methylene violet profile

methylene violet: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	73024
CHEMBL ID	1713097
SCHEMBL ID	343918
SCHEMBL ID	18913618
MeSH ID	M0168197

Synonym
methylene violet
3h-phenothiazin-3-one, 7-(dimethylamino)-
dimethylthionoline
nsc-187694
nsc187694
2516-05-4
mls003106970 ,
methylene violet (biological stain)
methylene violet (bernthsen), certified by the biological stain commission, dye content >=65 %
smr001490544
7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-3-one
y3g6pd8nrb ,
7-(dimethylamino)-3h-phenothiazin-3-one
methylene violet bernthsen
unii-y3g6pd8nrb
nsc 187694
einecs 219-733-4
ci 52041
c.i. 52041
7-dimethylaminophenothiazin-3-one
ALJHHTHBYJROOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SCHEMBL343918
DTXSID9062481
AKOS024282915
CHEMBL1713097
bdbm81275
cid_73024
7-(dimethylamino)-3-phenothiazinone
SCHEMBL18913618
methylenviolett
J-015843
methylene violet (bernthsen)
Q27294218

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
glp-1 receptor, partial	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	0.0184	6.8060	14.1254	AID624417
WRN	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	56.2341	0.1683	31.2583	100.0000	AID651768
TDP1 protein	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.6360	0.0008	11.3822	44.6684	AID686978; AID686979
Smad3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	19.9526	0.0052	7.8098	29.0929	AID588855
apical membrane antigen 1, AMA1	Plasmodium falciparum 3D7	Potency	7.9433	0.7079	12.1943	39.8107	AID720542
hypothetical protein, conserved	Trypanosoma brucei	Potency	28.1838	0.2239	11.2451	35.4813	AID624173
67.9K protein	Vaccinia virus	Potency	15.7143	0.0001	8.4406	100.0000	AID720579; AID720580
IDH1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.3601	0.0052	10.8652	35.4813	AID686970
parathyroid hormone/parathyroid hormone-related peptide receptor precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	35.4813	3.5481	19.5427	44.6684	AID743266
flap endonuclease 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	42.5615	0.1337	25.4129	89.1251	AID720498
serine/threonine-protein kinase PLK1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	16.8336	0.1683	16.4040	67.0158	AID720504
DNA polymerase eta isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	62.3661	0.1000	28.9256	213.3130	AID588591; AID720502
Vpr	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	Potency	44.6684	1.5849	19.6264	63.0957	AID651644
Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	4.4668	8.3448	10.0000	AID624291
Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	11.2202	6.3096	15.3445	35.4813	AID743286
Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	50.1187	1.9953	25.5327	50.1187	AID624287
TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	12.5893	1.7783	16.2081	35.4813	AID652104
phosphoglycerate kinase	Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927	Potency	22.3872	0.0757	8.4742	29.0628	AID602233
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
integrase, partial	Human immunodeficiency virus 1	IC50 (µMol)	19.6970	0.0795	3.5203	9.9390	AID1053171; AID1053172
lens epithelium-derived growth factor p75	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	19.6970	0.0795	3.5203	9.9390	AID1053171; AID1053172
glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase-6-phosphogluconolactonase	Plasmodium berghei	IC50 (µMol)	63.3000	0.8890	21.0286	71.5000	AID504765; AID540252; AID540269
glucose-6-phosphate 1-dehydrogenase isoform b	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	80.0000	8.8700	12.8518	17.8000	AID504792
putative polyprotein		IC50 (µMol)	76.2270	0.2508	3.8283	8.4620	AID720577; AID720578
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
DNA topoisomerase I	Yersinia pestis CO92	AC50	4.6700	4.6700	4.6700	4.6700	AID588525
protein AF-9 isoform a	Homo sapiens (human)	AC50	11.3100	0.0800	8.3802	17.9800	AID720495
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone-mediated signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of signaling receptor activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of steroid biosynthetic process	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell migration	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid gland development	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
luteinizing hormone secretion	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
organ growth	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone signaling pathway	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of organ growth	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone secretion	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
thyroid hormone generation	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of autophagy	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
megakaryocyte development	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of insulin receptor signaling pathway	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagosome-lysosome fusion	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
vesicle-mediated cholesterol transport	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidyl-1D-myo-inositol 4,5-bisphosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of autophagosome assembly	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphatidylinositol phosphate biosynthetic process	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of inflammatory response to antigenic stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasis	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of insulin secretion	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucagon stimulus	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of protein phosphorylation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA processing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA splicing	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of protein stability	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of insulin secretion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein import into nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of circadian rhythm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation by host of viral transcription	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
rhythmic process	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA destabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
3'-UTR-mediated mRNA stabilization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear inner membrane organization	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
amyloid fibril formation	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of gene expression	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
hormone activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone activity	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
1-phosphatidylinositol-5-phosphate 4-kinase activity	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
adenylate cyclase activator activity	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
double-stranded DNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
lipid binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
pre-mRNA intronic binding	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular condensate scaffold activity	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
extracellular region	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi lumen	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
follicle-stimulating hormone complex	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
pituitary gonadotropin complex	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular space	Glycoprotein hormones alpha chain	Homo sapiens (human)
photoreceptor outer segment	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
photoreceptor inner segment	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
lysosome	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagosome	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Phosphatidylinositol 5-phosphate 4-kinase type-2 alpha	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Guanine nucleotide-binding protein G	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular non-membrane-bounded organelle	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
perichromatin fibrils	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic stress granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear speck	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
interchromatin granule	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	TAR DNA-binding protein 43	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (44)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588501	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Lethal Factor Protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588497	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain F protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Current protocols in cytometry, Oct, Volume: Chapter 13	Microsphere-based flow cytometry protease assays for use in protease activity detection and high-throughput screening.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2006	Cytometry. Part A : the journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Microsphere-based protease assays and screening application for lethal factor and factor Xa.
AID588499	High-throughput multiplex microsphere screening for inhibitors of toxin protease, specifically Botulinum neurotoxin light chain A protease, MLPCN compound set	2010	Assay and drug development technologies, Feb, Volume: 8, Issue:1	High-throughput multiplex flow cytometry screening for botulinum neurotoxin type a light chain protease inhibitors.
AID1725771	Induction of mitochondria membrane potential depolarization in FRDA patient-derived lymphocyte at 2.5 uM incubated for 16 hrs by JC-1 probe based flow cytometry analysis	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID1413764	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM16216 cells assessed as intact mitochondrial membrane at 2.5 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 87%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413807	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM15850 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 50 after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413815	Restoration of total aconitase activity in human GM15850 cells at 50 nM after 5 days by colorimetric method relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413769	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM15850 cells assessed as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential at 0.25 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 13%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413808	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM16216 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 50 after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413767	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM15850 cells assessed as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential at 2.5 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 13%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413812	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM16216 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 50 after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1725772	Anti-ferroptotic activity in FRDA patient-derived Lymphocyte assessed as reduction in RSL3-induced lipid peroxidation incubated for overnight followed by RSL3 stimulation and measured after 90 mins by FACS analysis	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID1413805	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM15850 cells at 250 nM after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413813	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM15850 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 250 after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413817	Restoration of total aconitase activity in human GM15850 cells at 250 nM after 5 days by colorimetric method relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413766	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM16216 cells assessed as intact mitochondrial membrane at 0.25 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 87%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413809	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM15850 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 250 after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1725770	Inhibition of ferroptosis in human HepG2 cells assessed as increase in pAMPK/AMPK ratio at 1 uM incubated for 24 hrs by Western blot analysis	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID1413757	Cytoprotection against DEM-induced toxicity in human GM16216 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 0.1 to 2.5 uM pretreated for 16 hrs followed by DEM addition and measured after 5 hrs by live/dead staining based flow cytometry	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413801	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM15850 cells at 250 nM after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413765	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM16216 cells assessed as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential at 0.25 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 13%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413803	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM15850 cells at 50 nM after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1725773	Inhibition of erastin-induced cell death in FRDA patient-derived fibroblast assessed as depletion of cellular ATP incubated for 12 hrs followed by erastin stimulation and measured after by luciferase-linked ATPase enzymatic assay	2020	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Nov-12, Volume: 11, Issue:11	Antiferroptotic Activity of Phenothiazine Analogues: A Novel Therapeutic Strategy for Oxidative Stress Related Disease.
AID1413814	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM16216 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 250 after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413768	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM15850 cells assessed as intact mitochondrial membrane at 2.5 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 87%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413818	Restoration of total aconitase activity in human GM16216 cells at 250 nM after 5 days by colorimetric method relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413799	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM15850 cells at 50 nM after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413804	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM16216 cells at 50 nM after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413806	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM16216 cells at 250 nM after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413810	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM16216 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 250 after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413763	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM16216 cells assessed as loss of mitochondrial membrane potential at 2.5 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 13%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413802	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM16216 cells at 250 nM after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413800	Effect on frataxin expression in human GM16216 cells at 50 nM after 24 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413758	Cytoprotection against DEM-induced toxicity in human GM15850 cells assessed as increase in cell viability at 0.1 to 2.5 uM pretreated for 16 hrs followed by DEM addition and measured after 5 hrs by live/dead staining based flow cytometry	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413770	Effect on mitochondrial membrane potential in human GM15850 cells assessed as intact mitochondrial membrane at 0.25 uM after 16 hrs by JC1 staining based flow cytometry (Rvb = 87%)	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413811	Induction of mitochondrial biogenesis in human GM15850 cells assessed as ratio of COX1 to SDH-A protein levels at 50 after 48 hrs by ELISA relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
AID1413816	Restoration of total aconitase activity in human GM16216 cells at 50 nM after 5 days by colorimetric method relative to control	2018	MedChemComm, Sep-01, Volume: 9, Issue:9	Phenothiazine antioxidants increase mitochondrial biogenesis and frataxin levels in Friedreich's ataxia cells.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	3 (13.04)	18.7374
1990's	4 (17.39)	18.2507
2000's	5 (21.74)	29.6817
2010's	7 (30.43)	24.3611
2020's	4 (17.39)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	0 (0.00%)	6.00%
Case Studies	0 (0.00%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	24 (100.00%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	1.99	1	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.17	1	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	3.52	8	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	1.99	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.61	2
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	7.25	1	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	1.93	1	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.41	1	bis(azo) compound
azure a Azure A: RN given refers to chloride. azure A : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is used in making azure eosin stains for blood smear staining.	2.15	1
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	2.25	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
thionine thionine: do not confuse with the thionins which is a class of polypeptides; RN above is for the chloride;. thionine : An organic chloride salt composed of 3,7-diaminophenothiazin-5-ium and chloride ions in a 1:1 ratio. A strongly metachromatic dye, useful for the staining of acid mucopolysaccharides. It is also a common nuclear stain and can be used for the demonstration of Nissl substance in nerve cells of the CNS.	2.13	1
phenosafranine phenosafranine: structure. phenosafranine : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria red in smears to contrast with the blue Gram positive organisms.	6.93	1	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; photosensitizing agent
chlorates Chlorates: Inorganic salts of chloric acid that contain the ClO3- ion.	1.94	1	chlorine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
1,9-dimethylmethylene blue 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue: RN refers to chloride	1.99	1
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	1.99	1	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	2.25	1	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
liproxstatin-1 liproxstatin-1: suppress ferroptosis in cells. liproxstatin-1 : An azaspiro compound that is 1'H-spiro[piperidine-4,2'-quinoxaline] in which the hydrogen at position 3' is replaced by a (3-chlorobenzyl)amino group. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis.	2.25	1	azaspiro compound; monochlorobenzenes; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2.41	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.05	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.05	1
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	2.41	1
Amyloid Neuropathy Type 1 [description not available]	2.41	1
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	2.41	1
Amyloid Neuropathies, Familial Inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. The different clinical types based on symptoms correspond to the presence of a variety of mutations in several different proteins including transthyretin (PREALBUMIN); APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I; and GELSOLIN.	2.41	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.25	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.25	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	2.13	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	2.13	1
Elaeophoriasis [description not available]	1.93	1
Filariasis Infections with nematodes of the superfamily FILARIOIDEA. The presence of living worms in the body is mainly asymptomatic but the death of adult worms leads to granulomatous inflammation and permanent fibrosis. Organisms of the genus Elaeophora infect wild elk and domestic sheep causing ischemic necrosis of the brain, blindness, and dermatosis of the face.	1.93	1
Caprine Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.04	1
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	2.04	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	2.04	1

methylene violet

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (33)

Research Excerpts

Protein Targets (25)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (44)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (20)

Bioassays (44)

Research

Studies (23)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.83

Study Types

methylene violet

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (33)

Research Excerpts

Protein Targets (25)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Other Measurements

Biological Processes (44)

Molecular Functions (18)

Ceullar Components (20)

Bioassays (44)

Research

Studies (23)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 48.83

Study Types

Related Drugs (18)

Related Conditions (16)