Compounds > lobendazole
Page last updated: 2024-12-06

lobendazole

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth Market Indicators

Lobendazole is an anthelmintic drug that targets the microtubules of parasitic worms, disrupting their metabolism and growth. Its synthesis involves a multi-step process starting from commercially available starting materials. Lobendazole has shown effectiveness against various parasitic infections, including intestinal hookworms, whipworms, and roundworms, making it an important treatment option in endemic areas. It is studied extensively due to its potential for combating neglected tropical diseases and its efficacy in controlling parasitic infestations in both humans and animals. Lobendazole's safety profile is generally considered favorable, with minimal side effects reported.'

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID22752
CHEMBL ID2105088
CHEBI ID92287
SCHEMBL ID205437
MeSH IDM0177009

Synonyms (78)

Synonym
CHEMDIVAM_000121
2-[(ethoxycarbonyl)amino]benzimidazole
2-carboethoxyaminobenzimidazole
n-(2'-benzimidazolyl)-urethane
nsc-42044
ethyl 2-benzimidazolecarbamate
ethyl 1h-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate
sk&f 24529
2-benzimidazolecarbamic acid, ethyl ester
6306-71-4
ethyl 2-benzimidazolylcarbamate
benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate ethyl ester
.delta.2, ethyl ester
lobendazole
lobendazole, ethyl ester
ethyl n-(2-benzimidazolyl)carbamate
n-(2-benzimidazolyl)carbamic acid ethyl ester
skf 24529
nsc42044
carbamic acid, 1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-,ethyl ester
skf24529
ethyl n-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamate
benzimidazole carbamate d'ethyle [french]
lobendazolum [inn-latin]
carbamic acid, (2-benzimidazolyl)-, ethyl ester
ethyl 1h-benzimidazolylcarbamate
lobendazol [inn-spanish]
nsc 42044
delta2,n-benzimidazolinecarbamic acid, ethyl ester
ethyl benzimidazolecarbamate
2-((ethoxycarbonyl)amino)benzimidazole
g 756
lobendazole [usan:inn]
carbamic acid, 1h-benzimidazol-2-yl-, ethyl ester
CHEMDIV1_000153
lobendazole (usan/inn)
D04754
HMS2093J17
HMS587G21
AKOS000538793
nsc759134
nsc-759134
pharmakon1600-01505440
CCG-103228
unii-cmf6z78swl
cmf6z78swl ,
lobendazolum
benzimidazole carbamate d'ethyle
lobendazol
F0348-2711
ethyl (1h-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate
CHEMBL2105088
BRD-K15834839-001-01-5
lobendazole [usan]
sk&f-24529
lobendazole [inn]
SCHEMBL205437
smr000069102
MLS006011651
ethyl n-(1h-1,3-benzodiazol-2-yl)carbamate
AB00275634_02
DTXSID70212390
n-(1h-benzimidazol-2-yl)carbamic acid ethyl ester
sr-05000002015
SR-05000002015-1
CHEBI:92287
SBI-0206847.P001
cbdz-m
NCGC00263896-03
Q27164045
ethyl(1h-benzo[d]imidazol-2-yl)carbamate
(r)-piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylic acid1-benzylester
ethyl 1h-benzo[d]imidazol-2-ylcarbamate
nsc764935
nsc-764935
EN300-265749
CS-0013074
HY-B1313

Research Excerpts

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (2)

ClassDescription
benzimidazolesAn organic heterocyclic compound containing a benzene ring fused to an imidazole ring.
carbamate esterAny ester of carbamic acid or its N-substituted derivatives.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (7)

Potency Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverage (µ)Min (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
cytochrome P450 family 3 subfamily A polypeptide 4Homo sapiens (human)Potency30.11160.01237.983543.2770AID1645841
GVesicular stomatitis virusPotency16.93300.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2D6Homo sapiens (human)Potency3.79080.00108.379861.1304AID1645840
Interferon betaHomo sapiens (human)Potency16.93300.00339.158239.8107AID1645842
HLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.93300.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
Inositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)Potency16.93300.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
cytochrome P450 2C9, partialHomo sapiens (human)Potency16.93300.01238.964839.8107AID1645842
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (45)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway via JAK-STATInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagyInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-serine phosphorylation of STAT proteinInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to interferon-betaInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell proliferationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of viral genome replicationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of innate immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
regulation of MHC class I biosynthetic processInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase IIInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
defense response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon-mediated signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
neuron cellular homeostasisInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cellular response to virusInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of Lewy body formationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of T-helper 2 cell cytokine productionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic signaling pathwayInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
response to exogenous dsRNAInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
B cell differentiationInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
natural killer cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
T cell activation involved in immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
humoral immune responseInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of T cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
adaptive immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class I via ER pathway, TAP-independentHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of T cell anergyHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
defense responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
detection of bacteriumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-12 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of interleukin-6 productionHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protection from natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicityHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
innate immune responseHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of dendritic cell differentiationHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
antigen processing and presentation of endogenous peptide antigen via MHC class IbHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate metabolic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesisInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol phosphate biosynthetic processInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (18)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
cytokine activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
cytokine receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
type I interferon receptor bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
chloramphenicol O-acetyltransferase activityInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
peptide antigen bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
TAP bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone bindingHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
inositol-1,3,4,5,6-pentakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol heptakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 1-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol hexakisphosphate 3-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol 5-diphosphate pentakisphosphate 5-kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
inositol diphosphate tetrakisphosphate kinase activityInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (22)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
extracellular regionInterferon betaHomo sapiens (human)
Golgi membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulumHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatusHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
cell surfaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
ER to Golgi transport vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
secretory granule membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
phagocytic vesicle membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
early endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
recycling endosome membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
lumenal side of endoplasmic reticulum membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
MHC class I protein complexHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular spaceHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
external side of plasma membraneHLA class I histocompatibility antigen, B alpha chain Homo sapiens (human)
fibrillar centerInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleusInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmInositol hexakisphosphate kinase 1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (12)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1761175Giardicidal activity against Giardia intestinalis WB ATCC 30957 incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761179Giardicidal activity against nitazoxanide-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761178Giardicidal activity against albendazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761181Potency index, ratio of albendazole IC50 to test compound IC50 for Giardicidal activity against nitazoxanide resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761182Potency index, ratio of nitazoxanide IC50 to test compound IC50 for Giardicidal activity against nitazoxanide-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761176Giardicidal activity against metronidazole-resistant Giardia intestinalis incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1761177Giardicidal activity against Giardia intestinalis IMSS isolate incubated for 48 hrs by hemocytometric counting method2021European journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-05, Volume: 211The giardicidal activity of lobendazole, fabomotizole, tenatoprazole and ipriflavone: A ligand-based virtual screening and in vitro study.
AID1347159Primary screen GU Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1296008Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening2020SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1
Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1346987P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen2019Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5
A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1347160Primary screen NINDS Rhodamine qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors2020Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49
Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (5)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19900 (0.00)18.7374
1990's1 (20.00)18.2507
2000's0 (0.00)29.6817
2010's1 (20.00)24.3611
2020's3 (60.00)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 12.66

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index12.66 (24.57)
Research Supply Index1.79 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.45 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (12.66)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials0 (0.00%)5.53%
Reviews0 (0.00%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other5 (100.00%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
carbamates
[no description available]		2.4320amino-acid anion
albendazole
[no description available]		2.3110aryl sulfide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		anthelminthic drug;
microtubule-destabilising agent;
tubulin modulator
ipriflavone
ipriflavone : A member of the class of isoflavones that is isoflavone in which the hydrogen at position 7 is replaced by an isopropoxy group. A synthetic isoflavone, it was formerly used for the treatment of osteoporosis, although a randomised controlled study failed to show any benefit. It is still used to prevent osteoporosis in post-menopausal women.		7.3110aromatic ether;
isoflavones		bone density conservation agent
metronidazole
Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.		2.3110C-nitro compound;
imidazoles;
primary alcohol		antiamoebic agent;
antibacterial drug;
antimicrobial agent;
antiparasitic agent;
antitrichomonal drug;
environmental contaminant;
prodrug;
radiosensitizing agent;
xenobiotic
omeprazole
Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.		2.3110aromatic ether;
benzimidazoles;
pyridines;
sulfoxide
carbendazim
carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.		2.3110benzimidazole fungicide;
benzimidazoles;
benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide;
carbamate ester		antifungal agrochemical;
antinematodal drug;
metabolite;
microtubule-destabilising agent
nitazoxanide
nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug		2.3110benzamides;
carboxylic ester
tenatoprazole
Tenatoprazole: structure in first source		7.3110imidazopyridine
thiophanate
Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.		1.9710benzimidazole precursor fungicide;
carbamate ester;
carbamate fungicide;
thioureas		antifungal drug
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Congenital Zika Syndrome
[description not available]		02.2510
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.2510
Zika Virus Infection
A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.		02.2510
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		01.9710
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		01.9710