Compounds > ginsenoside m1
Page last updated: 2024-12-11

ginsenoside m1

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Description

ginsenoside M1: structure in first source [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ginsenoside C-K : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

FloraRankFlora DefinitionFamilyFamily Definition
PanaxgenusAn araliaceous genus of plants that contains a number of pharmacologically active agents used as stimulants, sedatives, and tonics, especially in traditional medicine. Sometimes confused with Siberian ginseng (ELEUTHEROCOCCUS).[MeSH]AraliaceaeThe ginseng plant family of the order Apiales, subclass Rosidae, class Magnoliopsida. Leaves are generally alternate, large, and compound. Flowers are five-parted and arranged in compound flat-topped umbels. The fruit is a berry or (rarely) a drupe (a one-seeded fruit). It is well known for plant preparations used as adaptogens (immune support and anti-fatigue).[MeSH]

Cross-References

ID SourceID
PubMed CID9852086
CHEMBL ID3355096
CHEBI ID77146
SCHEMBL ID18179307
MeSH IDM0291489

Synonyms (51)

Synonym
20-o-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol
ginsenoside ck
20-o-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-20(s)-protopanaxadiol
ginsenoside m1
ih901 cpd
gm1 saponin
ginsenoside compound k
S9105
ginsenoside k
39262-14-1
CS-3840
CHEBI:77146 ,
ginsenoside c-k
(20s)-ginsenoside c-k
20beta-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-3beta,12beta-diol
(3beta,12beta)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-20-yl beta-d-glucopyranoside
20-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)dammar-24-ene-3beta,12-diol
AC-33947
Q-100455
compound-k
HY-N0904
DTXSID60431770
3-o-deglucosylginsenoside f2
ih 901
protopanaxadiol 20-o-glucoside
ginsenoside metabolite m1
unii-g8d4792q7k
g8d4792q7k ,
bdbm50023446
CHEMBL3355096 ,
SCHEMBL18179307
20(s)-ginsenoside ck
mfcd07772261
(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-[(2s)-2-[(3s,5r,8r,9r,10r,12r,13r,14r,17s)-3,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]oxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
AKOS037514664
Q27146701
ginsenoside-c-k
CCG-270260
C22127
ginsenoside compound k; ginsenoside k
(20s)-20-(beta-d-glucopyranosyloxy)dammara-24-ene-3beta,12beta-diol
A873672
(2s,3r,4s,5s,6r)-2-{[(2s)-2-[(1s,3ar,3br,5ar,7s,9ar,9br,11r,11ar)-7,11-dihydroxy-3a,3b,6,6,9a-pentamethyl-hexadecahydro-1h-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-1-yl]-6-methylhept-5-en-2-yl]oxy}-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
AS-82692
ginsenosideck
G0590
20(s)-protopanaxadiol 20-o-.beta.-d-glucopyranoside
nt3 van sc6
.beta.-d-glucopyranoside, (3.beta.,12.beta.)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-20-yl
(3.beta.,12.beta.)-3,12-dihydroxydammar-24-en-20-yl .beta.-d-glucopyranoside
20-o-beta-glucopyranosyl-20(s)-protopanaxadiol

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
"These results thus indicate that the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in dogs is 12 mg/kg."( Repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study of ginsenoside compound K in Beagle dogs.
Cho, S; Gao, Y; Li, C; Li, G; Lin, J; Sun, C; Sun, L; Sun, X; Tian, J; Wang, G; Wang, H; Wang, T; Wang, Z, 2020)		0.56
"niger as safe microorganism."( Biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rb1 to Ginsenoside CK by Strain XD101: a Safe Bioconversion Strategy.
Fan, D; Jiang, Y; Li, W, 2021)		0.62

Pharmacokinetics

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" However, there has been no pharmacokinetic study of IH-901 in human beings."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of ginsenoside metabolite IH-901 from fermented and non-fermented ginseng in healthy Korean volunteers.
Jin, H; Jung, CY; Lee, SK; Seo, JH; Uhm, YK; Yim, SV, 2012)		0.38
"The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic differences of IH-901 from fermented and non-fermented ginseng."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of ginsenoside metabolite IH-901 from fermented and non-fermented ginseng in healthy Korean volunteers.
Jin, H; Jung, CY; Lee, SK; Seo, JH; Uhm, YK; Yim, SV, 2012)		0.38
"To investigate whether the pharmacokinetics of IH-901 differ between fermented and non-fermented ginseng, an open label, randomized, single dose, fasting, two-period, cross-over, pharmacokinetic study was conducted."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of ginsenoside metabolite IH-901 from fermented and non-fermented ginseng in healthy Korean volunteers.
Jin, H; Jung, CY; Lee, SK; Seo, JH; Uhm, YK; Yim, SV, 2012)		0.38
"The results of this study showed that the pharmacokinetic parameters of IH-901 from fermented Panax ginseng are different from those of non-fermented ginseng, from which IH-901 is formed by intestinal fermentation."( Pharmacokinetic comparison of ginsenoside metabolite IH-901 from fermented and non-fermented ginseng in healthy Korean volunteers.
Jin, H; Jung, CY; Lee, SK; Seo, JH; Uhm, YK; Yim, SV, 2012)		0.38

Compound-Compound Interactions

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" Furthermore, compound K, in combination with gamma-ray radiation, has an enhanced effect in the regression of NCI-H460 tumor xenografts of nude mice."( Effect of compound K, a metabolite of ginseng saponin, combined with gamma-ray radiation in human lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo.
Chae, S; Chang, WY; Hyun, JW; Kang, KA; Kim, DH; Kim, HS; Kim, MJ; Lee, SJ; Lee, YS, 2009)		0.35
" In vivo, compound K combined with anti-CD154 and anti-LFA-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) significantly extended the survival time of heart grafts in alloantigen-primed mice with no obvious toxic side effects."( Isatis tinctoria L. combined with co-stimulatory molecules blockade prolongs survival of cardiac allografts in alloantigen-primed mice.
Chen, J; Ekberg, H; Kang, X; Lan, T; Liu, Z; Qi, Z; Qin, Q; Wang, F; Wang, Y; Xia, J; Xu, S, 2010)		0.36
"Effects of ginsenoside compound K (CK) in combination with cisplatin (DDP) on the proliferation, apoptosis, and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of MCF-7 cells were studied."( Effects of ginsenoside compound K combined with cisplatin on the proliferation, apoptosis and epithelial mesenchymal transition in MCF-7 cells of human breast cancer.
Li, Y; Zhang, K, 2016)		0.43
" Cytarabine (ara-C) is currently the main drug used to treat AML patients and is usually combined with different chemotherapeutic agents."( The effects of cytarabine combined with ginsenoside compound K synergistically induce DNA damage in acute myeloid leukemia cells.
Qi, W; Song, B; Sun, L; Xu, X; Yan, X; Zhao, D, 2020)		0.56

Bioavailability

ExcerptReferenceRelevance
" These results indicate that orally administered ginsenoside Rb1 is poorly absorbed from the gut but that its metabolite compound K, produced by ginsenoside Rb1-hydrolysing bacteria such as Eubacterium sp."( Intestinal bacterial hydrolysis is required for the appearance of compound K in rat plasma after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng.
Akao, T; Hattori, M; Kanaoka, M; Kida, H; Kobashi, K, 1998)		0.3
"In an effort to improve the bioavailability (BA) of the insoluble compound 20-O-(beta-d-glucopyranosyl)-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (IH901), we prepared beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD) and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPbetaCD) inclusion complexes containing IH901."( Physicochemical characteristics and bioavailability of a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin (IH901) complexed with beta-cyclodextrin.
Chung, YB; Han, JY; Kwon, OS; Lee, PS; Song, S; Song, TW; Sung, JH, 2006)		0.33
"Ginsenoside compound K (CK) is a bioactive compound with poor oral bioavailability due to its high polarity, while its novel ester prodrugs, the butyl and octyl ester (CK-B and CK-O), are more lipophilic than the original drug and have an excellent bioavailability."( Absorption mechanism of ginsenoside compound K and its butyl and octyl ester prodrugs in Caco-2 cells.
Deng, ZY; Hu, JN; Li, HY; Li, W; Liu, XR; Luo, T; Ye, H; Zhang, B; Zheng, YN; Zhu, XM, 2012)		0.38
"Ginsenoside 20-O-β-D glucopyranosyl-20(S)-protopanaxadiol (compound K), a minor ginsenoside, is not found in white raw ginseng, but has better bioavailability than the major ginsenosides in ginseng."( Optimization of enzymatic treatment for compound K production from white ginseng extract by response surface methodology.
Ahn, SH; Choi, YJ; Kim, EH; Kim, SO; Lim, S, 2013)		0.39
" The aim of this study was to improve the low solubility, slow dissolution rate and low oral bioavailability of compound K by forming an inclusion complex with γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CyD), and to compare the results with those of β-CyD complex."( The formation of an inclusion complex between a metabolite of ginsenoside, compound K and γ-cyclodextrin and its dissolution characteristics.
Anraku, M; Hirayama, F; Igami, K; Inoue, S; Iohara, D; Miyazaki, T; Ozawa, M; Shinoda, M; Uekama, K, 2016)		0.43
"After ingestion of ginseng, the bioavailability of its parent compounds is low and enteric microbiota plays an important role in parent compound biotransformation to their metabolites."( Significant difference in active metabolite levels of ginseng in humans consuming Asian or Western diet: The link with enteric microbiota.
Bissonnette, M; Chang, EB; Li, P; Liu, Z; Musch, MW; Qi, LW; Wan, JY; Wang, CZ; Yuan, CS; Zhang, QH, 2017)		0.46
" The minor ginsenosides under current scientific scrutiny include diol ginsenosides such as Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and triol ginsenosides Rg2 and Rh1, which are being touted as the next "anti-neoplastic pharmacophores," with better bioavailability and potency as compared to the major ginsenosides."( A literature update elucidating production of Panax ginsenosides with a special focus on strategies enriching the anti-neoplastic minor ginsenosides in ginseng preparations.
Biswas, T; Mathur, A; Mathur, AK, 2017)		0.46
"Polymorphism exhibits different physicochemical properties, which can impact the bioavailability and bioactivity of solid drugs."( Polymorphic Characterization, Pharmacokinetics, and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Ginsenoside Compound K Polymorphs.
Gao, X; Kuang, YY; Niu, YJ; Shi, XL; Zhou, W, 2021)		0.62
" As a major metabolite of ginseng, ginsenoside CK has excellently modulating functions for lipid metabolism, but accompanied by an extremely poor bioavailability <1%."( Long-term and liver-selected ginsenoside C-K nanoparticles retard NAFLD progression by restoring lipid homeostasis.
Chen, Q; Dong, H; Fan, S; Hu, Y; Li, D; Lu, W; Tao, F; Wu, J; Yu, Y; Yuan, A; Yue, C; Zhao, G, 2023)		0.91

Dosage Studied

ExcerptRelevanceReference
" CK was given at a dose of 10 mg/kg, metformin at 150 mg/kg and the same dosage of each drug was applied to CK plus metformin combination group."( Anti-diabetic effects of compound K versus metformin versus compound K-metformin combination therapy in diabetic db/db mice.
Chung, SH; Han, EJ; Sung, JH; Yoon, SH, 2007)		0.34
" Both compounds significantly enhanced glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-response manner, which is correlated with increased GLUT4 translocation from intracellular vesicles to the plasma membrane in adipocytes."( Effect and mechanism of ginsenosides CK and Rg1 on stimulation of glucose uptake in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Chang, TC; Chang, WL; Huang, SF; Huang, YC; Lin, CY; Lin, HC, 2010)		0.36
" Interestingly, C-K showed antidepressant-like activities similar to that of Rb3, and Rg3 displayed antidepressant-like effects at lower dosage and faster time, indicating it has better effects than Rb3, whereas Rh2 and PPD failed to show any effect."( Antidepressant-like effects of ginsenosides: A comparison of ginsenoside Rb3 and its four deglycosylated derivatives, Rg3, Rh2, compound K, and 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in mice models of despair.
Li, Z; Lou, C; Yang, H; Zhang, H; Zhong, Z; Zhou, Z, 2016)		0.43
" The results of acute toxicity show that CK administered orally to rats and mice did not cause mortality or toxicity at the maximum dosage of 8 g/kg and 10 g/kg, respectively."( Preclinical safety of ginsenoside compound K: Acute, and 26-week oral toxicity studies in mice and rats.
Cho, S; Gao, Y; Jiang, Z; Li, C; Li, G; Li, Y; Sun, C; Sun, L; Tian, J; Wang, G; Wang, H; Wang, K; Wang, T; Wu, X; Yang, J; You, Y; Zhu, J, 2019)		0.51
[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Roles (5)

RoleDescription
plant metaboliteAny eukaryotic metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in plants, the kingdom that include flowering plants, conifers and other gymnosperms.
antineoplastic agentA substance that inhibits or prevents the proliferation of neoplasms.
hepatoprotective agentAny compound that is able to prevent damage to the liver.
anti-allergic agentA drug used to treat allergic reactions.
anti-inflammatory agentAny compound that has anti-inflammatory effects.
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Drug Classes (6)

ClassDescription
beta-D-glucosideAny D-glucoside in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration.
12beta-hydroxy steroid
ginsenosideTriterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.
tetracyclic triterpenoidAny triterpenoid consisting of a tetracyclic skeleton.
3beta-hydroxy steroidA 3-hydroxy steroid in which the 3-hydroxy substituent is in the beta-position.
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroidAny 3beta-hydroxy steroid which is substituted by two methyl groups at position 4.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathways (1)

PathwayProteinsCompounds
ginsenosides biosynthesis225
ginsenosides biosynthesis1032

Protein Targets (1)

Inhibition Measurements

ProteinTaxonomyMeasurementAverageMin (ref.)Avg (ref.)Max (ref.)Bioassay(s)
Aldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)IC50 (µMol)200.00000.00101.191310.0000AID1161379
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (15)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinoid metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
epithelial cell maturationAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
renal water homeostasisAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
carbohydrate metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-ascorbic acid biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of urine volumeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
retinol metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
daunorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
doxorubicin metabolic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
fructose biosynthetic processAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cellular hyperosmotic salinity responseAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
metanephric collecting duct developmentAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
retinal dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
aldose reductase (NADPH) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
protein bindingAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
electron transfer activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
prostaglandin H2 endoperoxidase reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glyceraldehyde oxidoreductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
allyl-alcohol dehydrogenase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
L-glucuronate reductase activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
glycerol dehydrogenase [NADP+] activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
all-trans-retinol dehydrogenase (NADP+) activityAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Processvia Protein(s)Taxonomy
extracellular spaceAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasmAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosomeAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
cytosolAldo-keto reductase family 1 member B1Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (47)

Assay IDTitleYearJournalArticle
AID1213658Permeability across basolateral to apical side in MDCK2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213660Drug uptake in MDCK2 cells assessed as intracellular level measured per mg of protein at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213630Cmax in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213663Efflux ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side in MDCK2-MDR1 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213672Tmax in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213639Drug recovery in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213634AUC (0 to time) in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213665Tmax in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213642Permeability across basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1161379Inhibition of human recombinant aldose reductase using DL-glyceraldehyde, HRAR and beta-NADPH incubated for 10 mins by spectrophotometry2014Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 24, Issue:18
20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 as aldose reductase inhibitor from Panax ginseng.
AID1514427Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as 12.5 mg/ml methacholine-induced airway resistance at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period measured post last dose by plethy2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213659Efflux ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side in MDCK2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213653Permeability across apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 20 uM cyclosporine A P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213649Permeability across basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 50 uM verapamil P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213632Half life in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1514426Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as 6.25 mg/ml methacholine-induced airway resistance at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period measured post last dose by plethy2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213635AUC (0 to infinity) in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213664Drug uptake in MDCK2-MDR1 cells assessed as intracellular level measured per mg of protein at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213655Efflux ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 20 uM cyclosporine A P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213641Drug recovery in MDCK2-MDR1 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213652Permeability across apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1514429Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as 50 mg/ml methacholine-induced airway resistance at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period measured post last dose by plethysm2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213661Permeability across apical to basolateral side in MDCK2-MDR1 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213633Mean residence time (infinity) in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1262562Antiangiogenesis activity in HUVEC assessed as inhibition of VEGF-induced tube formation at 25 uM2015Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Dec-15, Volume: 25, Issue:24
A new cerebroside from the fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceus and its applicability to cancer treatment.
AID1213640Drug recovery in MDCK2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213657Permeability across apical to basolateral side in MDCK2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213667Drug elimination rate in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213636Oral bioavailability in rat2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213654Permeability across basolateral to apical side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 20 uM cyclosporine A P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213650Drug uptake in human Caco2 cells assessed as intracellular level measured per mg of protein at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213631Drug elimination rate in MDR1a/b(-/-) FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213671AUC (0 to infinity) in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213647Drug uptake in human Caco2 cells assessed as intracellular level measured per mg of protein at 2 uM in presence of 50 uM verapamil P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213662Permeability across basolateral to apical side in MDCK2-MDR1 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213637Cytotoxicity against mouse LM1 cells assessed as cell growth inhibition after 48 hrs by MTT assay2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213666Cmax in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213656Drug uptake in human Caco2 cells assessed as intracellular level measured per mg of protein at 2 uM in presence of 20 uM cyclosporine A P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1514428Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as 25 mg/ml methacholine-induced airway resistance at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period measured post last dose by plethysm2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213648Efflux ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 50 uM verapamil P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1514420Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as IgE level in plasma at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period by ELISA (Rvb = 2544.05 +/- 229.07 ng/ml)2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213668Half life in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213651Permeability across apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM in presence of 50 uM verapamil P-gp inhibitor2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213669Mean residence time (infinity) in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1514430Anti-asthmatic activity in ovalbumin-induced asthmatic BALB/c mouse model assessed as 100 mg/ml methacholine-induced airway resistance at 20 mg/kg, po co-administered with ovalbumin from day 21 to 28 of experiment period measured post last dose by plethys2019Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 01-01, Volume: 29, Issue:1
Synthesis and biological evaluation of Ginsenoside Compound K analogues as a novel class of anti-asthmatic agents.
AID1213670AUC (0 to time) in wildtype FVB mouse at 10 mg/kg, po2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
AID1213643Efflux ratio of permeability from basolateral to apical side over apical to basolateral side in human Caco2 cells at 2 uM2012Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Aug, Volume: 40, Issue:8
Inhibition of P-glycoprotein leads to improved oral bioavailability of compound K, an anticancer metabolite of red ginseng extract produced by gut microflora.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Research

Studies (265)

TimeframeStudies, This Drug (%)All Drugs %
pre-19901 (0.38)18.7374
1990's4 (1.51)18.2507
2000's43 (16.23)29.6817
2010's137 (51.70)24.3611
2020's80 (30.19)2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Market Indicators

Research Demand Index: 10.20

According to the monthly volume, diversity, and competition of internet searches for this compound, as well the volume and growth of publications, there is estimated to be weak demand-to-supply ratio for research on this compound.

MetricThis Compound (vs All)
Research Demand Index10.20 (24.57)
Research Supply Index5.62 (2.92)
Research Growth Index5.82 (4.65)
Search Engine Demand Index0.00 (26.88)
Search Engine Supply Index0.00 (0.95)

This Compound (10.20)

All Compounds (24.57)

Study Types

Publication TypeThis drug (%)All Drugs (%)
Trials5 (1.86%)5.53%
Reviews17 (6.32%)6.00%
Case Studies0 (0.00%)4.05%
Observational0 (0.00%)0.25%
Other247 (91.82%)84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]
SubstanceRelationship StrengthStudiesTrialsClassesRoles
gamma-aminobutyric acid
gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.		2.0510amino acid zwitterion;
gamma-amino acid;
monocarboxylic acid		human metabolite;
neurotransmitter;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
signalling molecule
adenine
[no description available]		2.08106-aminopurines;
purine nucleobase		Daphnia magna metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycerol
Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.		2.2510alditol;
triol		algal metabolite;
detergent;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
geroprotector;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
solvent
histamine
[no description available]		2.4720aralkylamino compound;
imidazoles		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
acetaminophen
Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.		2.1110acetamides;
phenols		antipyretic;
cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor;
cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor;
environmental contaminant;
ferroptosis inducer;
geroprotector;
hepatotoxic agent;
human blood serum metabolite;
non-narcotic analgesic;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
xenobiotic
azelastine
azelastine: azeptin is azelastine hydrochloride; structure; eye drop formulation effective in relieving symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis; do not confuse with 5-loxin which is an extract of Boswellia. azelastine : A phthalazine compound having an oxo substituent at the 1-position, a 1-methylazepan-4-yl group at the 2-position and a 4-chlorobenzyl substituent at the 4-position.		2.0210monochlorobenzenes;
phthalazines;
tertiary amino compound		anti-allergic agent;
anti-asthmatic drug;
bronchodilator agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
H1-receptor antagonist;
platelet aggregation inhibitor
benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.		2.2510ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arenecarcinogenic agent;
mouse metabolite
verapamil
Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.		2.0710aromatic ether;
nitrile;
polyether;
tertiary amino compound
valproic acid
Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.		2.6920branched-chain fatty acid;
branched-chain saturated fatty acid		anticonvulsant;
antimanic drug;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
GABA agent;
neuroprotective agent;
psychotropic drug;
teratogenic agent
metformin
Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.		2.0310guanidinesenvironmental contaminant;
geroprotector;
hypoglycemic agent;
xenobiotic
corticosterone
[no description available]		2.462011beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-oxo steroid;
21-hydroxy steroid;
3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
C21-steroid;
glucocorticoid;
primary alpha-hydroxy ketone		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone
Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.		2.411017-oxo steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid;
androstanoid		androgen;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite
carbon tetrachloride
Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.		2.0610chlorocarbon;
chloromethanes		hepatotoxic agent;
refrigerant
aspartic acid
Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.		2.610aspartate family amino acid;
aspartic acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		Escherichia coli metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
neurotransmitter
glutamine
Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.		2.4110amino acid zwitterion;
glutamine family amino acid;
glutamine;
L-alpha-amino acid;
polar amino acid zwitterion;
proteinogenic amino acid		EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sucrose
Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.		2.0410glycosyl glycosidealgal metabolite;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
osmolyte;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite;
sweetening agent
uridine
[no description available]		2.3110uridinesdrug metabolite;
fundamental metabolite;
human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine
Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.		2.2510pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleosideantimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent
cytarabine
[no description available]		2.2510beta-D-arabinoside;
monosaccharide derivative;
pyrimidine nucleoside		antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antiviral agent;
immunosuppressive agent
arginine
Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.		2.4110arginine;
glutamine family amino acid;
L-alpha-amino acid;
proteinogenic amino acid		biomarker;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
micronutrient;
mouse metabolite;
nutraceutical
aminoimidazole carboxamide
Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.		2.110aminoimidazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide		mouse metabolite
malondialdehyde
Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.		2.0610dialdehydebiomarker
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid
Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.		2.0610arenesulfonic acid;
C-nitro compound		epitope;
explosive;
reagent
1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide
1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide: activates carboxyl groups. 1,3-diisopropylcarbodiimide : A carbodiimide compound having an isopropyl substituent on both nitrogen atoms.		2.0810carbodiimidepeptide coupling reagent
glycyrrhizic acid
glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.		2.0210enone;
glucosiduronic acid;
pentacyclic triterpenoid;
tricarboxylic acid;
triterpenoid saponin		EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor;
plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol
Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.		2.5420alpha-tocopherolalgal metabolite;
antiatherogenic agent;
anticoagulant;
antioxidant;
antiviral agent;
EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor;
immunomodulator;
micronutrient;
nutraceutical;
plant metabolite
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene
7,12-dihydroxymethylbenz(a)anthracene: structure given in first source		2.0210
platinum
Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.		2.4110elemental platinum;
nickel group element atom;
platinum group metal atom
gold
Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.		2.9630copper group element atom;
elemental gold
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate
Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.		2.0210acetate ester;
diester;
phorbol ester;
tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone;
tetradecanoate ester		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
carcinogenic agent;
mitogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase C agonist;
reactive oxygen species generator
substance p
[no description available]		2.0210peptideneurokinin-1 receptor agonist;
neurotransmitter;
vasodilator agent
mifepristone
Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.		2.13103-oxo-Delta(4) steroid;
acetylenic compound;
tertiary amino compound		abortifacient;
contraceptive drug;
hormone antagonist;
synthetic oral contraceptive
imiquimod
Imiquimod: A topically-applied aminoquinoline immune modulator that induces interferon production. It is used in the treatment of external genital and perianal warts, superficial CARCINOMA, BASAL CELL; and ACTINIC KERATOSIS.. imiquimod : An imidazoquinoline fused [4,5-c] carrying isobutyl and amino substituents at N-1 and C-4 respectively. A prescription medication, it acts as an immune response modifier and is used to treat genital warts, superficial basal cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis.		2.2110imidazoquinolineantineoplastic agent;
interferon inducer
valsartan
Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.		2.2510biphenylyltetrazole;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
monocarboxylic acid		angiotensin receptor antagonist;
antihypertensive agent;
environmental contaminant;
xenobiotic
vanadates
Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.		2.0610trivalent inorganic anion;
vanadium oxoanion		EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer
beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.		2.0510D-glucopyranoseepitope;
mouse metabolite
baicalin
[no description available]		2.0210dihydroxyflavone;
glucosiduronic acid;
glycosyloxyflavone;
monosaccharide derivative		antiatherosclerotic agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug;
plant metabolite;
prodrug
aica ribonucleotide
AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.		2.1101-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide;
aminoimidazole		cardiovascular drug;
Escherichia coli metabolite;
human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
plant metabolite;
Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-imidazolepropionic acid
5-imidazolepropionic acid: competitive inhibitor of urocanase reaction which catalyzes conversion of urocanate into imidazolone propionate; structure. dihydrourocanic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.		2.4110imidazoles;
monocarboxylic acid
tocophersolan
tocophersolan: RN given refers to parent cpd		2.5420tocol
panaxadiol
panaxadiol: a protopanaxadiol with the side chain cyclized into a pyran which is an artifact of acidic hydrolysis; RN refers to (3 beta,12 beta,20R)-isomer		2.110triterpenoid saponin
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine
p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.		2.0210aromatic ether;
secondary amino compound		metabolite
geniposide
[no description available]		2.0210terpene glycoside
parthenolide
[no description available]		2.1710germacranolide
ginsenoside rh2
ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		3.225012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
bone density conservation agent;
cardioprotective agent;
hepatoprotective agent;
plant metabolite
methotrexate
[no description available]		2.2510dicarboxylic acid;
monocarboxylic acid amide;
pteridines		abortifacient;
antimetabolite;
antineoplastic agent;
antirheumatic drug;
dermatologic drug;
DNA synthesis inhibitor;
EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor;
immunosuppressive agent
carbodiimides
Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.		2.0810carbodiimide
deoxycholic acid
Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.		2.1710bile acid;
C24-steroid;
dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid		human blood serum metabolite
epinastine
dexamethasone acetate: RN given refers to (11beta,16alpha)-isomer		2.2110corticosteroid hormone
wortmannin
[no description available]		2.0610acetate ester;
cyclic ketone;
delta-lactone;
organic heteropentacyclic compound		anticoronaviral agent;
antineoplastic agent;
autophagy inhibitor;
EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor;
geroprotector;
Penicillium metabolite;
radiosensitizing agent
cellulase
Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.		2.4720cellotriose
ginsenoside re
[no description available]		2.251012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
nephroprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1
[no description available]		3.884012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		neuroprotective agent;
pro-angiogenic agent
genipin
[no description available]		2.0210iridoid monoterpenoidanti-inflammatory agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inhibitor;
cross-linking reagent;
hepatotoxic agent;
uncoupling protein inhibitor
betadex
beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.		2.4720cyclodextrin
trichostatin a
trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES		2.0810antibiotic antifungal agent;
hydroxamic acid;
trichostatin		bacterial metabolite;
EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor;
geroprotector
alpha-cyclodextrin
alpha-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of six alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.		3.5911cyclodextrin
tacrolimus
Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.		2.110macrolide lactambacterial metabolite;
immunosuppressive agent
h 89
N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.		2.110N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
iridoids
Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).		2.0210
glycosides
[no description available]		210
sesquiterpenes
[no description available]		2.1710
oxazolone
Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.		2.0210
digoxin
Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.		2.0710cardenolide glycoside;
steroid saponin		anti-arrhythmia drug;
cardiotonic drug;
EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor;
epitope
orlistat
Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.		2.0810beta-lactone;
carboxylic ester;
formamides;
L-leucine derivative		anti-obesity agent;
bacterial metabolite;
EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor;
EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
ginsenosides
ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.		13.552383
ovalbumin
Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.		2.2110
mtt formazan
MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes		2.1110
l 663536
MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.		2.0810aryl sulfide;
indoles;
monocarboxylic acid;
monochlorobenzenes		antineoplastic agent;
EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
leukotriene antagonist
sphingosine
sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.		2.4620sphing-4-eninehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite
quercetin
[no description available]		2.1107-hydroxyflavonol;
pentahydroxyflavone		antibacterial agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
Aurora kinase inhibitor;
chelator;
EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor;
geroprotector;
phytoestrogen;
plant metabolite;
protein kinase inhibitor;
radical scavenger
dinoprostone
prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.		2.9640prostaglandins Ehuman metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
oxytocic
vitamin k semiquinone radical
vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.		1.9310
baicalein
[no description available]		2.0210trihydroxyflavoneangiogenesis inhibitor;
anti-inflammatory agent;
antibacterial agent;
anticoronaviral agent;
antifungal agent;
antineoplastic agent;
antioxidant;
apoptosis inducer;
EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor;
EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor;
EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor;
ferroptosis inhibitor;
geroprotector;
hormone antagonist;
plant metabolite;
prostaglandin antagonist;
radical scavenger
menaquinone 6
menaquinone 6: RN given refers to (all-E)-isomer		2.0810
sphingosine 1-phosphate
sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R*,S*-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1		2.4620sphingoid 1-phosphatemouse metabolite;
signalling molecule;
sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist;
T-cell proliferation inhibitor;
vasodilator agent
vitamin k 1
Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones.		1.9310phylloquinones;
vitamin K		cofactor;
human metabolite;
plant metabolite
oxadin
oxadin: a 2,3-dihydro-6H-1,3,4-oxadiazine product; inhibits a variety of RNA & DNA, as well as retroviruses, in vivo & in vitro; see also record for oxadiarrhot		2.110
verlukast
verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist		2.0710
beta-escin
[no description available]		5.82211
ginsenoside rb2
[no description available]		2.974012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antiviral agent;
hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
formazans
Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.		2.1110
ginsenoside f1
ginsenoside F1: from ginseng. ginsenoside F1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.763012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
6alpha-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		apoptosis inhibitor;
plant metabolite
k 7174
K 7174: inhibits binding of monocytes to cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells; structure in first source		2.610
ginsenoside rb1
[no description available]		7.25281ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
anti-obesity agent;
apoptosis inhibitor;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
radical scavenger
ginsenoside f2
ginsenoside F2: isolated from the leaves of Panax ginseng. ginsenoside F2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosides, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.984012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg3
ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		3.250ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		angiogenesis modulating agent;
antineoplastic agent;
apoptosis inducer;
plant metabolite
ginsenoside rd
ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.		7.7630beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anti-inflammatory drug;
apoptosis inducer;
immunosuppressive agent;
neuroprotective agent;
plant metabolite;
vulnerary
scopolamine hydrobromide
[no description available]		2.2110
ginsenoside rc
[no description available]		2.843012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		hypoglycemic agent;
plant metabolite
ginsenoside rh1
ginsenoside Rh1: RN given for (3beta,6alpha,12beta)-isomer. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh1 : A tetracyclic triterpenoid that is (20S)-protopanaxadiol which is substituted by beta-D-glucoside at the 6alpha position.		2.763012beta-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		plant metabolite
ginsenoside rb3
[no description available]		2.131012beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antidepressant;
antioxidant;
cardioprotective agent;
neuroprotective agent;
NMDA receptor antagonist;
plant metabolite
cytochrome c-t
Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.		2.7330
glucagon-like peptide 1
Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.		2.930
incretins
Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.		2.4110
phosphatidylcholines
Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.		2.57201,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
sphingosine kinase
[no description available]		2.4620
sapogenins
Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.		9.38332
ginsenoside rg2
ginsenoside Rg2: structure in first source; RN given refers to (6-deoxy-alpha-L-mannopyranosyl)-isomer. ginsenoside Rg2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 6 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		3.562012beta-hydroxy steroid;
20-hydroxy steroid;
3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid;
3beta-hydroxy steroid;
beta-D-glucoside;
disaccharide derivative;
ginsenoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		anticoagulant;
cardioprotective agent;
plant metabolite
chitosan
[no description available]		3.4460
imeglimin
imeglimin: a tetrahydrotriazine-containing oral antidiabetic		3.710
pervanadate
pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide		2.0610
(20R)-ginsenoside Rg3
(20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-R positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		2.110ginsenoside;
glycoside;
tetracyclic triterpenoid		antioxidant;
plant metabolite
ascorbic acid
Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.		2.1510ascorbic acid;
vitamin C		coenzyme;
cofactor;
flour treatment agent;
food antioxidant;
food colour retention agent;
geroprotector;
plant metabolite;
skin lightening agent
6-o-palmitoylascorbic acid
[no description available]		2.1510fatty acid ester
transforming growth factor beta
Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.		2.3110
agar
Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.		2.0710
cyclin d1
Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.		2.0510
protopanaxadiol
protopanaxadiol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; has antineoplastic activity; acid hydrolysis results in panaxadiol. protopanaxadiol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng) that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		10.34160
protopanaxatriol
protopanaxatriol: triterpenoid sapogenin of ginsenosides from leaves of Panax ginseng; acid hydrolysis leads to panaxatriol. protopanaxatriol : A tetracyclic triterpenoid sapogenin (isolated from ginseng and notoginseng) that is that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.		3.1950
folic acid
folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.		2.610folic acids;
N-acyl-amino acid		human metabolite;
mouse metabolite;
nutrient
3-methyladenine
N3-methyladenine: structure in first source		2.0810
ConditionIndicatedRelationship StrengthStudiesTrials
Asthma, Bronchial
[description not available]		02.2110
Disease Models, Animal
Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.		03.91110
Asthma
A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).		02.2110
Alloxan Diabetes
[description not available]		03.570
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis
[description not available]		02.8830
Diabetic Nephropathies
KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.		02.8830
Aging
The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.		03.9221
Adjuvant Arthritis
[description not available]		03.5370
Cancer of Colon
[description not available]		03.4670
Colonic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON.		03.4670
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		03.79100
Cancer of Liver
[description not available]		03.96120
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular
A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.		03.79100
Liver Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.		03.96120
Anasarca
[description not available]		02.4820
Papilloma, Squamous Cell
[description not available]		02.0210
Edema
Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.		02.4820
Papilloma
A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)		02.0210
Breast Cancer
[description not available]		03.0340
Breast Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.		03.0340
Cancer of Lung
[description not available]		03.7190
Lung Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.		03.7190
Innate Inflammatory Response
[description not available]		04.7190
Inflammation
A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.		04.7190
Colorectal Cancer
[description not available]		04.4270
Colorectal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.		04.4270
Insulin Sensitivity
[description not available]		03.2650
Insulin Resistance
Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.		03.2650
Obesity
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).		04.5241
Cancer of Esophagus
[description not available]		02.4110
Esophageal Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.		02.4110
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer
[description not available]		02.4110
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms
Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.		02.4110
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome
[description not available]		02.4110
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.		02.4110
Androgen-Independent Prostatic Cancer
[description not available]		02.610
Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE which can grow in the presence of low or residual amount of androgen hormones such as TESTOSTERONE.		02.610
Diabetes Mellitus
A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.		02.4110
Age-Related Osteoporosis
[description not available]		04.0290
Osteoporosis
Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.		04.0290
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset
[description not available]		06.57151
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.		06.57151
Central Nervous System Lupus
[description not available]		03.5240
Depression
Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.		03.5240
Cancer of Prostate
[description not available]		02.8220
Prostatic Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.		02.8220
Arthritis, Degenerative
[description not available]		02.6320
Osteoarthritis
A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.		02.6320
Colitis Gravis
[description not available]		02.610
Colitis
Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.		02.8530
Colitis, Ulcerative
Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.		02.610
Rheumatoid Arthritis
[description not available]		04.4160
Arthritis, Rheumatoid
A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.		04.4160
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic
[description not available]		02.6620
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.		02.6620
Neuroblastoma
A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)		02.2110
Cognitive Decline
[description not available]		02.2110
Cognitive Dysfunction
Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.		02.2110
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced
[description not available]		03.2650
Weight Reduction
[description not available]		02.2510
Necrosis
The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.		02.2510
Weight Loss
Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.		02.2510
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury
A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.		03.2650
Osteogenic Sarcoma
[description not available]		02.2510
Invasiveness, Neoplasm
[description not available]		02.7630
Osteosarcoma
A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)		02.2510
Amentia
[description not available]		02.2510
Dementia
An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.		02.2510
Anoxemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.2510
Hypoxia
Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.		02.2510
Reperfusion Injury
Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.		02.2510
Berger Disease
[description not available]		02.2510
Glomerulonephritis, IGA
A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.		02.2510
Pregnancy
The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.		02.2510
Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
[description not available]		02.2510
Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute
Clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in bone marrow, blood, and other tissue. Myeloid leukemias develop from changes in cells that normally produce NEUTROPHILS; BASOPHILS; EOSINOPHILS; and MONOCYTES.		02.2510
Anemia
A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.		02.2510
Nerve Pain
[description not available]		02.3110
Neuralgia
Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.		02.3110
Cancer of Mouth
[description not available]		02.2510
Mouth Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.		02.2510
Bone Cancer
[description not available]		02.3110
Sarcoma, Epithelioid
[description not available]		02.3110
Bone Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.		02.3110
Sarcoma
A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.		02.3110
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3110
Cancer of Kidney
[description not available]		02.3110
Carcinoma, Renal Cell
A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.		02.3110
Kidney Neoplasms
Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.		02.3110
Cancer of Cervix
[description not available]		02.3110
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.		02.3110
Bleeding
[description not available]		02.3110
Hemorrhage
Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.		02.3110
B16 Melanoma
[description not available]		02.1510
Astrocytoma, Grade IV
[description not available]		02.1510
Glioblastoma
A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.		02.1510
Allergic Reaction
[description not available]		02.1510
Hypersensitivity
Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.		02.1510
Atherogenesis
[description not available]		02.5420
Atherosclerosis
A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.		02.5420
Chronic Illness
[description not available]		02.7630
Chronic Disease
Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		02.7630
Allodynia
[description not available]		02.2110
Ache
[description not available]		02.2110
Pain
An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.		02.2110
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion
[description not available]		02.5120
Colicky Pain
[description not available]		02.1710
Abdominal Pain
Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region.		02.1710
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung
[description not available]		02.5720
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung
A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.		02.5720
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia
[description not available]		02.6120
Alzheimer Disease
A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)		02.6120
Interstitial Nephritis
[description not available]		02.2510
Ureteral Obstruction
Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.		02.2510
Nephritis, Interstitial
Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.		02.2510
Body Weight
The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.		04.7461
Overweight
A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.		03.5911
Prediabetes
[description not available]		03.5911
Prediabetic State
The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).		03.5911
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis
[description not available]		02.4820
Dermatitis
Any inflammation of the skin.		02.2110
Psoriasis
A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.		02.4820
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic
[description not available]		02.0810
Neointima
The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.		02.0810
Cognition Disorders
Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.		02.0810
Bladder Cancer
[description not available]		02.0810
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.		02.0810
Liver Steatosis
[description not available]		02.5120
Fatty Liver
Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.		02.5120
Eczema, Atopic
[description not available]		02.110
Dermatitis, Atopic
A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.		02.110
Polyarthritis
[description not available]		02.110
Arthritis
Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.		02.110
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.		02.110
Hyperglycemia
Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.		02.110
Angiogenesis, Pathologic
[description not available]		02.4620
Dermatoses
[description not available]		02.110
Skin Diseases
Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.		02.110
Skin Aging
The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.		02.110
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma
[description not available]		02.1110
Bile Duct Cancer
[description not available]		02.1110
Metastase
[description not available]		02.4920
Bile Duct Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.		02.1110
Neoplasm Metastasis
The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.		02.4920
Cholangiocarcinoma
A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.		02.1110
Depression, Endogenous
[description not available]		02.1310
Depressive Disorder
An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.		02.1310
Cancer of Ovary
[description not available]		02.1510
Ovarian Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.		02.1510
Impaired Glucose Tolerance
[description not available]		02.1710
Glucose Intolerance
A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.		02.1710
Kaposi Disease
[description not available]		02.0410
Xeroderma Pigmentosum
A rare, pigmentary, and atrophic autosomal recessive disease. It is manifested as an extreme photosensitivity to ULTRAVIOLET RAYS as the result of a deficiency in the enzyme that permits excisional repair of ultraviolet-damaged DNA.		02.0410
Blood Poisoning
[description not available]		02.0510
Sepsis
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.		02.0510
Leucocythaemia
[description not available]		02.0510
Leukemia
A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)		02.0510
Acoustic Trauma
Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.		02.0610
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced
Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.		02.0610
Cancer of Stomach
[description not available]		02.0710
Stomach Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.		02.0710
Cardiovascular Stroke
[description not available]		02.0610
Myocardial Infarction
NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).		02.0610
Kahler Disease
[description not available]		02.0610
Multiple Myeloma
A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.		02.0610
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic
[description not available]		02.0610
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute
An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.		02.0610
Apoplexy
[description not available]		02.0710
Stroke
A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)		02.0710
Deficiency, Vitamin K
[description not available]		01.9310
Vitamin K Deficiency
A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN K in the diet, characterized by an increased tendency to hemorrhage (HEMORRHAGIC DISORDERS). Such bleeding episodes may be particularly severe in newborn infants. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1182)		01.9310
Contact Dermatitis
[description not available]		02.0210
Dermatitis, Contact
A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.		02.0210
Anaplastic Astrocytoma
[description not available]		02.0310
Benign Neoplasms, Brain
[description not available]		02.0310
Astrocytoma
Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)		02.0310
Brain Neoplasms
Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.		02.0310
Itching
[description not available]		02.0210
Pruritus
An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.		02.0210
Heart Disease, Ischemic
[description not available]		02.0310
Myocardial Ischemia
A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).		02.0310
Malignant Melanoma
[description not available]		01.9910
Melanoma
A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)		01.9910
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell
[description not available]		0210
Adenocarcinoma
A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.		0210