maxacalcitol profile

maxacalcitol: structure given in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6398761
CHEMBL ID	333950
CHEBI ID	31801
SCHEMBL ID	2745
MeSH ID	M0147510

Synonym
(5z,7e)-(1s,3r)-22-oxa-9,10-seco-5,7,10(19)-cholestatriene-1,3,25-triol
LMST03020060
1alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin d3 / 1alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-oxacholecalciferol
HY-32339
22-oxa-1alpha,25(oh)2d3
gtpl2784
maxacalcitol
mc-1275
oxarol
prezios
22-oxacalcitriol
22-oxa-1,25(oh)2d3
sch-209579
1alpha,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin d3
22-oxa-calcitriol
1,3-cyclohexanediol, 4-methylene-5-(2-(octahydro-1-(1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl)-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-, (1s-(1alpha(r),3abeta,4e(1s,3r*,5z),7aalpha))-
(1s-(1alpha(r),3abeta,4e(1s,3r*,5z),7aalpha))-4-methylene-5-(2-(octahydro-1-(1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl)-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidiene)ethylidene-1,3-cyclohexanediol
sch 209579
(+)-(5z,7e,20s)-20-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-9,10-secopregna-5,7,10(19)-triene-1alpha,3beta-diol
22-oxa-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3
mc 1275
1,3-cyclohexanediol, 4-methylene-5-((2e)-((1s,3as,7as)-octahydro-1-((1s)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl)-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene)ethylidene)-, (1r,3s,5z)-
maxacalcitol [usan]
D01098
103909-75-7
oxarol (tn)
maxacalcitol (jan/usan/inn)
prezios (tn)
maxacalcitriol
CHEMBL333950
AKOS005145563
dtxsid4048648 ,
(1s,3r,5z,7e,14beta,17alpha,20s)-20-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-9,10-secopregna-5,7,10-triene-1,3-diol
n2ujm5nbf6 ,
unii-n2ujm5nbf6
maxacalcitol [usan:inn]
CS-0392
maxacalcitol [inn]
maxacalcitol [mart.]
maxacalcitol [who-dd]
(+)-(5z,7e,20s)-20-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)-9,10-secopregna-5,7,10(19)-triene-1.alpha.,3.beta.-diol
(1s-(1.alpha.(r),3a.beta.,4e(1s,3r*,5z),7a.alpha.))-4-methylene-5-(2-(octahydro-1-(1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl)-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidiene)ethylidene-1,3-cyclohexanediol
maxacalcitol [mi]
maxacalcitol [jan]
DTXXSJZBSTYZKE-ZDQKKZTESA-N
SCHEMBL2745
(+)-(5z,7e)-(1s,3r,20s)-20-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutyloxy)-9,10-secopregna-5,7,10(19)-triene-1,3-diol
(1r,3s,5z)-4-methylene-5-[(2e)-2-[(1s,3as,7as)-octahydro-1-[(1s)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-1,3-cyclohexanediol
22-oxacalcitrol
bdbm50124417
AC-8888
(1r,3s,5z)-5-{2-[(1s,3as,4e,7as)-1-[(1s)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-octahydro-1h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene}-4-methylidenecyclohexane-1,3-diol
CHEBI:31801
mfcd00871502
Q27083635
AMY38741
EX-A4433
1,3-cyclohexanediol,4-methylene-5-[(2e)-2-[(1s,3as,7as)-octahydro-1-[(1s)-1-(3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy)ethyl]-7a-methyl-4h-inden-4-ylidene]ethylidene]-,(1r,3s,5z)-
(5z,7e)-9,10-seco-22-oxacholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-1a,3?,25-triol
oxacalcitriol
22-oxa-1a,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol
maxacalcitrol

Research Excerpts

Overview

Maxacalcitol (Oxarol) is a derivative of vitamin D compounds. It is applied for the secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT) of hemodialysis (HD) patients as an injection and psoriasis as an ointment.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Maxacalcitol is an active vitamin D3 ointment that is effective in treatment of psoriasis."	( Effects of maxacalcitol ointment on skin lesions in patients with psoriasis receiving treatment with adalimumab. Karakawa, M; Kishimoto, M; Komine, M; Maki, N; Matsumoto, A; Ohtsuki, M; Sugai, J, 2016)	1.55
"Maxacalcitol (Oxarol) is a derivative of vitamin D compounds applied for the secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT) of hemodialysis (HD) patients as an injection and psoriasis as an ointment. "	( [Maxacalcitol, a medicine for secondary hyperparathyroidism (2 degrees HPT)]. Imazeki, I, 2003)	2.67
"Maxacalcitol is a vitamin D analogue, which is administered intravenously for secondary hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients as well as calcitriol. "	( Prospective comparison of the effects of maxacalcitol and calcitriol in chronic hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism: a multicenter, randomized crossover study. Akiba, T; Ishiguro, C; Iwamoto, Y; Kawashima, Y; Maekawa, K; Mochizuki, T; Naganuma, S; Suda, A; Tanaka, Y, 2007)	2.05

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" No serious adverse effects such as hypoglycemia, liver impairment, or heart failure were observed in any of the patients."	( Clinical effectiveness and safety evaluation of long-term pioglitazone treatment for erythropoietin responsiveness and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients on hemodialysis. Abe, M; Maruyama, N; Maruyama, T; Matsumoto, K; Okada, K; Soma, M, 2010)	0.36
"Severe adverse effects of ointment application were not observed in the healthy subjects or oMGD patients."	( Clinical safety and efficacy of vitamin D3 analog ointment for treatment of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Arita, R; Ito, M; Kawashima, M; Tsubota, K, 2017)	0.46
"Topical eyelid application of an analog of the active form of vitamin D3 was found to be safe as well as to improve the condition of patients with oMGD."	( Clinical safety and efficacy of vitamin D3 analog ointment for treatment of obstructive meibomian gland dysfunction. Arita, R; Ito, M; Kawashima, M; Tsubota, K, 2017)	0.46

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The effects of topically applied dermatologic preparations have routinely been assessed by their pharmacodynamic profiles and their concentrations in the skin correlate well with these profiles."	( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion. Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)	0.6
"We developed population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models using a modeling and simulation approach."	( Maxacalcitol Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic Modeling and Simulation for Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Patients Receiving Maintenance Hemodialysis. Abe, M; Chen, HH; Fukazawa-Shinotsuka, M; Iida, S; Liu, MC; Saito, T; Terao, K; Wang, IT, 2022)	2.16

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this study, we assessed the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment in vivo by tape stripping."	( In vivo assessment of the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied maxacalcitol. Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Kano, S; Kondo, K; Takahara, J; Umemura, K; Yanagihara, H, 2005)	0.79
" To predict the clinical efficacy of the lotion, we investigated the cutaneous bioavailability of topically applied lotion and compared this with that of its ointment formulation in healthy subjects."	( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion. Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)	0.6
"In conclusion, we observed that assessment of cutaneous bioavailability by using tape stripping was reproducible."	( Cutaneous pharmacokinetics of topically applied maxacalcitol ointment and lotion. Amagishi, H; Hirata, K; Ikeda, Y; Ishihama, Y; Kondo, K; Tokura, Y; Umemura, K, 2008)	0.6

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Whereas the dose-response relations for the effects of both compounds on 24-OHase mRNA were similar, OCT was slightly more potent than 1,25(OH)2D3 in stimulating 24-OHase activity in both tissues."	( Induction of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase messenger RNA and activity by 22-oxacalcitriol in mouse kidney and duodenum. Possible role in decrease of plasma 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Akeno, N; Horiuchi, N; Kimura, S; Saikatsu, S, 1994)	0.29
" Active Ca transport was increased in both spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and in normotensive control WKY rats 5 h after calcitriol dosing of either 60 and 600 ng per rat."	( Duodenal calcium binding protein and active calcium transport in rats: are they functionally related? Aymard, P; Banide, H; Chabanis, S; Drüeke, T; Duchambon, P; Hanrotel, C; Kubrusly, M; Lacour, B, 1994)	0.29
" These results suggest that OCT is a highly effective drug for the suppression of PTH levels in 2HPT, and is an overall safe drug if the dosage is adjusted for serum Ca and intact-PTH levels."	( Long-term effect of 1,25-dihydroxy-22-oxavitamin D(3) on secondary hyperparathyroidism in haemodialysis patients. One-year administration study. Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Kurokawa, K; Nishizawa, Y; Ogata, E; Ohashi, Y; Slatopolsky, E; Suzuki, M, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, the chronopharmacological effect of 22-oxacalcitriol, a newly developed active vitamin D3 analogue with less calcemic activity, was evaluated by a single and repeated dosing of the drug in aged SHRSP."	( Chronopharmacology of oxacalcitriol in rat model of osteoporosis. Fujimura, A; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.32
" In this study, the chronopharmacological effect of 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT), a newly developed active vitaminD3 analogue with less calcemic activity, was evaluated by a single and repeated dosing of the drug."	( Chronopharmacology of oxacalcitriol in 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Ando, H; Fujimura, A; Ning, W; Nishiki, K; Tsuruoka, S; Wakaumi, M; Yamamoto, H, 2004)	0.32
"The dose-response relationships and the safety of administering 22-oxacalcitriol (OCT) to patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (2HPT) under regular three-times-weekly hemodialysis (HD) were evaluated by double-blind parallel group design."	( Dose-response study of 22-oxacalcitriol in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Akiba, T; Akizawa, T; Kurokawa, K; Nishizawa, Y; Ogata, E; Ohashi, Y; Slatopolsky, E; Suzuki, M, 2004)	0.32
" The objective of the present study was to evaluate the stability of physiological activities of CT and OCT in PD bags and to determine the CT or OCT dosage for intraperitoneal (IP) administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcitriol and maxacalcitol administered into peritoneal dialysate bags in peritoneal dialysis patients. Fukui, M; Hamada, C; Hayashi, K; Inaba, M; Io, H; Maeda, K; Ro, Y; Shou, I; Tomino, Y, )	0.41
"If peritoneal administration of vitamin D derivatives is contemplated, it is important to select the composition of PD bag resins, type of vitamin D analog, and time lag to use when deciding the dosage of injectable vitamin D preparations, such as OCT or CT, for IP administration to PD patients."	( Pharmacokinetics of calcitriol and maxacalcitol administered into peritoneal dialysate bags in peritoneal dialysis patients. Fukui, M; Hamada, C; Hayashi, K; Inaba, M; Io, H; Maeda, K; Ro, Y; Shou, I; Tomino, Y, )	0.41
" Our findings on the solvent effects of the skin permeability of OCT are thus useful for designing topical drug formulation, especially in aiming for bioequivalent dosage formulas."	( Formulation study of topically applied O/W lotion containing vitamin D3 derivative, focusing on skin permeability of the drug. Harada, S; Horisawa, E; Kano, S; Sugibayashi, K, 2011)	0.37
"In general, chronotherapy is desirable for a more effective and/or safe dosage regimen."	( Chronotherapy of maxacalcitol on skin inflammation induced by topical 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in mice. Ando, H; Fujimura, A; Kumazaki, M; Ushijima, K; Yoshioka, D, 2018)	0.82

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
organic molecular entity	Any molecular entity that contains carbon.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0768	0.0000	0.1423	2.1400	AID1251250; AID1251254; AID1309798; AID1309799; AID1309800
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell morphogenesis	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
skeletal system development	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium ion transport	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular calcium ion homeostasis	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lactation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of keratinocyte proliferation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D 24-hydroxylase activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of bone mineralization	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion transmembrane transport	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of keratinocyte differentiation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
decidualization	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
intestinal absorption	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process involved in mammary gland involution	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of calcidiol 1-monooxygenase activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
mammary gland branching involved in pregnancy	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of vitamin D receptor signaling pathway	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bile acid	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism development	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell differentiation	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vitamin D response element binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bile acid nuclear receptor activity	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear retinoid X receptor binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcitriol binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
lithocholic acid binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II transcription regulator complex	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Vitamin D3 receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (21)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID265898	Concentration in skin of percutaneously dosed rat at 3 mg/kg after 4 hrs relative to maxacalcitol	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID265899	Clearance in human liver S9 fraction	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID265893	Calcemic activity in percutaneously dosed mouse relative to control	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID1309801	Antiinflammatory activity in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes assessed as upregulation of LAIR1 level by measuring mean fluorescence intensity at 100 nM by flow cytometry (Rvb = 766 +/- 22 au)	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID216845	Binding affinity for human vitamin D binding protein (hDBP) relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID217011	Binding affinity for porcine intestinal Vitamin D3 receptor (VDR) relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID265891	Binding affinity to chick VDR	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID1251252	Antiinflammatory activity in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes assessed as IFNgamma production at 100 nM after 2 hrs by ELISA (Rvb = 731 +/- 15 pg/ml)	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19	Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID265892	Stability in rat liver microsome relative to maxacalcitol	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID1309798	Activation of VDR in human HaCaT cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID1251254	Transactivation of VDR in human Caco2 cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19	Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID81829	In vitro induction of cell differentiation in HL-60 cells relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1251250	Transactivation of VDR in human HaCaT cells after 24 hrs by luciferase reporter gene assay	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19	Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1309800	Activation of VDR in human Jurkat cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID1251253	Upregulation of LAIR-1 expression in DBA/1 mouse splenocytes at 10'-7 M after overnight incubation by flow cytometric analysis (Rvb = 973 +/- 95 No_unit)	2015	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-08, Volume: 58, Issue:19	Chemical Synthesis and Biological Activities of 20S,24S/R-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Epimers and Their 1α-Hydroxyl Derivatives.
AID1309799	Activation of VDR in human Caco2 cells expressing lentiviral VDRE-luciferase vector assessed as VDRE-mediated transcriptional activity measured after 24 hrs by luciferase transcriptional reporter assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 05-26, Volume: 59, Issue:10	Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Vitamin D3 Metabolite 20S,23S-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and Its 23R Epimer.
AID265895	Antiproliferative activity against human keratinocyte assessed as inhibition of [3H]TdR uptake relative to calcitriol	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID265894	Antiproliferative activity against human keratinocyte assessed as inhibition of [3H]TdR uptake	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID265896	Clearance in rat at 10 ug/kg, iv	2006	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-15, Volume: 16, Issue:12	Design and evaluation of new antipsoriatic antedrug candidates having 16-en-22-oxa-vitamin D3 structures.
AID110582	Hypercalcemic effect by daily sc injection of compound was measured as serum calcium concentration in vitamin D-replete normal NMRI mice relative to 1,25(OH)2D3 (100)	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-09, Volume: 42, Issue:18	Synthesis, biological activity, and conformational analysis of four seco-D-15,19-bisnor-1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D analogues, diastereomeric at C17 and C20.
AID1346762	Rat Vitamin D receptor (1I. Vitamin D receptor-like receptors)	1993	Bone, , Volume: 14, Issue:1	Effects of two new vitamin D3 derivatives, 22-oxa-1 alpha-25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (OCT) and 2 beta-(3-hydroxypropoxy)-1 alpha, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (ED-71), on bone metabolism in organ culture.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	4 (1.56)	18.7374
1990's	88 (34.24)	18.2507
2000's	103 (40.08)	29.6817
2010's	53 (20.62)	24.3611
2020's	9 (3.50)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	35 (12.96%)	5.53%
Reviews	20 (7.41%)	6.00%
Case Studies	28 (10.37%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	187 (69.26%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Comparison of Efficacy and Safety of Paricalcitol Injection With Maxacalcitol Injection in Adult Japanese Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects Receiving Hemodialysis With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT01341782]	Phase 3	255 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-05-31	Completed
Phase II, Open Study, Exploratory Examination of Efficacy and Safety of Paricalcitol Injection and Maxacalcitol Injection in Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects Receiving Hemodialysis With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [NCT00990704]	Phase 2	47 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-10-31	Completed
Late Phase 2 Study of Paricalcitol Injection: Dose-response Study of Paricalcitol Injection in Chronic Kidney Disease Subjects Receiving Hemodialysis With Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (Examination of Initial Dose and Incremental Dose) [NCT00667576]	Phase 2	153 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-04-30	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Duration of 2 Consecutive Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Duration of 2 Consecutive Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values ≤ 180 pg/mL
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Change From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With ≥ 50% Decrease From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Serum Level
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With 2 or More Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Hypercalcemia
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Hyperphosphatemia
NCT00667576 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Subjects With Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) ≤ 180 Picograms/Milliliter (pg/mL)
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Mean Change in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as >=50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL of iPTH
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With a >= 50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks and Without Hypercalcemia During Treatment
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks of the Study and Without Hypercalcemia Anytime During Treatment
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Participants With a >=50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline Compared to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks.
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	The Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL, Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks
NCT00990704 (8) [back to overview]	Mean iPTH at Each Visit
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control in the Target Range of 60 to 180 pg/mL
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline and With No Hypercalcemia
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH)
NCT01341782 (6) [back to overview]	Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) and Without Hypercalcemia

Duration of 2 Consecutive Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Through Week 13

Intervention	days (Mean)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	23.8
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	27.7
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	29.0
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	25.2
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	10.9

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Duration of 2 Consecutive Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values ≤ 180 pg/mL

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Through Week 13

Intervention	days (Mean)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	22.0
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	26.1
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	19.7
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	17.2
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	3.1

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Mean Change From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 13 (Final Visit)

Intervention	pg/mL (Mean)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	-233.2
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	-260.8
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	-178.2
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	-211.7
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	-236.6

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Percentage of Subjects With ≥ 50% Decrease From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Serum Level

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 13 (Final Visit)

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	53.3
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	41.9
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	38.7
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	56.7
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	43.3

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Percentage of Subjects With 2 or More Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Through Week 13

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	90.0
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	100
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	90.3
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	90.0
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	93.3

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Percentage of Subjects With Hypercalcemia

Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 adjusted calcium value > 11.5 mg/dL or at least 2 consecutive adjusted calcium values ≥ 11.0 mg/dL (NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Through Week 13

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	30.0
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	48.4
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	45.2
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	58.1
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	30.0

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Percentage of Subjects With Hyperphosphatemia

Hyperphosphatemia was defined as at least 2 consecutive phosphorus values ≥ 7.0 mg/dL (NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Through Week 13

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	10.0
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	9.7
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	9.7
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	19.4
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	13.3

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Percentage of Subjects With Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) ≤ 180 Picograms/Milliliter (pg/mL)

(NCT00667576)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 13 (Final Visit)

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 1 µg	36.7
Paricalcitol 2 µg ± 2 µg	32.3
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 1 µg	32.3
Paricalcitol 4 µg ± 2 µg	36.7
Maxacalcitol 5 or 10 µg ± 2.5 µg	33.3

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Mean Change in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Baseline and the last 3 weeks (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Intervention	pg/mL (Mean)
Paricalcitol	-208.4
Maxacalcitol	-240.4

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Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as >=50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Over the 12-week treatment period

Intervention	Occurrences per participant (Mean)
Paricalcitol	3.4
Maxacalcitol	4.8

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Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL of iPTH

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Over the 12-week treatment period

Intervention	Occurrences per participant (Mean)
Paricalcitol	2.3
Maxacalcitol	2.7

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Percentage of Participants With a >= 50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks and Without Hypercalcemia During Treatment

Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 corrected calcium > 11.5 mg/dL or at least 2 consecutive corrected calcium >= 11.0 mg/dL. (NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Baseline and the last 3 weeks (Weeks 11, 12, and 13) for iPTH and anytime during the 12-week treatment period for hypercalcemia

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	50.0
Maxacalcitol	33.3

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Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks of the Study and Without Hypercalcemia Anytime During Treatment

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	28.6
Maxacalcitol	12.1

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The Percentage of Participants With a >=50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline Compared to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks.

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Baseline and the last 3 weeks (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	50.0
Maxacalcitol	36.4

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The Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL, Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: During the last 3 weeks (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Intervention	Percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	28.6
Maxacalcitol	15.2

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Mean iPTH at Each Visit

(NCT00990704)
Timeframe: Screening (up to 2 weeks before Baseline) to Week 13

Intervention	pg/mL (Mean)
	Screening (up to 2 weeks before Baseline)	Baseline (Week 1)	Week 2	Week 3	Week 4	Week 5	Week 6	Week 7	Week 8	Week 9	Week 10	Week 11	Week 12	Week 13
Maxacalcitol	536.4	595.9	474.8	381.8	310.2	279.7	262.3	292.8	315.1	358.8	361.2	345.1	341.6	326.4
Paricalcitol	462.7	507.6	479.2	474.4	401.3	373.2	304.8	282.2	256.9	275.9	312.6	279.6	291.5	293.0

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Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control in the Target Range of 60 to 180 pg/mL

iPTH control was defined as being within the target range of 60 to 180 pg/mL. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of the week, once a week during the treatment phase and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Weeks 2 to 13

Intervention	visits (Mean)
Paricalcitol	2.6
Maxacalcitol	3.4

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Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

iPTH control was defined as a ≥ 50% reduction from baseline. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of the week, each week during the treatment phase and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Weeks 2 to 13

Intervention	visits (Mean)
Paricalcitol	3.9
Maxacalcitol	5.3

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Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

The percentage of participants with a greater than or equal to 50% reduction in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline to the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	44.9
Maxacalcitol	50.8

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Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline and With No Hypercalcemia

The percentage of participants with greater than or equal to 50% reduction in intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) from baseline to the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment and with no hypercalcemia during the treatment phase. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 corrected calcium value > 11.0 mg/dL or at least 2 corrected calcium values ≥ 10.5 mg/dL. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: Baseline to the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13) for iPTH. Calcium measured throughout the study (Weeks 1-13).

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	34.6
Maxacalcitol	39.1

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Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH)

The target iPTH range was 60-180 pg/mL, based on the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: The last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13)

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	31.5
Maxacalcitol	32.8

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Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) and Without Hypercalcemia

The target iPTH range was 60-180 pg/mL, based on the average of the last 3 weeks of treatment, and with no hypercalcemia during the treatment phase. Hypercalcemia was defined as at least 1 corrected calcium value > 11.0 mg/dL or at least 2 corrected calcium values ≥ 10.5 mg/dL. iPTH was measured before the first dialysis session of each week and analyzed by the central laboratory. (NCT01341782)
Timeframe: iPTH measured during the last three weeks of treatment (Weeks 11, 12, and 13). Calcium measured throughout the study (Weeks 1-13).

Intervention	percentage of participants (Number)
Paricalcitol	27.7
Maxacalcitol	30.5

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Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	8.41	1	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.97	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	3.12	1	0	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	2.01	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
pamidronate [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	1.98	1	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	3.44	1	1	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	2.02	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
thymidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	1.98	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	1.97	1	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	2.05	1	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2	1	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	1.98	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.97	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	2.03	1	0	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	1.99	1	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	8.94	2	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
betamethasone valerate Betamethasone Valerate: The 17-valerate derivative of BETAMETHASONE. It has substantial topical anti-inflammatory activity and relatively low systemic anti-inflammatory activity.. betamethasone valerate : A steroid ester that is betamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position has been converted to the corresponding pentanoate ester.	2.17	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid ester	anti-inflammatory drug
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.69	3	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	1.97	1	0
imiquimod Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.	7.59	2	0	imidazoquinoline	antineoplastic agent; interferon inducer
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	2.11	1	0	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.15	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
antebate betamethasone butyrate propionate: a topical corticosteroid	2.25	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
ici 164384 ICI 164384: structure given in first source. ICI-164384 : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol substituted by a 11-[butyl(methyl)amino]-11-oxoundecyl group at position 7R. It is a steroidal antioestrogen that inhibits the cell proliferation of breast-carcinoma cell lines.	1.99	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; tertiary carboxamide	anti-estrogen; antineoplastic agent; estrogen receptor antagonist
deoxypyridinoline deoxypyridinoline: structure given in first source	2.71	3	0
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	1.97	1	0
cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group.	9.12	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound	calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor
angiotensin ii Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock. Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V).	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin II	human metabolite
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	1.97	1	0	tripeptide
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	3.1	5	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	1.98	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	2.01	1	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
tamoxifen [no description available]	3.3	2	0	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	2.02	1	0
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	7.43	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	16.77	257	34	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	8.32	9	1	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	7.13	15	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	1.98	1	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
paricalcitol [no description available]	11.99	7	1	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d3 26,26,26,27,27,27-hexafluoro-1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3: long lasting analog of calcitriol; RN given refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer	3.56	2	0
menatetrenone menaquinone-4 : A menaquinone whose side-chain contains 4 isoprene units in an all-trans-configuration.	3.12	1	0	menaquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
etretinate retinoid : Oxygenated derivatives of 3,7-dimethyl-1-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-enyl)nona-1,3,5,7-tetraene and derivatives thereof.	3.86	3	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; retinoid	keratolytic drug
menaquinone 6 menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer	3.52	2	0
seocalcitol seocalcitol: structure given in first source	5.1	5	0
kh 1060 KH 1060: structure given in first source; a new 20-epi-vitamin D3 analog	3.31	2	0
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	1.98	1	0
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	12.77	17	2	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	2.39	2	0
involucrin involucrin: soluble precursor protein of cross-linked envelope characteristic of epidermal s. corneum synthesized by keratinocytes in natural & cultured human epithelia; see also related records for prekeratin & stratum corneum basic protein precursor	2.4	2	0
1,25(oh)2-16-ene-23-yne-d3 Ro 23-7553: very potent in inhibiting proliferation & inducing differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells in vitro	2.39	2	0
1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin d3 1,25-dihydroxy-16-ene-vitamin D3: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin d3 1,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,7E)-isomer; structure given in first source	2	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	3.44	1	1
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.7	3	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.81	2	1
technetium tc 99m sestamibi Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi: A technetium imaging agent used to reveal blood-starved cardiac tissue during a heart attack.	2.01	1	0
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	2.93	4	0
calcipotriene calcipotriene: a topical dermatologic for the treatment of moderate plaque psoriasis; structure in first source. calcipotriol hydrate : A hydrate that is the monohydrate form of calcipotriol. It is used in combination with betamethasone dipropionate, a corticosteroid, for the topical treatment of plaque psoriasis in adult patients.	7.2	11	3	hydrate	antipsoriatic
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	7.03	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	2.39	2	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2	1	0
1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin d3 1 alpha,24-dihydroxyvitamin D3: RN refers to (1alpha,3beta,5Z,7E)-isomer; formulated in ointment at a concentration of 4 microg/g, for treatment of mild psoriasis	5.09	5	2
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	2.11	1	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	1.98	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2.43	2	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	2	1	0
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	2.08	1	0	guanosines	biomarker
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2	1	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	10.45	25	8
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	10.45	25	8
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	13.26	64	16
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	1	15.26	64	16
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	10.55	29	5
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	10.55	29	5
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	5.45	5	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	0	5.45	5	1
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	2.25	1	0
Lichen Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus A chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease usually affecting the female genitalia (VULVAR LICHEN SCLEROSUS) and BALANITIS XEROTICA OBLITERANS in males. It is also called white spot disease and Csillag's disease.	0	2.25	1	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	8.7	1	1
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	5.02	9	1
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	3.7	1	1
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	3.7	1	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	5.14	3	3
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	3.93	2	1
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	5.14	3	3
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	3.53	1	1
Eyelid Diseases Diseases involving the EYELIDS.	0	3.53	1	1
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	3.53	1	1
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	2.76	3	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	0	7.53	8	1
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	0	7.53	8	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	2.17	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	7.43	2	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	7.97	4	0
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	2.21	1	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	2.21	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	3.82	2	1
Parakeratosis Persistence of the nuclei of the keratinocytes into the stratum corneum of the skin. This is a normal state only in the epithelium of true mucous membranes in the mouth and vagina. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.21	1	0
Sweat Gland Diseases Diseases of the SWEAT GLANDS.	0	2.21	1	0
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Eccrine Porocarcinoma A rare malignant neoplasm of the sweat glands. It most often develops as a form of degenerative progression from a benign ECCRINE POROMA.	0	2.21	1	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	4.57	5	1
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	4.57	5	1
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	2.08	1	0
Itching [description not available]	0	3.82	2	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.84	2	1
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	3.82	2	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.84	2	1
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.75	3	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	7.94	18	3
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	7.94	18	3
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	2.11	1	0
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	2.45	2	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	4.23	6	0
Bullous Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.92	2	1
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	2.13	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Keratoacanthoma A benign, non-neoplastic, usually self-limiting epithelial lesion closely resembling squamous cell carcinoma clinically and histopathologically. It occurs in solitary, multiple, and eruptive forms. The solitary and multiple forms occur on sunlight exposed areas and are identical histologically; they affect primarily white males. The eruptive form usually involves both sexes and appears as a generalized papular eruption.	0	2.15	1	0
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	2.97	4	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	3.39	7	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	3.65	3	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.15	1	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	2.74	3	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	3.65	3	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	2.15	1	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	10.35	7	2
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	6.32	14	3
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.46	2	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	2.71	3	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	2.05	1	0
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	3.44	1	1
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	3.44	1	1
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.05	1	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.05	1	0
Hyperkeratosis Palmaris et Plantaris [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma [description not available]	0	7.46	2	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	2.07	1	0
Bowen Disease [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Scalp Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the SCALP.	0	3.48	1	1
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	2.07	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Cancer, Second Primary [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	2.68	3	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	6.99	8	4
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.08	3	1
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	2.01	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	0	3.34	2	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	2.41	2	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	7.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	2.69	3	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.69	3	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	4.95	6	0
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	4.95	6	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	2.02	1	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	3.34	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	2.02	1	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.02	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	3.1	5	0
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	3.1	5	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	4.08	3	1
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	3.09	5	0
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	2.02	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.03	1	0
HPV Infection [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Verruca [description not available]	0	5.02	3	1
Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis An autosomal recessive trait with impaired cell-mediated immunity. About 15 human papillomaviruses are implicated in associated infection, four of which lead to skin neoplasms. The disease begins in childhood with red papules and later spreads over the body as gray or yellow scales.	0	2.94	1	0
Foot Dermatoses Skin diseases of the foot, general or unspecified.	0	2.94	1	0
Leg Dermatoses A nonspecific term used to denote any cutaneous lesion or group of lesions, or eruptions of any type on the leg. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.35	2	0
Warts Benign epidermal proliferations or tumors; some are viral in origin.	0	5.02	3	1
Papillomavirus Infections Neoplasms of the skin and mucous membranes caused by papillomaviruses. They are usually benign but some have a high risk for malignant progression.	0	2.94	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	2.03	1	0
Acne [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Acne Vulgaris A chronic disorder of the pilosebaceous apparatus associated with an increase in sebum secretion. It is characterized by open comedones (blackheads), closed comedones (whiteheads), and pustular nodules. The cause is unknown, but heredity and age are predisposing factors.	0	2.03	1	0
Keratoderma Blennorrhagicum [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Keratosis Any horny growth such as a wart or callus.	0	7.03	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	1.98	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	1.98	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	1.98	1	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	0	1.98	1	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	4.92	5	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	4.92	5	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	1.98	1	0
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	3.49	8	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	2.68	3	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.49	8	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	1.99	1	0
Hypophosphatemia A condition of an abnormally low level of PHOSPHATES in the blood.	0	1.99	1	0
Rachitis [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Salivary Gland [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Salivary Gland Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SALIVARY GLANDS.	0	1.99	1	0
Cancer of Pharynx [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	1.99	1	0
Pharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PHARYNX.	0	1.99	1	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma, Papillary A malignant neoplasm characterized by the formation of numerous, irregular, finger-like projections of fibrous stroma that is covered with a surface layer of neoplastic epithelial cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.4	2	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	0	2.4	2	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	4.3	1	1
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	2	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	2	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia of Bone [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone A disease of bone marked by thinning of the cortex by fibrous tissue containing bony spicules, producing pain, disability, and gradually increasing deformity. Only one bone may be involved (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, MONOSTOTIC) or several (FIBROUS DYSPLASIA, POLYOSTOTIC).	0	3.39	1	1
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	2	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	2	1	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	2.92	1	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	2.92	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	2.38	2	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	1.97	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	3.29	2	0

maxacalcitol

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (62)

Research Excerpts

Overview

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Drug Classes (1)

Protein Targets (1)

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (28)

Molecular Functions (12)

Ceullar Components (6)

Bioassays (21)

Research

Studies (257)

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 37.08

Study Types

Clinical Trials (3)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Duration of 2 Consecutive Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values

Duration of 2 Consecutive Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Values ≤ 180 pg/mL

Mean Change From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level

Percentage of Subjects With ≥ 50% Decrease From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Serum Level

Percentage of Subjects With 2 or More Decreases of ≥ 50% From Baseline in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) Level

Percentage of Subjects With Hypercalcemia

Percentage of Subjects With Hyperphosphatemia

Percentage of Subjects With Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) ≤ 180 Picograms/Milliliter (pg/mL)

Mean Change in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks

Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as >=50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline

Number of Occurrences of iPTH Control, Defined as Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL of iPTH

Percentage of Participants With a >= 50% Reduction in iPTH From Baseline to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks and Without Hypercalcemia During Treatment

Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within the Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks of the Study and Without Hypercalcemia Anytime During Treatment

The Percentage of Participants With a >=50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline Compared to the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks.

The Percentage of Participants With iPTH Within Target Range of 60-180 pg/mL, Based on the Average iPTH Obtained in the Last 3 Weeks

Mean iPTH at Each Visit

Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control in the Target Range of 60 to 180 pg/mL

Number of Visits at Which Participants Achieved iPTH Control With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline

Percentage of Participants With ≥ 50% Reduction in Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) From Baseline and With No Hypercalcemia

Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH)

Percentage of Participants With Target Intact Parathyroid Hormone (iPTH) and Without Hypercalcemia

Related Drugs (73)

Related Conditions (196)