Compounds > carbamazepine epoxide
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carbamazepine epoxide

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Description

carbamazepine epoxide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to unlabeled cpd [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide : An epoxide and metabolite of carbamazepine. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID2555
CHEMBL ID1258
CHEBI ID3388
SCHEMBL ID156675
MeSH IDM0059135

Synonyms (46)

Synonym
gp 49-023
brn 1219988
6h-dibenz(b,f)oxiren(d)azepine-6-carboxamide, 1a,10b-dihydro-
carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide
carbamazepine-10,11-trans-dihydrodiol
1a,10b-dihydro-6h-dibenz(b,f)oxiren(d)azepine-6-carboxamide
10,11-epoxycarbamazepine
carbamazepine 10,11-oxide
carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide
C07496
carbamazepine epoxide
36507-30-9
chebi:3388 ,
CHEMBL1258
1a,10b-dihydro-6h-dibenzo[b,f]oxireno[d]azepine-6-carboxamide
qc9505f279 ,
unii-qc9505f279
10,11-dihydro-10,11-epoxycarbamazepine
FT-0639322
bdbm50446047
gp-49-023
6h-dibenz(b,f)oxireno(d)azepine-6-carboxamide, 1a,10b-dihydro-
10,11-dihydro-5h-dibenz(b,f)azepine-5-carboxamide 10,11-epoxide
cbz-e
1ah-dibenzo[b,f]oxireno[2,3-d]azepine-6(10bh)-carboxamide
SCHEMBL156675
1a,10b-dihydro-6h-dibenzo[b,f]oxireno[2,3-d]azepine-6-carboxamide #
6h-dibenz[b,f]oxireno[d]azepine-6-carboxamide, 1a,10b-dihydro-
ZRWWEEVEIOGMMT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
1a,10b-dihydro-6h-dibenz(b,f)oxireno(d)azepine-6-carboxamide
3-oxa-11-azatetracyclo[10.4.0.02,4.05,10]hexadeca-1(16),5,7,9,12,14-hexaene-11-carboxamide
carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide, analytical standard
AKOS027327549
1a,10b-dihydro-6h-dibenzo[b,f]oxireno[2,3-d]azepine-6-carboxamide
mfcd00467137
carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide 1.0 mg/ml in acetonitrile
carbamazepine10,11-epoxide
DTXSID60891456
DS-11818
Q27106058
3-(4-bromo-3,5-dimethyl-pyrazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzoicacid
3-oxa-11-azatetracyclo[10.4.0.0^{2,4.0^{5,10]hexadeca-1(16),5,7,9,12,14-hexaene-11-carboxamide
HY-W013378
CS-W014094
carbamazepin-10,11-epoxide
carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide 100 microg/ml in acetonitrile

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"We evaluated the efficacy, development of adverse effects, and possible correlation between the plasma concentration of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its major metabolite, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E), in a group of epileptic patients in whom selective increases in CBZ doses were made."( Carbamazepine and its epoxide: an open study of efficacy and side effects after carbamazepine dose increment in refractory partial epilepsy.
Baulac, M; Gimenez, F; Laplane, D; Longer, E; Semah, F; Thuillier, A, 1994)		0.29
"05) change in the serum concentrations of either CBZ or its epoxide metabolite when LTG was added either to the group as a whole or to the nine patients who experienced adverse CNS effects."( Carbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction?
Berry, DJ; Besag, FM; Newbery, JE; Pool, F; Subel, B, 1998)		0.3

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" The two formulations, therefore, have a similar pharmacokinetic profile and could be used interchangeably in the management of patients with epilepsy."( A comparative pharmacokinetic study of conventional and chewable carbamazepine in epileptic patients.
Patsalos, PN, 1990)		0.28
" Therefore, the present study was undertaken in order to develop a pharmacokinetic model to predict the behavior of EPO in the body after administration of CBZ."( Pharmacokinetic study of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite in humans.
Kaneniwa, N; Sumi, M; Umezawa, O; Watari, N, 1987)		0.27
" Some other pharmacokinetic aspects which could be useful in extrapolating to the amount and time of ingestion of the overdose are discussed."( Pharmacokinetic aspects of carbamazepine and its two major metabolites in plasma during overdosage.
Aucamp, AK; Hundt, HK; Müller, FO, 1983)		0.27
"We studied the steady-state pharmacokinetic profile of topiramate (TPM) as a function of dose and the effects of comedication with carbamazepine (CBZ)."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and carbamazepine in patients with epilepsy during monotherapy and concomitant therapy.
Doose, DR; Kramer, LD; Nayak, RK; Sachdeo, RC; Sachdeo, SK; Walker, SA, 1996)		0.29
" Adjusting the CBZ dose for pharmacokinetic reasons when TPM is administered as adjunctive treatment does not appear to be necessary."( Steady-state pharmacokinetics of topiramate and carbamazepine in patients with epilepsy during monotherapy and concomitant therapy.
Doose, DR; Kramer, LD; Nayak, RK; Sachdeo, RC; Sachdeo, SK; Walker, SA, 1996)		0.29
" Following multiple dosing, the LSM was developed from a training data set of 10 subjects using the steady state Cmin (plasma concentration obtained 5 min before the last CBZ-SR dose)."( A limited sampling method for the estimation of AUC and Cmax of carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide following a single and multiple dose of a sustained-release product.
Chamberlin, N; Mahmood, I, 1998)		0.53
"The model provided good estimates of AUC and Cmax for CBZ and CBZE."( A limited sampling method for the estimation of AUC and Cmax of carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide following a single and multiple dose of a sustained-release product.
Chamberlin, N; Mahmood, I, 1998)		0.53
"The method described here may be used to estimate AUC and Cmax for CBZ and CBZE without detailed pharmacokinetic studies following single or multiple dose of CBZ."( A limited sampling method for the estimation of AUC and Cmax of carbamazepine and carbamazepine epoxide following a single and multiple dose of a sustained-release product.
Chamberlin, N; Mahmood, I, 1998)		0.53
"To determine whether the toxicity that occurs in some patients when lamotrigine (LTG) is added to carbamazepine (CBZ) is the result of either a pharmacokinetic or a pharmacodynamic interaction."( Carbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction?
Berry, DJ; Besag, FM; Newbery, JE; Pool, F; Subel, B, 1998)		0.3
" This appears to be the result of a pharmacodynamic interaction."( Carbamazepine toxicity with lamotrigine: pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interaction?
Berry, DJ; Besag, FM; Newbery, JE; Pool, F; Subel, B, 1998)		0.3
" A linear pharmacokinetic model which describes clearances of parent and metabolite is developed."( A partial area difference analysis for estimating elimination rate constants and distribution volumes of metabolites.
Riad, LE; Sawchuk, RJ, 1998)		0.3
" We compared carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameter values before and after St John's Wort with a paired Student t test."( Lack of effect of St John's Wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Alfaro, RM; Burstein, AH; Dunn, T; Horton, RL; Piscitelli, SC; Theodore, W, 2000)		0.31
"We found no significant differences before or after the administration of St John's Wort in carbamazepine peak concentration (7."( Lack of effect of St John's Wort on carbamazepine pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers.
Alfaro, RM; Burstein, AH; Dunn, T; Horton, RL; Piscitelli, SC; Theodore, W, 2000)		0.31
" Concurrent administration of LTG with CBZ did not have any significant effect on the pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ."( Effect of lamotrigine on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its active metabolite in dogs.
Al-Hassan, MI; Al-Khamis, KI; Bawazir, SA; Matar, KM; Nicholls, PJ, )		0.13
" The fitted pharmacokinetic parameters of CBZ and CBZ-E were generally consistent with published values from previous studies."( Reanalysis of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide pharmacokinetics after multiple dosing of extended release formulation.
Dechasathian, S; Konsil, J; Mason, DH; Stevens, RE, )		0.13
" The aim of the present work was to study the pharmacokinetic behavior of this group of women during steady state."( Pharmacokinetic study of carbamazepine and its carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide metabolite in a group of female epileptic patients under chronic treatment.
Amancio, O; Belmont, A; Campos, MG; Heinze, G; Jaimes, O; López, G; Moreno, J; Pérez, P; Santos, JA, )		0.13
" Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by statistical moment method after obtaining serum concentrations."( Pharmacokinetic study of carbamazepine and its carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide metabolite in a group of female epileptic patients under chronic treatment.
Amancio, O; Belmont, A; Campos, MG; Heinze, G; Jaimes, O; López, G; Moreno, J; Pérez, P; Santos, JA, )		0.13
"The schedule we suggest for therapeutic monitoring of serum concentrations of CBZ in chronic treatments is 3 h for maximum peak concentration of C(max) after dose administration and for minimum peak concentration, C(min) prior to subsequent administration of the dose."( Pharmacokinetic study of carbamazepine and its carbamazepine 10,11-epoxide metabolite in a group of female epileptic patients under chronic treatment.
Amancio, O; Belmont, A; Campos, MG; Heinze, G; Jaimes, O; López, G; Moreno, J; Pérez, P; Santos, JA, )		0.13
"To develop a population pharmacokinetic model to evaluate the effects of variety of covariates on clearance of carbamazepine (CBZ) and its main metabolite carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZE) in Chinese population."( Population pharmacokinetic modeling of steady state clearance of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite from sparse routine clinical data.
Jiao, Z; Shi, XJ; Zhao, ZG; Zhong, MK, 2004)		0.32
" Two hundred and thirty-four patients, and 1254 and 1251 plasma concentrations for delavirdine and N-delavirdine, respectively, were available for population pharmacokinetic analysis."( Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals.
Dicenzo, R; DiFrancesco, R; Fischl, M; Forrest, A; Friedland, G; Morse, GD; Para, M; Pollard, R; Shelton, M; Smith, PF, 2005)		0.33
" Mean (%CV) population pharmacokinetic parameter estimates for delavirdine were: volume of distribution at steady state 67."( Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals.
Dicenzo, R; DiFrancesco, R; Fischl, M; Forrest, A; Friedland, G; Morse, GD; Para, M; Pollard, R; Shelton, M; Smith, PF, 2005)		0.33
"Delavirdine disposition exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics and large interpatient variability, and is significantly altered by time of day (impacting potential therapeutic drug monitoring and future pharmacokinetic study designs)."( Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals.
Dicenzo, R; DiFrancesco, R; Fischl, M; Forrest, A; Friedland, G; Morse, GD; Para, M; Pollard, R; Shelton, M; Smith, PF, 2005)		0.33
" In summary, a 2-way pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and carbamazepine was demonstrated in this study."( Pharmacokinetic interaction between efavirenz and carbamazepine after multiple-dose administration in healthy subjects.
Damle, B; Grasela, DM; Ji, P; Kaul, S; Unger, SE; Xie, J, 2008)		0.35
"CBZ and CBZE time-concentration profiles in various scenarios were generated based on a population pharmacokinetic study in Chinese epilepsy patients using Monte Carlo simulation."( The effect of poor compliance on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite using Monte Carlo simulation.
Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Wang, Y; Zhang, YJ, 2012)		0.38
" Our methodology allowed for a precise pharmacokinetic assessment of clearance based on total quantity of parent drug and active metabolite removed."( Carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide clearance measurements during continuous venovenous hemofiltration in a massive overdose.
Kearney, T; Petrie, MS; Smollin, CG, 2016)		0.43
" Plasma samples had been collected and analyzed for CBZ and CBZE, then their noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters before and after CBD administration were determined."( The effect of cannabidiol on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine in rats.
Darweesh, RS; El-Elimat, T; Khamis, TN, 2020)		0.56

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"Steady state carbamazepine (CBZ) plasma concentrations were similar in 15 epileptics receiving monotherapy and in 24 patients taking CBZ in combination with one other anticonvulsant."( Carbamazepine 10, 11 epoxide concentrations in epileptics on carbamazepine alone and in combination with other anticonvulsants.
Brodie, MJ; Forrest, G; Rapeport, WG, 1983)		0.27
" In addition, carbamazepine and carbamazepine 10, 11-epoxide concentrations were determined using a reference liquid chromatography combined with a tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) reference method in another 15 specimens."( Effect of Carbamazepine 10, 11-Epoxide on Serum Carbamazepine Measurement Using a New CMIA Assay: Comparison of Values Obtained by Using PETINIA, CEDIA and Liquid Chromatography Combined with Tandem Mass Spectrometry.
Dasgupta, A; Davis, B; Johnson-Davis, KL; Slawson, MH, 2016)		0.43

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"The in-vitro dissolution profiles of two carbamazepine formulations (Tegretol and a generic carbamazepine) have been assessed and the bioavailability of carbamazepine compared in 12 epileptic children at steady-state."( Dissolution and relative bioavailability of two carbamazepine preparations for children with epilepsy.
Aleksandrowicz, J; Bowmer, CJ; Cawood, A; Forsythe, WI; Hartley, R, 1991)		0.28
" No significant changes were determined for fraction of absorbed dose, volume of distribution, absorption rate constant, and elimination rate constant."( Increased carbamazepine plasma concentrations after fluoxetine coadministration.
Carter, JG; D'Mello, AP; D'Souza, MJ; Grimsley, SR; Jann, MW, 1991)		0.28
" The bioavailability of CBZ from the two preparations was similar."( Treatment of epilepsy in mentally retarded patients with a slow-release carbamazepine preparation.
Anttila, M; Heinonen, E; Kaski, M; Sivenius, J; Tuominen, J, 1991)		0.28
" Mean concentration values also differed significantly, which is explained by a somewhat reduced bioavailability (22% less) of the slow-release formulation."( Diurnal variation of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in plasma and saliva in children with epilepsy: a comparison between conventional and slow-release formulations.
Arvidsson, J; Eeg-Olofsson, O; Grahn, PA; Gylje, H; Larsson, C; Nilsson, HL; Norén, L; Tonnby, B, 1990)		0.28
"The relative bioavailability of carbamazepine mixture was studied after oral and rectal administration to healthy subjects."( Bioavailability of rectally administered carbamazepine mixture.
Neuvonen, PJ; Tokola, O, 1987)		0.27
" Most oral formulations of carbamazepine are well absorbed with high bioavailability."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. An update.
Bertilsson, L; Tomson, T, )		0.13
"A comparative bioavailability study of carbamazepine (CBZ) in tablets and a syrup preparation was carried out in six volunteers, using a crossover design."( Simultaneous plasma carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide concentrations in pharmacokinetic and bioavailability studies.
Dickinson, RG; Eadie, MJ; Hooper, WD; King, AR; Patterson, M, 1985)		0.27
" An antacid did not affect the bioavailability of single CBZ doses given to three subjects and was therefore used to neutralize gastric juice when administering CBZ-E."( Single-dose kinetics and metabolism of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide.
Bertilsson, L; Tomson, T; Tybring, G, 1983)		0.27
" Accordingly, carbamazepine had a more rapid absorption rate from F-CBZ, DAK than from Tegretol in a comparative absorption test involving single-dose administration of 200 mg to 8 healthy volunteers."( Carbamazepine: a clinical biopharmaceutical study.
Christiansen, J; Dam, M; Helles, A; Jaegerskou, A; Kristensen, CB; Schmiegelow, M, 1981)		0.26
" In rectal-resected rabbits, the bioavailability of CBZ and the plasma level of CBZ-E after rectal administration were significantly lower than those in normal rabbits, and furthermore these values after intracolostomal administration to colostoma-constructed rabbits tended to be lower than those in rectal-resected ones."( Decreased bioavailability of carbamazepine suppository after its intrarectal and intracolostomal administration to rectal-resected or colostoma-constructed rabbits.
Fujimoto, S; Kintsuji, S; Nagasawa, K; Nakanishi, H; Yamamoto, R, 2002)		0.31
" In conclusion, berberine produced a dose-dependent increased bioavailability of digoxin and cyclosporine A by inhibition of intestinal P-gp."( Effect of berberine on the pharmacokinetics of substrates of CYP3A and P-gp.
Jiang, XH; Jin, JX; Ju, Y; Liu, CX; Qiu, W, 2009)		0.35
" Moreover, the impact of body weight, absorption rate and co-therapy with other antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid) on the dosage recommendation was investigated in the event of poor compliance."( The effect of poor compliance on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite using Monte Carlo simulation.
Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Wang, Y; Zhang, YJ, 2012)		0.38
" Patient body weight, absorption rate and co-therapy with phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid had no significant impact on the dose recommendation."( The effect of poor compliance on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite using Monte Carlo simulation.
Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Wang, Y; Zhang, YJ, 2012)		0.38

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
"01) in serum CBZ concentration were substantially less with CBZ-CR and were similar to those calculated during a 6 or 8 hourly dosage interval with conventional CBZ (fluctuation 33 +/- 3%, variation 42 +/- 5%)."( Monotherapy with conventional and controlled-release carbamazepine: a double-blind, double-dummy comparison in epileptic patients.
Blacklaw, J; Brodie, MJ; Butler, E; Gillham, RA; McKee, PJ, 1991)		0.28
"The inhibitory effect of stiripentol (STP) on disposition of carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZE) was quantitated to establish CBZ dosage reduction guidelines for future clinical add-on efficacy trials of STP."( Carbamazepine dose requirements during stiripentol therapy: influence of cytochrome P-450 inhibition by stiripentol.
Eddy, AC; Kerr, BM; Levy, RH; Martinez-Lage, JM; Tor, J; Viteri, C, )		0.13
" During a dosing interval, no significant differences were observed with respect to trough or peak serum concentrations of CBZ and CBZ-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E), the active metabolite."( A comparative pharmacokinetic study of conventional and chewable carbamazepine in epileptic patients.
Patsalos, PN, 1990)		0.28
" Dosing was single blind."( Carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epilepsy. A pilot study.
Almkvist, O; Bertilsson, L; Nilsson, BY; Svensson, JO; Tomson, T, 1990)		0.28
" One group (n = 6) received sodium valproate (1,100 mg/day) for 2 weeks, while the other group (n = 6) was given, for the same period, a dosage of VPM (1,200 mg/day) expected to produce VPA levels equivalent to those achieved with valproate."( Sodium valproate and valpromide: differential interactions with carbamazepine in epileptic patients.
Fazio, A; Gitto, C; Oteri, G; Perucca, E; Pisani, F; Ruello, C; Russo, F, )		0.13
" These results suggest that flurithromycin can inhibit the conversion of CBZ to CBZ-E, although, at the dosage tested, the magnitude of this effect was significantly smaller than that observed after administration of erythromycin in the same subjects."( Effect of flurithromycin, a new macrolide antibiotic, on carbamazepine disposition in normal subjects.
Amione, C; Barzaghi, N; Crema, F; Faja, A; Gatti, G; Leone, L; Monteleone, M; Perucca, E, 1988)		0.27
" In some patients, with pronounced fluctuation of plasma concentrations during the dosage interval, side effects may be avoided by more frequent dosing."( Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacological effects of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide. An update.
Bertilsson, L; Tomson, T, )		0.13
" Differences in CBZ and CBZ-E disposition between day and night dosing were minor."( Intradose and circadian variation in circulating carbamazepine and its epoxide in epileptic patients: a consequence of autoinduction of metabolism.
Brodie, MJ; Butler, E; Macphee, GJ, )		0.13
" The results demonstrate the bioequivalence of the dosage forms with respect to the extent of absorption, and similar steady-state concentrations of carbamazepine in plasma can be expected."( Bioequivalence of carbamazepine chewable and conventional tablets: single-dose and steady-state studies.
Chan, KK; Gerardin, A; Hall, NR; LeSher, AR; Redalieu, E; Sawchuk, RJ; Thompson, TA; Wagner, WE; Weeks, BJ, 1985)		0.27
" dosing schedule, total plasma levels of CBZ and CBZ-E fluctuated to a similar extent (average 34% and 29%, respectively)."( Free and total plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients: diurnal fluctuations and relationship with side effects.
Albani, F; Ambrosetto, G; Baruzzi, A; Contin, M; Cortelli, P; Gobbi, G; Perucca, E; Procaccianti, G; Riva, R, 1984)		0.27
" Relatively large fluctuations were observed for both CBZ (mean, 57%; range, 32-100%) and EP (mean, 97%; range, 19-189%) during a dosage interval."( Fluctuations in salivary carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide concentrations during the day in epileptic children.
Aman, MG; Paxton, JW; Werry, JS, 1983)		0.27
"Levels of carbamazepine and its -10,11-epoxide metabolite were measured in plasma and CSF of affectively ill patients treated only with carbamazepine for an average of 33 days at an average dosage of 1,055 mg/day."( Carbamazepine and its -10,11-epoxide metabolite in plasma and CSF. Relationship to antidepressant response.
Ballenger, JC; Bunney, WE; Chatterji, DC; Greene, RF; Post, RM; Uhde, TW, 1983)		0.27
" After dosing with CBZ-E, peak plasma concentrations of the parent compound were reached within 2 hr."( Single-dose kinetics and metabolism of carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide.
Bertilsson, L; Tomson, T; Tybring, G, 1983)		0.27
"Plasma carbamazepine (CBZ) and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide (CBZ-E) concentrations were measured in 160 epileptic patients in order to determine the effect of factors such as age, daily dosing schedule, formulation, and combination with other antiepileptic drugs on these concentrations in relation to the daily dose."( Factors influencing plasma concentrations of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic children and adults.
Bonato, PS; Campos, GM; Lanchote, VL; Rodrigues, I, 1995)		0.29
" Fifty-two children between the age of 2 weeks and 15 years were treated with CBZ (mean dosage 17 mg/kg body weight) either as mono- (n = 36) or in polytherapy (n = 16)."( The metabolization of carbamazepine to CBZ-10,11-epoxide in children from the newborn age to adolescence.
Hannak, D; Haug, C; Korinthenberg, R, 1994)		0.29
" No dosage adjustment is necessary when GBP and CBZ or VPA are coadministered."( Lack of interaction of gabapentin with carbamazepine or valproate.
Bockbrader, HN; Chang, T; Erdman, GR; Leppik, IE; Posvar, EL; Radulovic, LL; Sedman, AJ; Uthman, BM; Wilder, BJ, )		0.13
" Phenobarbital cotreatment (45 mg/kg/day) with OXC (1100 mg/kg/day) did not lead to changes in the incidence of malformation when compared with OXC (1100 mg/kg/day) dosed alone."( Teratogenicity of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide and oxcarbazepine in the SWV mouse.
Amore, BM; Bennett, GD; Finnell, RH; Kalhorn, TF; Nelson, SD; Skiles, GL; Slattery, JT; Wlodarczyk, B, 1996)		0.29
" Sectional hair analysis of a patient on a constant dosage of CBZ demonstrates an exponential decrease in hair concentrations of CBZ and CBZ-diol with increasing distance from the root, probably caused by shampooing."( High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of carbamazepine and metabolites in human hair.
Brekelmans, GJ; Edelbroek, PM; Rademaker, RV; Saris, LA; van der Linden, GJ, 1997)		0.3
" The LTG dosage was increased step by step until clinical response or side effects were observed."( No increase in carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide during addition of lamotrigine treatment in children.
Boreus, LO; Eriksson, AS, 1997)		0.3
" dosing with either Carbatrol (extended-release beads) or Tegretol-XR (an osmotic pump tablet, an Oros tablet) using compartmental method."( Reanalysis of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide pharmacokinetics after multiple dosing of extended release formulation.
Dechasathian, S; Konsil, J; Mason, DH; Stevens, RE, )		0.13
" When compared to published literature of single dose data, the investigation of CBZ and CBZ-E pharmacokinetics from this study suggested that autoinduction might occur by the fifth day of dosing and might partly contribute to the sigmoidal shape of CBZ-E profiles."( Reanalysis of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-epoxide pharmacokinetics after multiple dosing of extended release formulation.
Dechasathian, S; Konsil, J; Mason, DH; Stevens, RE, )		0.13
" Although race and sex appear to influence delavirdine pharmacokinetics, men and women and patients of different races should receive similar mg/kg dosage regimens."( Population pharmacokinetics of delavirdine and N-delavirdine in HIV-infected individuals.
Dicenzo, R; DiFrancesco, R; Fischl, M; Forrest, A; Friedland, G; Morse, GD; Para, M; Pollard, R; Shelton, M; Smith, PF, 2005)		0.33
" Daily fluctuations in serum levels of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide did not appear to be related to the dosage schedule, but some patients tended to have lower fluctuations when the carbamazepine was given more frequently."( CSF concentrations and serum protein binding of carbamazepine and carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide in epileptic patients.
Bakke, J; Gerna, M; Johannessen, SI; Morselli, PL; Strandjord, RE, 1976)		0.26
" Moreover, the impact of body weight, absorption rate and co-therapy with other antiepileptic drugs (phenytoin, phenobarbital and valproic acid) on the dosage recommendation was investigated in the event of poor compliance."( The effect of poor compliance on the pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine and its epoxide metabolite using Monte Carlo simulation.
Ding, JJ; Jiao, Z; Wang, Y; Zhang, YJ, 2012)		0.38
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (3)

RoleDescription
marine xenobiotic metaboliteAny metabolite produced by metabolism of a xenobiotic compound in marine macro- and microorganisms.
drug metabolitenull
allergenA chemical compound, or part thereof, which causes the onset of an allergic reaction by interacting with any of the molecular pathways involved in an allergy.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (3)

ClassDescription
epoxideAny cyclic ether in which the oxygen atom forms part of a 3-membered ring.
ureas
dibenzoazepine
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
Carbamazepine Metabolism Pathway718

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
P2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)10.00000.15602.93526.1000AID1064727
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (36)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
regulation of ruffle assemblyP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
tissue homeostasisP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of sodium ion transportP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemiaP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
signal transductionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressureP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transport into cytosolP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cardiac muscle hypertrophyP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal action potentialP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of painP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signalingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of prostaglandin secretionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to ATPP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
monoatomic ion transmembrane transportP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to fluid shear stressP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
purinergic nucleotide receptor signaling pathwayP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
endothelial cell activationP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migrationP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric oxide biosynthetic processP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
behavioral response to painP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
response to axon injuryP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium-mediated signalingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of chemotaxisP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
sensory perception of touchP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signal transductionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
membrane depolarizationP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of calcium ion transportP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cardiac muscle contractionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
relaxation of cardiac muscleP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
excitatory postsynaptic potentialP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transmembrane transportP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to zinc ionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ATPP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic signaling pathwayP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of microglial cell migrationP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of endothelial cell chemotaxisP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
purinergic nucleotide receptor activityP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellularly ATP-gated monoatomic cation channel activityP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
signaling receptor bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ATP bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cadherin bindingP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated calcium channel activityP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
lysosomal membraneP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
membraneP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell junctionP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
neuronal cell bodyP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
terminal boutonP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
dendritic spineP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
cell bodyP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
perinuclear region of cytoplasmP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membraneP2X purinoceptor 4Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (5)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID20163The ratio of brain-blood partitioning, (C brain / C blood).1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Computation of brain-blood partitioning of organic solutes via free energy calculations.
AID1064726Antagonist activity at human P2X4 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced cytosolic calcium influx at 10 uM preincubated for 30 mins followed by ATP addition by Fluo-4 AM dye-based fluorescence assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Carbamazepine derivatives with P2X4 receptor-blocking activity.
AID409600Inhibition of human aquaporin 4 M23 isoform expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes at 20 uM2009Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Jan-01, Volume: 17, Issue:1
Inhibition of aquaporin 4 by antiepileptic drugs.
AID26047logBB, log(C brain / C blood)1996Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-22, Volume: 39, Issue:24
Computation of brain-blood partitioning of organic solutes via free energy calculations.
AID1064727Antagonist activity at human P2X4 receptor expressed in human 1321N1 cells assessed as inhibition of ATP-induced cytosolic calcium influx preincubated for 30 mins followed by ATP addition by Fluo-4 AM dye-based fluorescence assay2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Feb-01, Volume: 22, Issue:3
Carbamazepine derivatives with P2X4 receptor-blocking activity.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (288)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-1990105 (36.46)18.7374
1990's109 (37.85)18.2507
2000's37 (12.85)29.6817
2010's33 (11.46)24.3611
2020's4 (1.39)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 24.29

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be moderate demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index24.29 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.89 (2.92)
Research Growth Index4.39 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index31.58 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index2.00 (0.95)

This Compound (24.29)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials36 (11.08%)5.53%
Reviews6 (1.85%)6.00%
Case Studies15 (4.62%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other268 (82.46%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.3820amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
acetone
methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).		1.9910ketone body;
methyl ketone;
propanones;
volatile organic compound		EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor;
human metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
benzene
[no description available]		1.9910aromatic annulene;
benzenes;
volatile organic compound		carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
non-polar solvent
methane
Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).		1.9910alkane;
gas molecular entity;
mononuclear parent hydride;
one-carbon compound		bacterial metabolite;
fossil fuel;
greenhouse gas
glycine
[no description available]		2.0810alpha-amino acid;
amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid		EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor;
fundamental metabolite;
hepatoprotective agent;
micronutrient;
neurotransmitter;
NMDA receptor agonist;
nutraceutical
melatonin
[no description available]		3.411acetamides;
tryptamines		anticonvulsant;
central nervous system depressant;
geroprotector;
hormone;
human metabolite;
immunological adjuvant;
mouse metabolite;
radical scavenger
naphthalene
[no description available]		1.9910naphthalenes;
ortho-fused bicyclic arene		apoptosis inhibitor;
carcinogenic agent;
environmental contaminant;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
volatile oil component
1-propanol
1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.		1.9910propan-1-ols;
short-chain primary fatty alcohol		metabolite;
protic solvent
toluene
methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.		1.9910methylbenzene;
toluenes;
volatile organic compound		cholinergic antagonist;
fuel additive;
neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
3-methylcholanthrene
Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.		1.9610ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenearyl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
carcinogenic agent
phenytoin
[no description available]		6.11301imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker;
teratogenic agent
acetazolamide
Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)		2.0510monocarboxylic acid amide;
sulfonamide;
thiadiazoles		anticonvulsant;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
amitriptyline
Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5.		1.9910carbotricyclic compound;
tertiary amine		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
environmental contaminant;
tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
antipyrine
Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.		1.9910pyrazoloneantipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
atenolol
Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.		2.4920ethanolamines;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
propanolamine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
sympatholytic agent;
xenobiotic
berberine
[no description available]		2.0510alkaloid antibiotic;
berberine alkaloid;
botanical anti-fungal agent;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		antilipemic drug;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor;
EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
metabolite;
potassium channel blocker
caffeine
[no description available]		1.9910purine alkaloid;
trimethylxanthine		adenosine A2A receptor antagonist;
adenosine receptor antagonist;
adjuvant;
central nervous system stimulant;
diuretic;
EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
food additive;
fungal metabolite;
geroprotector;
human blood serum metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
mutagen;
plant metabolite;
psychotropic drug;
ryanodine receptor agonist;
xenobiotic
carbamazepine
Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.		15.3428733dibenzoazepine;
ureas		analgesic;
anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
drug allergen;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
glutamate transporter activator;
mitogen;
non-narcotic analgesic;
sodium channel blocker;
xenobiotic
cetirizine
Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively.		2.0510ether;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes;
piperazines		anti-allergic agent;
environmental contaminant;
H1-receptor antagonist;
xenobiotic
cimetidine
Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.		2.3820aliphatic sulfide;
guanidines;
imidazoles;
nitrile		adjuvant;
analgesic;
anti-ulcer drug;
H2-receptor antagonist;
P450 inhibitor
clobazam
Clobazam: A benzodiazepine derivative that is a long-acting GABA-A RECEPTOR agonist. It is used as an antiepileptic in the treatment of SEIZURES, including seizures associated with LENNOX-GASTAUT SYNDROME. It is also used as an anxiolytic, for the short-term treatment of acute ANXIETY.. clobazam : 7-Chloro-1H-1,5-benzodiazepine-2,4(3H,5H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by a methyl group, whilst that attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a phenyl group. It is used for the short-term management of acute anxiety and as an adjunct in the treatment of epilepsy in association with other antiepileptics.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
clonazepam
Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.		1.97101,4-benzodiazepinone;
monochlorobenzenes		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
GABA modulator
diazepam
Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.		2.41201,4-benzodiazepinone;
organochlorine compound		anticonvulsant;
anxiolytic drug;
environmental contaminant;
sedative;
xenobiotic
disulfiram
[no description available]		1.9610organic disulfide;
organosulfur acaricide		angiogenesis inhibitor;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor;
EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inducer;
fungicide;
NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		12.25294branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
enflurane
Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.		1.9910ether;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		anaesthetic
ether
Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.		1.9910ether;
volatile organic compound		inhalation anaesthetic;
non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
ethosuximide
Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.		2.8840dicarboximide;
pyrrolidinone		anticonvulsant;
geroprotector;
T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxzolamide
Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.		2.0510aromatic ether;
benzothiazoles;
sulfonamide		antiglaucoma drug;
diuretic;
EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
felbamate
Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.7721carbamate esteranticonvulsant;
neuroprotective agent
fluoxetine
Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.		9.0631(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound
haloperidol
Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.		1.9910aromatic ketone;
hydroxypiperidine;
monochlorobenzenes;
organofluorine compound;
tertiary alcohol		antidyskinesia agent;
antiemetic;
dopaminergic antagonist;
first generation antipsychotic;
serotonergic antagonist
halothane
[no description available]		1.9910haloalkane;
organobromine compound;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		inhalation anaesthetic
hydrochlorothiazide
Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.		2.0610benzothiadiazine;
organochlorine compound;
sulfonamide		antihypertensive agent;
diuretic;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
hydroxyzine
Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively.		2.0510hydroxyether;
monochlorobenzenes;
N-alkylpiperazine		anticoronaviral agent;
antipruritic drug;
anxiolytic drug;
dermatologic drug;
H1-receptor antagonist
imipramine
Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.		1.9910dibenzoazepineadrenergic uptake inhibitor;
antidepressant;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
isoflurane
Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.		1.9910organofluorine compoundinhalation anaesthetic
2-propanol
2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.		1.9910secondary alcohol;
secondary fatty alcohol		protic solvent
ketoconazole
1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.		2.3820dichlorobenzene;
dioxolane;
ether;
imidazoles;
N-acylpiperazine;
N-arylpiperazine
lamotrigine
[no description available]		5.891321,2,4-triazines;
dichlorobenzene;
primary arylamine		anticonvulsant;
antidepressant;
antimanic drug;
calcium channel blocker;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
geroprotector;
non-narcotic analgesic;
xenobiotic
loxapine
Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA.		3.0810dibenzooxazepineantipsychotic agent;
dopaminergic antagonist
mephenytoin
Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism.		1.9510imidazolidine-2,4-dioneanticonvulsant
metoprolol
Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.		2.1310aromatic ether;
propanolamine;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound		antihypertensive agent;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
xenobiotic
naphazoline
Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.		1.9710naphthalenes
nevirapine
Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection.		2.0110cyclopropanes;
dipyridodiazepine		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
nitrazepam
Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome).		1.96101,4-benzodiazepinone;
C-nitro compound		anticonvulsant;
antispasmodic drug;
drug metabolite;
GABA modulator;
sedative
norfluoxetine
norfluoxetine: metabolite of fluoxetine; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9810(trifluoromethyl)benzenes
phenobarbital
Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.		6.1301barbituratesanticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
excitatory amino acid antagonist;
sedative
primidone
Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures.		3.0650pyrimidoneanticonvulsant;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
proadifen
Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.		1.9610diarylmethane
probenecid
Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.		3.4111benzoic acids;
sulfonamide		uricosuric drug
propranolol
Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.		1.9910naphthalenes;
propanolamine;
secondary amine		anti-arrhythmia drug;
antihypertensive agent;
anxiolytic drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
human blood serum metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
pyrilamine
Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.		1.9910aromatic ether;
ethylenediamine derivative		H1-receptor antagonist
sotalol
Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.		2.0610ethanolamines;
secondary alcohol;
secondary amino compound;
sulfonamide		anti-arrhythmia drug;
beta-adrenergic antagonist;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
thioridazine
Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position.		1.9710phenothiazines;
piperidines		alpha-adrenergic antagonist;
dopaminergic antagonist;
EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
first generation antipsychotic;
H1-receptor antagonist;
serotonergic antagonist
delavirdine
Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.4111aminopyridine;
indolecarboxamide;
N-acylpiperazine;
sulfonamide		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
viloxazine
Viloxazine: A morpholine derivative used as an antidepressant. It is similar in action to IMIPRAMINE.		1.9610aromatic ether
zonisamide
Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.		4.1311,2-benzoxazoles;
sulfonamide		anticonvulsant;
antioxidant;
central nervous system drug;
protective agent;
T-type calcium channel blocker
carbachol
Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.		1.9910ammonium salt;
carbamate ester		cardiotonic drug;
miotic;
muscarinic agonist;
nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist;
non-narcotic analgesic
aldosterone
[no description available]		2.011011beta-hydroxy steroid;
18-oxo steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid hormone;
mineralocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
steroid aldehyde		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
estrone
Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.		1.991017-oxo steroid;
3-hydroxy steroid;
phenolic steroid;
phenols		antineoplastic agent;
bone density conservation agent;
estrogen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
serine
Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.		2.0110L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid;
serine family amino acid;
serine zwitterion;
serine		algal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
aminopyrine
Aminopyrine: A pyrazolone with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties but has risk of AGRANULOCYTOSIS. A breath test with 13C-labeled aminopyrine has been used as a non-invasive measure of CYTOCHROME P-450 metabolic activity in LIVER FUNCTION TESTS.. aminophenazone : A pyrazolone that is 1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4, methyl groups at positions 1 and 5 and a phenyl group at position 2. It exhibits analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties.		1.9610pyrazolone;
tertiary amino compound		antipyretic;
environmental contaminant;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
androstenedione
Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.		2.011017-oxo steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
Daphnia magna metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane
Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.		1.9910chloroethanespolar solvent
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane
1,1,1-trifluoro-2-chloroethane: volatile metabolite of halothane		1.9910organofluorine compound
methsuximide
methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation		1.9610organic molecular entity
isobutyl alcohol
isobutyl alcohol: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9910alkyl alcohol;
primary alcohol		Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methylethyl ketone
methylethyl ketone: solvent; colorless synthetic resins, smokeless powders; may be irritating to eyes, mucous membranes; may be toxic in high concentrations; structure. butanone : Any ketone that is butane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.. butan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone that is a four-carbon ketone carrying a single keto- group at position C-2.		1.9910butanone;
dialkyl ketone;
methyl ketone;
volatile organic compound		bacterial metabolite;
polar aprotic solvent
trichloroethylene
Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.		1.9910chloroethenesinhalation anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite
acridan
[no description available]		1.9810
styrene oxide
styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.		2.3820epoxidehuman xenobiotic metabolite
3-methylpentane
3-methylpentane : An alkane that is pentane which is substituted by a methyl group at position 3. It is used as a solvent in organic synthesis, as a lubricant and as a raw material for producing carbon black.		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		allelochemical;
human metabolite;
non-polar solvent
methylcyclopentane
methylcyclopentane: toxic; RN 96-37-7. methylcyclopentane : A cycloalkane that is cyclopentane substituted by a single methyl group.		1.9910cycloalkane;
volatile organic compound		human metabolite;
plant metabolite
2-methylpentane
Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.		1.9910alkane
pentane
Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
refrigerant
n-hexane
hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		neurotoxin;
non-polar solvent
n-heptane
Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		non-polar solvent;
plant metabolite
acridines
Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.		3.821acridines;
mancude organic heterotricyclic parent;
polycyclic heteroarene		genotoxin
isoxazoles
Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.		3.821isoxazoles;
mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent;
monocyclic heteroarene
fluroxene
fluroxene: was heading 1973-94; use ETHERS to search FLUROXENE 1973-94		1.9910organofluorine compound
hydantoins
Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.		1.9510imidazolidine-2,4-dione
3-methylhexane
3-methylhexane: a biliary biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma. 3-methylhexane : An alkane that is hexane substituted by a methyl group at position 3.		1.9910alkane;
volatile organic compound		human metabolite
alpha-naphthoflavone
alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).		2.420extended flavonoid;
naphtho-gamma-pyrone;
organic heterotricyclic compound		aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist;
aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist;
EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
erythromycin
Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.		4.0531cyclic ketone;
erythromycin
10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine
[no description available]		2.5220
valnoctamide
[no description available]		1.9810fatty amide
phenylethylmalonamide
Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone.		2.6530amine
ozone
Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.		2.0610elemental molecule;
gas molecular entity;
reactive oxygen species;
triatomic oxygen		antiseptic drug;
disinfectant;
electrophilic reagent;
greenhouse gas;
mutagen;
oxidising agent;
tracer
stilbene oxide
stilbene oxide: inducer of epoxide hydratase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9910epoxide
glutamic acid
Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.		1.9610glutamic acid;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
ferroptosis inducer;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
nutraceutical
glucaric acid
Glucaric Acid: A sugar acid derived from D-glucose in which both the aldehydic carbon atom and the carbon atom bearing the primary hydroxyl group are oxidized to carboxylic acid groups.. D-glucaric acid : The D-enantiomer of glucaric acid.. glucaric acid : A hexaric acid derived by oxidation of sugar such as glucose with nitric acid.		1.9610glucaric acidantineoplastic agent
oxcarbazepine
Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.		3.470cyclic ketone;
dibenzoazepine		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
ribavirin
Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename		1.99101-ribosyltriazole;
aromatic amide;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
primary carboxamide		anticoronaviral agent;
antiinfective agent;
antimetabolite;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
paroxetine
Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.		2.110aromatic ether;
benzodioxoles;
organofluorine compound;
piperidines		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
hepatotoxic agent;
P450 inhibitor;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
progabide
progabide: GABA agonist; structure		1.9810diarylmethane
tiotidine
tiotidine: UD gives slightly different structure for this cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source		1.9910thiazoles
nafimidone
nafimidone: RN given refers to parent cpd		1.9710
denzimol
denzimol: structure in first source		2.6630
remacemide
remacemide: structure given in first source		3.3711stilbenoid
efavirenz
efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection.		3.4311acetylenic compound;
benzoxazine;
cyclopropanes;
organochlorine compound;
organofluorine compound		antiviral drug;
HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
dipropylacetamide
dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.		3.0750fatty amidegeroprotector;
metabolite;
teratogenic agent
flurithromycin
flurithromycin: fluorine derivative of erythromycin. flurithromycin : An erythromycin derivative that is erythromycin A in which the hydrogen attached to the carbon at position 8 (alpha to the ketone carbonyl group) has been replaced by a fluorine. It has been used (generally as the corresponding monoethyl succinate ester) as an antibacterial drug.		1.9710cyclic ketone;
erythromycin derivative;
organofluorine compound;
semisynthetic derivative		antibacterial drug
icotidine
icotidine: structure given in first source; RN given refers to tri-HCl		1.9910pyrimidone
10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5h-dibenzazepine-5-carboxamide
10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-5H-dibenzazepine-5-carboxamide: metabolite of carbamazepine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure		7.46295dibenzoazepine
n-desmethylclobazam
desmethylclobazam: major pharmacologically active metabolite of clobazam; structure in first source		2.1510benzodiazepine
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin
5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-5-phenylhydantoin: metabolite of phenytoin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation		1.9710
sk&f 95282
zolantidine: structure given in first source		1.9910piperidines
n-desmethylmethsuximide
[no description available]		1.9610
10-hydroxycarbamazepine
10,11-dihydro-10-hydroxycarbamazepine: main metabolite of oxcarbazepine; structure given in first source. licarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine, reduced across the C-10,11 positions and carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen and a hydroxy function at C-10. A voltage-gated sodium channel blocker with anticonvulsant and mood-stabilizing effects, it is related to oxcarbazepine and is an active metabolite of oxcarbazepine.		2.7430carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen;
sodium channel blocker
l 663581
L 663581: structure given in first source; partial agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor		1.9910
eslicarbazepine acetate
eslicarbazepine acetate : The acetate ester, with S configuration, of licarbazepine. An anticonvulsant, it is approved for use in Europe and the United States as an adjunctive therapy for epilepsy.		2.4820acetate ester;
carboxamide;
dibenzoazepine;
ureas		anticonvulsant;
drug allergen
troleandomycin
Troleandomycin: A macrolide antibiotic that is similar to ERYTHROMYCIN.. troleandomycin : A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic obtained by acetylation of the three free hydroxy groups of oleandomycin. Troleandomycin is only found in individuals that have taken the drug.		1.9810acetate ester;
epoxide;
macrolide antibiotic;
monosaccharide derivative;
polyketide;
semisynthetic derivative		EC 1.14.13.97 (taurochenodeoxycholate 6alpha-hydroxylase) inhibitor;
xenobiotic
strychnine
Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.		2.0810monoterpenoid indole alkaloid;
organic heteroheptacyclic compound		avicide;
cholinergic antagonist;
glycine receptor antagonist;
neurotransmitter agent;
rodenticide
saquinavir
Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease.		2.0110L-asparagine derivative;
quinolines		antiviral drug;
HIV protease inhibitor
resveratrol
trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.		2.0710resveratrolantioxidant;
phytoalexin;
plant metabolite;
quorum sensing inhibitor;
radical scavenger
cocaine
Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.		1.9810benzoate ester;
methyl ester;
tertiary amino compound;
tropane alkaloid		adrenergic uptake inhibitor;
central nervous system stimulant;
dopamine uptake inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
local anaesthetic;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
serotonin uptake inhibitor;
sodium channel blocker;
sympathomimetic agent;
vasoconstrictor agent;
xenobiotic
1-(5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepin-5-yl)ethan-1-one
[no description available]		2.110dibenzooxazepine
stilbenes
Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.		2.4220stilbene
cannabidiol
Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.		2.2510olefinic compound;
phytocannabinoid;
resorcinols		antimicrobial agent;
plant metabolite
D-fructopyranose
[no description available]		3.3711cyclic hemiketal;
D-fructose;
fructopyranose		sweetening agent
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.0510cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
lupitidine
[no description available]		1.9910
miocamycin
Miocamycin: A macrolide antibiotic that has a wide antimicrobial spectrum and is particularly effective in respiratory and genital infections.		1.9710
topiramate
Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine.		3.821cyclic ketal;
ketohexose derivative;
sulfamate ester		anticonvulsant;
sodium channel blocker
morphine
Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.		2.0810morphinane alkaloid;
organic heteropentacyclic compound;
tertiary amino compound		anaesthetic;
drug allergen;
environmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
mu-opioid receptor agonist;
opioid analgesic;
plant metabolite;
vasodilator agent;
xenobiotic
stiripentol
stiripentol: structure		2.0110
fluvoxamine
Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.		3.3711(trifluoromethyl)benzenes;
5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime		antidepressant;
anxiolytic drug;
serotonin uptake inhibitor
ucb 34714
brivaracetam: A pyrrolidinone compound that is used to treat partial onset seizures in adult patients; structure in first source.. brivaracetam : A non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative that is butanamide in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a (4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl. Used for treatment of partial onset seizures related to epilepsy.		4.0221gamma-lactam;
non-proteinogenic amino acid derivative		anticonvulsant
erythrosine
Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.		1.9610
quetiapine fumarate
Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.		2.0110fumarate salt
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		1.9810ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
cyclosporine
Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).		2.0510
acyclovir
Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.		1.99102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antimetabolite;
antiviral drug
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.0110folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
ganciclovir
[no description available]		1.99102-aminopurines;
oxopurine		antiinfective agent;
antiviral drug
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Aura
[description not available]		011.898715
Epilepsy
A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)		016.898715
Drug Refractory Epilepsy
[description not available]		03.5911
Abdominal Epilepsy
[description not available]		07.56106
Absence Seizure
[description not available]		05.4482
Epilepsies, Partial
Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)		07.56106
Seizures
Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.		05.4482
Adverse Drug Event
[description not available]		03.4220
Allergy, Drug
[description not available]		02.4220
Drug Hypersensitivity
Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.		02.4220
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.		03.4220
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		02.0810
Epileptiform Neuralgia
[description not available]		03.0850
Trigeminal Neuralgia
A syndrome characterized by recurrent episodes of excruciating pain lasting several seconds or longer in the sensory distribution of the TRIGEMINAL NERVE. Pain may be initiated by stimulation of trigger points on the face, lips, or gums or by movement of facial muscles or chewing. Associated conditions include MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, vascular anomalies, ANEURYSMS, and neoplasms. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p187)		03.0850
Drug Overdose
Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.		02.7930
Complications, Pregnancy
[description not available]		03.0950
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		03.68100
Sensitivity and Specificity
Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)		03.6390
Ataxia
Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.		02.0110
Agitation, Psychomotor
[description not available]		02.0110
Psychomotor Agitation
A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions.		02.0110
Coma
A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.		02.0110
Poisoning
Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.		02.0110
Acrania
[description not available]		02.0110
Neural Tube Defects
Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)		02.0110
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
[description not available]		02.0110
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		05.1862
HIV Coinfection
[description not available]		03.4111
HIV Infections
Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).		03.4111
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar
[description not available]		04.2741
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		04.0431
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood
[description not available]		05.1941
Psychoses
[description not available]		03.7521
Dementia Praecox
[description not available]		03.3511
Bipolar Disorder
A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.		04.2741
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		04.0431
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe
A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).		05.1941
Psychotic Disorders
Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)		03.7521
Schizophrenia
A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.		03.3511
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced
Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.		02.6630
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		05.6673
Complex Partial Epilepsy
[description not available]		04.6232
Epilepsy, Complex Partial
A disorder characterized by recurrent partial seizures marked by impairment of cognition. During the seizure the individual may experience a wide variety of psychic phenomenon including formed hallucinations, illusions, deja vu, intense emotional feelings, confusion, and spatial disorientation. Focal motor activity, sensory alterations and AUTOMATISM may also occur. Complex partial seizures often originate from foci in one or both temporal lobes. The etiology may be idiopathic (cryptogenic partial complex epilepsy) or occur as a secondary manifestation of a focal cortical lesion (symptomatic partial complex epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317-8)		04.6232
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.3920
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.3920
Convulsions, Grand Mal
[description not available]		04.9733
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic
A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)		04.9733
Abnormalities, Autosome
[description not available]		01.9810
Glial Cell Tumors
[description not available]		01.9810
Glioma
Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)		01.9810
Absence Status
[description not available]		01.9810
Status Epilepticus
A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)		01.9810
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		01.9810
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		01.9810
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.3711
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemiplegia, Crossed
[description not available]		01.9810
Thrombopenia
[description not available]		01.9810
Hemiplegia
Severe or complete loss of motor function on one side of the body. This condition is usually caused by BRAIN DISEASES that are localized to the cerebral hemisphere opposite to the side of weakness. Less frequently, BRAIN STEM lesions; cervical SPINAL CORD DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and other conditions may manifest as hemiplegia. The term hemiparesis (see PARESIS) refers to mild to moderate weakness involving one side of the body.		01.9810
Thrombocytopenia
A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.		01.9810
Convulsive Generalized Seizure Disorder
[description not available]		01.9910
Diplopia
A visual symptom in which a single object is perceived by the visual cortex as two objects rather than one. Disorders associated with this condition include REFRACTIVE ERRORS; STRABISMUS; OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES; TROCHLEAR NERVE DISEASES; ABDUCENS NERVE DISEASES; and diseases of the BRAIN STEM and OCCIPITAL LOBE.		01.9910
Dizzyness
[description not available]		01.9910
Dizziness
An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.		01.9910
Adipocere
[description not available]		0210
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		01.9810
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		01.9810
Behavior Disorders
[description not available]		03.3611
Mental Disorders
Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.		03.3611
Acute Disease
Disease having a short and relatively severe course.		01.9710
Deficiency, Mental
[description not available]		03.3611
Intellectual Disability
Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)		03.3611
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms
[description not available]		01.9710
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome
Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.		01.9710
Fetal Growth Restriction
[description not available]		01.9610
Fetal Growth Retardation
Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.		01.9610
Chemical Dependence
[description not available]		01.9710
Substance-Related Disorders
Disorders related to substance use or abuse.		01.9710
Nervous System Disorders
[description not available]		01.9710
Nervous System Diseases
Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.		01.9710
Acid Aspiration Syndrome
[description not available]		01.9610
Pneumonia, Aspiration
A type of lung inflammation resulting from the aspiration of food, liquid, or gastric contents into the upper RESPIRATORY TRACT.		01.9610
Conjugate Nystagmus
[description not available]		01.9610