prizes profile

acetamiprid: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

(E)-acetamiprid : The (E)-stereoisomer of acetamiprid. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

acetamiprid : A carboxamidine that is acetamidine in which the amino hydrogens are substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl and a methyl group while the hydrogen attached to the imino nitrogen is replaced by a cyano group. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	213021
CHEMBL ID	265941
CHEMBL ID	3185634
CHEBI ID	39165
CHEBI ID	39164
CHEBI ID	39163
SCHEMBL ID	26296
SCHEMBL ID	13448458
MeSH ID	M0002046

Synonym
CHEBI:39165
(e)-n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
n-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
(1e)-n-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
135410-20-7
(e)-n-(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl-n'-cyano-n-methylacetamidine
CHEBI:39164 ,
(e)-acetamiprid
CHEBI:39163 ,
(1z)-n-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
160430-64-8
(z)-acetamiprid
acetamiprid
NCGC00163881-01
ethanimidamide, n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methyl-, (e)-
hsdb 7274
ni 25
acetamiprid [iso]
NCGC00163881-02
(1e)-n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
td-2480
(e)-n(sup 1)-((6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl)-n(sup 2)-cyano-n(sup 1)-methylacetamidine
td-2472
ni-25
CHEMBL265941
FT-0654861
n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methyl-acetamidine
A810143
NCGC00163881-03
C18507
tox21_301046
NCGC00254948-01
cas-135410-20-7
dtxsid0034300 ,
dtxcid7032422
(e)-n-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylacetimidamide
unii-5hl5n372p0
stonkat
piorun
by 102960
prize
assail
gazelle sg
td 2472-01
nfk 17
td 2480
mospilan 20sp
ethanimidamide, n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methyl-, (1e)-
mospilan
td 2472
5hl5n372p0 ,
ada 06200
ccris 9238
intruder
AKOS015964740
ethanimidamide, n-((6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methyl-
(1e)-n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
FT-0621729
AKOS015891945
SCHEMBL26296
td-2472-01
nfk-17
ada-06200
acetamiprid [mi]
tri-star
acetamiprid [hsdb]
profil
SCHEMBL13448458
WCXDHFDTOYPNIE-RIYZIHGNSA-N
acetamipride
(e)-n1-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-n2-cyano-n1-methylacetamidine
n-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-n-cyano-n-methylacetamidine
WCXDHFDTOYPNIE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
CHEMBL3185634
ethanimidamide, n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methyl-, (1e)-
acetamiprid, pestanal(r), analytical standard
AKOS030228384
mfcd06201842
bdbm50486223
acetamiprid 10 microg/ml in ethyl acetate
J-006693
acetamiprid d3
n-((6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylacetimidamide
(e)-n^1^-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-n^2^-cyano-n^1^-methylacetamidine
Q421598
Q27119764
AS-12113
DTXSID901015148
n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
ethanimidamide, n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methyl-,(1e)-
(e)-n-(6-chloro-3-pyridylmethyl)-n'-cyano-n-methylacetamidine
(e/z)-acetamiprid
CS-0166829
EN300-6732053
SY317431
n-[(6-chloro-3-pyridyl)methyl]-n inverted exclamation mark -cyano-n-methylacetimidamide
(z)-n-[(6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-n'-cyano-n-methylethanimidamide
EN300-6730808
66 - neonicotinoids in groundwater

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In worst-case laboratory conditions, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid and acetamiprid were exceptionally toxic to this predacious mirid."	( The intrinsic toxicity of several neonicotinoids to Lygus lineolaris and Hyaliodes vitripennis, a phytophagous and a predacious mirid. Bostanian, NJ; Hardman, JM; Racette, G; Ventard, E, 2005)	0.33
" In all cases, the less toxic 6-chloronicotinic acid was found to be the major product at higher degrees of oxidation."	( Reactivity of hydroxyl radicals with neonicotinoid insecticides: mechanism and changes in toxicity. Amat, AM; Dell'arciprete, ML; Furlong, JP; Gonzalez, MC; Mártire, DO; Santos-Juanes, L; Sanz, AA; Vicente, R, 2009)	0.35
" Tier II evaluation by spray of pesticides at their field recommended doses on potted mustard plants showed monocrotophos as the highly toxic insecticide with 100% mortality even with 1h of exposure followed by thiamethoxam, dichlorvos, profenofos and chlorpyriphos which are not to be recommended for use in pollinator attractive flowering plants."	( Evaluation of pesticide toxicity at their field recommended doses to honeybees, Apis cerana and A. mellifera through laboratory, semi-field and field studies. Bhatt, JC; Jain, SK; Sah, K; Stanley, J; Sushil, SN, 2015)	0.42
" Chlorfenapyr was the most toxic adulticide among all the tested insecticides."	( Toxicity of 25 synthetic insecticides to the field population of Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Ahmad, D; Alam, M; Ali, Q; Binyamin, M; Shad, SA; Shah, RM; Waqas, M, 2016)	0.43
"The present study was designed to investigate the adverse reproductive effects of acetamiprid, besides the possible protective role of Nigella sativa oil (NSO), as a potential antioxidant agent."	( Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against acetamiprid induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Djerrou, Z; Mantovani, A; Mosbah, R, 2018)	0.48
" Evaluating the toxic effects of insecticides on such predatory mites is essential for the success and development of IPM."	( Toxicity of six insecticides to predatory mite Amblyseius cucumeris (Oudemans) (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in- and off-field. Cheng, S; Huang, J; Jiang, H; Lin, R; Ren, X; Wang, S; Yu, C; Yuan, S; Zhang, N; Zhou, X, 2018)	0.48
" ACE binds selectively to insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and was previously considered relatively safe in mammalian species; however, recent studies have demonstrated ACE-mediated toxicity related to vertebrate nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation."	( Neurodevelopmental toxicity in the mouse neocortex following prenatal exposure to acetamiprid. Kagawa, N; Nagao, T, 2018)	0.48
" This information is critical for future studies evaluating aquatic risk from neonicotinoids as little is known regarding adverse effects of neonicotinoids to aquatic vertebrate species."	( Developmental Toxicity of a Neonicotinoid Insecticide, Acetamiprid to Zebrafish Embryos. Li, H; Ma, X; Mehler, WT; Xiong, J; You, J, 2019)	0.51
" The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxic effects of ACM in PC12 cells."	( Acetamiprid, a neonicotinoid insecticide, induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in PC12 cells. Abid-Essefi, S; Annabi, E; Ben Salem, I, 2019)	0.51
"The evaluation of adverse effects of pesticides, pesticide adjuvants, and their combination on honeybees is hampered by a lack of colony-level bioassays reflecting productivity and survival over longer term exposure."	( Joint Toxicity of Acetamiprid and Co-Applied Pesticide Adjuvants on Honeybees under Semifield and Laboratory Conditions. Chen, L; Liu, X; Yan, Q; Yuan, S; Zhang, J, 2019)	0.51
" The hepato- and nephrotoxic potential of acetamiprid has not been clarified although it is known to be toxic to other several organ systems, including the nervous, respiratory and immune systems."	( Toxic effects of subchronic oral acetamiprid exposure in rats. Arican, YE; Binay, S; Boran, T; Kaptan, E; Karaca, BU; Okyar, A; Özhan, G, )	0.13
"Investigation of probable toxic effects of acetamiprid (ACMP) on kidney and comparative analysis of the probable protective effects of vitamin E and melatonin were conducted in the present study."	( Protective effects of melatonin and vitamin E in acetamiprid-induced nephrotoxicity. Erdemli, ME; Erdemli, Z; Gozukara Bag, H; Gul, M; Gul, S; Zayman, E, 2020)	0.56
" The aim of this study was to investigate whether the Neo Acetamiprid (Ace) and one of its commercial formulations (Ace CF) display toxic features to a human first trimester trophoblast cell line."	( Trophoblast toxicity of the neonicotinoid insecticide acetamiprid and an acetamiprid-based formulation. Bustos, PS; Gomez, SD; Guiñazú, N; Ortega, MG; Sánchez, VG, 2020)	0.56
"Neonicotinoids emerged as an environmentally safe alternative to previous generations of insecticides becoming one of the most widely applied in modern agriculture."	( Toxicity evaluation of the active ingredient acetamiprid and a commercial formulation (Assail® 70) on the non-target gastropod Biomphalaria straminea (Mollusca: Planorbidae). Cossi, PF; Herbert, LT; Kristoff, G; Pérez, AF; Yusseppone, MS, 2020)	0.56
" Recently, they have attracted attention due to their toxic effects on non-target organisms, especially bees."	( Comparison of the toxicity of pure compounds and commercial formulations of imidacloprid and acetamiprid on HT-29 cells: Single and mixture exposure. Atlı-Eklioğlu, Ö; Baysal, M, 2021)	0.62
" The current experiment pertains to a comprehensive overview of the toxic effects of acetamiprid and the protective role of folic acid against reproductive, hematological, histopathological and biochemical toxicity induced by ACP during 5 weeks."	( Protective effects of Folic acid against reproductive, hematological, hepatic, and renal toxicity induced by Acetamiprid in male Albino rats. Ahmed, MAB; Ali, RA; Amin, YA; Fouad, SS; Saleh, SMM; Toghan, R, 2022)	0.72
" However, there is little research on acetamiprid's toxicity in amphibians, particularly on its biochemical toxic effects."	( Insight into the toxic effects, bioconcentration and oxidative stress of acetamiprid on Rana nigromaculata tadpoles. Guo, W; Hu, D; Lu, P; Ming, R; Yang, Y; Zhou, X, 2022)	0.72
" Nevertheless, the toxic effects of chemical combinations on aquatic animals and their underlying toxic mechanisms for dealing with such exposures are still not fully understood."	( Mixture toxicity of cadmium and acetamiprid to the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Hu, G; Li, X; Shi, H; Wan, Y; Wang, H; Wang, Q; Wang, Y; Zhu, J, 2022)	0.72
" The present study demonstrated the first assessment of the effects of no observed adverse effect concentration (NOAEC) of carbaryl (CR) and acetamiprid (ACE) on transcriptome and metabolome in honeybee larvae reared in vitro."	( Combined transcriptome and metabolite profiling analyses provide insights into the chronic toxicity of carbaryl and acetamiprid to Apis mellifera larvae. Dai, P; Diao, Q; Gao, J; Liu, F; Liu, Y; Ma, S; Wang, Q; Wang, X; Wu, Y; Yang, Y; Zhang, L, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The objective of this study was to develop analytical method based on optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) as a pretreatment procedure combined with reversed phase liquid chromatographic separation on C18 column and isocratic elution for simultaneous MS/MS determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey."	( Multi-residue method for determination of selected neonicotinoid insecticides in honey using optimized dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Banjac, V; Franko, M; Guzsvány, V; Jovanov, P; Lazić, S; Sakač, M; Šarić, B, 2013)	0.39

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" However, the development of green nanopesticide carriers with ideal physical properties and specific bioavailability is still a challenging task at present."	( Fabricating Network-Link Acetamiprid-Loading Micelles Based on Dopamine-Functionalized Alginate and Alkyl Polyglucoside To Enhance Folia Deposition and Retention. Feng, Y; He, F; Huang, J; Li, J; Liu, H; Tang, H; Wan, S; Wen, Q; Yu, G; Yuan, J; Zeng, Q, 2022)	0.72

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
"Bioassays were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to estimate toxicities and dose-response relationships of 24 Bemisica tabaci Gennadius populations to pyriproxifen, acemitaprid, and diafenthiuron."	( Field efficacy and baseline toxicities of pyriproxifen, acetamiprid, and diafenthiuron against Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Burkina Faso (West Africa). Otoidobiga, LC; Stewart, RK; Vincent, LC, 2003)	0.32
" The pesticides were applied at exaggerated dosage to quantify residue levels in processed samples."	( Effect of household and commercial processing on acetamiprid, azoxystrobin and methidathion residues during crude rapeseed oil production. Jiang, Y; Li, Y; Pan, C; Shibamoto, T, 2013)	0.39
" Estimates of response parameters for each mixture component applied to each species were compared with dose-response data for each mixture in statistical tests of the hypothesis of independent joint action."	( Comparative toxicities and synergism of apple orchard pesticides to Apis mellifera (L.) and Osmia cornifrons (Radoszkowski). Ashcraft, SA; Biddinger, DJ; Frazier, J; Joshi, NK; Mullin, C; Rajotte, EG; Robertson, JL; Vaughn, M, 2013)	0.39
" The parametric indices selected give a quantitative dose-response relationship of both insecticides and indicate that ACE is more toxic than IMI due to their difference in molecular structures."	( Influence of short-time imidacloprid and acetamiprid application on soil microbial metabolic activity and enzymatic activity. Chen, H; Choi, MM; Wang, F; Yao, J; Yi, Z, 2014)	0.4
" The experimental animals were dosed by gavage (5 days per week) for 45 consecutive days."	( Protective effect of Nigella sativa oil against acetamiprid induced reproductive toxicity in male rats. Djerrou, Z; Mantovani, A; Mosbah, R, 2018)	0.48
" We first conducted acute toxicity testing and avoidance response testing using earthworms to obtain dose-response data for two different endpoints; then the benchmark dose (BMD) methodology was applied to estimate the toxicity values for the active ingredients of these four pesticides and their mixtures."	( Quantitative ecotoxicity analysis for pesticide mixtures using benchmark dose methodology. Chen, C; Li, J; Shao, K; Wang, Y; Yang, G; Zhao, H, 2018)	0.48
" These results suggest that exposure to ACE and IMI impairs neurogenesis and alters microglial profiles in the developing hippocampal DG following oral dosing in an early postnatal period."	( The neonicotinoids acetamiprid and imidacloprid impair neurogenesis and alter the microglial profile in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mouse neonates. Kagawa, N; Nagao, T; Nakayama, A; Yoshida, M, 2019)	0.51

Role	Description
neonicotinoid insectide	A class of neuro-active insecticides that act at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
environmental contaminant	Any minor or unwanted substance introduced into the environment that can have undesired effects.
xenobiotic	A xenobiotic (Greek, xenos "foreign"; bios "life") is a compound that is foreign to a living organism. Principal xenobiotics include: drugs, carcinogens and various compounds that have been introduced into the environment by artificial means.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
monochloropyridine	A chloropyridine in which only one chlorine is attached to the pyridine ring.
nitrile	A compound having the structure RC#N; thus a C-substituted derivative of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N. In systematic nomenclature, the suffix nitrile denotes the triply bound #N atom, not the carbon atom attached to it.
carboxamidine	Compounds having the structure RC(=NR)NR2. The term is used as a suffix in systematic nomenclature to denote the -C(=NH)NH2 group including its carbon atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.7853	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347395
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Polyphenol oxidase 2	Agaricus bisporus	IC50 (µMol)	1,740.0000	0.0340	3.9871	10.0000	AID1082239
Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)	Ki	0.6800	0.0000	0.3157	0.9700	AID1092036
Acetylcholine receptor subunit beta-like 2	Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)	Ki	0.0072	0.0012	0.5719	2.7000	AID1092037
Acetylcholine-binding protein	Lymnaea stagnalis (great pond snail)	Ki	1.2000	0.0001	1.8811	28.0000	AID1092034
Soluble acetylcholine receptor	Aplysia californica (California sea hare)	Ki	0.0320	0.0010	1.2276	6.3096	AID1092035
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
monoatomic ion transmembrane transport	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
excitatory postsynaptic potential	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
acetylcholine receptor signaling pathway	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
response to nicotine	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
membrane depolarization	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
synaptic transmission, cholinergic	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein binding	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
acetylcholine receptor activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
acetylcholine-gated monoatomic cation-selective channel activity	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
postsynaptic membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
neuron projection	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
acetylcholine-gated channel complex	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
synapse	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
plasma membrane	Neuronal acetylcholine receptor subunit alpha-4	Gallus gallus (chicken)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (105)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1111158	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Auber (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1104202	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-resistant Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G30) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioa	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1104728	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B2 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1092037	Binding affinity to Drosophila brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assessed as [3H]IMI binding by radioligand binding assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Unique neonicotinoid binding conformations conferring selective receptor interactions.
AID1112789	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104731	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q2 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111168	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone NM1 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1104201	Resistance factor, ratio of LC50 for adult female Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G15) to LC50 for adult female B-type Bemisia tabaci NJ	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1112022	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 112.3 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1104204	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-susceptible Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ (sweet potato whitefly) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1112020	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 3.31 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1104740	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B4 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1081819	Drug metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster D.mel-2 cells deficient in CYP6G1 assessed as drug recovery measured 24 hr post dose by HPLC method	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Discovery and characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests.
AID1111948	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as longevity at LC20 concentration	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1104203	Insecticidal activity against adult female imidacloprid-resistant Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G15) in cotton leaf discs assessed as mortality treated for 10 secs prior to adult infestation measured after 72 hr by leaf-dip bioa	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1111163	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Burk (cotton aphid) in cotton plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1082237	Inhibition of xanthine oxidase	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1111951	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 48 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.36 +/- 0.0006 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1103904	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 2x0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111182	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111955	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii RF45 (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 48 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111952	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 72 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1104732	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q1 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111947	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as fecundity at LC20 concentration	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1103896	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 0.1167/8 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1101023	Displacement of [3H]IMI from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) whole body membrane after 90 min by filter binding assay	2000	Journal of neurochemistry, Sep, Volume: 75, Issue:3	Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: conserved neonicotinoid specificity of [(3)H]imidacloprid binding site.
AID1103891	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity) at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 24 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID318726	Displacement of [3H]EPI from Aplysia AChBP expressed in HEK293S cells by scintillation proximity assay	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May-22, Volume: 104, Issue:21	Mapping the elusive neonicotinoid binding site.
AID1112023	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 2.3 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1104925	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested poinsettia leaves assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf dip method	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1101020	Displacement of [3H]IMI from nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Drosophila melanogaster head membrane after 90 min by filter binding assay	2000	Journal of neurochemistry, Sep, Volume: 75, Issue:3	Insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptor: conserved neonicotinoid specificity of [(3)H]imidacloprid binding site.
AID1111950	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 72 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.40 +/- 0.0002 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1082239	Inhibition of Agaricus bisporus (mushroom) tyrosinase	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1111167	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone C9 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1104742	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112021	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as male mortality at 41 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1111157	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Burk (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111165	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone PsP4 (cotton aphid) in pepper plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1092036	Binding affinity to recombinant Gallus gallus (chicken) alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor assessed as [3H]NIC binding by radioligand binding assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Unique neonicotinoid binding conformations conferring selective receptor interactions.
AID1111160	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone C4 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1111156	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone Ivo (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1104725	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B4 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104923	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cucumber leaves assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf dip method	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112787	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis R1S (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TFR	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1111954	Resistance ratio, LC50 for Aphis gossypii RF45 (cotton aphid) to LC50 for Aphis gossypii SS	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111953	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as reduction in body weight at LC20 concentration measured after 24 hr by dipping method (Rvb = 0.33 +/- 0.0004 mg/aphid)	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1082238	Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1103912	Ovicidal activity against Metaseiulus occidentalis eggs in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected cumulative mortality at 700 g/kg WP formulation treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 14	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1082322	Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1103860	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr (Rvb = 16.1%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1104747	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci LABS (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103872	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 24 hr (Rvb = 3.6%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1092034	Binding affinity to freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis AChBP assessed as [3H]EPI binding by radioligand binding assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Unique neonicotinoid binding conformations conferring selective receptor interactions.
AID1112899	Insecticidal activity against Myzus persicae 4106A (green peach aphid) fed on compound treated chinese cabbage discs after 72 hr	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1104729	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B1 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103907	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 4x0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1104730	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104922	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested tomato leaves assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf dip method	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103879	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity)at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1112204	Insecticidal activity against Cydia pomonella (codling moth) lab-s neonate compound applied topically measured after 4 days	2012	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 68, Issue:6	Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae.
AID1112900	Insecticidal activity against neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae FRC-P (green peach aphid) fed on compound treated chinese cabbage discs after 72 hr	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID318725	Displacement of [3H]ACE from Aplysia AChBP expressed in HEK293S cells by scintillation proximity assay	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, May-22, Volume: 104, Issue:21	Mapping the elusive neonicotinoid binding site.
AID1082242	Phytotoxicity against Gossypium hirsutum (cotton) seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104745	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B1 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112029	Insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii assessed as mortality at 112.3 g/ha by direct application at 22 degC measured after 24 hr	2011	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 67, Issue:11	Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops.
AID1104744	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q3 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1082231	Inhibition of Oryctolagus cuniculus (rabbit) AOX in liver cytosol at IC50 concentration	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1082320	Adulticidal activity against female Bemisia tabaci biotype B (sweet potato whitefly) in cucumber leaves assessed as residual contact toxicity treated for 30 secs before adult insect infestation measured after 24 hr by leaf dip bioassay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1082232	Inhibition of xanthine oxidase at IC50 concentration	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1112791	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis TFB (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1104924	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cotton leaves assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf dip method	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104920	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cabbage leaves assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf dip method	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111161	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone C9 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1082321	Biotype susceptibility ratio, ratio of LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype Q (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for female adult Bemisia tabaci biotype B	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Aug-10, Volume: 59, Issue:15	Adulticidal activity of phthalides identified in Cnidium officinale rhizome to B- and Q-biotypes of Bemisia tabaci.
AID1092035	Binding affinity to salt water mollusc Aplysia californica AChBP Y55W mutant assessed as [3H]acetamiprid binding by radioligand binding assay	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Unique neonicotinoid binding conformations conferring selective receptor interactions.
AID1103892	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 0.1167/128 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1112788	Resistance factor, LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis PPP (western flower thrips) to LC50 for Frankliniella occidentalis TFR	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1112898	Resistance index, ratio of LC50 for neonicotinoid-resistant Myzus persicae FRC-P (green peach aphid) to LC50 for Myzus persicae 4106A	2013	Pest management science, May, Volume: 69, Issue:5	Investigating the mode of action of sulfoxaflor: a fourth-generation neonicotinoid.
AID1111162	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Ivo (cotton aphid) in cotton plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1103893	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 0.1167/46 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111949	Insecticidal activity against imidacloprid-resistant Aphis gossypii (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as inhibition of honeydew excretion at LC20 concentration measured after 72 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111166	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone C4 (cotton aphid) in zucchini or squash leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1082244	Phytotoxicity against Glycine max (soybean) seedlings assessed as lesions in unfoliolate leaves at 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1081818	Drug metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster D.mel-2 cells over-expressing in CYP6G1 assessed as drug recovery measured 24 hr post dose by HPLC method	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, Apr-13, Volume: 59, Issue:7	Discovery and characterization of sulfoxaflor, a novel insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests.
AID1111183	Insecticidal activity against B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) in cabbage leaf assessed as mortality after 48 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111159	Resistant factor, ratio of LC50 for Aphis gossypii clone PsP4 (cotton aphid) to Aphis gossypii clone NM1	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1103899	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as corrected mortality at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1103866	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as repellency at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 48 hr (Rvb = 13.6%)	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1104743	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B2 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1111164	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii clone Auber (cotton aphid) in egg plant leaf assessed as mortality after 24 hr by leaf disk assay	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Insecticide resistance traits differ among and within host races in Aphis gossypii.
AID1112790	Insecticidal activity against Frankliniella occidentalis PPP (western flower thrips) in compound treated sweet pepper leaf assessed as mortality at 25 +/- 2 degC by leaf dip method	2013	Pest management science, Feb, Volume: 69, Issue:2	Thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis.
AID1082243	Phytotoxicity against Spinacia oleracea (spinach) seedlings assessed as lesions at 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1082240	Phytotoxicity against Vitis vinifera seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104200	Resistance factor, ratio of LC50 for adult female Bemisia tabaci B-biotype NJ-Imi (sweet potato whitefly) (G30) to LC50 for adult female B-type Bemisia tabaci NJ	2009	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 65, Issue:11	Cross-resistance, inheritance and biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci.
AID1104921	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested poinsettia leaves to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested tomato leaves	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104748	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q1 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103910	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as mortality treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 72 hr	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
AID1111956	Insecticidal activity against Aphis gossypii SS (cotton aphid) in cotton leaves assessed as mortality measured after 48 hr by dipping method	2011	Pest management science, Dec, Volume: 67, Issue:12	Toxicities and sublethal effects of seven neonicotinoid insecticides on survival, growth and reproduction of imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii.
AID1111181	Cross resistant, ratio of LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-resistant Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for B-biotype thiamethoxam-sensitive Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly)	2010	Pest management science, Mar, Volume: 66, Issue:3	Cross-resistance study and biochemical mechanisms of thiamethoxam resistance in B-biotype Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1112203	Insecticidal activity against fourth-instar larvae of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) lab-s compound applied topically measured after 4 days	2012	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 68, Issue:6	Development of a rapid resistance monitoring bioassay for codling moth larvae.
AID1082241	Phytotoxicity against Zea mays (maize) seedlings assessed as lesions at 50 to 100 ppm after 9 days	2011	Journal of agricultural and food chemistry, May-11, Volume: 59, Issue:9	Neonicotinoid insecticides: oxidative stress in planta and metallo-oxidase inhibition.
AID1104919	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested poinsettia leaves to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci (sweet potato whitefly) infested cucumber leaves	2011	Pest management science, Jan, Volume: 67, Issue:1	Induction effects of host plants on insecticide susceptibility and detoxification enzymes of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104727	Resistance ratio of LC50 for Bemisia tabaci biotype-B B3 (sweet potato whitefly) to LC50 for Bemisia tabaci LABS	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1104746	Insecticidal activity against Bemisia tabaci biotype-Q Q2 (sweet potato whitefly) after 48 hr by leaf-dip bioassay	2010	Pest management science, Nov, Volume: 66, Issue:11	Cross-resistance relationships between neonicotinoids and pymetrozine in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae).
AID1103885	Toxicity against Metaseiulus occidentalis adults in bean leaf disk infested with two-spotted spider mites assessed as average number of eggs laid (fecundity) at 0.1167 g AI/L treated using worst-case laboratory exposure procedure measured after 48 hr (Rvb	2009	Pest management science, Jun, Volume: 65, Issue:6	Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	62 (14.52)	29.6817
2010's	235 (55.04)	24.3611
2020's	130 (30.44)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2 (0.46%)	5.53%
Reviews	7 (1.61%)	6.00%
Case Studies	6 (1.38%)	4.05%
Observational	1 (0.23%)	0.25%
Other	419 (96.32%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
4-hydroxybenzaldehyde [no description available]	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	EC 1.14.17.1 (dopamine beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
benzaldehyde [no description available]	2.06	1	0	benzaldehydes	EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; fragrance; odorant receptor agonist; plant metabolite
benzene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.06	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	3.73	9	0	amino-acid anion
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.46	2	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	2.04	1	0	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	2.07	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
diethyl phosphate diethyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. diethyl hydrogen phosphate : A dialkyl phosphate having ethyl as the alkyl group.	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.1	1	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
melatonin [no description available]	4.45	3	1	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	2.83	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.06	1	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.41	1	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.03	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
sulfuric acid sulfuric acid : A sulfur oxoacid that consists of two oxo and two hydroxy groups joined covalently to a central sulfur atom.	2.01	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	catalyst
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	2.06	1	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	2.02	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
epibatidine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	alkaloid
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.6	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	2.31	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.17	1	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	2.06	1	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
atrazine [no description available]	2.58	2	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azinphosmethyl Azinphosmethyl: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor. It has been used as an acaricide and as an insecticide.. azinphos-methyl : A member of the class of benzotriazines that is 1,2,3-benzotriazine substituted by an oxo group at position 4 and a [(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanyl]methyl group at position 3.	3.17	5	0	benzotriazines; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
berberine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
caffeine [no description available]	2.17	1	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.13	1	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.6	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	2.66	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbofuran Carbofuran: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic insecticide, an acaricide, and nematocide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.83	3	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.21	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos: An organothiophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide and as an acaricide.. chlorpyrifos : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-diethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	4.2	15	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
cypermethrin cypermethrin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and the alcoholic hydroxy group of hydroxy(3-phenoxyphenyl)acetonitrile.. zeta-cypermethrin : A diastereoisomeric mixture comprising the isomeric pair (1R)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaR)-cypermethrin together with the isomeric pair (1S)-cis-(alphaS)- and (1S)-trans-(alphaS)-cypermethrin where the ratio between the isomeric pairs lies in the range 45:55 to 55:45.	3.89	11	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound	agrochemical; molluscicide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
diazinon Diazinon: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an organothiophosphorus insecticide.. diazinon : A member of the class of pyrimidines that is pyrimidine carrying an isopropyl group at position 2, a methyl group at position 6 and a (diethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.47	2	0	organic thiophosphate; pyrimidines	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; nematicide; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	2.05	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.06	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethoate Dimethoate: An organothiophosphorus cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as a systemic and contact insecticide.. dimethoate : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N-methylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group attached to the carbonyl moiety is replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.78	3	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
diuron Diuron: A pre-emergent herbicide.. diuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which both of the hydrogens attached to one nitrogen are substituted by methyl groups, and one of the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group.	2.17	1	0	3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea; dichlorobenzene	environmental contaminant; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; photosystem-II inhibitor; urea herbicide; xenobiotic
endosulfan Endosulfan: A polychlorinated compound used for controlling a variety of insects. It is practically water-insoluble, but readily adheres to clay particles and persists in soil and water for several years. Its mode of action involves repetitive nerve-discharges positively correlated to increase in temperature. This compound is extremely toxic to most fish. (From Comp Biochem Physiol (C) 1993 Jul;105(3):347-61). endosulfan : A cyclic sulfite ester that is 1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepine 3-oxide substituted by chloro groups at positions 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 10.	2.77	3	0	cyclic sulfite ester; cyclodiene organochlorine insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; persistent organic pollutant
fipronil fipronil: has low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source. fipronil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fipronil.. 5-amino-1-[2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4-[(trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl]-1H-pyrazole-3-carbonitrile : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole that is substituted at positions 1, 3, 4, and 5 by 2,6-dichloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl, cyano, (trifluoromethyl)sulfinyl, and amino groups, respectively.	3.81	10	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; dichlorobenzene; nitrile; primary amino compound; pyrazoles; sulfoxide
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	3.23	1	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
kojic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	4-pyranones; enol; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; EC 1.10.3.1 (catechol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 1.10.3.2 (laccase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.24 (quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.3 (D-amino-acid oxidase) inhibitor; NF-kappaB inhibitor; skin lightening agent
malathion Malathion: A wide spectrum aliphatic organophosphate insecticide widely used for both domestic and commercial agricultural purposes.. malathion : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R) and (S)-malathion. It is a broad spectrum organophosphate proinsecticide used to control a wide range of pests including Coleoptera, Diptera, fruit flies, mosquitos and spider mites.. diethyl 2-[(dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio]succinate : A diester that is diethyl succinate in which position 2 is substituted by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)thio group.	3.26	5	0	diester; ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	2.07	1	0	primary aliphatic amine
methomyl Methomyl: A carbamate insecticide with anticholinesterase activity.. methomyl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of methylcarbamic acid with the hydroxy group of 1-(methylsulfanyl)acetaldoxime.	3.05	4	0	aliphatic sulfide; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; nematicide; xenobiotic
metolachlor metolachlor: structure given in first source. metolachlor : A racemate that consists of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-metolachlor.. 2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl)acetamide : An organochlorine compound that is 2-chloroacetamide substituted by a (2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(1-methoxypropan-2-yl) group at the nitrogen atom.	2.17	1	0	aromatic amide; benzenes; ether; organochlorine compound
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.06	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
butyl phosphorotrithioate butyl phosphorotrithioate: a herbicide	2.46	2	0	organic thiophosphate	defoliant
temefos Temefos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. temephos : An organic sulfide that is diphenyl sulfide in which the hydrogen at the para position of each of the phenyl groups has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)oxy group.	2.17	1	0	organic sulfide; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; ectoparasiticide
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	2.51	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
trifluralin Trifluralin: A microtubule-disrupting pre-emergence herbicide.. trifluralin : A substituted aniline that is N,N-dipropylaniline substituted by a nitro groups at positions 2 and 6 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is an agrochemical used as a pre-emergence herbicide.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; substituted aniline	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	2.31	1	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
piperonyl butoxide [no description available]	3.45	7	0	benzodioxoles	pesticide synergist
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.31	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	2.21	1	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	2.1	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.52	2	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	2.07	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.21	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.11	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
carbaryl Carbaryl: A carbamate insecticide and parasiticide. It is a potent anticholinesterase agent belonging to the carbamate group of reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. It has a particularly low toxicity from dermal absorption and is used for control of head lice in some countries.. carbaryl : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.	3.21	5	0	carbamate ester; naphthalenes	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant growth retardant
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	2.6	1	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
systhane systhane: structure in first source. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)hexanenitrile : A nitrile that is hexanenitrile substituted at the 2-position by p-chlorophenyl and (1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups.	2.25	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	2.46	2	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	2.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
dinoseb dinoseb: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. dinoseb : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-dinoseb.. 2-(butan-2-yl)-4,6-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol that is 2,4-dinitrophenol substituted by a butan-2-yl group at position 2.	2.08	1	0	dinitrophenol
salicylaldehyde o-hydroxybenzaldehyde: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	hydroxybenzaldehyde	nematicide; plant metabolite
methyleugenol methyleugenol: structure	2.04	1	0	phenylpropanoid
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.86	3	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	2.06	1	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	2.41	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
nonane iotrochotin: toxin from the Caribbean sponge Iotrochota birotulata, which selectively permeabilizes synaptosomes. nonane : A straight chain alkane composed of 9 carbon atoms.	2.06	1	0	alkane	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
folpet folpet : A member of the class of phthalimides that is phthalimide in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a trichloromethylthio group. An agricultural fungicide, it has been used to control mildew, leaf spot, and other diseases in crops sice the 1950s.	2.31	1	0	organochlorine compound; organosulfur compound; phthalimide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	2.13	1	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	7.65	73	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.79	3	0	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
linuron Linuron: A selective pre- and post-emergence herbicide. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). linuron : A member of the class of phenylureas that is N-methyl urea substituted by a methoxy group at position 1 and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group at position 3.	2.15	1	0	dichlorobenzene; phenylureas	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	2.03	1	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	2.03	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
butenolide butenolide: inhibits experimental allergic encephalomyelitis in rats. butenolide : A gamma-lactone that consists of a 2-furanone skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	2.17	1	0	butenolide
3-pyridinaldehyde pyridine-3-carbaldehyde : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine substituted by a formyl group at position 3.	2.06	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.31	1	0
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	4	2	1	dialdehyde	biomarker
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	2.41	1	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
allethrins Allethrins: Synthetic analogs of the naturally occurring insecticides cinerin, jasmolin, and pyrethrin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.06	1	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	pyrethroid ester insecticide
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	2.25	1	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
phosmet Phosmet: An organothiophosphorus insecticide that has been used to control pig mange.	2.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide; phthalimides	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
dimethyl phosphate dimethyl phosphate: excreted in urine after exposure to mevinphos; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.11	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
methidathion methidathion: widely used on citrus, tobacco, alfalfa, cotton, sorghum & several other crops	2.08	1	0	organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	2.61	2	0	zinc molecular entity
molybdenum disulfide [no description available]	2.15	1	0	sulfide salt
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	4.11	2	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tetrachloroisophthalonitrile tetrachloroisophthalonitrile: structure. chlorothalonil : A dinitrile that is benzene-1,3-dicarbonitrile substituted by four chloro groups. A non-systemic fungicide first introduced in the 1960s, it is used to control a range of diseases in a wide variety of crops.	2.52	2	0	aromatic fungicide; dinitrile; tetrachlorobenzene	antifungal agrochemical
fluometuron fluometuron: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. fluometuron : A member of the class of 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group while the other is substituted by two methyl groups. It is a herbicide used for the control of broadleaf weeds and annual grasses in cotton.	2.31	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 3-(3,4-substituted-phenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea	agrochemical; environmental contaminant; herbicide; photosystem-II inhibitor; xenobiotic
phenthoate, (+-)-isomer phenthoate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure. phenthoate : An organic thiophosphate that is ethyl mandelate in which the hydroxy group has been replaced by a (dimethoxyphosphorothioyl)sulfanediyl group.	2.02	1	0	ethyl ester; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
isoprocarb [no description available]	2.13	1	0	carbamate ester	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
ecdysone [no description available]	2.41	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.07	1	0	carbon oxoanion
chlorpyrifos-methyl chlorpyrifos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl hydrogen phosphorothioate in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been replaced by a 3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl group.	2.15	1	0	chloropyridine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.07	1	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	2.15	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.17	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	3.43	6	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.4	6	0	titanium group element atom
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	3.21	4	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	4.67	23	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
holmium Holmium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ho, atomic number 67, and atomic weight 164.93.	2.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	2.1	1	0	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.13	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	2.03	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.1	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	3.05	4	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	3.4	6	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
carbamothioic acid, s,s'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester carbamothioic acid, S,S'-(2-(dimethylamino)-1,3-propanediyl) ester: RN given refers to parent cpd; Padan refers to mono-HCl	2.44	2	0	nereistoxin analogue insecticide
fluorides [no description available]	2.13	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.13	1	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pirimicarb pirimicarb: structure. pirimicarb : An aminopyrimidine that is N,N,4,5-tetramethylpyrimidin-2-amine substituted by a (dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy group at position 4.	2.48	2	0	aminopyrimidine; carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound	agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
dihydro-beta-erythroidine Dihydro-beta-Erythroidine: Dihydro analog of beta-erythroidine, which is isolated from the seeds and other plant parts of Erythrina sp. Leguminosae. It is an alkaloid with curarimimetic properties.. dihydro-beta-erythroidine : An organic heterotetracyclic compound resulting from the partial hydrogenation of the 1,3-diene moiety of beta-erythroidine to give the corresponding 2-ene.	2.07	1	0	delta-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	nicotinic antagonist
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.06	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
pirimiphos methyl pirimiphos methyl: structure. pirimiphos-methyl : An organic thiophosphate that is O,O-dimethyl O-pyrimidin-4-yl phosphorothioate substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a diethylamino group at position 2.	2.48	2	0	aminopyrimidine; organic thiophosphate	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; insecticide
7-ethoxycoumarin 7-ethoxycoumarin : A member of the class of coumarins that is umbelliferone in which the hydroxy group at position 7 is replaced by an ethoxy group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; coumarins
amitraz amitraz: ixodicide (tick control); structure. amitraz : A tertiary amino compound that is 1,3,5-triazapenta-1,4-diene substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and 2,4-dimethylphenyl groups at positions 1 and 5.	2.21	1	0	formamidines; tertiary amino compound	acaricide; environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
iprodione iprodione : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione in which the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by an N-(isopropyl)carboxamide group while that at position 3 is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorophenyl group. A contact fungicide, it blocks the growth of the fungal mycelium and inhibits the germination of fungal spores. It is used on fruit and vegetable crops affected by various fungal diseases. It is also used as a nematicide.	2.03	1	0	benzenes; dichlorophenyl dicarboximide fungicide; imidazole fungicide; imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	antifungal agrochemical; nematicide
profenofos [no description available]	2.77	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; organic thiophosphate; organochlorine insecticide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
permethrin hemoglobin Atlanta-Coventry: Leu replaced by Pro at beta75 and Leu deleted at beta141	2.47	2	0	cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes	agrochemical; ectoparasiticide; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide; scabicide
decamethrin decamethrin: pyrethroid insecticide; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	3.63	8	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organobromine compound	agrochemical; antifeedant; calcium channel agonist; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; pyrethroid ester insecticide
3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine T1023: radioprotective NO-Synthase Inhibitor	2.11	1	0
dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran dibutylaminosulfenylcarbofuran: RN given refers to cpd with unspecified thio moieties	2.75	3	0	1-benzofurans; carbamate ester	acaricide; agrochemical; carbamate insecticide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; nematicide
propiconazole Orbit: Bony cavity that holds the eyeball and its associated tissues and appendages.	2.21	1	0	conazole fungicide; cyclic ketal; dichlorobenzene; triazole fungicide; triazoles	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.14.13.70 (sterol 14alpha-demethylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
fenpropathrin, (+-)-isomer fenpropathrin: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. fenpropathrin : A cyclopropanecarboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation between 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
cyromazine cyromazine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.17	4	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	mouse metabolite; triazine insecticide
flutolanil flutolanil : A member of the class of benzamides, obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid with the amino group of 3-(ispropyloxy)aniline. A fungicide used to control a range of pathogens especially Rhizoctonia spp. on rice, turf and other crops.	2.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; benzamides; benzanilide fungicide	antifungal agrochemical; EC 1.3.5.1 [succinate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor
buprofezin buprofezin: tradename - Applaud; used for the control of homopterous insect pests; structure given in first source. (E)-buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has E configuration.. buprofezin : A 2-(tert-butylimino)-5-phenyl-3-(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-thiadiazinan-4-one in which the C=N double bond has Z configuration.	2.61	2	0	thiadiazinane; ureas
trioctyl phosphine oxide [no description available]	2.15	1	0
acetamidine acetamidine: bovine trypsin inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.06	1	0	carboxamidine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	3.28	5	0	1,2,3-triazole
ethofenprox ethofenprox: synthetic pyrethroid for insecticidal efficacy against mosquito larvae & on non-target organisms. etofenprox : An aromatic ether that is the 3-phenoxybenzyl ether of 2-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-2-methylpropan-1-ol.	2.58	2	0	aromatic ether	pyrethroid ether insecticide
2,4,6-triphenylpyrylium [no description available]	2.17	1	0
4-chlorosalicylic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0
6-chloronicotinic acid [no description available]	2.76	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
tetraconazole tetraconazole : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-tetraconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of fungal infections including powdery mildew, rusts, bunt, loose smut and scab.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl]1,2,4-triazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1,2,4-triazole substituted at position 1 by a 2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)propyl group.	2.25	1	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; organofluorine compound; triazoles
tebuconazole Lynx: A genus in the family FELIDAE comprising felines with long legs, ear tufts, and a short tail.. 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-4,4-dimethyl-3-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)pentan-3-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is pentan-3-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl, methyl, methyl, and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl at positions 1, 4, 4 and 3 respectively.. tebuconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tebuconazole. A fungicide effective against various smut and bunt diseases in cereals and other field crops.	2.21	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
cyproconazole cyproconazole: inhibits ergosterol biosynthesis in fungi. cyproconazole : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of the enantiomeric pair (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-cyproconazole in ratio 1:1 with the enantiomeric pair (2R,3R)- and (2S,3S)-cyproconazole. A broad spectrum fungicide, it is used on cereals and other field crops used to control Septoria, rust, powdery mildew and other diseases.. 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1-(1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is butan-2-ol substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group at position 2, a cyclopropyl group at position 3 and a 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl group at position 1.	2.25	1	0	cyclopropanes; monochlorobenzenes; tertiary alcohol; triazoles
4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile fenbuconazole: fenbuconazole is a formulant in the fungicide Enable; structure in first source. fenbuconazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fenbuconazole. A fungicide used to control a range of diseases including powdery mildew, black rot and scab.. 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-phenyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl)butanenitrile : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1-chloro-4-(3-phenylpropyl)benzene substituted at position 3 of the propyl moiety by cyano and 1,2,4-triazol-1-ylmethyl groups.	2.08	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; triazoles
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	3.79	10	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
cadmium telluride cadmium telluride: used in radiation monitoring device	2.46	2	0
chlorfluazuron chlorfluazuron: chitin synthesis inhibitor	2.02	1	0	benzoylurea insecticide; dichlorobenzene; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine insecticide
pyriproxyfen pyriproxyfen: an insect growth regulator; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pyriproxyfen : An aromatic ether that consists of propylene glycol having a 2-pyridyl group at the O-1 position and a 4-phenoxyphenyl group at the O-3 position.	3.46	7	0	aromatic ether; pyridines	juvenile hormone mimic
pyridaben [no description available]	2.55	2	0	organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; pyridazinone	mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
halosulfuron methyl halosulfuron methyl: an herbicide; structure in first source	2.15	1	0	pyrazoles
tebufenozide tebufenozide: structure given in first source. tebufenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by tert-butyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl and 4-ethylbenzoyl groups respectively. It is an insecticide used widely against caterpillars.	2.15	1	0	carbohydrazide	ecdysone agonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
chlorfenapyr chlorfenapyr: an experimental pour-on formulation, a new generation pyrethroid available to producers. chlorfenapyr : A member of the class of pyrroles that is 4-bromo-1H-pyrrole-3-carbonitrile which is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by ethoxymethyl, p-chlorophenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. A proinsecticide used for termite control and crop protection against several insects and mite pests.	3.12	4	0	hemiaminal ether; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile; organochlorine acaricide; organochlorine insecticide; organofluorine acaricide; organofluorine insecticide; pyrroles	proacaricide; proinsecticide
acequinocyl acequinocyl: structure in first source. acequinocyl : An acetate ester consisting of 1,4-naphthoquinone bearing acetoxy and dodecyl substituents at positions 2 and 3 respectively.	2.13	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; acetate ester	acaricide; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor
novaluron novaluron: insecticide	2.74	3	0	aromatic ether; benzoylurea insecticide; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.54	2	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
leucine-beta-naphthylamide leucine-beta-naphthylamide: aminopeptidase substrate. L-leucine 2-naphthylamide : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.	2.11	1	0	amino acid amide; L-leucine derivative; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide	chromogenic compound
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.13	1	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
cyfluthrin cyfluthrin: effective against mosquitoes. cyfluthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and (4-fluoro-3-phenoxyphenyl)(hydroxy)acetonitrile.	2.06	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
methoxyfenozide methoxyfenozide: structure in first source. methoxyfenozide : A carbohydrazide that is hydrazine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by 3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoyl, 3,5-dimethylbenzoyl, and tert-butyl groups respectively.	2.99	4	0	carbohydrazide; monomethoxybenzene	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
artesunic acid [no description available]	3.46	1	1
methyllycaconitine methyllycaconitine: natural toxin from seeds of Delphinium brownii; parasympathomimetic and mild nicotine antagonist; antagonist of alpha-conotoxin-MII sensitive presynaptic nicotinic receptors; potent insecticide; RN refers to (1alpha,4(S),6beta,14alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.04	1	0
thiamethoxam Thiamethoxam: A nitro-oxazine and thiazole derivative that is used as a broad spectrum neonicotinoid insecticide.. thiamethoxam : An oxadiazane that is tetrahydro-N-nitro-4H-1,3,5-oxadiazin-4-imine bearing (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl and methyl substituents at positions 3 and 5 respectively.	7.55	66	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; organochlorine compound; oxadiazane	antifeedant; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
indoxacarb indoxacarb: oxadiazine insecticide; structure in first source. insecticide : Strictly, a substance intended to kill members of the class Insecta. In common usage, any substance used for preventing, destroying, repelling or controlling insects.	2.13	1	0	methyl ester; organochlorine insecticide	voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
thiacloprid thiacloprid: structure in first source. (Z)-thiacloprid : The (Z)-stereoisomer of thiacloprid.. thiacloprid : A nitrile that is cyanamide in which the hydrogens are replaced by a 1,3-thiazolidin-2-ylidene group which in turn is substituted by a (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl group at the ring nitrogen.	7.24	68	0	monochloropyridine; nitrile; thiazolidines	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; xenobiotic
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.1	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
borneo Borneo: An island in the Malay Archipelago, east of Sumatra, north of Java, and west of Celebes. It is the third largest island in the world. Its name is a Portuguese alteration of BRUNEI, located on it. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p163; Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p73)	2.13	1	0	organofluorine acaricide
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	2.05	1	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2.79	3	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.6	1	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	2.25	1	0
spirodiclofen spirodiclofen: an acaricide	2.05	1	0	dichlorobenzene; gamma-lactone; organochlorine acaricide; oxaspiro compound
imidaclothiz imidaclothiz: an insecticide; structure in first source	2.8	3	0
scorpions [no description available]	2.96	4	0	dinotefuran; oxolanes	neonicotinoid insectide
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	3.67	9	0	anabasine
hexacyanoferrate iii hexacyanoferrate III: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0
riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms).	2.6	1	0	flavin; vitamin B2	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
butylidenephthalide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.13	1	0
2-mercaptonicotinic acid 2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.01	1	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid 6-mercapto-3-pyridinecarboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.06	1	0
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	2.55	2	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
ferric ferrocyanide ferric ferrocyanide: antidote to thallium poisoning; RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:4] salt; structure	2.41	1	0
zineb Zineb: An agricultural fungicide of the dithiocarbamate class. It has relatively low toxicity and there is little evidence of human injury from exposure.. zineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the ethylene bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. Formerly used as an agricultural fungicide for the control of downy mildews and rusts, its use is no longer permitted in the US or the EU.	2.1	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
thiophanate Thiophanate: Nematocide used in livestock; also has fungicidal properties.. thiophanate : A member of the class of thioureas that is the diethyl ester of (1,2-phenylenedicarbamothioyl)biscarbamic acid. A fungicide effective against a broad spectrum of diseases in fruit, vegetables, turf and other crops including eyespot, scab, powdery mildew and grey mould.	2.21	1	0	benzimidazole precursor fungicide; carbamate ester; carbamate fungicide; thioureas	antifungal drug
azoxystrobin azoxystrobin: a methoxyacrylate analog; a strobilurin fungicide; structure given in first source. azoxystrobin : An aryloxypyrimidine having a 4,6-diphenoxypyrimidine skeleton in which one of the phenyl rings is cyano-substituted at C-2 and the other carries a 2-methoxy-1-(methoxycarbonyl)vinyl substituent, also at C-2. An inhibitor of mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer between cytochromes b and c1, it is used widely as a fungicide in agriculture.	3.12	4	0	aryloxypyrimidine; enoate ester; enol ether; methoxyacrylate strobilurin antifungal agent; methyl ester; nitrile	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; quinone outside inhibitor; xenobiotic
nitenpyram nitenpyram: a nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide; structure in first source. (E)-nitenpyram : A nitenpyram in which the double bond has E configuration.. nitenpyram : A C-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroethene-1,1-diamine where one of the nitrogens bears ethyl and (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl while the other nitrogen carries a methyl group.	4.61	24	0	chloropyridyl insecticide; nitenpyram
diafenthiuron diafenthiuron: a pro-pesticide; inhibits mitochondrial ATPase in vitro and in vivo by its carbodiimide product. diafenthiuron : An aromatic ether that is 1,3-diisopropyl-5-phenoxybenzene in which the hydrogen atom at position 2 is substituted by a (tert-butylcarbamothioyl)nitrilo group. An agricultural proinsecticide which is used to control mites, aphids and whitefly in cotton.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; thiourea acaricide; thiourea insecticide	oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor; proinsecticide
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.05	1	0
quercetin [no description available]	2.9	3	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
azadirachtin azadirachtin A : A member of the family of azadirachtins that is isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).. azadirachtin : A family of terpenoids isolated from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica).	2.55	2	0	acetate ester; azadirachtin; cyclic hemiketal; enoate ester; epoxide; methyl ester; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent
cyhalothrin cyhalothrin: acaricidal & insecticidal synthetic pyrethroid; structure given in first source. cyhalothrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation between 3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-en-1-yl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and cyano(3-phenoxyphenyl)methanol.	4.02	11	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; nitrile; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
traumatic acid traumatic acid : A monounsaturated straight-chain dicarboxylic acid with the double bond at C-2; a plant wound-healing hormone.	2.6	1	0	dicarboxylic acid	plant hormone
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.17	1	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
codeine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	2.06	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	2.93	3	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
monocrotophos Monocrotophos: An organophosphate insecticide that inhibits monoamine oxidase and acetylcholinesterase. It has been shown to be genotoxic.. monocrotophos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 4-(methylamino)-4-oxobut-2-en-2-yl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2.05	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; monocarboxylic acid amide; organophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
ecdysterone Ecdysterone: A steroid hormone that regulates the processes of MOLTING or ecdysis in insects. Ecdysterone is the 20-hydroxylated ECDYSONE.. 20-hydroxyecdysone : An ecdysteroid that is ecdysone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 20.	2.21	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; ecdysteroid; phytoecdysteroid	animal metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	2.52	2	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
thiamethoxam [no description available]	3.77	10	0
magnesium citrate magnesium citrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and dibasic citrate ions in a 1:1 ratio.. trimagnesium dicitrate : A magnesium salt composed of magnesium and citrate ions in a 3:2 ratio.	2.04	1	0	magnesium salt	laxative
propineb propineb: structure. propineb : A polymeric complex of zinc with the propylene 1,2-bis(dithiocarbamate) anionic ligand. A fungicide, it is used to control a wide range of fungal diseases, including downy mildew, brown rot, black rot, red fire, leaf spot, and blight in crops such as grapes, tomatoes, potatoes, berries, citrus, rice and tea.	2.1	1	0	dithiocarbamate salt; macromolecule; zinc coordination entity	antifungal agrochemical
tellurium Tellurium: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has the atomic symbol Te, atomic number 52, and atomic weight 127.60. It has been used as a coloring agent and in the manufacture of electrical equipment. Exposure may cause nausea, vomiting, and CNS depression.	2.77	3	0	chalcogen; metalloid atom
pyrachlostrobin pyraclostrobin : A carbamate ester that is the methyl ester of [2-({[1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-yl]oxy}methyl)phenyl]methoxycarbamic acid. A fungicide used to control major plant pathogens including Septoria tritici, Puccinia spp. and Pyrenophora teres.	2.63	2	0	aromatic ether; carbamate ester; carbanilate fungicide; methoxycarbanilate strobilurin antifungal agent; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	antifungal agrochemical; environmental contaminant; mitochondrial cytochrome-bc1 complex inhibitor; xenobiotic
bifenthrin bifenthrin: a type I pyrethroid. bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of cis-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid and [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.. kappa-bifenthrin : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (1R,3R)-3-[(1Z)-2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl]-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of [(2-methyl-1,1'-biphenyl)-3-yl]methanol.	3.72	9	0	carboxylic ester; cyclopropanecarboxylate ester; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	pyrethroid ester acaricide; pyrethroid ester insecticide
fumagillin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; carboxylic ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; meroterpenoid; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; spiro-epoxide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; fungal metabolite; methionine aminopeptidase 2 inhibitor
aldicarb Aldicarb: Carbamate derivative used as an insecticide, acaricide, and nematocide.. aldicarb : The oxime carbamate resulting from the addition of 2-methyl-2-(methylsulfanyl)propanaldoxime to methyl isocyanate. A member of the class of oxime carbamate insecticides, aldicarb is a mixture of E and Z isomers; it is not known which isomer is more active.	2.08	1	0
pymetrozine pymetrozine: an anti-feedant against aphids, whiteflies, and leaf hoppers. pymetrozine : A member of the class of 1,2,4-triazines that is 4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazin-3(2H)-one substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a (pyridin-3-ylmethylidene)amino group at position 4.	2.05	1	0	1,2,4-triazines; pyridines	antifeedant; environmental contaminant; TRPV channel modulator; xenobiotic
oxamyl oxamyl: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.15	1	0
flonicamid flonicamid: an insecticide; structure in first source. flonicamid : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide substituted by a trifluoromethyl group at position 4 and a cyanomethyl group at the carbamoyl nitrogen atom.	2.55	2	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridinecarboxamide	environmental contaminant; insecticide; xenobiotic
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
spiromesifen spiromesifen: insecticide; structure in first source. spiromesifen : A butenolide that is but-2-en-4-olide bearing a 2,4,6-trimethylphenyl group at position 3, a 3,3-dimethylbutyryloxy group at position 4 and a spiro-fused cyclopentyl ring at position 5.	2.17	1	0	butenolide	insecticide
mk 936 [no description available]	3.16	5	0
ethiprole [no description available]	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
zeolites [no description available]	3.41	4	0
medigoxin spirotetramat: for the control of a broad spectrum of sucking insects; structure in first source. spirotetramat : An azaspiro compound that is methoxycyclohexane which is fused at position 4 to the 5-position of a 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one that is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by 2,5-dimethylphenyl and (ethoxycarbonyl)oxy groups, respectively (the cis isomer). It is a proinsecticide (via hydrolysis of the ethyl carbonate group to give the corresponding 4-hydroxypyrrol-2-one, "spirotetramat-enol") and is used for the control of a wide range of sucking insects on fruit and potato crops.	2.83	3	0
desnitroimidacloprid desnitroimidacloprid: a nicotinic receptor agonist; structure in first source	2.45	2	0
pydrin, (s-(r,r))-isomer [no description available]	2.06	1	0	fenvalerate	agrochemical; pyrethroid ester insecticide
flubendiamide flubendiamide: activates ryanodine-sensitive calcium release channels in insects; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	organofluorine insecticide	ryanodine receptor modulator
chlorantranilipole chlorantranilipole: anthranilic diamide insecticide.that disrupts mating in codling moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). chlorantraniliprole : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 3-bromo-1-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole-5-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 2-amino-5-chloro-N,3-dimethylbenzamide. The first of the anthranilic diamide insecticides, it is a ryanodine receptor activator and is used to protect a wide variety of crops, including corn, cotton, grapes, rice and potatoes.	3.63	8	0	monochlorobenzenes; organobromine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyrazoles; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
topramezone topramezone: corn herbicide, an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase; structure in first source. topramezone : An aromatic ketone that is phenyl 1H-pyrazol-4-yl ketone in which the pyrazolyl group is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by methyl and hydroxy groups, respectively, and in which the phenyl group is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by methyl, 4,5-dihydro-1,2-oxazol-3-yl, and methylsulfonyl groups, respectively. A potent inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) that is rapily metabolised by corn to non-active substances, it is used as a herbicide for the treatment of broadleaf weeds.	2.31	1	0
emamectin benzoate emamectin benzoate: 4'-deoxy-4'-epi-methylamino derivative of avermectin B1; structure given in first source. emamectin : A mixture of emamectin B1a (major component) and emamectin B1b (minor component).	2.53	2	0	emamectins
cyantraniliprole cyantraniliprole: an insecticide; structure in first source. cyantraniliprole : A carboxamide that is chlorantraniliprole in which the chlorine atom attached to the phenyl ring has been replaced by a cyano group. A ryanodine receptor agonist, it is used as insecticide for the control of whitefly, thrips, aphids, fruitflies, and fruit worms in crops such as onions, potatoes and tomatoes. It is highly toxic to honeybees.	2.13	1	0	nitrile; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; pyrazole insecticide; pyridines; secondary carboxamide	ryanodine receptor agonist
dextrothyroxine [no description available]	3.23	5	0
pyriprole pyriprole: used to treat tick infestation	2.13	1	0	pyrazoles; ring assembly
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.08	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	2.15	1	0	glycoside
sulfoxaflor sulfoxaflor: insecticide targeting sap-feeding pests; structure in first source. sulfoxaflor : A mixture of the four diastereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres of [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide (the sulfur atom and the carbon attached to position 3 of the pyridine ring). [Both E- and Z-isomers involving the S=N double bond and the cyano group exist, but they interconvert rapidly at r.t.]. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist in insects, sulfoxaflor is used as an insecticide, particularly for the control of aphids.. [methyl(oxido){1-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]ethyl}-lambda(6)-sulfanylidene]cyanamide : A member of the class of pyridines that is 5-ethyl-2-trifluoromethylpyridine in which the ethyl group is substituted at position 1 by an N-cyano-S-methylsulfonimidoyl group. The insecticide sulfoxalor is a mixture of the four possible stereoisomers arising from the two tetrahedral stereocentres.	3.42	6	0	nitrile; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoximide
flupyradifurone flupyradifurone: has insecticidal activity; structure in first source. flupyradifurone : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which the nitrogens have been replaced by (6-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl, 2,2-difluoroethyl, and 5-oxo-2,5-dihydrofuran-3-yl groups, respectively. A nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) agonist, it is used as an insecticide to control sucking pests in a variety of crops.	2.86	3	0	butenolide; enamine; monochloropyridine; organofluorine insecticide; tertiary amino compound	insecticide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
chitosan [no description available]	2.57	2	0
3-(4-fluorophenylethylamino)-1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1h-indol-3-yl)-1h-pyrrole-2,5-dione 3-(4-fluorophenylethylamino)-1-methyl-4-(2-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: inhibits GSK-3beta; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	maleimides; organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
glycolipids [no description available]	2.6	1	0
spinetoram spinetoram: a second-generation spinosyn; insecticide	2.82	3	0	organic molecular entity
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	2.31	1	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.44	2	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.11	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	4.94	32	0
imidacloprid (E)-imidacloprid : The E-isomer of imidacloprid.	4	13	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin (E)-clothianidin : A clothiadin that has E configuration at the C=N bond of the nitroguanidine moiety.	3.14	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.04	1	0
blasticidin s blasticidin S: RN given refers to (S)-isomer; structure. blasticidin S : A blasticidin that is an antibiotic obtained from Streptomyces griseochromogene.	2.21	1	0
guanine [no description available]	2.6	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	3.51	1	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.06	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
imidacloprid imidacloprid: systemic & contact insecticide exhibiting low mammalian toxicity; structure given in first source; it is one of the neonicotinoid insecticides, which acts as an antagonist by binding to postsynaptic nicotinic receptors in the insect central nervous system. imidacloprid : An imidazolidine that is N-nitroimidazolidin-2-imine bearing a (6-chloro-3-pyridinyl)methyl substituent at position 1.	8.09	112	0	imidacloprid; imidazolidines; monochloropyridine	environmental contaminant; genotoxin; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
clothianidin clothianidin: structure in first source. clothianidin : An N-nitro compound consisting of 2-nitroguanidine having a (2-chloro-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)methyl group at position 1 and a methyl group at position 3.	6.65	36	0	1,3-thiazoles; 2-nitroguanidine derivative; clothianidin; organochlorine compound	environmental contaminant; neonicotinoid insectide; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
avermectin avermectin: produced by actinomycete, Streptomyces avermitilis; structure; see also records for specific avermectins. avermectin : Any of the macrolides obtained as fermentation products from the bacterium Streptomyces avermitilis and consisting of a 16-membered macrocyclic backbone that is fused both benzofuran and spiroketal functions and contains a disaccharide substituent. They have significant anthelmintic and insecticidal properties.	2.07	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.16	5
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	2.66	2
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	2.66	2
Asystole [description not available]	2.41	1
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	2.41	1
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	2.41	1
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	2.41	1
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	2.41	1
Feminization Development of female secondary SEX CHARACTERISTICS in the MALE. It is due to the effects of estrogenic metabolites of precursors from endogenous or exogenous sources, such as ADRENAL GLANDS or therapeutic drugs.	2.41	1
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	2.6	1
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.6	1
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	2.6	1
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	2.6	1
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	2.6	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	2.25	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	3.11	4
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	3.78	3
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	2.17	1
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	2.15	1
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	3	4
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	2.51	2
Chickungunya Fever [description not available]	2.17	1
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	2.17	1
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	2.17	1
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.17	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.17	1
Fish Diseases Diseases of freshwater, marine, hatchery or aquarium fish. This term includes diseases of both teleosts (true fish) and elasmobranchs (sharks, rays and skates).	2.21	1
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	2.21	1
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	2.21	1
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	2.21	1
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital, Due To Cytochrome P450 Oxidoreductase Deficiency [description not available]	2.08	1
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	3.43	7
Adipocere [description not available]	2.1	1
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	2.11	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.13	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.13	1
MODS [description not available]	2.15	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	2.15	1
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.45	2
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.07	1
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.15	1
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.15	1
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	2.15	1
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.15	1
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.15	1

prizes

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (100)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (6)

Molecular Functions (3)

Ceullar Components (5)

Bioassays (105)

Research

Studies (427)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 134.24

Study Types

prizes

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (100)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (3)

Drug Classes (3)

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Biological Processes (6)

Molecular Functions (3)

Ceullar Components (5)

Bioassays (105)

Research

Studies (427)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 134.24

Study Types

Related Drugs (252)

Related Conditions (46)