Bloom syndrome protein

A RecQ-like DNA helicase BLM that is encoded in the genome of human. [PRO:DNx, UniProtKB:P54132]

Timeframe	Studies on this Protein(%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	0 (0.00)	18.7374
1990's	0 (0.00)	18.2507
2000's	0 (0.00)	29.6817
2010's	3 (100.00)	24.3611
2020's	0 (0.00)	2.80

Timeframe

Studies on this Protein(%)

All Drugs %

pre-1990

0 (0.00)

18.7374

1990's

0 (0.00)

18.2507

2000's

0 (0.00)

29.6817

2010's

3 (100.00)

24.3611

2020's

0 (0.00)

2.80

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	1.4000	1	1
1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50	18.3540	5	5

Drug

Taxonomy

Measurement

Average (mM)

Bioassay(s)

Publication(s)

1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea

Homo sapiens (human)

IC50

1.4000

1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea

Homo sapiens (human)

IC50

18.3540

Drug	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (mM)	Bioassay(s)	Publication(s)
1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea	Homo sapiens (human)	EC	50.0000	1	1

Drug

Taxonomy

Measurement

Average (mM)

Bioassay(s)

Publication(s)

1-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-(5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)urea

Homo sapiens (human)

50.0000

Discovery of Isaindigotone Derivatives as Novel Bloom's Syndrome Protein (BLM) Helicase Inhibitors That Disrupt the BLM/DNA Interactions and Regulate the Homologous Recombination Repair.
Journal of medicinal chemistry, , 03-28, Volume: 62, Issue:6, 2019

Targeting the homologous recombination pathway by small molecule modulators.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, , Jul-15, Volume: 24, Issue:14, 2014

Synthesis and SAR studies of 5-(pyridin-4-yl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine derivatives as potent inhibitors of Bloom helicase.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, , Oct-15, Volume: 23, Issue:20, 2013

Target	Category	Definition
four-way junction DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0815332181, PMID:15563464]
Y-form DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end. [GOC:elh, PMID:16781730]
bubble DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:16781730]
p53 binding	molecular function	Binding to one of the p53 family of proteins. [GOC:hjd]
DNA binding	molecular function	Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]
DNA helicase activity	molecular function	Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:jl]
single-stranded DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:22976174]
helicase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. [GOC:jl]
protein binding	molecular function	Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]
ATP binding	molecular function	Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]
ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA	molecular function	Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:pdt]
zinc ion binding	molecular function	Binding to a zinc ion (Zn). [GOC:ai]
four-way junction helicase activity	molecular function	Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:al, PMID:22723423, PMID:9442895]
isomerase activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]
ATP hydrolysis activity	molecular function	Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. [RHEA:13065]
identical protein binding	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]
protein homodimerization activity	molecular function	Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]
3'-5' DNA helicase activity	molecular function	Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3', driven by ATP hydrolysis. [EC:5.6.2.4, GOC:jl]
G-quadruplex DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome. [PMID:16142245, PMID:9512530]
forked DNA-dependent helicase activity	molecular function	Unwinding a DNA helix containing forked DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, PMID:26277776]
telomeric D-loop binding	molecular function	Binding to a telomeric D-loop. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:19734539]
telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:16142245, PMID:9512530]
molecular function activator activity	molecular function	A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. [GOC:curators]
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA binding	molecular function	Binding to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine an oxidized purine residue found in damaged DNA. [GO_REF:0000067, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19734539]
DNA/DNA annealing activity	molecular function	An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule. [PMID:22888405, PMID:25520186]

Target

Category

Definition

four-way junction DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to a DNA segment containing four-way junctions, also known as Holliday junctions, a structure where two DNA double strands are held together by reciprocal exchange of two of the four strands, one strand each from the two original helices. [GOC:krc, ISBN:0815332181, PMID:15563464]

Y-form DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to a DNA segment shaped like a Y. This shape occurs when DNA contains a region of paired double-stranded DNA on one end and a region of unpaired DNA strands on the opposite end. [GOC:elh, PMID:16781730]

bubble DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to DNA segment that contains a bubble. A bubble occurs when DNA contains a region of unpaired, single-stranded DNA flanked on both sides by regions of paired, double-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:16781730]

p53 binding

molecular function

Binding to one of the p53 family of proteins. [GOC:hjd]

DNA binding

molecular function

Any molecular function by which a gene product interacts selectively and non-covalently with DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). [GOC:dph, GOC:jl, GOC:tb, GOC:vw]

DNA helicase activity

molecular function

Unwinding of a DNA helix, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:jl]

single-stranded DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to single-stranded DNA. [GOC:elh, GOC:vw, PMID:22976174]

helicase activity

molecular function

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + phosphate, to drive the unwinding of a DNA or RNA helix. [GOC:jl]

protein binding

molecular function

Binding to a protein. [GOC:go_curators]

ATP binding

molecular function

Binding to ATP, adenosine 5'-triphosphate, a universally important coenzyme and enzyme regulator. [ISBN:0198506732]

ATP-dependent activity, acting on DNA

molecular function

Catalytic activity that acts to modify DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:pdt]

zinc ion binding

molecular function

Binding to a zinc ion (Zn). [GOC:ai]

four-way junction helicase activity

molecular function

Unwinding a DNA helix of DNA containing four-way junctions, including Holliday junctions, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:al, PMID:22723423, PMID:9442895]

isomerase activity

molecular function

Catalysis of the geometric or structural changes within one molecule. Isomerase is the systematic name for any enzyme of EC class 5. [ISBN:0198506732]

ATP hydrolysis activity

molecular function

Catalysis of the reaction: ATP + H2O = ADP + H+ phosphate. ATP hydrolysis is used in some reactions as an energy source, for example to catalyze a reaction or drive transport against a concentration gradient. [RHEA:13065]

identical protein binding

molecular function

Binding to an identical protein or proteins. [GOC:jl]

protein homodimerization activity

molecular function

Binding to an identical protein to form a homodimer. [GOC:jl]

3'-5' DNA helicase activity

molecular function

Unwinding a DNA helix in the direction 5' to 3', driven by ATP hydrolysis. [EC:5.6.2.4, GOC:jl]

G-quadruplex DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures. G-quadruplex DNA can form under physiological conditions from some G-rich sequences, such as those found in telomeres, immunoglobulin switch regions, gene promoters, fragile X repeats, and the dimerization domain in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) genome. [PMID:16142245, PMID:9512530]

forked DNA-dependent helicase activity

molecular function

Unwinding a DNA helix containing forked DNA, driven by ATP hydrolysis. [GOC:dph, PMID:26277776]

telomeric D-loop binding

molecular function

Binding to a telomeric D-loop. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:19734539]

telomeric G-quadruplex DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to telomeric G-quadruplex DNA structures, in which groups of four guanines adopt a flat, cyclic Hoogsteen hydrogen-bonding arrangement known as a guanine tetrad. The stacking of guanine tetrads results in G-quadruplex DNA structures in telomeres. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:16142245, PMID:9512530]

molecular function activator activity

molecular function

A molecular function regulator that activates or increases the activity of its target via non-covalent binding that does not result in covalent modification to the target. [GOC:curators]

8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine DNA binding

molecular function

Binding to 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine an oxidized purine residue found in damaged DNA. [GO_REF:0000067, GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, GOC:TermGenie, PMID:19734539]

DNA/DNA annealing activity

molecular function

An activity that faciliates the formation of a complementary double-stranded DNA molecule. [PMID:22888405, PMID:25520186]

Target	Category	Definition
nuclear chromosome	cellular component	A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]
lateral element	cellular component	A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase. [GOC:elh]
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]
nucleoplasm	cellular component	That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]
replication fork	cellular component	The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]
nucleolus	cellular component	A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]
cytosol	cellular component	The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]
nuclear matrix	cellular component	The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. [ISBN:0582227089]
PML body	cellular component	A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. [GOC:ma, PMID:10944585]

Target

Category

Definition

nuclear chromosome

cellular component

A chromosome that encodes the nuclear genome and is found in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell during the cell cycle phases when the nucleus is intact. [GOC:dph, GOC:mah]

lateral element

cellular component

A proteinaceous core found between sister chromatids during meiotic prophase. [GOC:elh]

nucleus

cellular component

A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

nucleoplasm

cellular component

That part of the nuclear content other than the chromosomes or the nucleolus. [GOC:ma, ISBN:0124325653]

replication fork

cellular component

The Y-shaped region of a replicating DNA molecule, resulting from the separation of the DNA strands and in which the synthesis of new strands takes place. Also includes associated protein complexes. [GOC:mah, ISBN:0198547684]

nucleolus

cellular component

A small, dense body one or more of which are present in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. It is rich in RNA and protein, is not bounded by a limiting membrane, and is not seen during mitosis. Its prime function is the transcription of the nucleolar DNA into 45S ribosomal-precursor RNA, the processing of this RNA into 5.8S, 18S, and 28S components of ribosomal RNA, and the association of these components with 5S RNA and proteins synthesized outside the nucleolus. This association results in the formation of ribonucleoprotein precursors; these pass into the cytoplasm and mature into the 40S and 60S subunits of the ribosome. [ISBN:0198506732]

cytosol

cellular component

The part of the cytoplasm that does not contain organelles but which does contain other particulate matter, such as protein complexes. [GOC:hjd, GOC:jl]

nuclear matrix

cellular component

The dense fibrillar network lying on the inner side of the nuclear membrane. [ISBN:0582227089]

PML body

cellular component

A class of nuclear body; they react against SP100 auto-antibodies (PML, promyelocytic leukemia); cells typically contain 10-30 PML bodies per nucleus; alterations in the localization of PML bodies occurs after viral infection. [GOC:ma, PMID:10944585]

Target	Category	Definition
chromosome	cellular component	A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. [ISBN:0198547684]
cytoplasm	cellular component	The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]
nucleus	cellular component	A membrane-bounded organelle of eukaryotic cells in which chromosomes are housed and replicated. In most cells, the nucleus contains all of the cell's chromosomes except the organellar chromosomes, and is the site of RNA synthesis and processing. In some species, or in specialized cell types, RNA metabolism or DNA replication may be absent. [GOC:go_curators]

Target

Category

Definition

chromosome

cellular component

A structure composed of a very long molecule of DNA and associated proteins (e.g. histones) that carries hereditary information. [ISBN:0198547684]

cytoplasm

cellular component

The contents of a cell excluding the plasma membrane and nucleus, but including other subcellular structures. [ISBN:0198547684]

nucleus

cellular component

Target	Category	Definition
RecQ family helicase-topoisomerase III complex	cellular component	A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue (a member of the topoisomerase type IA subfamily); may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human. [GOC:bhm, GOC:krc, PMID:15889139]
protein-containing complex	cellular component	A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]

Target

Category

Definition

RecQ family helicase-topoisomerase III complex

cellular component

A complex containing a RecQ family helicase and a topoisomerase III homologue (a member of the topoisomerase type IA subfamily); may also include one or more additional proteins; conserved from E. coli to human. [GOC:bhm, GOC:krc, PMID:15889139]

protein-containing complex

cellular component

A stable assembly of two or more macromolecules, i.e. proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates or lipids, in which at least one component is a protein and the constituent parts function together. [GOC:dos, GOC:mah]

Target	Category	Definition
regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity	biological process	Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]
double-strand break repair via homologous recombination	biological process	The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]
DNA double-strand break processing	biological process	The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. [PMID:10357855]
DNA replication	biological process	The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]
DNA repair	biological process	The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]
DNA recombination	biological process	Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. [ISBN:0198506732]
DNA damage response	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]
mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	biological process	A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:16299494]
response to X-ray	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). [GOC:sm, Wikipedia:X-ray]
replication fork processing	biological process	The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes. [GOC:vw, PMID:11459955, PMID:15367656, PMID:17660542]
telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication	biological process	The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:rl, GOC:vw, PMID:16598261]
DNA duplex unwinding	biological process	The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mah]
G-quadruplex DNA unwinding	biological process	The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'. [GOC:jl, GOC:se, PMID:23657261]
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	biological process	Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]
negative regulation of DNA recombination	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. [GOC:go_curators]
protein complex oligomerization	biological process	The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai, PMID:18293929]
protein homooligomerization	biological process	The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]
negative regulation of cell division	biological process	Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. [GOC:ai]
telomeric D-loop disassembly	biological process	A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:10338204, PMID:24012755]
resolution of DNA recombination intermediates	biological process	The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged. [GOC:elh, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]
cellular response to ionizing radiation	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to hydroxyurea	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus. [GOC:mah]
cellular response to camptothecin	biological process	Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus. [GOC:mah]
regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication	biological process	Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]
t-circle formation	biological process	A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD). [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:19214183, PMID:19581589, PMID:19809492, PMID:19858100]
DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication	biological process	The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication. [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]
telomere maintenance	biological process	Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:elh, GOC:rl, PMID:11092831]

Target

Category

Definition

regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity

biological process

Any process that modulates the frequency, rate or extent of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:pr]

double-strand break repair via homologous recombination

biological process

The error-free repair of a double-strand break in DNA in which the broken DNA molecule is repaired using homologous sequences. A strand in the broken DNA searches for a homologous region in an intact chromosome to serve as the template for DNA synthesis. The restoration of two intact DNA molecules results in the exchange, reciprocal or nonreciprocal, of genetic material between the intact DNA molecule and the broken DNA molecule. [GOC:elh, PMID:10357855]

DNA double-strand break processing

biological process

The 5' to 3' exonucleolytic resection of the DNA at the site of the break to form a 3' single-strand DNA overhang. [PMID:10357855]

DNA replication

biological process

The cellular metabolic process in which a cell duplicates one or more molecules of DNA. DNA replication begins when specific sequences, known as origins of replication, are recognized and bound by the origin recognition complex, and ends when the original DNA molecule has been completely duplicated and the copies topologically separated. The unit of replication usually corresponds to the genome of the cell, an organelle, or a virus. The template for replication can either be an existing DNA molecule or RNA. [GOC:mah]

DNA repair

biological process

The process of restoring DNA after damage. Genomes are subject to damage by chemical and physical agents in the environment (e.g. UV and ionizing radiations, chemical mutagens, fungal and bacterial toxins, etc.) and by free radicals or alkylating agents endogenously generated in metabolism. DNA is also damaged because of errors during its replication. A variety of different DNA repair pathways have been reported that include direct reversal, base excision repair, nucleotide excision repair, photoreactivation, bypass, double-strand break repair pathway, and mismatch repair pathway. [PMID:11563486]

DNA recombination

biological process

Any process in which a new genotype is formed by reassortment of genes resulting in gene combinations different from those that were present in the parents. In eukaryotes genetic recombination can occur by chromosome assortment, intrachromosomal recombination, or nonreciprocal interchromosomal recombination. Interchromosomal recombination occurs by crossing over. In bacteria it may occur by genetic transformation, conjugation, transduction, or F-duction. [ISBN:0198506732]

DNA damage response

biological process

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating damage to its DNA from environmental insults or errors during metabolism. [GOC:go_curators]

mitotic G2 DNA damage checkpoint signaling

biological process

A mitotic cell cycle checkpoint that detects and negatively regulates progression through the G2/M transition of the cell cycle in response to DNA damage. [GOC:mtg_cell_cycle, PMID:16299494]

response to X-ray

biological process

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of X-ray radiation. An X-ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength in the range of 10 nanometers to 100 picometers (corresponding to frequencies in the range 30 PHz to 3 EHz). [GOC:sm, Wikipedia:X-ray]

replication fork processing

biological process

The process in which a DNA replication fork that has stalled is restored to a functional state and replication is restarted. The stalling may be due to DNA damage, DNA secondary structure, bound proteins, dNTP shortage, or other causes. [GOC:vw, PMID:11459955, PMID:15367656, PMID:17660542]

telomere maintenance via semi-conservative replication

biological process

The process in which telomeric DNA is synthesized semi-conservatively by the conventional replication machinery and telomeric accessory factors as part of cell cycle DNA replication. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:rl, GOC:vw, PMID:16598261]

DNA duplex unwinding

biological process

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating a region of unpaired single strands. [GOC:isa_complete, GOC:mah]

G-quadruplex DNA unwinding

biological process

The process by which G-quadruplex (also known as G4) DNA, which is a four-stranded DNA structure held together by guanine base pairing, is unwound or 'melted'. [GOC:jl, GOC:se, PMID:23657261]

positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription

biological process

Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of cellular DNA-templated transcription. [GOC:go_curators, GOC:txnOH]

negative regulation of DNA recombination

biological process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of DNA recombination. [GOC:go_curators]

protein complex oligomerization

biological process

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of component monomers; protein oligomers may be composed of different or identical monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai, PMID:18293929]

protein homooligomerization

biological process

The process of creating protein oligomers, compounds composed of a small number, usually between three and ten, of identical component monomers. Oligomers may be formed by the polymerization of a number of monomers or the depolymerization of a large protein polymer. [GOC:ai]

negative regulation of cell division

biological process

Any process that stops, prevents, or reduces the frequency, rate or extent of cell division. [GOC:ai]

telomeric D-loop disassembly

biological process

A telomere loop disassembly process that results in the disassembly of telomeric D-loops. A telomeric D-loop is a three-stranded DNA displacement loop that forms at the site where the telomeric 3' single-stranded DNA overhang (formed of the repeat sequence TTAGGG in mammals) is tucked back inside the double-stranded component of telomeric DNA molecule, thus forming a t-loop or telomeric-loop and protecting the chromosome terminus. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:10338204, PMID:24012755]

resolution of DNA recombination intermediates

biological process

The cleavage and rejoining of intermediates, such as Holliday junctions, formed during DNA recombination to produce two intact molecules in which genetic material has been exchanged. [GOC:elh, GOC:mah, GOC:vw]

cellular response to ionizing radiation

biological process

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a ionizing radiation stimulus. Ionizing radiation is radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from atoms and may arise from spontaneous decay of unstable isotopes, resulting in alpha and beta particles and gamma rays. Ionizing radiation also includes X-rays. [GOC:mah]

cellular response to hydroxyurea

biological process

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a hydroxyurea stimulus. [GOC:mah]

cellular response to camptothecin

biological process

Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a camptothecin stimulus. [GOC:mah]

regulation of DNA-templated DNA replication

biological process

Any process that modulates the rate, frequency, or extent of DNA-templated DNA replication, the process in which new strands of DNA are synthesized. [GOC:dph, GOC:tb]

t-circle formation

biological process

A telomere maintenance process that results in the formation of a telomeric circle, or t-circle. A t-circle is an extrachromosomal duplex or single-stranded circular DNA molecule composed of t-arrays. T-circles are involved in the control of telomere length via alternative-lengthening of telomeres (ALT) pathway and telomere rapid deletion (TRD). [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:nc, PMID:19214183, PMID:19581589, PMID:19809492, PMID:19858100]

DNA unwinding involved in DNA replication

biological process

The process in which interchain hydrogen bonds between two strands of DNA are broken or 'melted', generating unpaired template strands for DNA replication. [ISBN:071673706X, ISBN:0815316194]

telomere maintenance

biological process

Any process that contributes to the maintenance of proper telomeric length and structure by affecting and monitoring the activity of telomeric proteins, the length of telomeric DNA and the replication and repair of the DNA. These processes includes those that shorten, lengthen, replicate and repair the telomeric DNA sequences. [GOC:BHF, GOC:BHF_telomere, GOC:elh, GOC:rl, PMID:11092831]

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