AID119529	In vivo decrease in triglyceride in obese mice(ob/ob) by 3 mg/kg/day peroral administration for 2 weeks	1999	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-22, Volume: 9, Issue:4	(3-substituted benzyl)thiazolidine-2,4-diones as structurally new antihyperglycemic agents.
AID1506479	Antihyperglycemic activity in db/db mouse assessed as reduction in fasting blood glucose level at 10 mg/kg, po qd for 15 days
AID709649	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARalpha ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to GW7647	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Design and synthesis of dual modulators of soluble epoxide hydrolase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AID678715	Inhibition of human CYP2D6 assessed as ratio of IC50 in absence of NADPH to IC50 for presence of NADPH using 4-methylaminoethyl-7-methoxycoumarin as substrate after 30 mins	2012	Chemical research in toxicology, Oct-15, Volume: 25, Issue:10	Preclinical strategy to reduce clinical hepatotoxicity using in vitro bioactivation data for >200 compounds.
AID1209455	Inhibition of human BSEP expressed in plasma membrane vesicles of Sf21 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-dependent [3H]taurocholate uptake	2012	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Jan, Volume: 40, Issue:1	In vitro inhibition of the bile salt export pump correlates with risk of cholestatic drug-induced liver injury in humans.
AID709647	Transactivation of GAL4-fused human PPARdelta ligand binding domain transfected in african green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM by luciferase reporter gene assay relative to L-165041	2012	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-13, Volume: 55, Issue:23	Design and synthesis of dual modulators of soluble epoxide hydrolase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.
AID601556	Glucose consumption in differentiated mouse 3T3L1 cells in low-glucose medium at 100 ug/ml after 24 hrs by glucose-oxidase method (Rvb =2.35 +/- 0.19 mmol/L)	2011	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, May-15, Volume: 19, Issue:10	Synthesis and biological evaluation of new flavonoid fatty acid esters with anti-adipogenic and enhancing glucose consumption activities.
AID156149	In vitro transactivation of human Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha (hPPARalpha)	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID30160	Volume of distribution during steady state	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 45, Issue:4	Novel tricyclic-alpha-alkyloxyphenylpropionic acids: dual PPARalpha/gamma agonists with hypolipidemic and antidiabetic activity.
AID662858	Inhibition of rat MAOA expressed in Pichia pastoris at 100 uM	2011	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-15, Volume: 3, Issue:1	Molecular Insights into Human Monoamine Oxidase B Inhibition by the Glitazone Anti-Diabetes Drugs.
AID1593004	Inhibition of PMA-induced human THP1 monocytes differentiation in to macrophages assessed as macrophage metabolic activity preincubated for 6 hrs before PMA stimulation	2019	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 167	Shooting three inflammatory targets with a single bullet: Novel multi-targeting anti-inflammatory glitazones.
AID113349	In vivo nonfasting blood glucose in db/db mice after oral treatment	2003	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-06, Volume: 46, Issue:23	Large dimeric ligands with favorable pharmacokinetic properties and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist activity in vitro and in vivo.
AID728045	Partial agonist activity at human PPARgamma-LBD/Gal4 DNA binding domain by transactivation assay	2013	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 23, Issue:3	Design, synthesis, and evaluation of imidazo[4,5-c]pyridin-4-one derivatives with dual activity at angiotensin II type 1 receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ.
AID761964	Antiinflammatory activity against PMA-stimulated human THP1 cells assessed as MCP-1 levels after 48 hrs by ELISA (Rvb = 3521.63 +/- 79.78 pg/ml)	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 66	Novel 2-(2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-yl)acetamides as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory compounds.
AID1079938	Chronic liver disease either proven histopathologically, or through a chonic elevation of serum amino-transferase activity after 6 months. Value is number of references indexed. [column 'CHRON' in source]
AID588210	Human drug-induced liver injury (DILI) modelling dataset from Ekins et al	2010	Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Dec, Volume: 38, Issue:12	A predictive ligand-based Bayesian model for human drug-induced liver injury.
AID1503554	Cytotoxicity against human SCC15 cells transfected with PPARbeta siRNA assessed as reduction in cell viability at 50 uM after 24 hrs by resazurin reduction assay	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-01, Volume: 141	Anticancer properties of 4-thiazolidinone derivatives depend on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
AID141913	Agonist activity for murine PPAR gamma receptor in transcriptional activation assay	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-24, Volume: 43, Issue:4	The PPARs: from orphan receptors to drug discovery.
AID1633590	Ex vivo antiinflammatory activity in Sprague-Dawley rat cortex assessed as inhibition of LPS-induced PGE2 production at 1 uM incubated for 4 hrs followed by LPS addition by radioimmunoassay	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Apr-11, Volume: 10, Issue:4	Novel Phenyldiazenyl Fibrate Analogues as PPAR α/γ/δ Pan-Agonists for the Amelioration of Metabolic Syndrome.
AID237958	In vivo triglyceride level was observed in ZDF rats 4 weeks after oral administration (once daily) of 30 mg/kg of compound; (n=6)	2005	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-01, Volume: 15, Issue:3	Identification of putative metabolites of docosahexaenoic acid as potent PPARgamma agonists and antidiabetic agents.

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	1 (0.02)	18.7374
1990's	134 (3.19)	18.2507
2000's	1559 (37.15)	29.6817
2010's	2031 (48.39)	24.3611
2020's	472 (11.25)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	824 (18.99%)	5.53%
Reviews	522 (12.03%)	6.00%
Case Studies	109 (2.51%)	4.05%
Observational	21 (0.48%)	0.25%
Other	2,862 (65.98%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (465)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of MK0431 to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Glimepiride Alone or in Combination With Metf [NCT00106704]	Phase 3	441 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
A Methodological Study To Evaluate The Effects of Single Oral Doses Of Pioglitazone 45 mg And Rosiglitazone 8 mg On Sodium Balance In Healthy Male Volunteers [NCT01088594]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Initial Therapy With Coadministration of Sitagliptin and Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00397631]	Phase 3	520 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-19	Completed
Pioglitazone as an Adjunct for Moderate to Severe Depressive Disorder [NCT01109030]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of MK0431 to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Pioglitazone Therapy [NCT00086502]	Phase 3	353 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
Twelve Weeks of Pioglitazone Therapy Significantly Attenuates Dysmetabolism and Reduces Inflammation in Prevalent Peritoneal Dialysis Patients. A Randomized, Cross-over Trial. [NCT01258322]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
The Effects of Thiazolidinedione on the Diabetic Retinopathy and Nephropathy [NCT01175486]	Phase 4	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Recruiting
Effect of Pioglitazone on Peritoneal Cytokines in Women With Endometriosis [NCT01184144]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Withdrawn
A Pilot Dose Finding Study of Pioglitazone in Children With ASD [NCT01205282]	Phase 2	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone and Niacin Extended Release in Non-diabetic Patients With Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00300365]	Phase 2	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
Glucose Control in Pre-Diabetic Renal Transplant Patients: Efficacy and Safety of Vildagliptin and Pioglitazone [NCT01346254]	Phase 2	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
A Randomized Clinical Trial to Measure the Effect of Pioglitazone on Insulin Sensitivity in Healthy Overweight and Obese Males [NCT01115712]	Phase 1	35 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Body Composition,Insulin Sensitivity and Protein Metabolism in ESRD Non Diabetic Individuals [NCT01253928]	Phase 4	16 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Recruiting
PEARL-DM: Efficacy of Empagliflozin and Pioglitazone in Diabetic Patients With NAFLD; Randomized Controlled Trial From Pakistan. [NCT05942963]	Phase 4	240 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Use of Pioglitazone for the Prevention of Radiation-Induced Cognitive Dysfunction [NCT01151670]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
Noninvasive Quantification of the Pulmonary Anti-inflammatory Effect of Rosiglitazone [NCT01174056]	Early Phase 1	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
An Open-Label, Single Center Study to Assess the Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone in Healthy Subjects When Administered Alone and in Combination With Fostamatinib 100 mg Twice Daily [NCT01309854]	Phase 1	15 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
"Pioglitazone and Risk of Bladder Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes MellitusPROBE-PIOStudy" [NCT01935466]		6,107 participants (Actual)	Observational	2013-07-31	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Oxidative Load, Inflammatory End-Points and Vascular Reactivity in Obese Non-Diabetic Patients: A Dose Ranging Study [NCT01161394]	Phase 4	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional		Completed
Can Addition of Pioglitazone to SGLT2 Inhibitor in Type 1 Diabetic Patients Amplify the Decrease in HbA1c and Prevent the Increase in Plasma Ketone Concentration? [NCT03878459]	Phase 4	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-08-08	Recruiting
Preservation of Beta Cell Function in Pre-diabetes in Subject With Impaired Fasting Glucose (IFG) and Impaired Glucose Tolerance (IGT) [NCT02969798]		700 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-01-01	Recruiting
To Evaluate the Effect of Nesinaact on Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis Through MRI and Liver Fibroscan in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Prospective, Open-Label, Single-Arm, Single-Center Clinical Study [NCT03950505]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-05-29	Recruiting
[NCT01331967]	Phase 4	94 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
An Open-label, Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Compare the Effect of DPP-IV Inhibitor and TZD as add-on Therapy to Metformin on Glycemic Variability and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Monoth [NCT01339143]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Recruiting
Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Heart Failure: A Multi-center Network Observational Study [NCT02456428]		1,499,650 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
Pioglitazone Treatment for Hyperglycemic Acute Ischemic Stroke: Effects on the Stress-Immune Response [NCT04123067]	Phase 1/Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Terminated(stopped due to Temporarily suspended due to Pandemic.)
Does Glycated Hemoglobin Variability in Type 2 Diabetes Differ Depending on the Diabetes Treatment Threshold Used in the Qatari Population: Implication on Diabetes Complication Risk? [NCT02879409]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-11-30	Active, not recruiting
Pioglitazone in Alzheimer Disease Progression [NCT00982202]	Phase 2	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-01-31	Completed
A Long-Term, Open-Label Extension Study to Investigate the Long-Term Safety of SYR-322 When Used in Combination With Thiazolidine in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes in Japan [NCT01318122]	Phase 2/Phase 3	336 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
Comparison of The Effects of Thiazolidinediones(TZD), Sodium- Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors(SGLT2i) Alone and TZD / SGLT2i Combination Therapy on Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Fatty Liver [NCT03646292]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-12-19	Recruiting
Phase IIB Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of ACTOplus Met® XR in Subjects With Stage I-IV Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oral Cavity or Oropharynx Prior to Definitive Treatment [NCT02917629]	Phase 2	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to Low accrual combined with expiration of study drug)
Comparison of Metformin and Pioglitazone in Regulating Menstrual Irregularities and Hyperandrogenism [NCT03757923]	Phase 1/Phase 2	110 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-06-18	Recruiting
A Study of Pleiotropic Pioglitazone Effects on the Alcoholic Lung (APPEAL Study) [NCT03060772]	Phase 2	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-03	Terminated(stopped due to Study was suspended in 2020 due to COVID-19 pandemic as a result of recruitment challenges and the inability to conduct all study procedures (e.g., bronchoscopy) per protocol. In late 2021 the decision was made to not re-open the study.)
A Prospective Observational Cohort Study; The Weight Trajectory in New Users of Sulfonylureas as Add on Therapy Next to Metformin. [NCT02133118]		16,293 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	1998-01-31	Completed
Comparison of Combined Pioglitazone and SGLT2 Inhibitors vs. DPP4 Inhibitors in Diabetic Patients With Ischemic Stroke: Rationale and Study Design [NCT04419337]	Phase 2	200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-15	Recruiting
Enhancement of Brown Adipose Tissue Function Via Chronic Pharmacological Treatment [NCT02236962]		42 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Recruiting
A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-blind, Active Controlled, Multicenter Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Muraglitazar (BMS-298585) Compared to Pioglitazone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT00106808]	Phase 3	1,440 participants	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Two Fixed Dose Combination Tablets of Linagliptin 5 mg/Pioglitazone 45 mg Compared With Single Linagliptin 5 mg and Pioglitazone 45 mg Tablets Administered Together to Healthy Male and Female Subjects (Open, Randomised, Single [NCT02183636]	Phase 1	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Effect of Combination Therapy With Dapagliflozin Plus Low Dose Pioglitazone on Hospitalization Rate in Patients With Heart Failure and Preserved Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction [NCT03794518]	Phase 3	648 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-03-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Pioglitazone on Endothelial Function in Premenopausal Women With Uncomplicated Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, a Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT01322308]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Open, Randomized, Phase I Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Metformin to Evaluate the Effect of AZD1656 on the Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone and Vice Versa [NCT01082120]	Phase 1	28 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
A Phase 1, Open Label, Randomized, Crossover, Drug Interaction Study of the Pharmacokinetics of ASP1941 and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride After Separate and Concomitant Administration to Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT01088919]	Phase 1	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Both BI 1356 and Pioglitazone After Co-administration Compared to the Bioavailability of Multiple Oral Doses of BI 1356 10 mg qd Alone and Pioglitazone 45 mg qd Alone in Healthy Male and Female Volunteers (an Open Label, Random [NCT02183337]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
The Use of Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Acute Pancreatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02476760]		1,417,914 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind (Double Dummy), Active Controlled Study to Compare the Safety, Tolerability and Effect on Glycemic Control of Taspoglutide Versus Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Inadequately Controlled on Therapy With Sulf [NCT00909597]	Phase 3	756 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
A Phase IV, Multicenter, Randomized, Active Comparator Controlled Study of the Addition of Pioglitazone Compared With Glimepiride in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Metformin and Alogliptin [NCT02426294]	Phase 4	154 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Recruiting
A Prospective, Non-Interventional Study of the Use of Alogliptin and Alogliptin Fixed-Dose Combinations With Pioglitazone and With Metformin in Standard Clinical Practice [NCT02989649]		593 participants (Actual)	Observational	2016-12-22	Terminated(stopped due to Business Decision; No Safety Or Efficacy Concerns)
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of the Effects of Two Doses of LY2189265 or Exenatide on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes on Stable Doses of Metformin and Pioglitazone (AWARD-1: Assessment of Weekly Administration of LY2189265 [NCT01064687]	Phase 3	978 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
Long-term Use of Alogliptin/Pioglitazone Combination Tablets in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01990300]		3,281 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-11-28	Completed
Pioglitazone, Lipotoxicity, and Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) [NCT05838287]	Phase 4	78 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-10	Recruiting
A Randomised Controlled Trial for People With Established Type 2 Diabetes During Ramadan: Liraglutide vs. a Sulphonylurea [NCT02292290]	Phase 4	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Completed
Effects of Combined Resveratrol and Myo-inositol on Altered Metabolic, Endocrine Parameters and Perceived Stress in Patients With Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [NCT04867252]	Phase 2	88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-03	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized Trial to Compare saroGLitazar With pioglitAZone in Nonalcoholic Fatty livEr Disease (GLAZED Trial) [NCT02265276]	Phase 3	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Recruiting
Effect of Glimepiride, Vildagliptin, Pioglitazone and Canagliflozin on Durability of Glycemic Control After Metformin Failure in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02142309]	Phase 4	450 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Recruiting
Pioglitazone as a Treatment for Lipid and Glucose Abnormalities In Patients With Schizophrenia Treated With Antipsychotic Medication And Potential Effects on Cognitive Function [NCT00231894]	Phase 4	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-05-31	Completed
A One-Year Phase 3, Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of AD 4833-536 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01124656]	Phase 3	26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Formulation issues.)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of MK0431 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT00094757]	Phase 3	521 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-10-06	Completed
A Study on the Effects of Peroxisome Proliferators Activated Receptor-γ Agonists on Certain Biochemical and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00926341]	Phase 4	110 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Insulin Resistance Intervention After Stroke (IRIS) Trial [NCT00091949]	Phase 3	3,876 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
GlitazOne Treatment for Coronavirus HypoxiA, a Safety and Tolerability Open Label With Matching Cohort Pilot Study [NCT04473274]	Phase 4	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-05-21	Completed
Pathophysiology of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis [NCT00904046]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-09-05	Recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of CKD-501 or Pioglitazone Added to Ongoing Metformin Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Alone: Multi Center, Randomized, Double Blind, Therapeutic Confirmatory Study [NCT01106131]	Phase 3	253 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Insulin Regulation of Lipolysis and Lipolysis Proteins [NCT03866408]	Early Phase 1	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-11-12	Recruiting
Comparison of Glimepiride, Alogliptin and Alogliptin+Pioglitazone Combination in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT04470310]	Phase 4	99 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-12-31	Active, not recruiting
Effect of Inhaled Insulin (AERx® iDMS) Plus Pioglitazone Versus Pioglitazone Alone on HbA1c in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00411892]	Phase 3	196 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-29	Terminated(stopped due to See termination reason in detailed description)
A Phase III Study to Assess the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of ASP1941 in Combination With Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Pioglitazone Alone [NCT01225081]	Phase 3	152 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-15	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone Administered to Patients With Adrenomyeloneuropathy: a Phase II, Single-arm, Multicentric Clinical Trial [NCT03864523]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
An Efficacy and Tolerability Study of MK0533 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT00543959]	Phase 2	346 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to This study is being discontinued based on data suggesting that none of the doses tested demonstrated both glycemic & body fluid benefits vs. the comparitor)
Efficacy of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets on the Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined With Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease：an Multicenter，Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel- Controlled Study. [NCT03796975]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-06-28	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-blind, Active-controlled, Randomized, Parallel, Phase IV Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Evogliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases [NCT03910361]	Phase 4	51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-04-12	Completed
A Randomized, Partially Blinded, Pilot Study of the Effects of Pioglitazone on HCV RNA in Overweight Subjects With Chronic HCV Genotypes 1 or 4 Infection. [NCT01157975]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was completed in another site)
A Phase 2/3, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of SYR-322 When Used in Combination With Thiazolidine in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes in Japan [NCT01318070]	Phase 2/Phase 3	339 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomised, Placebo-controlled Study of the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics (PK), and Pharmacodynamics (PD) of SAD and MAD of CORT125281 in Healthy Subjects [NCT03335956]	Phase 1	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-21	Completed
A Randomized, Open-Label, Single-Dose, 4-Period Crossover Study to Determine the Bioequivalence of Alogliptin (25 mg) and Pioglitazone (15 and 30 mg) When Administered as Individual Tablets and as Fixed-Dose Combination Tablets to Healthy Russian Subjects [NCT03501277]	Phase 1	72 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-26	Completed
Adipose Tissue Heterogeneity and Its Link to Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Open Intervention Study That Compares Empagliflozin, Pioglitazone and Semaglutide [NCT05501483]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-02-08	Recruiting
A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Investigate the Neuroendocrine Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer and Cachexia [NCT05919147]	Phase 2	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-18	Recruiting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone on Insulin Resistance, Insulin Secretion and Atherosclerosis in Renal Allograft Recipients Without History of Diabetes [NCT00598013]		83 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Biphasic Insulin Aspart 70/30 + Metformin Compared to Insulin Glargine + Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes Failing OAD Therapy [NCT00598793]	Phase 3	242 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-11-30	Completed
Combination Study of Pioglitazone and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (TKIs) in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients After Failure of a First TKIs Discontinuation Attempt in Order to Prepare a New Stop [NCT02889003]	Phase 2	26 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-31	Recruiting
NAFLD in T2DM: Prevalence in Hispanics and Role of Treatment [NCT01002547]	Phase 4	105 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-24	Completed
A Phase IIb, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Range Finding Clinical Trial to Study the Safety and Efficacy of MK-3102 in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT01217073]	Phase 2	685 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-10-08	Completed
Long-term Role of Pioglitazone in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). [NCT00994682]	Phase 4	176 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
Two-Part,Multicenter,Randomized,Double-Blind,Placebo-Controlled,Study to Evaluate the Effect of Simvastatin,Losartan,and Pioglitazone on Cardiovascular Disease Biomarkers in Lower Extremity Atherosclerotic Plaque Excised From Patients w/PAD [NCT00720577]	Early Phase 1	164 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-12-31	Completed
TriMaster: Randomised Double-Blind Crossover Study of a DPP4 Inhibitor, SGLT2 Inhibitor and Thiazolidinedione as Third Line Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Suboptimal Glycaemic Control on Dual Therapy With Metformin and a Sulphonylurea [NCT02653209]	Phase 4	525 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-11-01	Completed
A Phase 4, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effect of Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo on Bone Metabolism in Impaired Fasting Glucose, Postmenopausal Women for One Year of Treatment [NCT00708175]	Phase 4	156 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
Targeting Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients - Will it Reduce Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, Calcification and Improve Survival of Peritoneal Dialysis Patients? (PROOF Trial) [NCT00745225]	Phase 4	160 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
Pioglitazone and Exercise Effects on Older Adults With MCI and Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00736996]	Phase 2	78 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Study on the Anti-proteinuric Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. [NCT00749047]	Phase 4	12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo, and Active Comparator-controlled, Parallel-group Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Rivoglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00571519]	Phase 3	94 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-14	Terminated(stopped due to DSPD focusing on Study 301 to confirm the clinical profile before proceeding. Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development terminated this study on 23 Apr 2008 because of changes in the clinical development plan with 94 of 2600 planned, randomized participants.)
Effect of Pioglitazone Compared to a Combination Therapy With Ramipril and to a Ramipril Monotherapy on Low Grade Inflammation and Vascular Function in Patients With Increased Cardiovascular Risk and an Activated Inflammation. A Randomized Double-blinded [NCT00770497]	Phase 2	172 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
Double Blinded Study of the Effects of Pioglitazone in Combination With Atorvastatin in Comparison to Atorvastatin Treatment Alone on Intima-Media Thickness in Patients at Risk for Vascular Complications [NCT00770575]	Phase 2	148 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
A Pilot Study of Therapy With Pioglitazone Prior to HCV Treatment in HIV-1 and HCV Genotype 1-Infected Subjects With Insulin Resistance Who Are Prior Nonresponders to Peginterferon and Ribavirin Therapy [NCT00665353]	Phase 2	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
Myocardial Function, Free Fatty Acid and Glucose Metabolism in HIV Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00656851]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A Pilot Study Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of Pioglitazone as an Anti-inflammatory Agent for the Treatment of CF Lung Disease in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00322868]		21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone Administered to Patients With Friedreich's ATAXIA:Proof of Concept [NCT00811681]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
Prevention of Neointimal Proliferation With Aggressive Reduction of Glucose Concentrations (Pioglitazone) Study -- PPAR-G -- An IVUS Pilot Feasibility Study in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. [NCT00819325]	Phase 4	50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-08-31	Completed
Role of Pioglitazone and Berberine in Treatment of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease(NAFLD) Patients With Impaired Glucose Regulation or Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00633282]	Phase 2	184 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Phase II, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-and Active-Controlled, Multi-center Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of TAK-379 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00722917]	Phase 2	323 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Animal Toxicity Findings)
Effect of Pioglitazone on Inflammatory Response and Clinical Outcome in T2DM Patients With COVID-19 [NCT04604223]	Phase 4	1,506 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-18	Recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Assess the Safety, Tolerability and Effect of Taspoglutide on Glycemic Control Compared to Placebo in Patients With Type II Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Plus [NCT00744367]	Phase 3	326 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Vildagliptin in Combination With Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00099853]	Phase 3	362 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin Compared to Pioglitazone in Diabetic and Non-diabetic Patients With Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis [NCT05254626]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-01	Recruiting
Combination of Pioglitazone and Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor (TKI) in Relapsed Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Following a First TKI Discontinuation [NCT02730195]	Phase 2	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-31	Terminated
Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone Therapy for Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patients With Severe Infection. [NCT03080480]	Phase 1/Phase 2	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated(stopped due to The results are negtive.)
A Phase I Study of Pioglitazone and Carboplatin in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors [NCT02133625]	Phase 1	28 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-08-31	Completed
The Role of Pioglitazone in Vascular Transcriptional Remodeling in Individuals Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting [NCT05775380]	Phase 4	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-06-15	Recruiting
Combined Pioglitazone and Clomophene Citrate Versus Combined Metformin and Clomiphene Citrate as First Treatment in Infertile Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT03566225]	Early Phase 1	400 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-30	Completed
Randomized Phase II Trial With Safety run-in Phase Evaluating Low-dose AZA, ATRA and Pioglitazone Versus Standard Dose Azacitidine in Patients >=60 Years With AML Who Are Refractory to Standard Induction Chemotherapy [NCT02942758]	Phase 2	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-10	Terminated(stopped due to Due to financial reasons.)
First in Human Study of Pioglitazone Therapy of Autoimmune Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis [NCT03231033]	Phase 1	3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-08-17	Completed
Effect of Short-term Basal Insulin Initiation in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes on 1-year Glycemic Control [NCT06107153]		200 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-01	Not yet recruiting
Relative Bioavailability of Pioglitazone After Co-administration With Different Doses of BI 10773 in Healthy Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Crossover, Clinical Phase I Study) [NCT02172235]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
Quantitation of Hepatic Mitochondrial Fluxes in Humans With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) [NCT05305287]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-01	Recruiting
Mechanism of Hyperglycemia and Neuroprotection Effect of Pioglitazone in Acute Ischemic Stroke [NCT02195791]	Phase 2	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Diffculty in participant enrollment)
Effect of Pioglitazone on Sputum Biomarkers of Inflammation and Lung Epithelial Repair in Cystic Fibrosis [NCT00719381]	Phase 1	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
ANRS HC 22, PEGLIST-C, Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone vs. Placebo in Association With Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C, Non 2 or 3 Genotypes and Insulin Resistance [NCT00927290]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-03	Terminated(stopped due to Suspension of use of medicine containing Pioglitazone by French regulatory agency)
Prospective Cohort Study on MAFLD-related Cirrhosis Prevention and Treatment Strategies [NCT06135584]		1,000 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-11-18	Not yet recruiting
Targeting Residual Activity By Precision, Biomarker-Guided Combination Therapies of Multiple Sclerosis (TRAP-MS) [NCT03109288]	Phase 1/Phase 2	250 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2017-08-11	Recruiting
Influence of Glitazones on the Vasodilatory Effect of HDL Lipoproteins and on Phospholipase A2 [NCT00953498]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Metabolic and Cardiovascular Complications in Men With Prostate Cancer Undergoing Long-term Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT00743327]		1 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to No Participants completed study)
A Pilot Study of Intensive Insulin Regimen as a Primary Treatment of New Onset of Type 2 DM [NCT01087567]	Phase 4	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
A Double-blind, Randomized 12-week Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of GSK189075 Tablets vs Pioglitazone in Treatment Naive Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00500331]	Phase 2	334 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-23	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Effects on Glycemic Control With Concomitantly Administered Pioglitazone HCl and Metformin HCl Extended Release (Fortamet®) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00754403]	Phase 4	312 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-07-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of MK0431 to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Metformin Therapy [NCT00086515]	Phase 3	701 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Double-Blind Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of SYR-322 Plus Pioglitazone HCl (Actos®), SYR-322 Alone or Pioglitazone HCl Alone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00395512]	Phase 3	655 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone Compared With Metformin on Endothelial Microparticles in Type 2 Diabetes. A Randomized Trial [NCT00815399]	Phase 4	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-10-31	Completed
Use of Oral Antidiabetic Agents in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes [NCT04416269]	Phase 4	260 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-08-07	Recruiting
A Phase 1, Open-label, Fixed-sequence, 2-cohort, 2-period Study To Investigate The Effect Of Modafinil And Pioglitazone Given As Multiple Doses On Single Dose Pharmacokinetics Of Palbociclib (Pd-0332991) In Healthy Volunteers [NCT02222441]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-10-31	Completed
Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability Study of 45 mg Pioglitazone in Patients With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) Receiving Standard Therapy (Riluzole) [NCT00690118]	Phase 2	219 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to The interim analysis showed no tendency in favour of the verum group. Therefore it was decided to stop the study prematurely.)
Effect of Acarbose and Fixed Mixture of Pioglitazone and Metformin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Receiving Anti-diabetic Monotherapy [NCT05629806]	Phase 3	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-10	Recruiting
Pioglitazone and Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) in Patients With Diabetes [NCT00770367]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Open-label Study of the Effect of PEGASYS ® Plus COPEGUS® With or Without Concomitant Pioglitazone (Actos®) on Early Viral Kinetics in Treatment-naive Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C, Genotype-1, and Insulin Resistance [NCT00545233]	Phase 4	155 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone 15 mg or 30 mg on Microcirculation in Type 2 Diabetes Patients Treated With Insulin [NCT00676260]	Phase 2	29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-12-31	Completed
Non-blinded, Randomized and Controlled Clinical Trial of Pioglitazone Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Covid-19 [NCT04535700]	Phase 4	8 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-18	Completed
Effect of Low-Dose Pioglitazone in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) [NCT04501406]	Phase 2	166 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-12-15	Recruiting
Effects of PPAR Ligands on Ectopic Fat Accumulation and Inflammation in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance [NCT00470262]		27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
To Compare the Efficacy and Safety Between Pioglitazone Added to Combination Therapy of Sulfonylurea Plus Metformin and Placebo Control Group in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00991055]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Recruiting
"A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of BMS-477118 in Combination With Metformin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Metformin Alone" [NCT00121667]	Phase 3	1,462 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Asthma in Obese Asthmatics. (The GLITZ Asthma Study) [NCT00787644]	Phase 2	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to new safety concerns which emerged about pioglitazone during the trial)
Effects of Pioglitazone on Platelet Function [NCT00861341]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, 2-arm Parallel-group, Multicenter Study With a 24-week Main Treatment Period and an Extension Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of AVE0010 on Top of Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Not Adequate [NCT00763815]	Phase 3	484 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Thiazolidinedione Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Con [NCT00683878]	Phase 3	972 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Completed
Pioglitazone for Hepatic Steatosis in HIV/HCV Co-infection [NCT00742326]	Phase 4	13 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment stopped prior to complete enrollment due to slow accrual)
Effect of Insulin Sensitizer Therapy on Atherothrombotic and Inflammatory Profiles Associated With Insulin Resistance [NCT00443755]	Phase 2	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-08-31	Completed
A Pilot Study of Monitoring Insulin Levels and Treating Hyperinsulinemia and Hyperglycemia With Pioglitazone in Patients Treated With Alpelisib for Metastatic Breast Cancer. [NCT05753657]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-25	Recruiting
A Phase II, Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Study of the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Pioglitazone HCl (ACTOS™) in Combination With TAK-536 in Subjects With Type II Diabetes [NCT00762736]	Phase 2	704 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-07-31	Completed
Pilot Trial Studying the Effects of Pioglitazone in Comparison to Placebo on Myocardial Function and Oxidative Stress in Patients With Type II Diabetes and Insulin Resistance Undergoing Elective PTCA. A Randomized Double-blinded Phase II Study. [NCT00771004]	Phase 2	63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Double-blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Parallel-Group Study to Evaluate the Effects of Pioglitazone on Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Treated With Metformin [NCT00772174]	Phase 3	418 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Effects on Incidence of Cardiovascular Events of the Addition of Pioglitazone as Compared With a Sulphonylurea in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Inadequately Controlled With Metformin. [NCT00700856]	Phase 4	3,371 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Active, not recruiting
Detection of Plaque Inflammation and Visualization of Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Pioglitazone on Plaque Inflammation in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by FDG-PET/CT [NCT00722631]		70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-05-31	Completed
Response of Individuals With Ataxia-Telangiectasia to Metformin and Pioglitazone [NCT02733679]	Phase 4	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-29	Completed
A 24-Week,Int.,Rand.,Double-blind,Parallel-group,Multi-centre, Plac.-Controlled Phase III Study With a 24-Wk Ext.Per.to Eval.the Efficacy and Safety of Dapagliflozin in Comb.With Glimepiride (a Sulphonylurea) in Subjects With Type2 Diab.Who Have Inadeq. G [NCT00680745]	Phase 3	597 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Impact of Pioglitazone, Metformin and the Combination of Both on Cardiovascular Risk in Insulin-treated Patients With Type 2 Diabetes - The PIOcomb Study [NCT00770445]	Phase 4	121 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Vascular Complications - The SPLENDOR Study. [NCT00770835]	Phase 4	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
A Single Stage Phase II, Multi-centre, Open Label Study of Imatinib in Combination With Pioglitazone, Etoricoxib, Dexamethasone and Low-dose Treosulfane for Anti-inflammatory and Angiostatic Treatment in Patients With Hormone-refractory Prostate Cancer [NCT00427999]	Phase 2	67 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
A Non-Randomized Controlled Trial to Examine the Safety and Suitability of Supplementing Early Minimally Invasive Parafascicular Surgery (MIPS) for Clot Evacuation of Basal Ganglia Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) With Pioglitazone [NCT05582707]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-05-08	Recruiting
Phase II Study of Chronic Pancreatitis and the Effect of Pioglitazone on Endocrine Function, Exocrine Function & Structure, Pain & Life Quality [NCT00782795]	Phase 2	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Inflammation and Insulin Resistance in Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT00763139]		34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
A Single-Arm, Open-Label, Multicenter Study Evaluating the Triglyceride Changes in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia Following Treatment Conversion From Rosiglitazone to Pioglitazone HCl in Combination With Stable Statin Therapy [NCT00672919]	Phase 4	305 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-11-30	Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group 24 Week Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of BI 1356 (5 mg) in Combination With 30 mg Pioglitazone (Both Administered Orally Once Daily), Compared to 30 mg Pioglitazone Plus Placebo in D [NCT00641043]	Phase 3	389 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Study Of Metabolic Factors And Efficacy Of Pentoxifylline Versus Pioglitazone In Lean And Obese Nash (Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis) Patients. [NCT00681733]		20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Recruiting
Cortisol Regulation in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT00694759]		37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
A Randomised, Double-blind Parallel Group Study to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Initial Combination Therapy With Linagliptin 5 mg + Pioglitazone 15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg, vs. Monotherapy With Pioglitazone (15 mg, 30 mg, or 45 mg) or Linagliptin 5 mg O [NCT01183013]	Phase 3	936 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
48 Week Pilot Trial Assessing the Efficacy of Pioglitazone, Atorvastatin, Pegasys and Weight Based Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C, Genotype 1 Patients Who Have Previously Relapsed or Did Not Respond to PegInterferon /Ribavirin Therapy [NCT00926614]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) Agonist in Inducing Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaque Regression in Diabetic End-Stage Renal Disease Patients [NCT00745914]		22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Safety and Efficacy of Exenatide Once Weekly Injection Versus Metformin, Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, or Thiazolidinedione as Monotherapy in Drug-Naive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00676338]	Phase 3	820 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
Comparison of the Effects of Pioglitazone and Metformin on Resistin Plasma Levels in Children With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01396564]	Phase 1/Phase 2	56 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Insulin Resistance, Progression of Atherosclerosis and Clinical Course of Coronary Heart Disease [NCT03011775]	Phase 4	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
A Prospective, Randomized, Parallel-group, Adaptive Design Phase IIb/III, Multicenter Study, to Assess the Efficacy of Polychemotherapy for Inducing Remission of Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes. [NCT04271189]	Phase 2/Phase 3	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-09-01	Active, not recruiting
Comparison of the Effects of Pioglitazone vs. Placebo When Given in Addition to Standard Insulin Treatment in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Renal Failure [NCT00770640]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone in Combination With Glimepiride in Comparison to Glimepiride Monotherapy on Metabolic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00770952]	Phase 3	91 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Active-Comparator (Pioglitazone) Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of the MK0431A (A Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet of Sitagliptin and Metformin) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00532935]	Phase 3	517 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-26	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Active Comparator-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Rivoglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00484198]	Phase 3	1,912 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-23	Completed
A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple Dosing, Three-way Crossover Clinical Trial to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic Drug Interaction of LC15-0444 and Pioglitazone After Oral Administration in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01001013]	Phase 1	24 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Pioglitazone Therapy in Obese Children With Insulin Resistance: A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Study [NCT00775164]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Inadequate enrollment)
Pharmacogenomics of Thiazolidinediones [NCT01135394]		114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 3-Arm, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Canagliflozin in the Treatment of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus With Inadequate Glycemic Control on Met [NCT01106690]	Phase 3	344 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Allergic Asthma [NCT00604578]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-04	Withdrawn
A Phase III Randomized, Active-Comparator (Pioglitazone) Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Efficacy and Safety of Sitagliptin and MK0431A (A Fixed-Dose Combination Tablet of Sitagliptin and Metformin) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00541450]	Phase 3	492 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-15	Completed
Effects of Triple Drug Cocktail Therapy on Metabolic, Endocrine Alterations and Perceived Stress Response in Patients With PCOS: A Double Blind Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT04113889]	Phase 2	147 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-15	Completed
Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Metabolic Syndrome or Insulin Resistance [NCT00835120]	Phase 4	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone With and Without Exenatide on Body Weight, Fat Topography, Beta Cell Function, and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT00845182]	Phase 4	43 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
A Phase III Study of MP-513 in Combination With Thiazolidinedione in Japanese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01026194]	Phase 3	204 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
A 78 Week Open Label Extension to Trials Assessing the Safety and Efficacy of BI 1356 (5 mg) as Monotherapy or in Combination With Other Antidiabetic Medications in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. [NCT00736099]	Phase 3	2,122 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study of the Co-Administration of Sitagliptin and Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT00722371]	Phase 3	1,615 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-05	Completed
Safety of Pioglitazone for Hematoma Resolution In Intracerebral Hemorrhage [NCT00827892]	Phase 2	84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-31	Completed
Phase 1 Study of Pioglitazone Versus Metformin on Bone Health in Postmenopausal Women With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01935804]	Phase 2	440 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Completed
A Phase I Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Safety, Efficacy, and Mechanism of Action of Sitagliptin and Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Diet and Exercis [NCT00511108]	Phase 1	211 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-11	Completed
A Pilot Study of Pioglitazone as Second Line Therapy for Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Adenocarcinoma of the Pancreas With Disease Progression After Gemcitabine Based Chemotherapy [NCT00867126]	Early Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-03-02	Terminated(stopped due to low accrual)
Effects of Pioglitazone in Glucocorticoid-Induced Insulin Resistance. Studies in Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia. [NCT00151710]		0 participants	Interventional		Completed
PROspective PioglitAzone Clinical Trial In MacroVascular Events: A Macrovascular Outcome Study in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Comparing Pioglitazone With Placebo in Addition to Existing Therapy [NCT00174993]	Phase 3	4,373 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-05-31	Completed
A Phase 1, Open-Label, Single-Sequence Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects to Determine the Effect of Relacorilant on Exposure to Probe Substrates for Cytochrome P450s 3A4, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, and 2D6 [NCT03457597]	Phase 1	27 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-03-06	Completed
A Randomized, Phase 3, Double Blind, Multicentre Trial, Evaluating the Effect of Pioglitazone Versus Placebo on Change in Lipoatrophy in HIV- 1 Infected Patients Treated With Stable Antiretroviral Therapy for at Least 6 Months.ANRS 113 LIPIOT Study [NCT00148850]	Phase 3	130 participants	Interventional	2003-02-28	Terminated
National, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Triple-dummy, Phase III Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Piemonte Association in the Treatment of Type II Diabetes Mellitus [NCT05028140]	Phase 3	480 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-09-30	Not yet recruiting
Skeletal Muscle Dysfunction in Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) [NCT02535832]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-09-30	Completed
Characterization of Vascular Effects of Candesartan and Pioglitazone. [NCT00154037]		40 participants	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Molecular Mechanisms of Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00816218]	Phase 4	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Study In Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comparing the Effects of Pioglitazone HCl Versus Glimepiride on the Rate of Progression of Coronary Atherosclerotic Disease as Measured by Intravascular Ultr [NCT00225277]	Phase 3	547 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
Assessment of the Efficacy of Pioglitazone on Viral Kinetics, Cytokines, and Innate Immunity in a Group of Insulin Resistant, Treatment Naïve, Chronic Hepatitis C, Genotype 1 Patients [NCT00926016]		23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Active-Controlled, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin in Combination With Metformin IR as Initial Therapy Compared to Saxagliptin Monotherapy and to Metformin IR Monotherapy in Subjects [NCT00327015]	Phase 3	1,306 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of the Addition of SYR-322 25 mg Versus Dose Titration From 30 mg to 45 mg of Pioglitazone HCl (ACTOS®) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Contro [NCT00432276]	Phase 3	803 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
Pioglitazone for Hepatic Steatosis in HIV [NCT00441272]	Phase 2	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
MK0431 (Sitagliptin) Phase III Clinical Study -Pioglitazone add-on Study for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00372060]	Phase 3	134 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-21	Completed
Third-line Therapy of Multiple Myeloma With Lenalidomide in Combination With Pioglitazone, Dexamethasone and Metronomic Low-dose Chemotherapy With Treosulfan [NCT01010243]	Phase 1/Phase 2	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Recruiting
Effects of Pioglitazone on the Regulation of Insulin Secretion in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00656864]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of SYR110322 (SYR-322) When Used in Combination With Pioglitazone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00286494]	Phase 3	493 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-02-28	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Phase II Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone in Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis [NCT01068444]	Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
An Open-label, Multi-center, Randomized Study Comparing the Effects of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents on Viral Kinetics of Chronic Hepatitis C Patients Receiving Pegylated Interferon Alfa 2b Plus Ribavirin [NCT01025765]	Phase 4	80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Active, not recruiting
A Phase I Open-label Study to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of MDV3100 (ASP9785) on the Pharmacokinetics of Substrates for CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 in Patients With Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT01911728]	Phase 1	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-25	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Left Ventricular Diastolic Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00232362]	Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to This study was not conducted as the Principal Investigator left the institution)
Pioglitazone Regress Left Ventricular Mass in Type 2 Diabetes With Ischeamia Heart Disease [NCT01947790]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-09-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone Treatment in Patient's Calcific Aortic Valve Disease With Mild Aortic Valve Stenosis [NCT05875675]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-01	Not yet recruiting
Comparison of Metformin and Pioglitazone Effects on Serum YKL-40 Concentrations in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01963663]		84 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-11-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Portal and Systemic Hemodynamics in Patients With Advanced Cirrhosis [NCT00570622]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-12-31	Completed
Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Chiglitazar Sodium in the Treatment of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT05760677]	Phase 1	142 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-01	Enrolling by invitation
Insulin Resistance in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (Protocol Drug Change From Project Career Development Award (CDA)-2-044-08S) [NCT01289639]		11 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Low recruitment in intervention study. Baseline data published.)
Sleep, Metabolic, and Cardiovascular Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT00203996]	Phase 4	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Did not meet target patient accrual goals)
Phase IIB Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone for Oral Premalignant Lesions an Inter-consortium Collaborative Study [NCT00951379]	Phase 2	52 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Due to slow accrual.)
Effect of Pioglitazone on Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 3 (TIMP-3) and TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor)-α Converting Enzyme (TACE) in Skeletal Muscle and Their Circulating Substrates. [NCT01223196]	Phase 4	60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
Comparative Effects of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Fetuin-A and Osteoprotegerin Concentrations in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Diabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT02027103]		102 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
A Pilot Study to Determine the Effects of Short-term Thiazolidinedione Treatment on Vascular Risk Markers in Type 2 Diabetes Patients [NCT00571506]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Dose and Active Comparator-Controlled Dose-Response Study of Rivoglitazone (CS-011) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00575874]	Phase 2	150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2007-08-31	Completed
Effect of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Insulin Signaling in Skeletal Muscle [NCT03452267]	Phase 2/Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to Lack of funding)
A Single Center, Open-Label, Drug Interaction Study of MGL-3196 With Pioglitazone and to Assess Food Effect in Healthy Subjects [NCT04671056]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-11-09	Completed
The Role of Acute Combined Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPAR) Alpha and Gamma Stimulation on Insulin Action in Humans [NCT00179400]	Phase 4	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-12-31	Completed
Efficacy of Adding Sitagliptin or Pioglitazone to Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Insufficiently Controlled With Metformin and Sulfonylurea [NCT01195090]	Phase 4	120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Multi-Center, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Study Comparing SYR-322 Alone and Combination SYR-322 With Pioglitazone Versus Placebo on Postprandial Lipids in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00655863]	Phase 3	71 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of the Combination of SYR-322 (SYR110322) and Pioglitazone HCl (ACTOS®), in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00328627]	Phase 3	1,554 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled, Phase III Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Saxagliptin (BMS477118) in Combination With Thiazolidinedione Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control [NCT00295633]	Phase 3	565 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Completed
A Randomised Controlled Trial for People With Established Type 2 Diabetes During Ramadan: Canagliflozin (Invokana™) vs. Standard Dual Therapy Regimen: The 'Can Do Ramadan' Study [NCT02694263]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Completed
Candidate Therapies in Combination or Sequentially With Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors in Chronic Phase-chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients in CCR Without Achieving a Deep Molecular Response: an Adaptative Trial Based on a Drop Loser Design [NCT02767063]	Phase 1/Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-07-31	Recruiting
An Extension Study of Protocol ALO-IIT(PEAK Study) to Examine the Long-term Efficacy and Safety of Metformin + Alogliptin + Pioglitazone Triple Combination Therapy in the Korean Type 2 Diabetes Patients [NCT02763007]	Phase 4	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-18	Terminated(stopped due to difficulty in recruiting patients)
A Randomized, Open-label, Multiple Dosing, Three-way Crossover Clinical Trial to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Drug-drug Interaction of Evogliptin 5 mg and Pioglitazone 30 mg [NCT02753803]	Phase 1	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-27	Completed
A 30-Week Extension to: A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Initial Therapy With Coadministration of Sitagliptin and Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01028391]	Phase 3	317 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-01	Completed
Differences in Metabolic and Cardiovascular Effects of Pioglitazone vs. Insulin Glargine in the Treatment of Secondary Drug Failure in Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00609856]	Phase 4	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
Phase 2 Study to Assess the Safety and Efficiency of Pioglitazone in Combination With Imatinib Mesylate to Treat Chronic Phase Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Patients [NCT02687425]	Phase 2	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Not yet recruiting
Efficacy and Durability of Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (GLP-1 RA)/Thiazolidinedione Versus Basal Bolus Insulin Therapy in Poorly Controlled Type 2 Diabetic Patients (T2DM) Patients on Sulfonylurea Plus Metformin [NCT02887625]		410 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Recruiting
Response of Gut Microbiota in Type 2 Diabetes to Hypoglycemic Agents [NCT04287387]	Phase 4	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-03-02	Not yet recruiting
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Phase 3 Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Dapagliflozin in Combination With Metformin in Asian Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Me [NCT01095666]	Phase 3	1,484 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-30	Completed
Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Pioglitazone HCl Tablets (45 mg; Mylan) to Actos® Tablets (45 mg; Takeda) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649012]	Phase 1	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo and Active-Controlled, Parallel-group, Multicenter Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Albiglutide Administered in Combination With Metformin and Glimepiride Compared With Metformin Plus Glimepiride and Placeb [NCT00839527]	Phase 3	685 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Single-Dose Fasting In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Pioglitazone HCl Tablets (45 mg; Mylan) and Actos® Tablets (45 mg; Takeda) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00649558]	Phase 1	36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-02-28	Completed
A Phase III Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial to Study the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of Sitagliptin (MK-0431) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on Combination Therapy With Metformin and Pi [NCT00885352]	Phase 3	313 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-15	Completed
A Phase III, Randomized, Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of the Addition of Sitagliptin in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Have Inadequate Glycemic Control on a Sulfonylurea in Combination With Metformin [NCT01076075]	Phase 3	427 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-06-03	Completed
Durability of Early Initial Combination Therapy With Exenatide/Pioglitazone/Metformin vs Conventional Therapy in New Onset Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01107717]	Phase 4	521 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-01-31	Active, not recruiting
[NCT02875821]	Phase 4	44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-04-26	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo- and Active Comparator-Controlled, 4-Week Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Multiple Oral Doses of JNJ-41443532 in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01230749]	Phase 2	89 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
AVANDIA CV Outcomes Study: Thiazolidinedione Intervention With Vitamin D Evaluation (TIDE) A Multicenter Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Thiazolidinedione or Placebo and of Vitamin D or Placebo In People With Type 2 Diabetes at Risk [NCT00879970]	Phase 4	1,332 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to FDA has placed the trial on full clinical hold.)
Effects of Treatment With Cyproterone Compound-spironolactone, Metformin and Pioglitazone on Serum Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) [NCT02689843]	Early Phase 1	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-01	Completed
Pioglitazone Versus Rosiglitazone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia [NCT00331487]	Phase 3	719 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-09-30	Completed
Drug naïve Indigenous Australians With Type 2 Diabetes, Enrolled in a Randomised Controlled Trial of Rosiglitazone Versus Metformin Monotherapy to Assess the Effects on Metabolic and Cardiovascular Parameters [NCT00437970]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Withdrawn(stopped due to Unable to secure supply of the study medication)
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Dose-Ranging Study of Oral GW677954 as a Monotherapy for 12 Weeks Duration in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00196989]	Phase 2	448 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-09-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Open-Label, Randomised Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of NovoLog Mix 70/30 BID in Combination With Metformin and Pioglitazone to Metformin and Pioglitazone Alone in Insulin Naïve Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00097279]	Phase 3	230 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-08-31	Completed
Insulin Sensitivity in the Peri-Wound Microcirculation of Pressure Ulcers in SCI [NCT02585765]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to an alternate plan of investigation was developed.)
Effects of a Pioglitazone/Metformin Fixed Combination in Comparison to Metformin in Combination With Glimepiride on Diabetic Dyslipidemia [NCT00770653]	Phase 3	305 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
Phase IIA Trial: Tretinoin and Pioglitazone HCL Combination Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [NCT00919555]	Phase 1/Phase 2	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-06-30	Completed
Multi Center, Open Label Study to Evaluate the Influence of Pioglitazone Treatment Over 6 Months on Metabolic Control in Type II Diabetic Patients Previously Treated With Insulin [NCT00576784]	Phase 4	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Ambulatory Blood Pressure [NCT00328393]	Phase 3	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-03-31	Completed
The Japan Working Group for the Assessment That the Pioglitazone Protects DM Patients Against Re-Infarction [NCT00212004]	Phase 4	630 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Limited budget to continue this study)
An Open-Label Drug-Drug Interaction Study to Assess the Effect of Abiraterone (JNJ-589485) on the Pharmacokinetics of Pioglitazone Following Administration of Abiraterone Acetate (JNJ-212082) and Pioglitazone HCl Tablets in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT01873001]	Phase 1	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
An International, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase 3 Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of SYR-322 When Used in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT01289119]	Phase 3	506 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-12-31	Completed
The Activation of Brown and Beige Fat and Role in Insulin Sensitivity [NCT02919176]	Early Phase 1	39 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-01	Completed
Pharmacokinetic Characteristics of Pioglitazone and Preliminary Biomarker Response in Adolescents Aged 12 to 17 Years With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock [NCT01352182]	Phase 1/Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Completed
Comparison of Therapeutic Efficacy Between Lobeglitazone and Pioglitazone as Initial Triple Therapy With Metformin and Sitagliptin in Drug-naïve Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT02315287]	Phase 4	190 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Recruiting
The Impact of Actos Treatment of Diabetes on Glucose Transporters in Muscle [NCT01799850]	Phase 4	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-03-31	Completed
A Single Centre, Single Sequence, Open-Label, Repeat-Dose Study to Investigate the Effect of GSK1605786 on Hepatic Cytochrome P450, and BCRP and OATP1B1 Transport in Healthy Adult Subjects [NCT01489943]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-09-19	Completed
Ketosis Prone Diabetes Mellitus in African-Americans: Insulin Signaling, Proteomics, and Outcomes [NCT00426413]		44 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2007-05-31	Completed
Phase 4 Study of Pioglitazone on Neointima Volume and Inflammatory Markers in Diabetic Patients [NCT00494559]	Phase 4	240 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
Pilot Study of Imatinib Discontinuation in Patients With Chronic Myeloid Leukemia With Deep Molecular Response - Evaluation of Pioglitazone in Treatment-free Remission (EDI-PIO) [NCT02852486]	Phase 2	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-06-22	Active, not recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparator-Controlled Study of Pioglitazone HCl vs Glyburide in the Treatment of Patients With Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus and Mild Cardiac Disease (NYHA I) [NCT00521742]	Phase 3	300 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2001-03-31	Completed
Influence of Pioglitazone for Renal Transplant Function in Diabetics - a Double Blind Randomised Placebo Controlled Cross Over Study [NCT00507494]	Phase 3	0 participants	Interventional	2007-07-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Multi-Centre, Active-Controlled (15, 30, and 45 mg Pioglitazone) Long-Term Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Tesaglitazar (0.5 and 1 mg) in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (GALLEX 6) [NCT00226330]	Phase 3	1,100 participants	Interventional	2005-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to The development program has been terminated)
Glucose Metabolism in South Asian Women With IGT or IFG. DIAbetes in South Asians - DIASA 3: A 12-week Intervention Trial With Oral Antidiabetic Medication to Improve Hepatic and Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity [NCT04662866]	Phase 2	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-02-10	Recruiting
Exercise and Pioglitazone for HIV-Metabolic Syndromes [NCT00639457]		44 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study to Compare the Glycemic Effects, Safety, and Tolerability of Exenatide Long-Acting Release(Once Weekly) to Those of Sitagliptin and a Thiazolidinedione in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00637273]	Phase 3	514 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Pilot Trial of Pioglitazone in Adults Undergoing Surgical Resection of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer [NCT00923949]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-08-31	Terminated(stopped due to Study never published; terminated early due to low accrual.)
Effects of Oral Hypoglycemic Agents Combined With Short-term CSII on Glycemic Control in Newly-diagnosed Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01471808]	Phase 4	336 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2011-10-31	Enrolling by invitation
Effects of Pioglitazone and Glimepiride in Hypertensive Patients - Relationship With AGE, Inflammatory Cytokines and Cardiac Markers - [NCT01472497]	Phase 4	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-04-30	Completed
A 24-week, Randomised, Parallel-Group, Multi-Centre, Open-Label Study of the Renal Effects of Tesaglitazar in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00229684]	Phase 2	100 participants	Interventional	2004-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to The development program has been terminated)
Pioglitazone Therapy Targeting Fatigue in Breast Cancer [NCT05013255]	Phase 2	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-23	Recruiting
Effects of Insulin Sensitizers in Subjects With Impaired Glucose Tolerance [NCT00108615]	Phase 4	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on Intima Media Thickness, Endothelial Function, and Heart Rate Variability in Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance [NCT00306826]	Phase 4	120 participants	Interventional		Withdrawn(stopped due to financial support withdrawn)
A Pilot Study of Treatment With Pegylated Interferon-Alpha2a, Ribavirin and Insulin Sensitizer Pioglitazone of Insulin Resistance (With the Exception of Diabetes) in Hepatitis C Virus Infection (The INSPIRED HCV Study) [NCT00433069]	Phase 2	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-01-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, Placebo-controlled 26-week Dose-response Study of Rivoglitazone HCl (CS-011) With Active Comparator (Pioglitazone HCl) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00143520]	Phase 2/Phase 3	441 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-12-31	Completed
Pioglitazone Reverses Defects in Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Patients With T2DM [NCT00402012]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-11-30	Completed
"Can Growth Hormone's Lipolytic and Insulin-Antagonistic Effects be Modified by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Gamma Agonists?" [NCT00459940]		20 participants	Interventional	2004-09-30	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Coronary Heart Disease at High Risk for Vascular Complications : A Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT00479986]	Phase 4	92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-06-30	Completed
Pioglitazone on Cardiac Function and Large Arteries (PICCOLA) [NCT00485056]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
Extension to a Study on the Efficacy and Safety of Vildagliptin in Combination With Pioglitazone in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00138554]	Phase 3	318 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
Relative Bioavailability of Both BI 10773 50 mg and Pioglitazone 45 mg After Co-administration Compared to BI 10773 and Pioglitazone Alone in Healthy Male Volunteers (an Open-label, Randomised, Crossover, Clinical Phase I Study) [NCT02276365]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-06-30	Completed
The KIN-FAST Trial (KIN001 For Accelerated Symptoms Termination) A 4-week Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Phase II Study Evaluating the Effects of Oral Pamapimod 150 mg With Pioglitazone 10 mg Daily on COVID-19 Evolution and Recovery in Non- [NCT05659459]	Phase 2	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-08-25	Suspended(stopped due to Sponsor has financial issues - trial currently on hold)
A Pilot Study Evaluating the Effect of Pioglitazone, Simvastatin, and Ibuprofen on Neutrophil Migration in Vivo in Healthy Subjects [NCT00531882]		25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-09-30	Completed
Does Pioglitazone Increase the Production of Prostacyclin (PGI2) and/or 15-EPI-Lipoxin A4 in Humans With Diabetes Mellitus Type 2? [NCT01040819]	Phase 4	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Completed
An Open Label, Randomized, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, 2-Sequence, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Tablet 45mg [Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India] Versus Actos® (Pioglitazone Hydrochloride) Tablet 4 [NCT01797666]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional		Completed
[NCT03030300]	Phase 4	170 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-01-31	Completed
Prospective, Multicenter, Randomized, and Comparative Clinical Trials to Compare the Effects of Pioglitazone and Evogliptin on Hepatic Fibrosis in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B With Significant Hepatic Fibrosis With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT05473806]	Phase 4	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-09-18	Active, not recruiting
A Phase 2A, Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparator- and Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Two Dose Levels of Mitoglitazone™ in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT00760578]	Phase 2	86 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Completed
Pioglitazone for Lung Cancer Chemoprevention [NCT00780234]	Phase 2	92 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study of the Efficacy and Safety of WELCHOL as Add-on to Pioglitazone Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) [NCT00789750]	Phase 3	562 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Determination if Indirectly Reducing Circulating Insulin by Improving Insulin Sensitivity With Pioglitazone Reduces Renal Clearance of D-chiro-inositol (DCI) Increases the Circulating Concentration of DCI and Enhances Insulin-stimulated Release of the D-c [NCT00868140]		51 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Lack of recruitment)
Effects of the PPAR-gamma Agonist Pioglitazone on Renal and Hormonal Responses to Salt in Diabetic and Hypertensive Subjects [NCT01090752]	Phase 4	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-10-31	Completed
Pioglitazone as a Candidate Chemoprevention Agent for Lung Cancer: A Pilot Trial Using a Pre-surgical Model in Early Stage NSCLC [NCT01342770]	Phase 2	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-04-30	Terminated
Myocardial Dysfunction in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) - Role of Intramyocellular Lipid Content and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Myocardial Insulin Resistance and Their Correction With Pioglitazone [NCT01588470]	Phase 4	130 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Completed
The Effect of PPARgamma Stimulation on Glucose Metabolism, Insulin Resistance, Growth Hormone and Cortisol on Women Suffering From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT00145340]	Phase 4	30 participants	Interventional	2002-09-30	Completed
Effect of Pioglitazone on the Course of New Onset Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00545857]	Phase 1	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-06-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Comparator-Controlled Study in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Comparing the Effects of Pioglitazone HCl Versus Glimepiride on the Rate of Progression of Atherosclerotic Disease as Measured by Carotid Intima-Media Thickn [NCT00225264]	Phase 3	458 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
A Portion-controlled Diet Will Prevent Weight Gain in Diabetics Treated With ACTOS [NCT00219440]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2003-02-28	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Adiponectin and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight or Obese Hemodialysis Patients: A Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT01301027]		95 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-05-31	Completed
A Prospective Phase II, Randomized Multi-center Trial of a Combined Modularized Treatment With Metronomic Low-dose Treosulfan, Pioglitazone and Clarithromycin Versus Nivolumab in Patients With Squamous Cell Lung Cancer and Non- Squamous Cell Lung Cancer, [NCT02852083]	Phase 2	86 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Recruiting
Effects of Thiazolidinediones on Human Bone Marrow Stromal Cell Differentiation Capacity:In Vitro and In Vivo- A Pilot Study [NCT00927355]		10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
A Prospective Study of Associations of Changes in HbA1C and Fasting Blood Lipids Due to Treatment With Pioglitazone for 6 Months and Genetic Polymorphism's in PPAR-gamma [NCT00449553]		326 participants (Actual)	Observational	2001-06-30	Completed
Comparison of Bare Metal Stent With Pioglitazone Versus Sirolimus-Eluting Stent for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. [NCT00482183]	Phase 2/Phase 3	38 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-07-31	Completed
A Randomized, Comparator Controlled, Double-Blind Study of the Liver Safety of Pioglitazone HCl vs Glyburide With Metformin and Insulin as Part of Step Therapy in Subjects With Type 2 (Non-Insulin Dependent) Diabetes [NCT00494312]	Phase 4	2,120 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-10-31	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparator-Controlled Study of Pioglitazone HCl vs Glyburide in the Treatment of Subjects With Type 2 (Non-Insulin Dependent) Diabetes Mellitus and Mild to Moderate Congestive Heart Failure [NCT00521820]	Phase 3	518 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2000-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Higher incidence of hospitalization for congestive heart failure in pioglitazone-treated subjects compared to glyburide treated subjects.)
Pioglitazone as an Aid During Buprenorphine Taper [NCT01517165]	Phase 1	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-04	Terminated
Comparison of the Effects of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Liver Enzymes [NCT05521633]	Phase 3	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-06-06	Completed
The Randomized Multiple Center Trial for The Effectiveness and Safety of Adding Compound Preparation of Pioglitazone and Metformin for Type 2 Diabetic Patients Who Have Bad Glycemic Control With the Initial Treatment of Sulfonylureas [NCT02099838]	Phase 4	98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-31	Completed
[NCT00395941]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-12-31	Completed
Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) [NCT00000620]	Phase 3	10,251 participants (Actual)	Interventional	1999-09-30	Completed
Pioglitazone as an Adjunct to Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Cocaine Relapse Prevention [NCT04843046]	Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-08-23	Recruiting
Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Pioglitazone [NCT00013598]	Phase 2	30 participants	Interventional	2001-03-31	Completed
A Clinical Trial to Prevent the Complications of Insulin Resistance (Including Type-2 Diabetes) [NCT00015626]	Phase 2	300 participants	Interventional		Completed
Exploratory Study to Investigate the Suppressive Effect of Oral Anti-Diabetic Drug (TZD) on Progression of Diabetic Nephropathy on [NCT00846716]		400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Recruiting
[NCT00276497]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Idiopathic Gastroparesis (PIOGAS Study) [NCT04300127]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-10-24	Active, not recruiting
A Multi-center, Randomized, Open-label, Active Controlled, Parallel Arm Study to Compare the Efficacy of 12 Weeks of Treatment With Vildagliptin 100 mg, qd to Thiazolidinedione (TZD) as add-on Therapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controll [NCT00396227]	Phase 3	2,665 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
A Randomised Pilot Study to Compare the Effect of Pioglitazone and Metformin on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00399204]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to lack of funding)
[NCT00212290]	Phase 4	140 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2002-11-30	Completed
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma Agonists, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Cardiovascular Disease [NCT00554853]	Phase 3	143 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-11-30	Completed
Treatment of Coronary Atherosclerosis and Calcification by Insulin Sensitizers in Insulin-Resistant Patients: Evaluated by EBCT, 16-Slice MDCT Coronary Angiography/Scanning, and Intravascular Ultrasound [NCT00155350]	Phase 4	120 participants	Interventional	2004-11-30	Recruiting
Evolution of Abdominal Adipose Tissue Distribution in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Treated During 6 Months With Pioglitazone or Insulin, in Association With Metformin or Sulfonylurea. [NCT00159211]		28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to inclusion was finished)
Mechanisms of Sympathetic Overactivity in the Metabolic Syndrome: Effects of Reversing Insulin Resistance by Drug Treatment [NCT00408850]	Phase 3	44 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Recruiting
Pioglitazone in Hepatitis C: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT00189163]	Phase 4	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Role of Pioglitazone in the Treatment of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) [NCT00227110]	Phase 4	55 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-10-31	Completed
Does Chronic Thiazolidinedione Therapy Improve Endothelial Function and Preserve Renal Function in Non-Diabetic Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease? [NCT00586261]		36 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Low enrollment because of the specifics of the inclusion criteria)
Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder Comorbid With Metabolic Syndrome [NCT00671515]	Phase 2	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
A Phase 1B, Single Center, Randomized, Open Label, Parallel Group Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of a Single NGM313 Dose or Daily Oral Pioglitazone in Obese Participants With Insulin Resistance and Incre [NCT03298464]	Phase 1	25 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-11	Completed
Bioequivalence of a Fixed Dose Combination Tablet of Linagliptin 5 mg / Pioglitazone 30 mg Compared With Its Mono-components in Healthy Male and Female Subjects (an Open-label, Randomised, Single-dose, Replicate Design Study With Two Treatments in Four Cr [NCT01276327]	Phase 1	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-01-31	Completed
Response To Oral Agents in Diabetes (ROAD)- Pilot Study [NCT00780715]	Phase 4	29 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-12-31	Completed
The Use of Incretin-based Drugs and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT02475499]		886,172 participants (Actual)	Observational	2014-03-31	Completed
A Phase II Study of Pioglitazone for Patients With Cancer of the Pancreas [NCT01838317]	Phase 2	14 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-31	Completed
A Phase II, Randomised, Multi-centric, Multi-national Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of a Fixed Dose Combination of Spironolactone, Pioglitazone & Metformin (SPIOMET) for Adolescent Girls and Young Adult Women (AYAs) Wit [NCT05394142]	Phase 2	364 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-24	Recruiting
A Phase 4, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Comparative Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of AD-4833 When Orally Administered Once Daily as add-on to SYR-322 Versus SYR-322 Alone in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus W [NCT01686711]	Phase 4	207 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Completed
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Four Second Line Pharmacological Strategies in Type 2 Diabetes Study [NCT05220917]		781,430 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-08-01	Active, not recruiting
A Multi-Center, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase II Study of Pioglitazone in Early Parkinson's Disease [NCT01280123]	Phase 2	210 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Completed
An Exploratory MRI Study in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Measurement of Fluid Volumes by MRI in the Lower Extremities of Subjects Receiving Pioglitazone [NCT00269061]	Phase 1	32 participants	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
Clinical Trial of Pioglitazone for Prevention of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy After Heart Transplantation [NCT01186250]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
Pathogenesis of Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: Role of Pioglitazone/Weight Loss [NCT04370093]	Phase 4	54 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-17	Recruiting
Pilot Test of ACTOS in Multiple Sclerosis: Safety and Tolerability [NCT00242177]	Phase 1	30 participants	Interventional	2003-10-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of CS-917 as Monotherapy for Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00290940]	Phase 2	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2006-01-31	Completed
Effects of Elevated Free Fatty Acids on Endogenous Glucose Production in People With and Without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00308373]		73 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-07-31	Completed
Dose-Finding, Efficacy, and Safety of AZ 242 (Tesaglitazar) in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00280865]	Phase 2	500 participants	Interventional	2002-04-30	Completed
[NCT00419484]		1,000 participants	Observational	2004-03-31	Completed
The Effect of Pioglitazone and Rosiglitazone on Atherosclerotic and Inflammatory Markers in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Crossover Trial [NCT00314561]	Phase 4	40 participants	Interventional	2006-05-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Exogenous Carbohydrate Oxidation During Steady-State Exercise at High Altitude [NCT06164665]	Phase 4	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2023-03-01	Completed
A 26-Week Randomized, Open-label, Active Controlled, Parallel-group, Study Assessing the Efficacy and Safety of the Insulin Glargine/Lixisenatide Fixed Ratio Combination in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Inadequately Controlled on GLP-1 Receptor Agonist and [NCT02787551]	Phase 3	514 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-07-06	Completed
Assessing the Impact of Pioglitazone on Skin Barrier Function in Atopic Dermatitis Patients [NCT01695707]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Withdrawn(stopped due to Insufficient Funding.)
A Phase 1, Multiple-Dose, Open-Label, Randomized, Crossover Study in Healthy Subjects to Assess the Effect of Pioglitazone (PGZ) on the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Cenicriviroc Mesylate (CVC) and the Effect of CVC on the PK of PGZ [NCT02342067]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-12-31	Completed
An Open Label, Randomised, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, 2-Sequence, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of FDC of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets 15 mg/850 mg (Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India) Versus [NCT01800227]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional		Completed
An Open Label, Randomised, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, 2-Sequence, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of FDC of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride and Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets 15 mg/850 mg (Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India) Versus [NCT01800240]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional		Completed
Mediators of Abnormal Reproductive Function in Obesity [NCT01817400]	Early Phase 1	10 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-03-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Visceral Fat Metabolic Activity [NCT01819402]		60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-03-31	Recruiting
Insulin Resistance Following Androgen Deprivation Therapy in Men With Prostate Cancer [NCT04658849]	Early Phase 1	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-02	Withdrawn(stopped due to End of grant funding)
Interfacing Adiposity, Sleep Apnea, and Insulin Resistance [NCT02192684]		45 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
PPARγ Agonist Treatment for Cocaine Dependence [NCT02774343]	Phase 1/Phase 2	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-08-31	Completed
Role of Proinflammatory Signaling in Alcohol Craving [NCT01631630]	Phase 2	16 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Terminated(stopped due to The study was closed to recruitment due to feasibility problems.)
Cohort Study of Pioglitazone and Bladder Cancer in Patients With Diabetes [NCT01637935]		193,099 participants (Actual)	Observational	2004-07-31	Completed
Phase 2 Study of Pioglitazone in Thyroid Cancers That Contain the PAX8-PPARgamma Fusion Gene [NCT01655719]	Phase 2	1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Comparing the Effects of Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) to Pioglitazone in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Failing Maximal Doses of Metformin Plus a Sulfonylurea [NCT02303405]	Phase 2	22 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Terminated(stopped due to Investigator decision)
Prevention of Coronary Artery in STENT Restenosis With the Combined Use of Pioglitazone and Sirolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent [NCT00376870]	Phase 3	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-07-31	Recruiting
Cohort Study of Pioglitazone and Cancer Incidence in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02958956]		236,507 participants (Actual)	Observational	1997-01-01	Completed
The Effect of Obesity-induced Cytokine Elevation on the Molecular Regulation of Protein Turnover and Carbohydrate Metabolism in Human Skeletal Muscle [NCT02305069]		26 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
DPP-4 Inhibition and Thiazolidinedione for Diabetes Mellitus Prevention (DInT DM Study) [NCT01006018]		3 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Terminated(stopped due to Unanticipated delays due to sterilization/stabilization testing of GLP-1.)
Comparison of Exenatide, Insulin or Pioglitazone on Glycaemic Control and β-cell Function in Drug-naïve Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Multicentre Randomized Parallel-group Trial [NCT01147627]		416 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Pilot Study of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Severe, Refractory Asthma [NCT00994175]	Phase 2	15 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-09-23	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Reverse Cholesterol Transport and HDL Function in Persons With Diabetes [NCT01156597]	Phase 3	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
A Phase 2a, Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparator- and Placebo-Controlled, Multiple-Dose Study to Evaluate the Safety, Tolerability and Efficacy of Three Dose Levels of MSCD-0602 in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01280695]	Phase 2	129 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
The Contribution of Inflammation and Insulin Resistance to Intermittent Claudication [NCT00153166]	Phase 2/Phase 3	76 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Effect of Exenatide Treatment on Hepatic Fat Content and Plasma Adipocytokine Levels in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01432405]	Phase 4	24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
Therapeutic Effects of Canagliflozin on the Liver Inflammation Damage and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [NCT05422092]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-09-20	Not yet recruiting
Targeting ADMA With Pioglitazone to Reduce Sympathetic Overactivity in CKD Patients [NCT03471117]	Phase 4	28 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-04-01	Recruiting
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, 24-Week Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of INT131 Besylate Compared to Pioglitazone in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00631007]	Phase 2	367 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-02-29	Completed
A Phase 1, Multiple-Dose, Single-Blind Parallel Design, Single-Center, Dose-Ranging Study to Assess the Effects of Daily Administration of Pioglitazone for 14 Days on the Brain Hemodynamics of Healthy Elderly Subjects [NCT01456117]	Phase 1	61 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Phase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone 15mg or Pioglitazone 30mg Add-on in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled With Metformin and Dapaglif [NCT04885712]	Phase 3	378 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-05-28	Completed
Comparison of Anti-inflammatory Status Linked to Atherosclerosis Formation/Progression Among Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients Under Combined Pharmacological Therapy [NCT04392557]	Phase 4	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2020-07-01	Recruiting
Effects on Glycemic Variability and Glyco-metabolic Control of Metformin, Pioglitazone and Sitagliptin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01895569]	Phase 4	64 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Recruiting
A One-year Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Impact of Pioglitazone Versus Linagliptin on Bone Turnover Markers [NCT02429232]	Phase 4	160 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2015-10-31	Not yet recruiting
Actos Now for Prevention of Diabetes (ACT NOW) [NCT00220961]	Phase 3	602 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Preservation of Beta-cell Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT00232583]		58 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-11-30	Completed
Potential Utility of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor Gamma Agonists in the Eradication of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Stem Cells: Myth or Truth? [NCT04883125]	Phase 2	90 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-01-01	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone Combined With Metformin and Metformin on Gonadal and Metabolic Profiles in Chinese Nonobese PCOS Patients With Hyperandrogenemia. [NCT05519813]	Phase 4	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-01-01	Active, not recruiting
Therapeutic Effects of Canagliflozin on the Liver Inflammation Damage and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Combined With Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease [NCT05513729]		80 participants (Anticipated)	Observational [Patient Registry]	2022-08-18	Recruiting
A Phase II Study on Trabectedin in Combination With PPARg Agonist Pioglitazone in Patients With Round Cell Myxoid Liposarcomas or Dedifferentiated G1 and G2 Liposarcomas With Stable Disease After a Monotherapy With Trabectedin. (TRABEPIO) [NCT04794127]	Phase 2	10 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-02-02	Recruiting
Effects of 150 mcg Aleglitazar on Renal Function in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Moderate Renal Impairment, as Compared to Actos® [NCT01043029]	Phase 2	302 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-05-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone, a PPARγ Agonist, on the Abuse Liability of Heroin and of Nicotine [NCT01395797]	Phase 1/Phase 2	82 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to The funding period ended.)
A Multicenter Randomized Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Pioglitazone to Promote Renal Tolerance in ANCA-associated Vasculitis - RENATO [NCT05946564]	Phase 3	126 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-07-31	Not yet recruiting
A Phase 3 Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study to Determine the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of AD-4833-536 in the Treatment of Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT00376181]	Phase 3	96 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Combination formulation concerns)
Effects of Glimepiride Monotherapy Versus Combined Neteglinide-Pioglitazone Therapy on Insulin Sensitivity in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01570660]		24 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2002-02-28	Completed
Comparing Effects of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Regulation of Serum Adipokines in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Patients [NCT01593371]		98 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Ghrelin Regulation and Structure: Effect of Thiazolidinedione Therapy on Ghrelin [NCT00843791]		6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient funds to continue.)
Use of Low Dose Pioglitazone to Treat Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney [NCT02697617]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-26	Completed
A Prospective Phase I and Consecutive Phase II, Two-arm, Randomized Multi-center Trial of Temsirolimus in Combination With Pioglitazone, Etoricoxib and Metronomic Low-dose Trofosfamide Versus Dacarbazine (DTIC) in Patients With Advanced Melanoma [NCT01614301]	Phase 1/Phase 2	136 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2012-05-31	Recruiting
Comparative Clinical Study to Evaluate the Possible Beneficial Effect of Empagliflozin Versus Pioglitazone on Non-diabetic Patients With Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis [NCT05605158]	Phase 3	56 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-30	Not yet recruiting
An Open-Label Pilot Study of Pioglitazone in Sporadic Inclusion Body Myositis [NCT03440034]	Phase 1	19 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-05-22	Completed
Effects of GH and Pioglitazone in Viscerally Obese Adults With IGT [NCT00352287]	Phase 4	60 participants	Interventional	2003-03-31	Completed
Efficacy, Durability, Safety, and Tolerability of Sitagliptin vs. Pioglitazone as add-on Treatments in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled on the Full-dose Metformin Plus Sulfonylurea: a 52-week, Randomized, Open-label, Parallel-group, Phase 3 Clin [NCT03125694]	Phase 3	250 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-01	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Stress Reactivity and Alcohol Craving [NCT05107765]	Phase 1/Phase 2	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-05-12	Recruiting
The Role of PPAR-Gamma Agonists in Immunomodulation and Vascular Prevention in SLE (PPAR-SLE) [NCT02338999]	Phase 1/Phase 2	88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-06-18	Completed
Sonias Combination Tablets LD Special Drug Use Surveillance Survey in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Who Respond Poorly to Pioglitazone [NCT02098746]		294 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-06-30	Completed
Synergistic Induction of UCP-1 by Ephedrine/Caffeine and Pioglitazone: A Rationale for Combination Therapy of Obesity [NCT00377975]	Phase 2	96 participants	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone on Stress Reactivity and Alcohol Craving (Pilot) [NCT03860753]	Phase 1/Phase 2	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-03-01	Terminated(stopped due to Halted enrollment due to COVID-19)
Metabolic Abnormalities in HIV-infected Persons [NCT01612858]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Completed
Evaluation of the Effect of Atorvastatin and Pioglitazone in Carotid Atherosclerosis With the Use of 18Fluoride-Fludeoxyglucose(FDG) Positron Emission Tomography-computed Tomography (PET-CT)Imaging [NCT01341730]	Phase 4	41 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-06-30	Terminated
Combined Letrozole-metformin-pioglitazone Versus Combined Clomiphene Citrate-metformin-pioglitazone in Clomiphene Citrate-resistant Women With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT01909141]	Early Phase 1	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-31	Completed
Role of Pioglitazone Therapy in Management of Insulin Resistance Associated With Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT) in Patients With Prostate Cancer [NCT05098327]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-08-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to no participant enrolled due to lack of interest.)
Combination Therapy With Pioglitazone and Losartan Provides Additional Renoprotection in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy [NCT00364988]		60 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
Metabolic Effects of Thiazolidinediones in Chronic Kidney Disease [NCT00368017]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to unable to replace Fellow conducting the study who left institution in 2007)
An Open-label, Randomized, Active-controlled Study to Compare the Effect of 16 Weeks Treatment With Vildagliptin to Pioglitazone as add-on Therapy to Metformin in Type 2 Diabetic Patients Inadequately Controlled With Metformin Monotherapy [NCT01882907]	Phase 4	287 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-12-31	Completed
Effects of Metformin and Combination of Metformin and Pioglitazone on Plasma Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 Levels in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [NCT03117517]	Early Phase 1	106 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-03-20	Completed
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Acquired Lipodystrophy (HAL) Classification, Measurement, & Fat Response to a Thiazolidinedione (TZD) Challenge in Differing Adult Phenotypic Presentations [NCT01023620]		4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Which Oral Combination of Anti-diabetes Medication May Work Better in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: a Randomized Control Trial [NCT04976283]	Phase 4	123 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-09-15	Recruiting
Pioglitazone-Metformin Combination Treatment for High Risk Oral Preneoplasia [NCT05727761]	Phase 2	36 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-08-31	Not yet recruiting
Effect of Metformin, Dapagliflozin, Fixed Combination of Metformin and Pioglitazone in Overweighted Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes [NCT05591235]	Phase 3	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-11-30	Not yet recruiting
Letrozole-metformin Versus Letrozole-metformin-pioglitazone in PCO Clomiphene Citrate Resistant Women [NCT02341703]	Early Phase 1	100 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-28	Completed
"Actos Tablets Special Drug Use Surveillance Combined Use of Biguanides / Long-term Treatment" [NCT02003014]		899 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-02-28	Completed
Targeting Beta-cell Failure in Lean Patients With Type 2 Diabetes [NCT04657939]	Phase 4	57 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-12-01	Completed
An Open Label, Randomized, Two Part Study to Evaluate the CYP2C8- and OATP1B1-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Potential of GSK1278863 With Pioglitazone and Rosuvastatin as Victims and Trimethoprim as Perpetrator in Healthy Adult Volunteers [NCT02371603]	Phase 1	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-11	Completed
Insulin Resistance in Men With Prostate Cancer on Androgen Deprivation Therapy [NCT04995978]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-12-01	Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants were recruited and the study was deemed not feasible)
Mechanisms Underlying Metabolic Syndrome in Obesity [NCT00579813]	Phase 4	70 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-04-30	Completed
An Exploratory Study to Evaluate Changes in Hepatic Fat Following Multiple-Dose Administration of MK-4074 and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride [NCT01431521]	Phase 1	31 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-10-26	Completed
A Phase 3b, Double-Blind, Randomized Study to Determine the Efficacy and Safety of Pioglitazone HCl and Metformin HCl Fixed-Dose Combination Therapy Compared to Pioglitazone HCl Monotherapy and to Metformin HCl Monotherapy in the Treatment of Subjects Wit [NCT00727857]	Phase 3	600 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-06-30	Completed
A Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Simultaneously Qualify a Biomarker Algorithm for Prognosis of Risk of Developing Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI Due to AD) and to Test the Safety and Effica [NCT01931566]	Phase 3	3,494 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-08-01	Terminated(stopped due to Lack of efficacy of the drug; no safety concern)
Optimizing Body Composition for Function in Older Adults (OPTIMA) - A Pepper Pilot Study [NCT00315146]	Phase 4	88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-04-30	Completed
Phase 2B, Randomized, Double-Blind, Comparator- & Placebo-Controlled, Dose Ranging Study to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability & Efficacy of 3 Dose Levels of Mitoglitazone in Type 2 Diabetic Patients [NCT01103414]	Phase 2	356 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-09-30	Completed
Effects of Pioglitazone, a PPARgamma Receptor Agonist, on the Abuse Liability of Oxycodone [NCT01395784]	Phase 2	32 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-08-31	Completed
Modulation of Insulin Secretion and Insulin Sensitivity in Bangladeshi Type 2 Diabetic Subjects by an Insulin Sensitizer Pioglitazone and T2DM Association With PPARG Gene Polymorphism. [NCT01589445]	Phase 4	77 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Pioglitazone for the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Asthma in Obese Asthmatics [NCT00634036]	Phase 2	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Long-Term Treatment of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis With Pioglitazone [NCT00062764]	Phase 2	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
Clinical Research Network in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis: Pioglitazone vs. Vitamin E vs. Placebo for the Treatment of Non-Diabetic Patients With Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (PIVENS) [NCT00063622]	Phase 3	247 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Open-label, Two-arm, Phase 4 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Add-on Pioglitazone or Dapagliflozin in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Inadequately Controlled by Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor and Metformin Therapy [NCT03499704]	Phase 4	133 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-02-11	Active, not recruiting
Chemoprevention of Squamous Cell Cancer of the Skin in High Risk Patients [NCT02347813]	Phase 2	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-11-30	Completed
A Combination of Insulin Sensitizer and Leptin as Treatment for the HAART -Induced Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00362440]	Phase 2	9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-08-31	Completed
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Pioglitazone for Bipolar Depression [NCT01717040]	Phase 4	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to The study ended early due to budgetary issues)
Effect of Pioglitazone on Pancreatic Steatosis and Bone Health [NCT00855010]		42 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
Drug-drug Interaction Study to Evaluate the Effect of Multiple Doses of JNJ-56021927 on the Pharmacokinetics of Multiple Cytochrome P450 and Transporter Substrates in Subjects With Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer [NCT02592317]	Phase 1	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-12	Completed
Pioglitazone Treatment for Insulin Resistant Patients With Mood Disorders [NCT01559857]	Phase 4	37 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-11-30	Completed
An Open Label, Randomized, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, 2-Sequence, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of Pioglitazone Hydrochloride Tablet 45mg [Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India] Versus Actos® (Pioglitazone Hydrochloride) Tablet 4 [NCT01798940]	Phase 1	0 participants	Interventional		Completed
The Effect of Bosentan and Pioglitazone on Insulin Resistance in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [NCT00825266]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to difficulty in finding eligible subjects)
"Actos Tablets Special Drug Use Surveillance Metabolic Syndrome in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" [NCT02002975]		18,223 participants (Actual)	Observational	2007-10-16	Completed
A 24-Week, Open Label, Phase IV Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy of Pioglitazone 30 mg in Patients With Inadequately Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Treated With Stable Triple Oral Therapy of Metformin, Sulfonylurea, and Pioglitazone 15 Mg (ADD Trial) [NCT01972724]	Phase 4	114 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-12-16	Completed
A Phase 3, Open Label, Randomized, Parallel, 26 Week Treatment Study Comparing LY2605541 With Insulin Glargine as Basal Insulin Treatment in Combination With Oral Anti Hyperglycemia Medications in Asian Insulin Naïve Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01894568]	Phase 3	388 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-07-31	Completed
Cellular Dynamics of Subcutaneous Fat Distribution in Obese Women [NCT01748994]		63 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-02-28	Completed
Multicenter, Randomized, Double Blind, Three-arm Parallel Group Study to Evaluate Efficacy and Safety of Alogliptin and Pioglitazone Combination Therapy on Glucose Control in Type 2 Diabetes Subjects Who Have Inadequate Control With Metformin Monotherapy [NCT02231021]	Phase 4	216 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-09-30	Completed
A Blinded Long-term Extension Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of Pioglitazone (AD-4833 Sustained Release 0.8 mg Daily) to Slow the Progression of Cognitive Decline in Subjects Who Have Completed the AD-4833/TOMM40_301 Study With Diagnosis of Mil [NCT02284906]	Phase 3	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-02-12	Terminated(stopped due to Lack of efficacy of the drug; no safety concern)
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo- and Active-Controlled, Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Safety and Efficacy of CCX140-B in Subjects With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01028963]	Phase 2	159 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
An Individualized treatMent aPproach for oldER patIents: A Randomized, Controlled stUdy in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (IMPERIUM) [NCT02072096]	Phase 4	192 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-02-28	Terminated(stopped due to The trial was terminated per protocol because of lack of feasibility.)
"Actos Tablets Special Drug Use Surveillance Combined Use of Insulin Products / Long-term Treatment" [NCT02068508]		1,067 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-07-30	Completed
Metact® Combination Tablets Special Drug Use Surveillance Survey on Long-term Use for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02024971]		1,103 participants (Actual)	Observational	2010-07-31	Completed
Pioglitazone/Glimepiride (Sonias) Combination Tablets Special Drug Use Surveillance Survey on Long-term Use for in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [NCT02098733]		1,168 participants (Actual)	Observational	2011-06-30	Completed
A PHASE 1, OPEN-LABEL, CROSS-OVER, FIXED SEQUENCE STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECT OF MULTIPLE DOSES OF DS-1971A ON THE SINGLE DOSE PHARMACOKINETICS OF PROBE SUBSTRATES FOR CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 AND CYP3A4 ENZYMES IN HEALTHY MALE AND FEMALE SUBJECTS [NCT02473627]	Phase 1	18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-05-31	Completed
A Phase IIa Cancer Prevention Trial of the PPAR Gamma Agonist Pioglitazone in Oral Leukoplakia [NCT00099021]	Phase 2	21 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
Impacts of Sequential Treatment Using Fixed Dose Pioglitazone/Metformin Combination Following Short-term Intensive Insulin Treatment on Long-term Blood Glucose Control and β-Cell Function in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes [NCT03196362]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-12-01	Recruiting
A Phase IV, Open Label, Randomized Trial on the Effect of Metformin Plus Lantus Insulin, Pioglitazone, or DPP4 Inhibitor on Fatty Liver in Patients With Type II Diabetes [NCT02365233]	Phase 4	5 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-05-01	Terminated(stopped due to IRB withheld the data due to inadequate supporting documentation)
"A Randomized, Open-label, Single Dose, Two-way Crossover Phase 1 Study to Evaluate the Pharmacokinetics and the Safety After Administration of BR3003 and Co-administration of BR3003B and BR3003C in Healthy Volunteers." [NCT05411965]	Phase 1	48 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-04-28	Completed
A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Multi-Center Phase 2 Study to Evaluate the Effect of Roflumilast Plus Pioglitazone on Liver Enzymes and Liver Fat Content in Subjects With Nonalcoholic SteatoHepatitis [NCT01703260]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-06-30	Terminated(stopped due to Company decision; No safety or efficacy concerns (see detailed description))
Actos Tablets Specified Drug-use Survey [NCT02181842]		246 participants (Actual)	Observational	2009-01-26	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00000620 (6) [back to overview]	First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.
NCT00062764 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Improvement in Liver Histology
NCT00062764 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance After Treatment
NCT00062764 (5) [back to overview]	Mean Increase of Insulin Sensitivity Index
NCT00062764 (5) [back to overview]	Mean BMI Change
NCT00062764 (5) [back to overview]	Average Increase in Weight After Treatment
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Improvement in Fibrosis
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Resolution of Definite Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Improvement in Steatosis
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Improvement in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Activity Defined by Change in Standardized Scoring of Liver Biopsies at Baseline and After 96 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Improvement in Lobular Inflammation
NCT00063622 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Improvement in Hepatocellular Ballooning
NCT00086502 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) at Week 24
NCT00086502 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C) at Week 24
NCT00086515 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 24
NCT00086515 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00086515 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 24
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Composite Outcome of Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, Fatal or Non-fatal MI or Episode of Serious Congestive Heart Failure
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Acute Coronary Syndrome
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	All Cause Mortality
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Recurrent Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, or Fatal or Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke Alone
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Development of Overt Diabetes
NCT00091949 (7) [back to overview]	Decline in Cognitive Status
NCT00094757 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 54
NCT00094757 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 18
NCT00094757 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 18
NCT00094757 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 54
NCT00099021 (3) [back to overview]	Patients' Overall Response
NCT00099021 (3) [back to overview]	Patients' Histological (Tissue) Response
NCT00099021 (3) [back to overview]	Patients' Clinical Response
NCT00106704 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 24
NCT00106704 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 24
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Therapeutic Glycemic Response (A1C < 7.0%) at Week 24
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Confirmed Hypoglycemia During the ST + LT Treatment Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	All Reported Hypoglycemic Adverse Events During the ST + LT Treatment Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Neutrophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Lymphocyte Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Eosinophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Basophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Hematocrit During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Change From Baseline at Week 24 in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC)
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Electrocardiogram (ECG) Tracings - Shift Table From Baseline (BL) to Selected Visits During ST + LT Treatment Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Heart Rate During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Monocyte Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in White Blood Cell Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Red Blood Cell Counts (x 10^6 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Hemoglobin During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Platelet Counts (x 10^9 c/L) During the ST + LT Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Overall Summary of Adverse Events During ST+LT Treatment Period
NCT00121667 (22) [back to overview]	Marked Laboratory Abnormalities - During ST + LT Treatment Period
NCT00153166 (2) [back to overview]	Lower Extremity Skeletal Muscle Glucose Uptake
NCT00153166 (2) [back to overview]	'M' = Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 3: Insulin Sensitivity Index (SI) From Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test [After 3 Nights of SWS Suppression]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 3: Insulin Sensitivity Index (SI) From Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test [Baseline]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Acute Insulin Resistance to Intravenous Glucose (AIRg) [After CPAP]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Acute Insulin Resistance to Intravenous Glucose (AIRg) [Baseline]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Insulin Sensitivity Index (SI) From Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test [After CPAP]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Insulin Sensitivity Index (SI) From Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test [Baseline]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Mean Cortisol Levels Over 24 Hours, Per Patient [After Treatment]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Mean Cortisol Levels Over 24 Hours, Per Patient [Baseline]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Mean Leptin Levels Over 24 Hours, Per Patient [After Treatment]
NCT00203996 (10) [back to overview]	Aim 2: Mean Leptin Levels Over 24 Hours, Per Patient [Baseline]
NCT00220961 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasma Insulin Concentration During Oral Glucose Tolerance Test
NCT00220961 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose of 2.4 Years
NCT00220961 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Matsuda Index of Insulin Sensitivity (There Are no Minimum/Maximum Values)
NCT00220961 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Atherosclerosis
NCT00220961 (5) [back to overview]	Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Nominal Change From Baseline in Normalized Total Atheroma Volume
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint C Cardiovascular Events
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Cardiovascular Events as Adjudicated by the Clinical Endpoint Committee
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint B Cardiovascular Events
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Subjects Experiencing Any of the Composite Endpoint A Cardiovascular Events
NCT00225277 (6) [back to overview]	Nominal Change From Baseline in Percent Atheroma Volume
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum Glucose at 3 Months (3 Months-baseline) US Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum HDL at 3 Months (3 Months-baseline) China Site
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum HDL at 3 Months (3 Months-baseline) US Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum Triglycerides at 3 Months ( 3 Months-baseline) US Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum Triglycerides at 3 Months (3 Months-baseline) China Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change in RBANS List Recognition Scores at 3 Months (3 Months-baseline) US Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	2 Hour Glucose From Glucose Tolerance Test US Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum Glucose at 3 Months ( 3 Months -Baseline) China Sample
NCT00231894 (9) [back to overview]	2 Hour Glucose From Glucose Tolerance Test China Sample
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Weight
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Inflammatory Markers -Fibrinogen
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Inflammatory Markers - PAI-1
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Inflammatory Markers - hsCRP
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Beta-cell Function - C-peptide AUC (Area Under the Curve)
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Bet-cell Function Measured by Disposition Index
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Hypoglycemia Fear
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Lifestyle Flexibility
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Satisfaction With Insulin Treatment
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Social or Vocational Worry
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Social Stigma
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Treatment Impact
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Treatment Satisfaction
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Willingness to Continue Insulin Treatment
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Current Health Perception
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Insulin Sensitivity as Measure be Matsuda Index
NCT00232583 (17) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Survey (QoL) - Glycemia Control Perception
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 26.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Decrease From Baseline ≥ 2.0%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia (Fasting Plasma Glucose ≥ 200 mg Per dL).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 1).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 6.5%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.0%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.5%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Decrease From Baseline ≥ 0.5%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Decrease From Baseline ≥ 1.0%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Decrease From Baseline ≥ 1.5%.
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 16).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 2).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 20).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 26).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 4).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 8).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight (Week 12).
NCT00286494 (51) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin (Week 12).
NCT00295633 (4) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving A1c <7% at Week 24
NCT00295633 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24
NCT00295633 (4) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at Week 24
NCT00295633 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00300365 (1) [back to overview]	Mean Increase in High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) at Baseline and 12 Weeks
NCT00315146 (2) [back to overview]	Lean Body Mass
NCT00315146 (2) [back to overview]	Appendicular Non-bone Lean Mass
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum TNFα
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum White Cell Count
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum Neutrophil Percent
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum Neutrophil Count
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum IL-8
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum IL-6
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum IL-1ß
NCT00322868 (8) [back to overview]	Sputum Active Elastase
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C ≤6.5% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue or Discontinuation at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue or Discontinuation at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C ≤6.5% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Postprandial Glucose (PPG) Area Under the Curve (AUC) Response to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C < 7% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Saxagliptin Monotherapy
NCT00327015 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving A1C < 7% at Week 24, Saxagliptin Plus Metformin Versus Metformin Monotherapy
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 0.5%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Meeting Rescue Criteria (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Meeting Rescue Criteria
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 8 in Body Weight
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 4 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in VLDL / Chylomicron Triglycerides
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in NMR Lipid Fractionation Total Triglycerides
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Mean VLDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Mean LDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Apolipoprotein A1
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Apolipoprotein C-III
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Apolipoprotein A2
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 1 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Adiponectin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in VLDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in VLDL / Chylomicron Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in LDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in HDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in VLDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in VLDL / Chylomicron Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in LDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in HDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL Particles Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL / Chylomicron Triglycerides Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) / Chylomicron Particles Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglycerides Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipid Fractionation Total Triglycerides Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean VLDL Particle Size Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean LDL Particle Size Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean HDL Particle Size Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Particles Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL) Particles Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment Beta Cell Function (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particles Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Free Fatty Acids Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Calculated Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA IR) (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein C-III Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein B Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A2 Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A1 Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin Over Time (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.5% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.5%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Mean HDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in IDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.0% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 6.5% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 6.5%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 2%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 2.0% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1.5% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1.5%
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 0.5% (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) (Grouped Analysis)
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Free Fatty Acids
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Calculated HOMA Insulin Resistance
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Calculated HOMA Beta-cell Function
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Body Weight
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Apolipoprotein B
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Apolipoprotein A2
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Apolipoprotein A1
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Adiponectin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 20 in Body Weight
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 2 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 16 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in VLDL / Chylomicron Triglycerides
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Total Cholesterol Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in NMR Lipid Fractionation Total Triglycerides
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Mean VLDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Mean LDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Mean HDL Particle Size
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Insulin Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in IDL Particles
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in HbA1c
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Free Fatty Acids
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Calculated HOMA Insulin Resistance
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Calculated HOMA Beta-cell Function
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in C-peptide Levels
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Body Weight
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Apolipoprotein C-III
NCT00328627 (156) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Apolipoprotein B
NCT00362440 (3) [back to overview]	Cholesterol Levels
NCT00362440 (3) [back to overview]	Body Composition (Fat Mass)
NCT00362440 (3) [back to overview]	Insulin Resistance (HOMA Index)
NCT00372060 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) at Week 52
NCT00372060 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2 Hour Postprandial Glucose at Week 12
NCT00372060 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 12
NCT00372060 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) at Week 12
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment Beta Cell Function
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL) Particles
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Particles
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean HDL Particle Size
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipid Fractionation Total Triglycerides
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Less Than or Equal to 7.5%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Greater Than or Equal to 0.5%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Greater Than or Equal to 1.0%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Greater Than or Equal to 1.5%.
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin Greater Than or Equal to 2.0%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Less Than or Equal to 6.5%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin Less Than or Equal to 7.0%
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean LDL Particle Size
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean VLDL Particle Size
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A1
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A2
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein B
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein C-III
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide Levels
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Calculated Homeostatic Model Assessment Insulin Resistance
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose Over Time
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Free Fatty Acids
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol Level
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglyceride Levels
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) / Chylomicron Particles
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL / Chylomicron Triglycerides
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Meeting Rescue Criteria
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL Particles
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particles
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
NCT00395512 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia
NCT00397631 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C) at Week 24
NCT00397631 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) at Week 24
NCT00397631 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-hour PPG (Post-prandial Glucose) at Week 24
NCT00427999 (5) [back to overview]	Time to Progression-free Survival
NCT00427999 (5) [back to overview]	Time to PSA Response
NCT00427999 (5) [back to overview]	PSA Response Rate
NCT00427999 (5) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Assessed With EORTC-30
NCT00427999 (5) [back to overview]	Overall Survival Rate
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A2
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A1
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Very Low Density Lipoprotein (VLDL) / Chylomicron Particles
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Meeting Hyperglycemic Rescue Criteria
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Calculated HOMA Insulin Resistance
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Calculated HOMA Beta-cell Function
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL / Chylomicron Triglycerides
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in VLDL Particles
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 0.5%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1.0%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 1.5%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 2.0%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 6.5%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.0%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≤ 7.5%
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein C-III
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein B
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglycerides
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Proinsulin/Insulin Ratio
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Lipid Fractionation Total Triglycerides
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean VLDL Particle Size
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean LDL Particle Size
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean HDL Particle Size
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Particles
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Intermediate Density Lipoprotein (IDL) Particles
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) Particles
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Free Fatty Acids
NCT00432276 (41) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Proinsulin
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Inflammatory Biomarker Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin Levels
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin Sensitivity as Measured by Glucose Infusion Rate (GIR)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Inflammatory Biomarker Adiponectin
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Inflammatory Biomarker C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Inflammatory Biomarker Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Thrombotic Biomarker Fibrinogen
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Thrombotic Biomarker Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 (PAI-1)
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Lipid Profile
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Fat
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose Level
NCT00443755 (14) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fat-Free Mass (FFM)
NCT00470262 (2) [back to overview]	IMCL
NCT00470262 (2) [back to overview]	Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Apolipoprotein B At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 52 Extension Period Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Apolipoprotein A-I From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Total Triglycerides From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Apolipoprotein A-I At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Hemoglobin A1c From Baseline Through Week 52 Extension Period Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Drug-Related Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events Reported by ≥1% Participants Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Apolipoprotein B From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Hemoglobin A1c From Baseline Through Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Percent Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline to Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment Index for Insulin Resistance At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 52 Extension Period Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Hemoglobin A1c at Baseline and Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Hemoglobin A1c at Baseline and Week 52 Extension Period Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Homeostasis Model Assessment Index for Insulin Resistance At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Total Cholesterol At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00484198 (23) [back to overview]	Total Triglycerides At Baseline To Week 26 Endpoint With Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone Compared to Placebo as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Fructosamine
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Fasting Insulin
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Body Weight
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasma Glucose Area Under the Curve (AUC) During a 2-hour Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT)
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With On-therapy Hypoglycemia
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin AUC During a 2-hour OGTT
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in C-peptide AUC During a 2-hr OGTT
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 24-hour Percent of Filtered Glucose Excreted in Urine
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (Week 0) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) (%) at Week 12
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Lipid Parameters at Weeks 4, 8 and 12(Triglycerides [TG], Total Cholesterol [TC], Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol [LDL-C] and High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol [HDL-C])
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Change From Baseline in Standard Laboratory Parameters of Potential Clinical Concern
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With On-therapy Adverse Events (AE) and Serious Adverse Events (SAE)
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Electrocardiogram (ECG) Values of Potential Clinical Concern
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Change From Baseline Vital Signs of Potential Clinical Concern
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants at Week 12 With: HbA1c <= 6.5%, HbA1c <7.0%; FPG <7 Mmo/L, FPG <7.8 mmol/L; FPG <5.5 mmol/L; a Decrease From Baseline of HbA1c >= 0.7%; a Decrease From Baseline of FPG ≥1.7 mmol/L
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Weeks 4, 8 and 12
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c (%) at Weeks 4 and 8
NCT00500331 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 in Waist Circumference
NCT00511108 (3) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Index of Static Beta-cell Sensitivity to Glucose After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00511108 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glucagon 3-hour Total Area Under the Curve (AUC) After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00511108 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glucose 5-hour Total AUC After 12 Weeks of Treatment
NCT00531882 (1) [back to overview]	Neutrophil Delivery to the Oral Mucosa Using a Non-invasive Mouthwash Technique
NCT00532935 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 32
NCT00532935 (5) [back to overview]	Percent of Participants With A1C <7.0% at Week 32
NCT00532935 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 32
NCT00532935 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 1
NCT00532935 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-Meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 32
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in 2-hour Postprandial Glucose (PMG) in Participants Treated With Sitagliptin or Pioglitazone at 12 Weeks
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in 2-hour Postprandial Glucose (PMG) in the Sita/Met FDC or Pioglitazone Groups at 40 Weeks
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) in Participants Treated With Sitagliptin or Pioglitazone at 12 Weeks
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) in the Sita/Met FDC or Pioglitazone Groups at 40 Weeks
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) in Participants Treated With Sitagliptin or Pioglitazone at 12 Weeks
NCT00541450 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) in the Sita/Met Fixed-Dose Combination (FDC) or Pioglitazone Groups at 40 Weeks
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Beck Depression Inventory Fast Screen (BDI-FS) Score ≥ 4 at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a ≥ 2 log10 Decrease in HCV RNA From Initiation of Pegasys Plus Copegus to Weeks 4, 12, 24, 48, 60, 72
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Virologic Response
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change in Log10 HCV RNA Viral Load at Assessments From Randomization to 16 Weeks of Pioglitazone Pretreatment Run-In Period for the Pioglitazone Arm Only
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Transforming Growth Factor Beta (TGF-β) Levels at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol Levels at Each Time-point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Serum Triglyceride Concentrations at Each Time-point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL-cholesterol) Levels at Each Time-point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Leptin Levels at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) Scores at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-density Lipoprotein (HDL-cholesterol) Levels at Each Time-point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Free Fatty Acid Levels at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose Levels at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin Levels at Each Time Point Assessed.
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) Concentrations at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin Levels at Each Time Point Assessed
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Virological Relapse at Week 72 (24 Weeks After the End of Anti-HCV Treatment)
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Confirmed Virological Breakthrough up to 48 Weeks
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Percentage of Nonresponders During the 48 Week Anti-HCV Treatment Period
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Initiation of Pegasys Plus Copegus in log10 Hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) Viral Load to Week 12 of Anti-HCV Therapy
NCT00545233 (22) [back to overview]	Change From Initiation of Pegasys Plus Copegus in log10 HCV RNA Viral Load to Week 24 and Week 48 of Anti-HCV Therapy
NCT00554853 (2) [back to overview]	Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Activity
NCT00554853 (2) [back to overview]	Brachial Artery Diameter Change From Baseline in Response to Reactive Hyperemia
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in A1c From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) B From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in A1c From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in A1c From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Total Triglycerides From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in A1c From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C) From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Total Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Total Triglycerides From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Total Triglycerides From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events by System Organ Class and Preferred Term Following Rivoglitazone or Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) B From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline Through Week 20 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00571519 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Apolipoprotein (Apo) B From Baseline Through Week 12 Following Rivoglitazone Compared to Pioglitazone as Monotherapy Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
NCT00579813 (4) [back to overview]	Effects of Pioglitazone on Changes in BMI
NCT00579813 (4) [back to overview]	Changes in Muscle Lipid After Pioglitazone
NCT00579813 (4) [back to overview]	Changes in Fat Inflammation Following Pioglitazone
NCT00579813 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Insulin Sensitivity Using FSIGT
NCT00586261 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Brachial Arterial Reactivity
NCT00631007 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HBA1c) at Week 24 With Last Observation Carried Forward
NCT00631007 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24 With Last Observation Carried Forward.
NCT00634036 (4) [back to overview]	Airway Reactivity
NCT00634036 (4) [back to overview]	Exhaled Nitric Oxide Ppb
NCT00634036 (4) [back to overview]	FEV1 % Predicted
NCT00634036 (4) [back to overview]	Juniper Asthma Control Questionnaire
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Achieving HbA1c Target of <=6.0% at Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Achieving HbA1c Target of <=6.5% at Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects Achieving HbA1c Target of <7% at Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Ratio of Fasting Triglycerides at Week 26 to Baseline
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Assessment on Event Rate of Treatment-emergent Hypoglycemic Events
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Total Cholesterol From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00637273 (12) [back to overview]	Change in Body Weight From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractility-SBP
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractility-LV Ejection Time
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractility-DT
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractility-DBP
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Volume
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractility
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Hemoglobin
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Hematocrit
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Serum Adiponectin Levels
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Liver Enzyme Levels
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Insulin-stimulated Glucose Disposal Rate
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Hepatic Lipid Content
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Visceral Fat Volume
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Levels
NCT00639457 (15) [back to overview]	Hepatic Glucose Production Rate
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	FPG Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	FPG Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	FPG Change From Baseline to Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	FPG Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<7.0 at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7.0% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 12
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <6.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients Who Have an HbA1c Lowering by 0.5% at Week 24
NCT00641043 (13) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Anti-Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in e-Selectin
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Incremental Area Under the Curve for Total Triglycerides at Week 16.
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Postprandial Changes Over Time From Baseline for Glucose
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Incremental Area Under the Curve for Total Triglycerides at Week 4.
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Postprandial Changes Over Time From Baseline for Glucagon
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Endothelial Function Through Pulse Wave Tonometry
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Anti-Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule (VCAM)
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Postprandial Changes Over Time From Baseline for Insulin
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-sensitive C-reactive Protein (Hs-CRP)
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial C-Peptide
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Incremental Area Under the Curve Changes for Lipid Parameters.
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Incremental Area Under the Curve for Lipoprotein Parameters.
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Postprandial Changes Over Time From Baseline for Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1)
NCT00655863 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Postprandial Proinsulin
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractile Function During Systole
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Contractile Function During Diastole
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Fasting Lipids and Lipoproteins
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Fasting Glucose Insulin and HOMA
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Fatty Acid Utilization Rate
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation Rate
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Fatty Acid Esterification
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Glucose Utilization Rate Per Unit Insulin
NCT00656851 (9) [back to overview]	Myocardial Glucose Utilization Rate
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	The Proportion of All Subjects With HCV Viral Load < 60 IU/mL at Week 72of Step 2.
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	The Proportion of All Subjects With HCV Viral Load < 60 IU/mL at Week 24 of Step 2.
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	Absolute Change From Entry to Week 24 of Step 1 in Homeostasis Model of Assessment - Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	Absolute Change From Entry to Week 24 of Step 1 in Fasting Total Cholesterol and Triglycerides.
NCT00665353 (7) [back to overview]	Absolute Change From Entry to Week 24 of Step 1 in AST and ALT.
NCT00671515 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Depression Symptom Severity From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00671515 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR) From Baseline to Study Endpoint
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Diastolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 26.
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Body Weight From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Assessment on Event Rate of Treatment-Emergent Minor Hypoglycemic Events
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Assessment on Event Rate of Treatment-emergent Major Hypoglycemic Events
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Total Cholesterol (TC) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Ratio of Fasting Triglycerides at Week 26 to Baseline
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients Achieving HbA1c <=7% at Week 26
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Systolic Blood Pressure From Baseline to Week 26.
NCT00676338 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Proportion of Participants Achieving Glycemic Response Defined as HbA1c <7%
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change in 2-h Post-challenge Plasma Glucose Rise
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change in Body Weight
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change in Body Weight for Participants With Baseline Body Mass Index (BMI)≥27 kg/m2
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change in HbA1c Levels
NCT00680745 (6) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Waist Circumference (cm) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving a Therapeutic Glycemic Response (Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1C]) <7.0% at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in 120-minute Post-challenge Plasma Glucose (PPG) (mg/dL) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Total Body Weight (kg) Among Subjects With Baseline Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 27 kg/m^2 at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Total Body Weight (kg) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00683878 (7) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT00708175 (5) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Month 12 to Month 18 in Bone Mineral Density in the Total Proximal Femur by DXA
NCT00708175 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT00708175 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Converted to Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)
NCT00708175 (5) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline to Month 12 in Bone Mineral Density in the Total Proximal Femur by Dual-Energy-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA)
NCT00708175 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Fracture
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 54
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Post-meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 24
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 24
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour PMG at Week 54
NCT00722371 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 54
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Small Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Small Very Low Density Lipoprotein (V1+V2) Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Very Small Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Median Percent Change From Baseline in High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Large-Chylomicrons Very Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglycerides
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Homeostasis Model Assessment - Insulin Resistance
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Intermediate-Density Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Intermediate-Medium High Density Lipoprotein (H3) Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Large High Density Lipoprotein (H4+H5) Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Large Low Density Lipoprotein (L3) Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean High Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean High Density Lipoprotein Particle Size
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Size
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Mean Very Low Density Lipoprotein Particle Size
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Medium-Intermediate Very Low Density Lipoprotein (V3+V4) Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Medium-Small Low Density Lipoprotein Concentration
NCT00727857 (27) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Small High Density Lipoprotein (H1+H2) Concentration
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Glucose
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Creatinine Kinase
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Creatinine
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Cholesterol
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Bilirubin
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Amylase
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Alkaline Phosphatase (AP)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Phosphate
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Frequency of Patients With Investigator-defined Hypoglycaemic Adverse Events
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Frequency of Patients With Adjudication of Cardiac and Cerebrovascular Events
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 78
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 66
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Frequency of Patients With Adverse Events (AEs)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 54
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 42
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 30
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 18
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 78
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 66
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 6
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 54
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 42
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Change in FPG From Baseline to Week 30
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: White Blood Cell Count
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Sodium
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: Platelets
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Potassium
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Calcium
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Frequency of Patients With Significant Adverse Events Based on Standardised MedDRA Query (SMQ)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Lowered HbA1c by at Least 0.5% Over Time
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With HbA1c<7.0% Over Time
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Albumin
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With HbA1c<6.5% Over Time
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Vital Signs
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: Red Blood Cell Count
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: Haemoglobin
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: Haematocrit
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Haematology: Eosinophils
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: γ-Glutamyl-transferase (GGT)
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Uric Acid
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Triglycerides
NCT00736099 (46) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Abnormalities in Clinical Chemistry: Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH)
NCT00736996 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Cognitive Performance
NCT00736996 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Peak Oxygen Uptake (VO2 Peak)
NCT00736996 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Insulin Resistance
NCT00742326 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Hepatic Steatosis and Hepatic Inflammation/Fibrosis in HIV/HCV Co-infected Patients With Steatosis.
NCT00742326 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Insulin Resistance in HIV- and HCV-infected Patients With Steatosis Compared to Placebo
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Insulin
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglycerides
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HDL
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FFAs
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Averaged Postprandial Glucose in Response to a MMT Test
NCT00760578 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Averaged Insulin Levels in Response to a Mixed-meal Tolerance Test
NCT00763139 (4) [back to overview]	Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) for Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00763139 (4) [back to overview]	ESR
NCT00763139 (4) [back to overview]	Disease Activity Score Based on 28-joint Disease Activity Score (DAS28)
NCT00763139 (4) [back to overview]	C-reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c Level Less Than or Equal to 6.5% at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Patients With Symptomatic Hypoglycemia and Severe Symptomatic Hypoglycemia
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Absolute Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Beta-cell Function Assessed by Homeostasis Model Assessment for Beta-cell Function (HOMA-beta) at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Insulin (FPI) at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients Requiring Rescue Therapy During Main 24-Week Period
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With at Least 5% Weight Loss From Baseline at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24
NCT00763815 (10) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level Less Than 7% at Week 24
NCT00770367 (2) [back to overview]	Asymmetric Dimethylarginine (ADMA) Level
NCT00770367 (2) [back to overview]	NOx f2-isoprostanes
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (Original).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein/Low-Density Lipoprotein Ratio.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Low-Density Lipoprotein Subfractions.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Matrix Metallo Proteinase-9.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Nitrotyrosine.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Platelet Function.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Soluble CD40 Ligand.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (1.20).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Soluble Intracellular Adhesion Molecule.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Systolic Blood Pressure.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Thromboxane B2.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Intact Proinsulin.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Glucose.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (60.00).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (6.00).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (30.00).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (3.00).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (12.00).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (0.60%)
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Erythrocyte Deformability (0.30%).
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in E-Selectin.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Diastolic Blood Pressure.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Adiponectin.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	The Mean Increase From Baseline in High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Intake of Study Medication Greater Than 80% and Less Than 120%.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Von-Willebrand Factor.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Triglycerides.
NCT00770653 (32) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Sensitivity C-reactive Protein (≤ 10 mg/L).
NCT00780234 (1) [back to overview]	6-month Histology Score
NCT00780715 (1) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Pain
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Glucose Tolerance at 48 Weeks
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Glucose Tolerance at 24 Weeks
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Number and Percentage of Participants With Steatorrhea
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Beta-cell Function
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Pancreas Ultrasound Appearance
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Quality of Life
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Insulin Sensitivity Index for Glycemia at 24 Weeks
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Missed Work
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Insulin Sensitivity (%S)
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Hospitalizations
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Insulin Sensitivity Index for Glycemia at 48 Weeks.
NCT00782795 (14) [back to overview]	Insulin Resistance at 24 and 48 Weeks
NCT00787644 (1) [back to overview]	PC20
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 24
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 8
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 4
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Achieving an HbA1c Goal of <7.0%
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Decrease of >= 0.5 Percent in HbA1c
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Reduction in FPG of >= 30 mg/dL
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 16
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Decrease of >= 0.7 Percent in HbA1c
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin Levels
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting C-peptide
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein A-1 (Apo A-I)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Apolipoprotein B (Apo B)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Non-HDL-C
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Total Cholesterol (TC)
NCT00789750 (19) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Triglycerides (TG)
NCT00825266 (3) [back to overview]	6 Minute Walk Test
NCT00825266 (3) [back to overview]	Insulin Resistance Profile Change - Triglyceride:HDL Cholesterol Ratio
NCT00825266 (3) [back to overview]	NYHA (New York Heart Association Classification) Changes
NCT00835120 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) Total Score
NCT00835120 (5) [back to overview]	Change in the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-CR) Score
NCT00835120 (5) [back to overview]	Response Rates on the IDS-CR, Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self-Report (QIDS-SR)
NCT00835120 (5) [back to overview]	Remission Rates Based on IDS-CR, QIDS-SR, and MADRS Scores
NCT00835120 (5) [back to overview]	Change in Clinical Global Impressions-Bipolar Version (CGI-BP)
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (BL) in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 52
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Achieved Clinically Meaningful HbA1c Response Levels of <6.5%, <7%, and <7.5% at Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Time to Hyperglycemia Rescue
NCT00839527 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 104 and Week 156
NCT00845182 (2) [back to overview]	Effect of Pioglitazone, Exenatide and Combined Pioglitazone and Exenatide on Body Weight
NCT00845182 (2) [back to overview]	HbA1c
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Beta-cell Function
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Hepatic Fat Content
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Bone Mineral Density
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Visceral Fat Area
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Subcutaneous Fat Area
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Pancreatic Fat Content
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Disposition Index
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Bone Turnover Marker - Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D
NCT00855010 (9) [back to overview]	Bone Turnover Marker - Intact Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
NCT00861341 (2) [back to overview]	Percent Platelet Aggregation Induced by Arachidonic Acid
NCT00861341 (2) [back to overview]	Percent Platelet Aggregation Induced by Collagen
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	Matsuda Index
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	Matsuda Index
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	Fasting Serum Insulin (uIU/ml)
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	AUC DCI-IPG (%/Min)
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	AUC DCI-IPG (%/Min)
NCT00868140 (6) [back to overview]	Fasting Serum Insulin
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Hepatic Enzyme Increased or Abnormal Liver Function Tests
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Need for Hospitalization for Any Reason
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Severe Lower Than Normal Blood Glucose Level (Hypoglycemia)
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Need for Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF), Shortness of Breath, Pneumonia, or Angina
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Retinopathy Requiring Laser Therapy, a Decline in Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR), Vitrectomy, and Renal Replacement Therapy
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With the Indicated Components of the Composite Cardiovascular Outcome for Thiazolidinedione (TZD)
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Composite Microvascular Outcome
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With the Indicated Components of the Composite Outcome for Vitamin D
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With a Fracture
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Any Revascularization
NCT00879970 (11) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Clinical Proteinuria
NCT00885352 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Post-Meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 26
NCT00885352 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 26
NCT00885352 (3) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 26
NCT00923949 (1) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events
NCT00927355 (3) [back to overview]	βCTX (Carboxy Terminal Collagen Crosslinks), Osteocalcin, and Adiponectin.
NCT00927355 (3) [back to overview]	Bone Mineral Density
NCT00927355 (3) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Number of Osteoblast and Adipocyte Colony Forming Units Cultured From Bone Marrow Stem Cells Harvested 6 Months After Treatment With Study Drug Compared to Baseline
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Dichotomized Histologic Response (HR): Participant Complete or Partial Response Defined as =/>50% Reduction in the Sum of the Measured Products of Perpendicular Dimensions of the Target Lesion(s) or Improvement in the Degree of Dysplasia or Hyperplasia
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Biomarker Measurements at Scheduled Visits: Tissue Levels of B-cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl2)
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Biomarker Measurements at Scheduled Visits: Tissue Levels of Cyclin D1
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Biomarker Measurements at Scheduled Visits: Tissue Levels of Ki-67
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Biomarker Measurements at Scheduled Visits: Tissue Levels of p21
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Dichotomized Clinical Response: Participant Complete or Partial Response Defined as =/>50% Reduction in the Sum of the Measured Products of Perpendicular Dimensions of the Target Lesion(s) or Improvement in the Degree of Dysplasia or Hyperplasia
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Overall Response
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Level of C-reactive Protein in Plasma Decrease From >5.0 mg/L to <= 5.0 mg/L From Baseline to End of Study
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Biomarker Measurements at Scheduled Visits: Tissue Levels of PPARG Nucleus and PPARG Cytoplasm
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With >5.0 mg/L in Level of C-reactive Protein in Plasma
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Affected by Adverse Events Assessed Using National Cancer Institute (NCI) Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) Version 4.0 (v4.0)
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participant With Clinical Response by Baseline Characteristics: Tobacco Use
NCT00951379 (13) [back to overview]	Number of Participant With Clinical Response by Baseline Characteristics: Alcohol Use
NCT00994175 (2) [back to overview]	Baseline - Juniper Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) Score
NCT00994175 (2) [back to overview]	16 Weeks - Juniper Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ) Score
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Total Body Fat
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Skeletal Muscle Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Adipose Tissue Insulin Sensitivity
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Liver Fat by Magnetic Resonance and Spectroscopy (MRS).
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Mean Individual Histological Scores
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Mean Individual Histological Scores
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Plasma Biomarkers Relevant to Hepatic Inflammation, Apoptosis and Fibrosis (Adiponectin).
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Plasma Biomarkers Relevant to Hepatic Inflammation, Apoptosis and Fibrosis (CK-18).
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Prevention of the Onset of T2DM and/or Reversal From IFG/IGT to NGT in Non-diabetics.
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Liver Transaminases (AST and ALT).
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Individual Histological Scores
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Osteoporotic Fractures
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Resolution of NASH
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Liver Histology (Using Kleiner et al Criteria, Hepatology 2005)
NCT00994682 (18) [back to overview]	Bone Mineral Density
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	HDL-cholesterol
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Insulin
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Mean Individual Histological Scores
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Individual Histological Scores
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Weight
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Triglycerides
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Total Cholesterol
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Total Body Fat by DEXA
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Plasma AST
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Plasma ALT
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Resolution of NASH Without Worsening of Fibrosis
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Matsuda Index
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Liver Histology (Kleiner's et al Criteria, Hepatology 2005)
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	Liver Fat by Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (MRS).
NCT01002547 (17) [back to overview]	LDL-cholesterol
NCT01026194 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-hour Postprandial Plasma Glucose at Week 12
NCT01026194 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 12
NCT01026194 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c at Week 12
NCT01026194 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Areas Under the Curve From 0 to 2 h (AUC0-2h) for Postprandial Plasma Glucose at Week 12
NCT01028391 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (i.e., Week 0 of the 24-week Base Study) in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 54
NCT01028391 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (i.e., Week 0 of the 24-week Base Study) in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) at Week 54
NCT01040819 (1) [back to overview]	Plasma 15-epi-lipoxin A4
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on Electrocardiogram Parameters, Fridericia Corrected QT (QTcF) Interval and PR Interval
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on Blood Pressure
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on Electrocardiogram Parameters, Fridericia Corrected QT (QTcF) Interval and PR Interval
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in the EuroQol 5
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Pharmacokinetics: Area Under the Concentration Curve (AUC) for LY2189265
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Treatment Emergent Adverse Events at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Attaining Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Less Than 7% and Less Than or Equal to 6.5% at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With LY2189265 Antibodies at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adjudicated Pancreatitis at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adjudicated Pancreatitis at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Therapy Due to Hyperglycemia at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks in Updated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Beta-cell Function (HOMA2-%B) and Updated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA2-%S)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Requiring Rescue Therapy Due to Hyperglycemia at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change in Baseline to 52 Weeks on Pulse Rate
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change in Baseline to 26 Weeks on Pulse Rate
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on the Impact of Weight on Self-Perception
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on Serum Calcitonin
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks in the Impact of Weight on Activities of Daily Living
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks in Hematological and Biochemical Lab Values
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks for Daily Mean Blood Glucose Values From the 8-point Self-monitored Plasma Glucose (SMPG) Profiles
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks for Body Weight
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks Endpoint in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on the Impact of Weight on Self-Perception
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on Serum Calcitonin
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in the Impact of Weight on Activities of Daily Living
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire Status (DTSQs) Version
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks in the EuroQol 5
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks in the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire Status (DTSQs) and Change (DTSQc) Versions
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in N Terminal Pro Brain Natriuretic Peptide (NT-proBNP)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in Hematological and Biochemical Lab Values
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks for Daily Mean Blood Glucose Values From the 8-point Self-monitored Plasma Glucose (SMPG) Profiles
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks for Body Weight
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks Endpoint in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in Updated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Beta-cell Function (HOMA2-%B) and Updated Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity (HOMA2-%S)
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Attaining Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Less Than 7% and Less Than or Equal to 6.5% at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Self-reported Hypoglycemic Events at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Self-reported Hypoglycemic Events at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With LY2189265 Antibodies at 52 Weeks and 4 Weeks After Last Dose of Study Drug
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adjudicated Cardiovascular Events at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Rate of Self-reported Hypoglycemic Events at 26 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Rate of Self-reported Hypoglycemic Events at 52 Weeks
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 52 Weeks on Pancreatic Enzymes
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on Pancreatic Enzymes
NCT01064687 (47) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks on Blood Pressure
NCT01076075 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With One or More Adverse Events (AEs) - Week 0 to Week 54
NCT01076075 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Discontinuing Study Drug Due to An Adverse Event
NCT01076075 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (%) at Week 24
NCT01076075 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24
NCT01076075 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-Meal Glucose at Week 24
NCT01090752 (3) [back to overview]	Effects of Pioglitazone on 24h Blood Pressure Control
NCT01090752 (3) [back to overview]	Effects of Pioglitazone on Sodium and Lithium Clearances
NCT01090752 (3) [back to overview]	Effects of Pioglitazone on Renal Hemodynamics
NCT01095666 (5) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Total Body Weight (kg) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT01095666 (5) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT01095666 (5) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT01095666 (5) [back to overview]	Adjusted Mean Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post Meal Glucose (PMG) (mg/dL) at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT01095666 (5) [back to overview]	Participants Achieving a Therapeutic Glycemic Response (Hemoglobin A1c [HbA1C]) <7.0% at Week 24 (Last Observation Carried Forward [LOCF])
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Presence of Edema Post Baseline During 12 Weeks Active Treatment
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Changes in LDL Particle Size Subfractions From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Changes in HDL Particle Size Subfractions From Baseline to Week 12
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change in Body Weight From Baseline to Week 12 Endpoint
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 12 Endpoint in Hematocrit
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Waist Circumference at Week 12 Endpoint
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline to Week 12 Endpoint in HMW Adiponectin
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in RBC
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 12.
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin
NCT01103414 (11) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Patients With HbA1c <7% at Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Triglycerides From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Percent Change in High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Body Weight From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA2-%B) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Change in HbA1c From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01106690 (8) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) From Baseline to Week 26
NCT01135394 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Insulin Resistance
NCT01147627 (1) [back to overview]	the Comparison Between Treatment Groups of the Changes From Baseline in HbA1c at 48 Weeks
NCT01156597 (3) [back to overview]	HDL Apolipoprotein Levels at Study End-point
NCT01156597 (3) [back to overview]	Increased HDL-Cholesterol and Decreased Triglycerides
NCT01156597 (3) [back to overview]	Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of HDL
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Occurrence of Relative Efficacy Response (HbA1c Lowering by at Least 0.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment)
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	HbA1c Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c After 30 Weeks of Treatment.
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Incidence of Rescue Therapy During the First 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 6.5% After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Occurrence of Cumulative Treat to Target Efficacy Response, of HbA1c Under Treatment of < 7.0% After 30 Weeks of Treatment
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Change From Baseline by Visit Over Time
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Two-hour Postprandial Glucose (2hPPG) Change From Baseline at Week 30 by Meal Tolerance Test (MTT)
NCT01183013 (10) [back to overview]	Time to First Use of Rescue Therapy
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in TG/HDL Ratio at One Year
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (HsCRP) at One Year
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in ADMA (Asymmetric Dimethylarginine) at One Year.
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Maximal Intimal Thickness(MIT) by Intravascular Unltrasound(IVUS)
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Insulin Levels Area Under Curve(AUC)
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Levels of Fasting Glucose at Baseline and 1 Year
NCT01186250 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Intimal Volume
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Total Adverse Events (AE)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Severe Hypoglycemia
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	The Percentages of Patient Achieving an A1C <7%
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Mild to Moderate Hypoglycemia
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Gastrointestinal Adverse Events
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Edema
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Mean Change in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (A1C)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Changes in Homoeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Changes in High Sensitive C-reactive Protein
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Changes in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Total-cholesterol
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol(HDL-C)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Body Weight Change
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Triglyceride (TG)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Total Cholesterol
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-C)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline High Sensitive C-reactive Protein
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Body Weight
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline Alanine-aminotransferase (ALT)
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Baseline A1C
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Percentages of Patients With Nasopharyngitis
NCT01195090 (27) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Triglycerides(TG)
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Adverse Event During the 66-week Extension Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2 Hour-post-meal Glucose (2h-PMG) Levels at Week 12
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2h-PMG at Week 78
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Levels at Week 12
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in FPG Levels at Week 78
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasma A1C Levels at Week 12
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Plasma A1C Levels at Week 78
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Mean 2h-PMG Level at Baseline of the Extension Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Mean FPG Level at Baseline of the Extension Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Mean Plasma A1C Level at Baseline of the Extension Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued From Study Drug Due to an Adverse Event During the 66-week Extension Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to an Adverse Event During the 12-week Base Period
NCT01217073 (13) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Experienced at Least One Adverse Event During the Base Period
NCT01223196 (3) [back to overview]	Percentage (%) of Haemoglobin A1C
NCT01223196 (3) [back to overview]	Whole Body Insulin Sensitivity During the Euglycemic Insulin Clamp
NCT01223196 (3) [back to overview]	Effect of Pioglitazone on TNF (Tumor Necrosis Factor) Alpha Converting Enzyme (TACE) Activity in Skeletal Muscle.
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 29 in Body Weight
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Insulin Resistance
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Insulin Secretion
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Systemic Levels of Interleukin 18 (IL-18)
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Systemic Levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6)
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG)
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline (Day -1) to Day 28 in Twenty-Four-Hour Weighted Average Glucose (24-Hour WAG)
NCT01230749 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Day 28 in Systemic Levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	AUC0-tz of Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	AUC0-72 of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	AUC0-tz for Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	AUC0-∞ of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	AUC0-∞ of Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	Cmax of Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	Cmax of Pioglitazone
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	Tmax for Linagliptin
NCT01276327 (9) [back to overview]	Tmax for Pioglitazone
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale (DRS-2)From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Ambulatory Capacity From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Parkinson's Disease Questionnaire (PDQ-39) From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Schwab and England Scale From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15)From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280123 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Total Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) Score From Baseline to 44 Weeks
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Hematocrit
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Fasting Plasma Insulin
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c
NCT01280695 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in High Molecular Weight Adiponectin
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c ≥2.0%
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c ≥1.5%
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With HbA1c ≤6.5% at Week 16
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HbA1c Over Time
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c ≥1.0%
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With HbA1c ≤7.0% at Week 16
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c ≥ 0.5%
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose Over Time
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Marked Hyperglycemia
NCT01289119 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With HbA1c ≤7.5% at Week 16
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Intra-abdominal Fat Area by CT Scan
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Hepatic Insulin Sensitivity
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Liver/Spleen Ratio Measured as the Ratio in Hounsfield Units Between the Liver and the Spleen on Computed Tomography (CT) Scan
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Levels
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Liver/Spleen Ratio Measure by the Density Ratio in Hounsfield Units Between the Liver and the Spleen by CT
NCT01289639 (6) [back to overview]	Change in Peripheral Insulin Sensitivity
NCT01301027 (4) [back to overview]	Change in High Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT01301027 (4) [back to overview]	Change in High Molecular Weight Adiponectin (HMW-A) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT01301027 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT01301027 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Concentration in Plasma From Baseline to 6 Months
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 12).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 8).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 4).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 4).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 2).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 2).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 8).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (Week 12).
NCT01318070 (9) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Glucose Measured by the Meal Tolerance Test (Week 12).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Glucose Measured by the Meal Tolerance Test (Week 24).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Glucose Measured by the Meal Tolerance Test (Week 52).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Final Visit).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 48).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 52).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 16).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 12).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 16).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 24).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Glucose Measured by the Meal Tolerance Test (Final Visit).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 44).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Events.
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 8).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 40).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 28).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 32).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 48).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 52).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 8).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Final Visit).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 12).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 20).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 20).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 24).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 28).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 32).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 36).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Week 40).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 44).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (Week 36).
NCT01318122 (31) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Blood Glucose Measured by the Meal Tolerance Test (Week 12).
NCT01341730 (1) [back to overview]	Difference of Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) of Atherosclerotic Plaque in Carotid Artery by PET CT
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Complete Pathologic Response
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events Graded According to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.0
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Post-intervention SUV of PET Scan
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in SUVmax From the PET Scan
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in PPARy
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in p21
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in MUC1
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Ki-67 by Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Percent Change in Cyclin D1
NCT01342770 (10) [back to overview]	Pre-intervention SUV of PET Scan
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Pioglitazone Area Under Curve Estimates by Treatment Group and Route of Administration
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Safety Labs - Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT)
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Safety Labs - Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Safety Labs - Creatinine
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Effect of Pioglitazone Area Under the Curve on Changes in IL-6
NCT01352182 (6) [back to overview]	Evaluate the Safety Profile of Pioglitazone in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock as the Number of Hypoglycemic Events
NCT01395784 (2) [back to overview]	Analgesic Responses Using the Cold Pressor Test
NCT01395784 (2) [back to overview]	"Subjective Ratings of Good Drug Effect"
NCT01395797 (2) [back to overview]	Drug's Break Point
NCT01395797 (2) [back to overview]	Measures of Subjective Drug Effects Most Commonly Indicative of Abuse Liability.
NCT01431521 (5) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Hepatic Fat
NCT01431521 (5) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Alanine Transaminase (ALT)
NCT01431521 (5) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
NCT01431521 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Discontinued Study Drug Due to an AE
NCT01431521 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Experiencing One or More Adverse Events (AE)
NCT01432405 (2) [back to overview]	Plasma Adipocytokines
NCT01432405 (2) [back to overview]	Hepatic Fat
NCT01559857 (3) [back to overview]	Hamilton Depression Rating Scale at Baseline
NCT01559857 (3) [back to overview]	Fasting Insulin Measurements at Baseline
NCT01559857 (3) [back to overview]	Change in HDRS-21: From Baseline to 12 Weeks
NCT01588470 (3) [back to overview]	Change in E to A Ratio
NCT01588470 (3) [back to overview]	Myocardial Glucose Uptake
NCT01588470 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Hemoglobin A1c
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in Lipid Profiles With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in Insulin Levels (HOMA IR,QUICKI) With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in HOMA Percent B and HOMA Percent S With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Insulin (FSI)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01589445 (6) [back to overview]	Comparison of Changes in Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)With Pioglitazone and Metformin
NCT01612858 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Insulin Sensitivity From Baseline to Week 12 Post-treatment With Insulin Sensitizing Agent
NCT01612858 (2) [back to overview]	Change in Hepatic Fat From Baseline to Week 12 Post-treatment With an Insulin Sensitizing Agent
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Spontaneous Alcohol Craving Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Lipopolysaccharide Challenge
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Alcohol Cue Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Alcohol Craving in Response to the Stress Script
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Depression Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01631630 (53) [back to overview]	Anxiety Symptom Ratings Measured Bi-weekly During the Treatment Period
NCT01637935 (5) [back to overview]	Stage of Bladder Cancer (10 Year Analysis)
NCT01637935 (5) [back to overview]	Incident Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer (10-year Analysis)
NCT01637935 (5) [back to overview]	Incident Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer by Time Since Starting Pioglitazone (10 Year Analysis)
NCT01637935 (5) [back to overview]	Incident Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer by Duration of Pioglitazone Therapy (10 Year Analysis)
NCT01637935 (5) [back to overview]	Incident Diagnosis of Bladder Cancer by Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone (10 Year Analysis)
NCT01655719 (3) [back to overview]	Tumor Response (Change)
NCT01655719 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Thyroglobulin
NCT01655719 (3) [back to overview]	Toxicity
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Serum AST at Month 4
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Amount of Serum Alanine Transaminase (ALT) at Baseline
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Amount of Serum Aspartate Transaminase (AST) at Baseline
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Percent Change From Baseline in Serum ALT at Month 4
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Liver Fat Content at Month 4
NCT01703260 (6) [back to overview]	Liver Fat Content at Baseline
NCT01717040 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Clinician Rated (IDS-C30) Total Score
NCT01748994 (4) [back to overview]	Matsuda Index (Measure of Insulin Sensitivity)
NCT01748994 (4) [back to overview]	Visceral Adipose Tissue (Percentage of Total Abdominal Adipose Tissue)
NCT01748994 (4) [back to overview]	In Vivo Adipose Cell Formation (Adipogenesis)
NCT01748994 (4) [back to overview]	Lipid Accretion in the Liver (Intra-hepatic Lipid; IHL)
NCT01838317 (3) [back to overview]	Glucose to Insulin Ratio
NCT01838317 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Weight
NCT01838317 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Serum Adiponectin Level
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	the Mean Changes of FPG and PPG From Baseline Between Vildagliptin + Metformin and Pioglitazone + Metformin Groups
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	the Mean Changes of Body Weight From Baseline Between Vildagliptin + Metformin and Pioglitazone + Metformin Groups
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	Non-inferiority of HbA1C Change From Baseline in Vildagliptin + Metformin Group Compared With Pioglitazone + Metformin Group
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	the Numbers of Participants With Adverse Events Between Vildagliptin + Metformin and Pioglitazone + Metformin Groups
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	the Mean Changes of Lipid Profiles From Baseline Between Vildagliptin + Metformin and Pioglitazone + Metformin Groups
NCT01882907 (6) [back to overview]	the Mean Changes of Insulin, C-peptide, HOMA-IR, HOMA-beta From Baseline Between Vildagliptin + Metformin and Pioglitazone + Metformin Groups
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline of European Quality of Life-5 Dimensions - 3 Levels (EuroQoL-5D-3L ) Index Score and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) Health State Score at Week 26
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Fasting Serum Glucose (FSG)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Insulin Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire (ITSQ) Score
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Total and Nocturnal Hypoglycemic Events (HE)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Concentration of Triglycerides, Total Cholesterol, Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL-C), and High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) at Week 26
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 12 Weeks in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to 26 Weeks in Adult Low Blood Sugar Survey (LBSS) Scores
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Body Weight
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline to Week 26 in Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Insulin Dose Per Kilogram (kg) of Body Weight
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Intra-Participant Variability of the Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Percent Hemoglobin A1c at Week 26
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Steady-State of Basal Insulin Dose at 26 Weeks (Time to Steady State for Basal Insulin [Stable Maximum Dose])
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Detectable Anti-Insulin Peglispro Antibodies at Week 26
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With HbA1c ≤6.5%
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	30-Day Adjusted Rate of Total and Nocturnal Hypoglycemic Events
NCT01894568 (18) [back to overview]	9-Point Self-Monitored Blood Glucose (SMBG)
NCT01909141 (5) [back to overview]	Ovulation Rate
NCT01909141 (5) [back to overview]	Endometrial Thickness
NCT01909141 (5) [back to overview]	Number of Follicles>18mm.
NCT01909141 (5) [back to overview]	Pregnancy Rate
NCT01909141 (5) [back to overview]	Safety of Pioglitazone as Regards Serum Creatinine
NCT01931566 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline for Cognitive Decline on Composite Score on the Cognitive Test Battery for Pioglitazone-treated Participants Versus Placebo-treated Participants in the High-risk Stratum
NCT01931566 (4) [back to overview]	Time to Diagnosis of MCI Due to AD for Pioglitazone-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino, Caucasian Participants
NCT01931566 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study Activities of Daily Living - Prevention Instrument [ADCS ADL-PI]) Between Pioglitazone-treated and Placebo-treated Groups of the High-risk Stratum
NCT01931566 (4) [back to overview]	Time to Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment Due to Alzheimer's Disease (MCI-AD) for Placebo-treated, High-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants Versus Placebo-treated, Low-risk, Non-Hispanic/Latino Caucasian Participants
NCT01972724 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose at Week 24
NCT01972724 (2) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at Week 24
NCT01990300 (3) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose (FBG)
NCT01990300 (3) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Adverse Events
NCT01990300 (3) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol Level) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in HbA1c (NGSP) With Number of Metabolic Syndrome-related Risk Factor (MetS-related Factor) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Body Weight) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Met at Least One New Cerebral and Cardiovascular Events
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Waist Circumference) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Total Cholesterol Level) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Diastolic Blood Pressure) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Fasting Blood Glucose) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Systolic Blood Pressure) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) [National Glycohemoglobin Standardization Program (NGSP)]) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Fasting Blood Insulin Level) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02002975 (12) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Metabolic Syndrome Parameters (Fasting Triglyceride Level) at Final Assessment Point
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Immunoreactive Insulin (IRI)
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting One or More Serious Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR)
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Reporting One or More Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02003014 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose
NCT02024971 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin
NCT02024971 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose
NCT02024971 (4) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02024971 (4) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in LDL Cholesterol
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in HDL Cholesterol
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Triglycerides
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
NCT02068508 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Received Specific Daily Dose of Insulin Product at Each Time Points
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Requiring Alternative Treatment Due to Glycemic Failure of First Line Injectable Therapy
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving and Maintaining Individualized Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) Targets Without Clinically Significant Hypoglycemia
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline of Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR)
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Mass Index (BMI)
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline of Urinary Albumin to Creatinine Ratio
NCT02072096 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Total Hypoglycemia and Other Categories of Hypoglycemia
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose Level
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Fasting Insulin Level
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin Level
NCT02098733 (7) [back to overview]	Fasting Blood Glucose Level
NCT02098746 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Blood Glucose Level
NCT02098746 (5) [back to overview]	Frequency of Serious Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02098746 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Insulin Level
NCT02098746 (5) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
NCT02098746 (5) [back to overview]	Frequency of Adverse Drug Reactions
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of ALT From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of AST From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of DBil From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of TC From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of TG From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of HbA1c From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of 2hPPG From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of Fasting Insulin From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of FPG From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of 2-hour Postprandial Insulin From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of HDL From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of LDL From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02099838 (13) [back to overview]	Change of TBil From Baseline at Week 12
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameters (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL-Cholesterol)) at 48 Week
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameters (Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)) at 48 Week
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Good Glycemic Control (Reduction in Fasting Blood Glucose Level < 130 mg/dL)
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Achieving Good Glycemic Control (Reduction in HbA1c Values < 6.9 %)
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Blood Glucose-Related Laboratory Parameters (Fasting Blood Glucose Level) at Each Time Point
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Blood Glucose-Related Laboratory Parameters (HbA1c Values) at Each Time Point
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) at 48 Week in Participants Stratified by Dose of Pioglitazone
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in HbA1c at 48 Week in Participants Stratified by Gender
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in HbA1c at 48 Week in Participants Stratified by Levels of BMI
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in HbA1c at 48 Week in Participants Stratified by Presence of Companion Anti-Diabetes Drugs
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Number of Participants Who Experience at Least One Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in HbA1c at 48 Week in Participants Stratified by Levels of HbA1c
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameters (Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)) at 48 Week
NCT02181842 (14) [back to overview]	Changes From Baseline in Laboratory Parameters (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-Cholesterol)) at 48 Week
NCT02192684 (1) [back to overview]	Change in Apnea-hypopnea Index (AHI) Outcome Measure in Response to Pioglitazone or Placebo
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Weight
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	HOMA-IR
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Hemoglobin A1c
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Fasting Plasma Glucose
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Body Mass Index
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Hypoglycemic Events
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Hs-CRP
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Leucocyte Count
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Percent of Subjects Achieving HbA1c < 7.5%
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	QUICKI
NCT02303405 (11) [back to overview]	Adverse Events
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by PWV at Month 3
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by Left CAVI at Month 8
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by Left CAVI at Month 3
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by RHI at Month 8
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by RHI at Month 3
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by Right CAVI at Month 8
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by Right CAVI at Month 3
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Vascular Function and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by PWV at Month 8
NCT02338999 (9) [back to overview]	Effect of Pioglitazone on Vascular Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Risk as Measured by TBR Value at Month 3
NCT02347813 (2) [back to overview]	Mean Number of Squamous Cell Carcinomas
NCT02347813 (2) [back to overview]	Mean Number of Other Skin Cancers
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Efficacy Blood Pressure
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Safety: Hypoglycemia
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Safety: Elevated Liver Function Tests
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Efficacy: Glomerular Filtration Rate
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Safety: Total Body Water
NCT02697617 (6) [back to overview]	Efficacy: Percent Change in Total Kidney Volume
NCT02730195 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events (AEs), Graded According to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events Version 4.03
NCT02730195 (3) [back to overview]	Proportion of Subjects Who Lose MMR Following Discontinuation of Pioglitazone and TKI Using Blood qRT-PCR for BCR-ABL1
NCT02730195 (3) [back to overview]	Proportion of Subjects Who Achieve and Maintain Major Molecular Response (MMR) Following a Second Discontinuation of TKI Using Blood Quantitative Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) for Breakpoint Cluster Region-Abelson1 (BCR-ABL1)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Feasibility - Subject Retention as Assessed by Number of Participants Who Completed All 12 Weeks of the Study
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Feasibility - Medication Compliance as Assessed by Percentage of Urine Samples That Were Riboflavin-Positive
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Feasibility - Medication Compliance as Assessed by Percentage of Self-reports That Indicate Capsules Were Taken
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Craving as Assessed by the Obsessive Compulsive Drug Use Scale (OCDUS)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Cocaine Use as Assessed by Percentage of Urine Samples That Were Cocaine-positive
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Cocaine Use as Assessed by Percentage of Self-reports That Indicate Cocaine Use
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Feasibility - Tolerability as Assessed by Number of Participants Reporting Side Effects
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Cue Reactivity as Assessed by a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of Cocaine Craving
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Craving as Assessed by the Brief Substance Craving Scale (BSCS)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - Splenium of Corpus Callosum)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - Posterior Thalamic Radiation)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - Genu of Corpus Callosum)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - External Capsule)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - Cingulum)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Brain White Matter (WM) Integrity as Assessed by Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) Fractional Anisotropy (FA) Value (Region - Anterior Thalamic Radiation)
NCT02774343 (16) [back to overview]	Feasibility - Tolerability as Assessed by Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Daily Average of the 7-point Self-monitored Plasma Glucose (SMPG) to Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Blood Glucose Excursion During Standardized Meal Test to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Reaching HbA1c <7% or <=6.5% at Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Reaching HbA1c <7 % or <=6.5% at Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) During Standardized Meal Test to Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Postprandial Plasma Glucose (PPG) During Standardized Meal Test to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight at Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in 2-Hour Blood Glucose Excursion During Standardized Meal Test to Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in the Daily Average of the 7-point Self-monitored Plasma Glucose (SMPG) to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue Therapy During the 26 Week Treatment Period: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Requiring Rescue Therapy During the 52 Week Treatment Period: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Body Weight to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Documented Symptomatic Hypoglycemia Events Per Participant-Year: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Number of Documented Symptomatic Hypoglycemia Events Per Participant-Year: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) to Week 26: Core Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) to Week 52: Single Arm Extension Period
NCT02787551 (18) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) to Week 26: Core Period
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Genes With Significant Changes From Baseline to Days 11-22 for Tumor-Normal Tissue: Change in Whole Transcriptome Gene Analysis on Total Ribonucleic Acid Samples
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Genes With Significant Changes From Baseline to Days 11-22 in Tumor Tissue in Treated Participants: Change in Whole Transcriptome Gene Analysis on Total Ribonucleic Acid Samples
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Human Papillomavirus Status Assessed in Tumor Tissue by p16 by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Genes With Significant Changes From Baseline to Days 11-22 for Normal Tissue: Change in Whole Transcriptome Gene Analysis on Total Ribonucleic Acid Samples
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Absolute Change in Proliferation Index (Ki-67) Expression, Assessed in Tumor Tissue by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Cleaved Caspase 3 Expression in Visually Normal Appearing Tissue and Tumor Tissue Samples, Assessed by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Cyclin D1, p21 and Biguanide or Phosphorylated AKT, Phosphorylated AMPK, Phosphorylated S6 (Metformin), and PPAR Gamma Expression, Assessed by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Ki-67 Expression in Visually Normal Appearing Tissue, Assessed by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02917629 (9) [back to overview]	Change in Regulatory T Cell, T4, T8, Tumor-associated Macrophage-CD68 Positive, PD1, PD-L1 Expression, Assessed in Tumor Tissue by Immunohistochemistry
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Cumulative Dose of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Cases by Time Since First Use of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases By Dose of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Number of 10 Most Common Cancers Associated Cases
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Ever Use of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Number of 10 Most Common Cancer Cases by Duration of Pioglitazone
NCT02958956 (8) [back to overview]	Hazard Ratio of the 10 Most Common Cancers Associated With Duration of Pioglitazone
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) Level Over Time
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c Level by >0.3% and No Tolerability Findings
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a Decrease in HbA1c Level by <7.0%
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level at Month 6
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level Over Time
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants Who Remain on Treatment With Alogliptin or Alogliptin FDCs
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Participants With Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs), Serious Adverse Events (SAEs) and Adverse Events of Special Interest (AESIs)
NCT02989649 (8) [back to overview]	Change From Baseline in Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Level at Month 6 in Subgroups of Participants With Different Clinical Characteristics
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Coronary Artery Bypass [Coronary Revascularization]
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Сardiovascular Death
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Systemic Inflammation Level
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability 4
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability 3
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability 2
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Diameter of Stenosis [Carotic Atherosclerotic Lesions]
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Safety and Tolerability 1
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Thickness of the Intima-media Complex
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Level of Insulin Resistance 2
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Lipid Metabolism 3
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Lipid Metabolism 2
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Lipid Metabolism 1
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Cardiovascular Hospitalization
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Carotic Atherosclerotic Lesions
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Percutaneous Coronary Intervention [Coronary Revascularization]
NCT03011775 (17) [back to overview]	Level of Insulin Resistance 1
NCT03117517 (3) [back to overview]	Hormonal Profiles
NCT03117517 (3) [back to overview]	Cytokines and Chemokines Measurements
NCT03117517 (3) [back to overview]	Insulin Resistance
NCT03501277 (2) [back to overview]	Cmax: Maximum Observed Plasma Concentration for Alogliptin and Pioglitazone
NCT03501277 (2) [back to overview]	AUC(0-72): Area Under the Plasma Concentration-time Curve From Time 0 to 72 Hours Postdose for Alogliptin and Pioglitazone
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Stress-reactivity as Assessed by Self-report on a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS)
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Stress-reactivity as Assessed by Heart Rate Change During the Cold Pressor Task (CPT)
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Stress-reactivity as Assessed by Diastolic Blood Pressure Change During the Cold Pressor Task (CPT)
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Stress-reactivity as Assessed by Change in Systolic Blood Pressure During the Cold Pressor Task (CPT)
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Alcohol Use as Indicated by Self Report Using the Alcohol Timeline Followback (TLFB)
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Alcohol Craving as Assessed by Self Report Using the The Penn Alcohol Craving Scale (PACS).
NCT03860753 (7) [back to overview]	Change in Stress-reactivity as Assessed by Salivary Cortisol Level Change During the Cold Pressor Task (CPT)

First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.

Time to first occurrence of nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, cardiovascular death, revascularization procedure or hospitalization for CHF in Lipid Trial participants. (NCT00000620)
Timeframe: 4.7 years

Intervention	participants (Number)
Lipid Trial: Fenofibrate	641
Lipid Trial: Placebo	667

Intervention	participants (Number)
Glycemia Trial: Intensive Control	391
Glycemia Trial: Standard Control	327

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Sitagliptin 100 mg	-5.5
Sitagliptin 200 mg	-0.7
Placebo/Pioglitazone	-28.0

Intervention	mg/dL (Least Squares Mean)
Sitagliptin 100 mg	-12.7
Sitagliptin 200 mg	-9.9
Placebo/Pioglitazone	7.0

Intervention	percent (Least Squares Mean)
Sitagliptin 100 mg	-0.48
Sitagliptin 200 mg	-0.36
Placebo/Pioglitazone	0.12

Intervention	percent (Least Squares Mean)
Sitagliptin 100 mg	-0.28
Sitagliptin 200 mg	-0.19
Placebo/Pioglitazone	-0.87

Intervention	Participants (Number)
	Complete Response	Partial Response	Stable Disease	Progressive Disease	Partial + Complete Response
Pioglitazone Patients	0	15	2	4	15

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	37.1
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	43.5
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	44.4
Placebo+ Metformin	16.6

Intervention	10^3 c/µL (Mean)
	Baseline (Week 0) (n=192, 191, 181, 179)	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=178, 175, 170, 169)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=176, 175, 170, 166)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=175, 172, 165, 158)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=172, 172, 163, 153)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=148, 130, 137, 128)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=168, 166, 159, 141)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=156, 152, 145, 136)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=166, 166, 157, 137)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=155, 157, 149, 139)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=162, 153, 154, 146)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=157, 151, 143, 138)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=162, 160, 157, 135)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=159, 155, 154, 136)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=150, 149, 146, 121)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=150, 142, 145, 124)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=147, 136, 140, 115)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=134, 126, 130, 94)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=122, 113, 123, 85)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=104, 104, 111, 68)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=98, 92, 95, 57)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=90, 87, 88, 50)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=85, 78, 84, 47)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=77, 71, 78, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=76, 67, 75, 42)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=69, 60, 72, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=69, 60, 71, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 48, 63, 31)
Placebo+ Metformin	4.23	0.12	0.19	0.07	0.02	0.19	0.27	0.17	0.33	0.34	0.24	0.24	0.03	0.04	0.08	-0.25	-0.25	-0.13	-0.18	-0.35	-0.01	-0.11	0.07	-0.34	-0.22	-0.20	-0.19	-0.29
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	4.19	0.21	0.15	0.22	0.35	0.26	0.40	0.32	0.30	0.41	0.32	0.30	0.20	0.26	0.20	-0.01	0.23	0.03	0.08	-0.05	0.11	0.11	0.32	-0.23	0.06	-0.17	0.11	-0.03
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	4.27	0.15	0.21	0.15	0.16	0.27	0.22	0.38	0.24	0.41	0.17	0.24	0.06	0.21	0.27	-0.03	-0.05	-0.11	-0.17	-0.16	0.00	-0.04	0.00	0.06	-0.04	-0.23	-0.25	-0.14
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	4.27	0.05	0.11	0.10	0.03	0.28	0.11	0.24	0.14	0.16	0.06	0.24	0.15	0.03	0.11	0.02	0.03	0.02	-0.08	-0.04	-0.13	-0.04	-0.23	-0.10	0.02	-0.35	-0.11	-0.40

Intervention	percentage of glycosylated hemoglobins (Mean)
	Baseline Mean	Adjusted Mean Change from Baseline
Placebo+ Metformin	8.06	0.13
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	7.98	-0.58
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	8.08	-0.59
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	8.07	-0.69

Intervention	percentage red blood cells (Mean)
	Baseline (Week 0) (n=192, 191, 181, 179)	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=181, 177, 172, 169)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=178, 178, 174, 166)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=176, 174, 166, 160)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=173, 176, 165, 157)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=149, 134, 137, 131)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=170, 167, 160, 144)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=156, 154, 146, 139)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=167, 166, 159, 140)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=155, 158, 149, 141)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=162, 153, 154, 147)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=157, 152, 143, 138)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=164, 160, 159, 137)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=161, 155, 154, 137)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=152, 149, 146, 122)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=151, 142, 146, 127)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=148, 137, 142, 116)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=134, 126, 130, 94)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=123, 114, 123, 85)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=108, 104, 112, 70)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=99, 94, 98, 58)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=92, 88, 90, 52)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=85, 79, 85, 48)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=81, 74, 78, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=77, 67, 75, 42)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=70, 61, 73, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=70, 60, 72, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 50, 64, 31)
Placebo+ Metformin	41.8	-0.4	-0.0	-0.0	-0.0	-0.1	0.0	0.0	0.2	-0.1	-0.3	-0.5	-0.4	-0.2	-0.1	-0.0	-0.0	-0.4	-0.3	-0.7	-0.2	-0.5	-0.9	-1.6	-1.1	-1.2	-0.7	-1.3
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	42.2	-0.5	-0.2	-0.1	-0.0	-0.2	0.4	-0.1	-0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.5	-0.3	-0.0	0.0	-0.1	-0.1	0.1	-0.3	-0.2	-0.4	-0.5	-0.3	-1.2	-1.2	-0.7	-0.5	-0.7
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	41.9	-0.3	-0.3	-0.2	-0.4	-0.4	-0.1	-0.2	-0.1	-0.3	-0.1	-0.2	-0.3	-0.2	-0.1	-0.4	0.1	-0.2	-0.2	-0.7	-0.1	-0.6	-0.6	-1.5	-1.0	-1.1	-0.7	-1.5
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	42.3	-0.5	-0.4	-0.3	-0.1	-0.4	-0.1	-0.2	0.0	-0.5	-0.3	-0.5	-0.4	-0.4	-0.4	-0.5	-0.5	-0.4	-0.5	-0.9	0.0	-0.5	-0.6	-1.7	-1.6	-1.8	-1.7	-2.3

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Normal BL, Normal Week 12(BL n=108, 109, 104, 104)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 12 (BL n=108,109,104,104)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 12 (BL n=69, 66, 70, 58)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 12(BL n=69, 66, 70, 58)	Normal BL, Normal Week 24 (BL n=96, 87, 83, 77)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 24 (BL n=96, 87, 83, 77)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 24 (BL n=58, 58, 56, 41)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 24(BL n=58, 58, 56, 41)	Normal BL, Normal Week 76 (BL n=94, 89, 92, 81)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 76 (BL n=94, 89, 92, 81)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 76 (BL n=51, 52, 59, 44)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 76 (BL n=51,52,59,44)	Normal BL, Normal Week 102 (BL n=80, 66, 65, 50)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 102 (BL n=80, 66, 65, 50)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 102 (BL n=43,45,49, 21)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 102 (BL n=43,45,49, 21)	Normal BL, Normal Week 154 (BL n=60, 46, 53, 34)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 154 (BL n=60, 46, 53, 34)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 154 (BL n=26, 34, 34, 16)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 154 (BL n=26,34,34,16)	Normal BL, Normal Week 206 (BL n=48, 31, 42, 24)	Normal BL, Abnormal Week 206 (BL n=48, 31, 42, 24)	Abnormal BL, Normal Week 206 (BL n=20, 25, 28, 13)	Abnormal BL, Abnormal Week 206 (BL n=20,25,28,13)
Placebo+ Metformin	82	22	12	46	61	16	14	27	60	21	13	31	41	9	6	15	26	8	7	9	16	8	7	6
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	94	10	22	48	70	13	15	41	73	19	18	41	48	17	14	35	37	16	12	22	32	10	11	17
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	97	11	14	55	82	14	16	42	75	19	13	38	63	17	11	32	48	12	10	16	39	9	9	11
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	98	11	22	44	79	8	22	36	74	15	18	34	55	11	14	31	36	10	13	21	27	4	9	16

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=182, 181, 176, 170)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=178, 179, 175, 164)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=178, 176, 171, 162)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=175, 176, 170, 152)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=116, 108, 101, 101)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=170, 166, 161, 138)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=132, 129, 124, 116)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=166, 164, 156, 140)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=144, 141, 132, 123)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=163, 155, 153, 147)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=146, 140, 136, 126)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=165, 160, 161, 140)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=162, 156, 155, 138)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=154, 151, 149, 123)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=155, 147, 151, 130)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=151, 138, 145, 117)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=134, 126, 133, 98)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=124, 117, 125, 86)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=111, 107, 113, 73)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=100, 94, 98, 58)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=94, 88, 90, 52)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=87, 82, 85, 49)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=84, 75, 79, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=78, 67, 75, 42)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=71, 63, 74, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=70, 60, 72, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 53, 64, 33)
Placebo+ Metformin	-3.3	-2.9	-2.8	-3.7	-6.8	-4.3	-2.6	-2.6	-4.1	-4.3	-4.7	-4.5	-3.4	-2.3	-2.9	-0.0	-1.7	0.3	-2.0	-2.8	-2.5	0.3	-2.8	-1.8	2.7	-1.4	-0.4
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	-1.6	-3.3	-2.8	-4.2	-2.8	-4.3	-3.4	-4.4	-4.2	-4.9	-3.1	-3.8	-2.5	-3.3	-1.9	-0.6	-0.7	-1.7	-2.8	-1.3	1.5	-1.5	1.5	0.7	3.5	0.2	1.7
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	-1.6	-2.0	-2.8	-2.9	-2.1	-2.2	-0.7	-2.7	-1.9	-2.9	-2.0	-4.3	-3.6	-2.6	-2.6	-0.6	-0.1	-3.7	-3.2	-0.4	-0.4	-0.7	0.3	0.8	-0.0	-0.1	-2.6
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	-2.5	-2.3	-4.1	-4.2	-3.3	-2.8	-2.3	-3.5	-2.2	-2.2	-3.1	-3.6	-1.1	-1.8	-1.7	0.9	-0.6	0.3	0.6	2.0	2.9	2.0	-0.0	-0.4	3.1	0.9	2.2

Intervention	10^3 c/µL (Mean)
	Baseline (Week 0) (n=192, 191, 181, 179)	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=178, 175, 171, 169)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=176, 176, 171, 166)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=175, 172, 165, 158)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=172, 174, 163, 153)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=148, 130, 137, 128)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=169, 166, 159, 142)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=156, 152, 145, 136)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=166, 166, 159, 137)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=155, 158, 149, 139)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=162, 153, 154, 146)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=157, 152, 143, 138)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=162, 160, 157, 135)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=160, 155, 154, 136)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=150, 149, 146, 121)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=150, 142, 145, 125)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=147, 136, 140, 115)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=134, 126, 130, 94)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=122, 114, 123, 85)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=105, 104, 111, 68)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=98, 92, 95, 57)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=90, 87, 88, 50)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=85, 78, 85, 47)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=77, 72, 78, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=76, 67, 75, 42)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=70, 60, 72, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=69, 60, 72, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 49, 63, 31)
Placebo+ Metformin	7.19	0.11	0.22	0.07	0.03	0.39	0.37	0.33	0.42	0.58	0.39	0.50	0.10	0.14	0.10	-0.36	-0.39	-0.30	-0.38	-0.54	-0.15	-0.32	-0.07	-0.54	-0.38	-0.37	-0.35	-0.71
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	7.12	0.17	-0.02	0.07	0.19	0.23	0.26	0.24	0.16	0.39	0.19	0.24	0.11	0.21	0.02	-0.20	-0.02	-0.25	-0.21	-0.31	-0.05	-0.12	0.13	-0.55	-0.18	-0.38	-0.13	-0.36
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	7.23	0.10	0.19	0.11	0.15	0.42	0.18	0.57	0.28	0.67	0.23	0.45	0.13	0.27	0.34	-0.14	-0.10	-0.19	-0.29	-0.36	-0.10	-0.16	-0.01	-0.19	-0.15	-0.40	-0.45	-0.58
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	7.25	-0.03	0.04	0.02	-0.03	0.37	0.08	0.30	0.07	0.23	-0.02	0.36	0.12	0.05	0.10	-0.14	-0.10	-0.18	-0.34	-0.11	-0.26	-0.27	-0.42	-0.38	-0.18	-0.72	-0.34	-0.80

Intervention	g/dL (Mean)
	Baseline (BL) (Week 0) (n=192, 191, 181, 179)	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=181, 177, 172, 169)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=178, 178, 174, 166)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=176, 174, 166, 160)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=173, 176, 165, 157)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=149, 134, 137, 131)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=170, 167, 160, 144)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=156, 154, 146, 139)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=167, 166, 159, 140)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=155, 158, 149, 141)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=162, 153, 154, 147)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=157, 152, 143, 138)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=164, 160, 159, 137)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=161, 155, 154, 137)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=152, 149, 146, 122)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=151, 142, 146, 127)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=148, 137, 142, 116)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=134, 126, 130, 94)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=123, 114, 123, 85)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=108, 104, 112, 70)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=99, 94, 98, 58)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=92, 88, 90, 52)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=85, 79, 85, 48)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=81, 74, 78, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=77, 67, 75, 42)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=70, 61, 73, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=70, 60, 72, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 50, 64, 31)
Placebo+ Metformin	13.99	-0.09	0.03	0.00	0.01	-0.16	-0.05	-0.02	-0.01	-0.09	-0.12	-0.23	-0.24	-0.18	-0.17	-0.12	-0.07	-0.26	-0.25	-0.34	-0.26	-0.28	-0.45	-0.57	-0.51	-0.53	-0.53	-0.75
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	14.18	-0.18	-0.09	-0.07	-0.02	-0.16	0.03	-0.10	-0.10	-0.19	-0.10	-0.25	-0.25	-0.22	-0.19	-0.13	-0.17	-0.26	-0.32	-0.27	-0.36	-0.39	-0.42	-0.47	-0.53	-0.46	-0.47	-0.49
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	14.06	-0.08	-0.07	-0.06	-0.07	-0.16	-0.05	-0.15	-0.12	-0.24	-0.16	-0.21	-0.23	-0.19	-0.17	-0.22	-0.10	-0.27	-0.22	-0.36	-0.26	-0.40	-0.49	-0.59	-0.49	-0.62	-0.60	-0.62
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	14.18	-0.18	-0.15	-0.15	-0.07	-0.17	-0.11	-0.20	-0.13	-0.28	-0.23	-0.33	-0.30	-0.29	-0.29	-0.22	-0.28	-0.31	-0.38	-0.40	-0.26	-0.41	-0.45	-0.56	-0.58	-0.81	-0.82	-0.87

Intervention	10^9 c/L (Mean)
	Baseline (Week 0) (n=192, 189, 181, 178)	Change from BL at Week 2 (n=179, 168, 167, 166)	Change from BL at Week 4 (n=176, 172, 168, 164)	Change from BL at Week 6 (n=171, 171, 164, 157)	Change from BL at Week 8 (n=172, 170, 162, 151)	Change from BL at Week 10 (n=147, 132, 137, 129)	Change from BL at Week 12 (n=170, 165, 157, 141)	Change from BL at Week 14 (n=153, 149, 145, 133)	Change from BL at Week 16 (n=166, 161, 156, 133)	Change from BL at Week 18 (n=152, 155, 147, 139)	Change from BL at Week 20 (n=160, 151, 153, 144)	Change from BL at Week 22 (n=151, 148, 142, 134)	Change from BL at Week 24 (n=158, 153, 156, 135)	Change from BL at Week 30 (n=157, 153, 148, 130)	Change from BL at Week 37 (n=149, 142, 139, 120)	Change from BL at Week 50 (n=151, 141, 143, 120)	Change from BL at Week 63 (n=147, 132, 137, 115)	Change from BL at Week 76 (n=132, 124, 130, 92)	Change from BL at Week 89 (n=122, 111, 122, 84)	Change from BL at Week 102 (n=107, 103, 110, 69)	Change from BL at Week 115 (n=99, 93, 98, 57)	Change from BL at Week 128 (n=91, 84, 88, 51)	Change from BL at Week 141 (n=83, 77, 84, 47)	Change from BL at Week 154 (n=79, 70, 77, 45)	Change from BL at Week 167 (n=75, 64, 74, 41)	Change from BL at Week 180 (n=68, 60, 71, 41)	Change from BL at Week 193 (n=67, 57, 68, 40)	Change from BL at Week 206 (n=61, 49, 64, 31)
Placebo+ Metformin	261.0	13.7	11.1	12.0	8.5	11.5	8.2	7.5	7.4	8.5	6.8	4.1	-2.3	2.0	-2.3	-6.4	-4.7	4.7	13.6	6.1	7.0	4.5	12.0	12.5	13.8	8.9	12.2	9.8
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	258.7	6.5	5.1	5.1	4.9	0.5	4.8	2.5	-0.0	5.2	-1.7	-1.7	-2.0	-0.8	-11.9	-9.0	0.1	-2.6	1.4	3.3	1.2	2.2	1.1	-1.8	-1.9	-8.3	-8.5	-4.7
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	265.5	8.4	11.3	8.7	6.7	4.7	6.8	6.1	5.3	5.6	4.9	3.5	0.6	-0.1	-2.6	-3.2	2.6	0.1	9.1	0.3	1.1	5.7	9.2	8.0	10.1	-2.7	1.3	-0.7
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	256.2	9.8	11.8	8.5	7.5	8.5	9.3	7.4	7.1	3.0	7.0	9.7	3.5	3.6	-4.1	-2.4	3.5	4.0	8.6	6.1	4.2	3.2	6.5	9.4	3.2	-1.2	-2.9	1.5

Intervention	participants (Number)
	At Least 1 AE	At Least 1 Related AE	Deaths	At Least 1 SAE	At Least 1 Related SAE	Discontinuations Due to SAEs	Discontinuations Due to AEs
Placebo+ Metformin	142	56	2	15	1	0	9
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	161	65	1	22	1	6	13
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	177	53	1	23	0	4	11
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	155	57	0	27	3	6	18

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Hemoglobin < 8 g/dL (n=189, 190, 181, 179)	Hematocrit < 0.75 x pre-Rx (n=189, 190, 181, 179)	Platelets < 50 x 10^9 c/L (n=189, 188, 181, 178)	Platelets > 1.5 x ULN (n=189, 188, 181, 178)	Leukocytes < 2 x 1000 c/µL (n=189, 190, 181, 179)	Neutrophils+Bands <1x1000 c/µL (n=189,190,181,179)	Eosinophils >0.9x1000 c/µL (n=189, 190, 181, 179)	Lymphocytes <=0.75x1000 c/µL (n=189,190,181,179)	ALP >3 x pre-Rx and >ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	ALP >1.5 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	AST >3 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	AST >5 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	AST >10 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	AST >20 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	ALT >3 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	ALT >5 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	ALT >10 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	ALT >20 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	Bilirubin Total >2mg/dL (n=190,190,181,179)	Bilirubin Total >1.5xULN (n=190,190,181,179)	Bilirubin Total >2xULN (n=190,190,181,179)	BUN >2 x pre-Rx and >ULN (n=190,190,181,179)	Creatinine >2.5 mg/dL (n=190,190,181,179)	Glucose, Serum Fasting < 50 mg/dL (n=0, 0, 0, 0)	Glucose, Serum Fasting > 500 mg/dL (n=0, 0, 0, 0)	Glucose, Serum Unspec. < 50 mg/dL (n=0,0,0,0)	Glucose, Serum Unspec. > 500 mg/dL (n=0,0,0,0)	Glucose, Plasma Fasting<50mg/dL(n=189,189,181,179)	Glucose,Plasma Fasting>500mg/dL(n=189,189,181,179)	Glucose, Plasma Unspec.<50mg/dL(n=192,191,181,179)	Glucose,Plasma Unspec.>500mg/dL(n=192,191,181,179)	Sodium,Serum Low (*) (n=190,190,181,179)	Sodium,Serum High (*) (n=190,190,181,179)	Potassium, Serum Low (*) (n=190,190,181,179)	Potassium, Serum High (n=190,190,181,179)	Chloride < 90 mEq/L (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	Chloride > 120 mEq/L (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	Albumin < 0.9 LLN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	Creatine Kinase > 5 x ULN (n=190, 190, 181, 179)	Uric Acid > 1.5 x ULN (n=0, 0, 0, 0)	Protein Urine, >=2-4 (n=187, 189, 180, 178)	Blood Urine, >=2-4 (n=187, 189, 180, 178)	Red Blood Cells Urine >=2-4 (n=175,176,162,166)	White Blood Cells Urine >=2-4 (n=175,176,162,166)
Placebo+ Metformin	0	2	0	1	0	1	9	2	0	3	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	9	1	0	0	0	0	3	0	9	1	1	0	1	7	0	0	0	1	0	12	13	20	28
Saxagliptin 10 mg + Metformin	1	5	0	4	0	0	18	4	0	1	3	1	0	0	4	1	0	0	0	0	0	6	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	9	1	4	1	1	5	3	0	0	3	0	13	18	22	26
Saxagliptin 2.5 mg + Metformin	1	2	0	0	0	1	12	3	0	3	6	1	0	0	4	1	1	0	2	2	0	12	1	0	0	0	0	2	0	19	1	1	0	0	4	2	1	1	1	0	7	17	28	43
Saxagliptin 5 mg + Metformin	1	5	0	0	0	1	12	4	0	1	1	0	0	0	4	0	0	0	1	1	1	9	1	0	0	0	0	3	0	7	1	2	0	1	5	3	0	0	2	0	9	21	27	38

Intervention	umol/kg/min (Mean)
Healthy Controls	62.9
Patients With PAD	48.6
PAD (Excluding Diabetes)	49.5

Intervention	mU/(liter x min) (Mean)
Aim 2: PCOS + SDB With CPAP	1614
Aim 2: Matched Controls With CPAP	722

Intervention	mU/(liter x min) (Mean)
Aim 2: PCOS + SDB With CPAP	1711
Aim 2: Matched Controls With CPAP	695

pioglitazone

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (147)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Effects

Actions

Treatment

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (10)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (34)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (225)

Molecular Functions (93)

Ceullar Components (45)

Bioassays (585)

Research

Studies (4,197)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 110.31

Study Types

Clinical Trials (465)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

First Occurrence of MCE or Revascularization or Hospitalization for Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) in Lipid Trial.

First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Blood Pressure Trial.

First Occurrence of Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE) in the Lipid Trial.

Stroke in the Blood Pressure Trial.

Death From Any Cause in the Glycemia Trial.

First Occurrence of a Major Cardiovascular Event (MCE); Specifically Nonfatal Heart Attack, Nonfatal Stroke, or Cardiovascular Death (Measured Throughout the Study) in the Glycemia Trial.

Number of Patients With Improvement in Liver Histology

Number of Patients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance After Treatment

Mean Increase of Insulin Sensitivity Index

Mean BMI Change

Average Increase in Weight After Treatment

Number of Participants With Improvement in Fibrosis

Number of Participants With Resolution of Definite Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis

Number of Participants With Improvement in Steatosis

Number of Participants With Improvement in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) Activity Defined by Change in Standardized Scoring of Liver Biopsies at Baseline and After 96 Weeks of Treatment.

Number of Participants With Improvement in Lobular Inflammation

Number of Participants With Improvement in Hepatocellular Ballooning

Change From Baseline in FPG (Fasting Plasma Glucose) at Week 24

Change From Baseline in HbA1c (Hemoglobin A1C) at Week 24

Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1C (A1C) at Week 24

Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24

Change From Baseline in 2-hour Post-meal Glucose (PMG) at Week 24

Composite Outcome of Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, Fatal or Non-fatal MI or Episode of Serious Congestive Heart Failure

Acute Coronary Syndrome

All Cause Mortality

Recurrent Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke, or Fatal or Non-fatal Myocardial Infarction

Fatal or Non-fatal Stroke Alone

Development of Overt Diabetes

Decline in Cognitive Status

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 54

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 18

Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 18

Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 54

Patients' Overall Response

Patients' Histological (Tissue) Response

Patients' Clinical Response

Change From Baseline in FPG at Week 24

Change From Baseline in A1C at Week 24

Percentage of Participants Achieving Therapeutic Glycemic Response (A1C < 7.0%) at Week 24

Confirmed Hypoglycemia During the ST + LT Treatment Period

All Reported Hypoglycemic Adverse Events During the ST + LT Treatment Period

Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Neutrophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period

Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Lymphocyte Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period

Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Eosinophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period

Baseline and Changes From Baseline in Absolute Basophil Counts (x 10^3 c/µL) During the ST + LT Period

Baseline and Change From Baseline in Hemoglobin A1c (A1C) at Week 24

Baseline and Change From Baseline in Fasting Plasma Glucose (FPG) at Week 24

Intervention	nanogram/milliliter (Mean)
Aim 2: PCOS + SDB With CPAP	65.8
Aim 2: Matched Controls With CPAP	57.4

Intervention	nanogram/milliliter (Mean)
Aim 2: PCOS + SDB With CPAP	67.6
Aim 2: Matched Controls With CPAP	56.9

Intervention	Percent volume (Least Squares Mean)
	Baseline	Nominal Change from Baseline
Glimepiride QD	217.619	-1.480
Pioglitazone QD	206.579	-5.528

Intervention	Number of Events (Number)
	Nonfatal Myocardial Infarction	Nonfatal Stroke	Coronary Revascularization: PCI/CABG counted once	Coronary Revascularization: PCI	Coronary Revascularization: CABG	Carotid Endarterectomy/Stenting	Hospitalization for Unstable Angina	CHF Hospitalization: new/exacerbated counted once	Hospitalization for New CHF	Hospitalization for Exacerbated CHF	Noncardiovascular Mortality	Cardiovascular Mortality	Composite Endpoint A	Composite Endpoint B	Composite Endpoint C
Glimepiride QD	4	1	30	28	2	0	2	5	2	3	1	1	6	41	13
Pioglitazone QD	2	0	29	25	5	1	4	4	4	0	0	3	5	40	11

Intervention	kg (Mean)
Metfomin and Insulin	107.7
Metformin, Pioglitazone and Glyburide	107.9

Intervention	mg/dL (Mean)
Metfomin & Insulin	399.0
Metfomin, Pioglitazone & Glyburide	395.4

Intervention	IU/L (Mean)
Metfomin & Insulin	13.9
Metfomin, Pioglitazone & Glyburide	16.7

Intervention	ng*min/mL (Mean)
Metformin & Insulin	2096
Metformin, GLyburide & Pioglitazone	1725

Intervention	index (Mean)
Metfomin & Insulin	3.12
Metfomin, Pioglitazone & Glyburide	2.45

Intervention	percentage of Glycosylated Hemoglobin (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo	-0.19
Alogliptin 12.5 mg QD	-0.66
Alogliptin 25 mg QD	-0.80