angiotensin ii profile

Giapreza: injectable form of angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure in adult patients with septic or other distributive shock [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Ile(5)-angiotensin II : An angiotensin II that acts on the central nervous system (PDB entry: 1N9V). [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	172198
CHEMBL ID	408403
CHEBI ID	2719
CHEBI ID	131170
CHEBI ID	48432
SCHEMBL ID	1189
SCHEMBL ID	9013957
SCHEMBL ID	20502357
MeSH ID	M0001202

Synonym
l-phenylalanine, n-(1-(n-(n-(n-(n-(n2-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-arginyl)-l-valyl)-l-tyrosyl)-l-isoleucyl)-l-histidyl)-l-prolyl)-
isoleucine5-angiotensin ii
angiotensin ii [inn:jan]
alanine, n-(1-(n-(n-(n-(n-(n2-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-arginyl)-l-valyl)-l-tyrosyl)-l-isoleucyl)-l-histidyl)-l-prolyl)-3-phenyl-, l-
angiotensin ii, ile(5)-
angiotensin-(1-8) octapeptide
angiotensin ii, 5-l-isoleucine-
angiotensin ii, human
ang-(1-8)octapeptide
unii-m089efu921
m089efu921 ,
hypertensin
ang ii
angiotensin ii (9ci)
l-phenylalanine, l-alpha-aspartyl-l-arginyl-l-valyl-l-tyrosyl-l-isoleucyl-l-histidyl-l-prolyl-
1-8-angiotensin i
1-l-aspasaginyl-5-l-valyl angiotensin octapeptide
asp-arg-val-tyr-ile-his-pro-phe
angiotensin ii ,
C02135
angiotensin ii (human type) (jan)
angiotensin ii (usan)
4474-91-3
D02014
delivert (tn)
NCGC00167130-01
giapreza
gtpl2504
isoleucine(5)-angiotensin ii
angiotensin ii (human)
n-(1-(n-(n-(n-(n-(n(2)-l-alpha-aspartyl-l-arginyl)-l-valyl)-l-tyrosyl)-l-isoleucyl)-l-histidyl)-l-prolyl)-l-phenylalanine
ile(5)-angiotensin ii
human angiotensin ii
5-isoleucine-angiotensin ii
5-l-isoleucineangiotensin ii
l-alpha-aspartyl-l-arginyl-l-valyl-l-tyrosyl-l-isoleucyl-l-histidyl-l-prolyl-l-phenylalanine
angiotensin ii (mouse)
CHEBI:2719 ,
hypertensin ii
bdbm50236697
chembl408403 ,
CHEBI:131170
delivert
ljpc-501
angiotensin ii human
angiotensin ii (human type)
AKOS016010178
HY-13948
SCHEMBL1189
SCHEMBL9013957
c50h71n13o12
(3s)-3-amino-3-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s,2s)-1-{[(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-{[(1s)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]carbamoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1h-imidazol-5-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl}-2-methylpropyl]c
proteomass(tm) angiotensin ii maldi-ms standard, vial of 10 nmol
DTXSID30196288
angiotensinii,human ,
ty-10721
angiotensin 2
ile5-angiotensin ii
DB11842
(3s)-3-amino-3-{[(1s)-4-carbamimidamido-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s)-1-{[(1s,2s)-1-{[(2s)-1-[(2s)-2-{[(1s)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl]carbamoyl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]-3-(1h-imidazol-4-yl)-1-oxopropan-2-yl]carbamoyl}-2-methylbutyl]carbamoyl}-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethyl]carbamoyl
SCHEMBL20502357
HB3488
Q412999
asp1-arg2-val3-tyr4-ile5-his6-pro7-phe8
drvyihpf
bdbm50228195
C75211
A872469
angiotensin ii heavy ,
drvy-i-hpf [i= i(13c6,15n)]
(2s,5s,8s,11s,14s,17s)-2-((1h-imidazol-5-yl)methyl)-17-amino-5-((s)-sec-butyl)-1-((s)-2-(((s)-1-carboxy-2-phenylethyl)carbamoyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl)-14-(3-((diaminomethylene)amino)propyl)-8-(4-hydroxybenzyl)-11-isopropyl-1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxo-3,6,9,12,15-pen
conalbumin (328-332), 1226776-54-0, rvpsl peptide
ang-(1-8)octapeptide, hypertensin, 4474-91-3, giapreza
EN300-19742056
DTXSID4036778 ,
32044-01-2, 4474-91-3 (salt)
c01cx09
chebi:48432
angiotensina ii (inn-spanish)
angiotensine ii
angiotensinum ii (inn-latin)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Angiotensin II was associated with improvements in MAP, decrease in vasopressor requirements, and minimal reported adverse events. These results support the hypothesis that the role of P-gp as a detoxicant in renal cells may be related to mechanisms that control the cytoplasmic removal of toxic metabolites.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The toxic effect of epinephrine was eliminated by the addition of propranolol or selective beta 2 blockade, but not by alpha or beta 1 blockade."	( Toxic effects of catecholamines on skin. Burk, RW; Klitzman, B; Serafin, D, 1990)	0.28
" 100% of the animals receiving 6 mg/kg of DXR with or without AII were cured from the tumor, but subsequently some of them developed toxic signs and eventually died within the 12th week after treatment."	( Effect of angiotensin II on the antitumor activity and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin. Formelli, F; Monti, E; Paracchini, L; Piccinini, F; Rossi, C, 1990)	0.28
" 7 These data show that five of the most commonly used artificial buffers, to study muscles in vitro, exert adverse effects on contractility of arterial and venous smooth muscle."	( Adverse effects of artificial buffers on contractile responses of arterial and venous smooth muscle. Altura, BM; Altura, BT; Carella, A; Turlapaty, PD, 1980)	0.26
" (1 microgram/kg per min) to establish the control toxic doses and the level of ouabain in the heart at death."	( Centrally mediated enhancement of ouabain cardiotoxicity by angiotensin II in dogs. Fleming, JT; Holl, JE, 1982)	0.26
"1%) were the clinical adverse experiences most often reported in patients treated with losartan."	( Safety and tolerability of losartan potassium, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, compared with hydrochlorothiazide, atenolol, felodipine ER, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of systemic hypertension. Dunlay, MC; Goldberg, AI; Sweet, CS, 1995)	0.29
" These results support the hypothesis that the role of P-gp as a detoxicant in renal cells may be related to mechanisms that control the cytoplasmic removal of both toxic metabolites from CsA and those originating from the catabolism of signal transduction proteins (methylcysteine esters), which are produced as a result of ras activation in presence of angiotensin II."	( Chronic cyclosporin A nephrotoxicity, P-glycoprotein overexpression, and relationships with intrarenal angiotensin II deposits. Aguilar, M; Andujar, M; Arrebola, F; del Moral, RG; García-Chicano, MJ; Gómez-Morales, M; Guillén, M; Masseroli, M; Nogales, FF; O'Valle, F; Olmo, A; Ramírez, C, 1997)	0.3
" Most adverse experiences reported throughout the study were mild or moderate in both treatment groups."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
"Hypertension is a very common disease and represents a major risk factor for cardiovascular adverse events such as stroke and heart failure."	( Comparative safety and tolerability of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Burnier, M; Mazzolai, L, 1999)	0.3
" We undertook a retrospective chart analysis of all RTRs in our institution who had been treated with an ACEi or an angiotensin II (AT II) antagonist, with the objectives of determining the safety, efficacy, and side effect profile of these medications."	( ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II antagonists in renal transplantation: an analysis of safety and efficacy. Cohen, J; Stigant, CE; Vivera, M; Zaltzman, JS, 2000)	0.31
"Treatment of hypertensive patients with fixed-dose combination therapy consisting of losartan and hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) has several potential benefits over monotherapy with each of the individual components: more effective blood pressure control, a reduction in the likelihood of adverse effects, and facilitation of patients staying on therapy due to a simple once-daily regimen."	( Safe and effective management of hypertension with fixed-dose combination therapy: focus on losartan plus hydrochlorothiazide. Benedict, CR, )	0.13
"Olmesartan medoxomil was safe and highly effective in lowering blood pressure in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension in these studies."	( Blood pressure response, but not adverse event incidence, correlates with dose of angiotensin II antagonist. Laeis, P; Püchler, K; Stumpe, KO, 2001)	0.31
"The safety and efficacy of telmisartan found in controlled studies is maintained in a large postmarketing population that included sizeable patient subgroups potentially at higher risk for adverse events."	( Safety of telmisartan in patients with arterial hypertension : an open-label observational study. Bohner, H; Heemann, U; Köster, J; Michel, MC; Schäfers, R, 2004)	0.32
" These studies showed that there were no adverse effects of treatment at the highest doses tested."	( A 90-day subchronic toxicity study and reproductive toxicity studies on ACE-inhibiting lactotripeptide. Braun, WH; Dent, MP; Marburger, A; O'Hagan, S; Schaetti, P; Vogel, O, 2007)	0.34
" Treatment was well tolerated in all three-treatment groups with a slight increase in adverse events in the combination therapy group."	( A comparison of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan/HCTZ combination therapy with irbesartan and HCTZ monotherapy in the treatment of moderate hypertension. Bhaumik, A; Franklin, SS; Lapuerta, P; Neutel, JM; Ptaszynska, A, 2008)	0.35
"LOCM was less toxic to rat kidney than HOCM."	( [Nephrotoxicity of high- and low-osmolar contrast media: Protective role of fosinopril or telmisartan in a rat model]. Duan, SB; Jiang, WL; Li, J; Li, YJ; Liu, FY; Liu, YH; Peng, YM; Wang, YH; Xu, XQ; Zou, Q, 2007)	0.34
" No serious adverse events were reported."	( Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, tolerability, and safety of the soluble guanylate cyclase activator cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667) in healthy male volunteers. Artmeier-Brandt, U; Frey, R; Mück, W; Unger, S; Weimann, G; Wensing, G, 2008)	0.35
" LOCM was less toxic to rat kidneys than HOCM."	( The protective role of telmisartan against nephrotoxicity induced by X-ray contrast media in rat model. Duan, SB; Liu, FY; Peng, YM; Wang, P; Wang, YH; Xu, XQ; Zou, Q, 2009)	0.35
"Fimasartan was safe and well tolerated, but with an increased incidence of low BP and postural dizziness for the 360 mg dose after repeated administration."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of fimasartan following single and repeated oral administration in the fasted and fed states in healthy subjects. Chi, YH; Kim, JH; Kim, SL; Lee, H; Lee, JH; Paik, SH; Tan, HK; Yoo, BW, 2011)	0.37
" Its clinical utility is, however, largely limited by the adverse reactions, are known to be nephrotoxic."	( The restoration of kidney mitochondria function by inhibition of angiotensin-II production in rats with acute adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity. Dursun, N; Kunduz Kindap, E; Ozdogan, K; Taskin, E, 2014)	0.4
"Adriamycin (ADR) is a drug used clinically for anticancer treatment; however, it causes adverse effects in the liver."	( The Cooperative Effect of Local Angiotensin-II in Liver with Adriamycin Hepatotoxicity on Mitochondria. Dursun, N; Guven, C; Sahin, L; Taskin, E, 2016)	0.43
"Mortality and morbidity by toxic metals is an important issue of occupational health."	( Lead toxicity promotes autonomic dysfunction with increased chemoreceptor sensitivity. Carvalho, M; Geraldes, V; Goncalves-Rosa, N; Laranjo, S; Rocha, I; Tavares, C, 2016)	0.43
" Data recorded included number of subjects, comorbidities, angiotensin II dose and duration, pressor effects, other physiologic and side effects, and adverse events."	( Clinical Experience With IV Angiotensin II Administration: A Systematic Review of Safety. Busse, LW; Chalikonda, DM; Chawla, LS; Dana, SL; Finkel, KW; Khanna, AK; Szerlip, HM; Wang, XS; Yoo, D, 2017)	0.46
" Adverse events were infrequent and included headache, chest pressure, and orthostatic symptoms."	( Clinical Experience With IV Angiotensin II Administration: A Systematic Review of Safety. Busse, LW; Chalikonda, DM; Chawla, LS; Dana, SL; Finkel, KW; Khanna, AK; Szerlip, HM; Wang, XS; Yoo, D, 2017)	0.46
" Although catecholamine vasopressors are considered life-sustaining therapy, they are associated with adverse reactions, and vasopressin and angiotensin II may be used to minimize these adverse effects."	( Safe Use of Vasopressin and Angiotensin II for Patients with Circulatory Shock. Bauer, SR; Lam, SW; Sacha, GL, 2018)	0.48
" Though several drug candidates have been developed in the management of AD, an alternative option is still required due to serious adverse effects of the former."	( Naringin Exhibits Mas Receptor-Mediated Neuroprotection Against Amyloid Beta-Induced Cognitive Deficits and Mitochondrial Toxicity in Rat Brain. Garabadu, D; Varshney, V, 2021)	0.62
" Activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and associated inflammations may exacerbate the toxic effects of tacrolimus."	( Evaluation of the Effect of Captopril and Losartan on Tacrolimus-induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. Abeyat, H; Behmanesh, MA; Poormoosavi, SM; Sangtarash, E, 2021)	0.62
" Therefore, administration of xanthenone along with tacrolimus could be a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce the adverse effects and increase the tolerability to tacrolimus immunosuppressive therapy."	( Impact of the ACE2 activator xanthenone on tacrolimus nephrotoxicity: Modulation of uric acid/ERK/p38 MAPK and Nrf2/SOD3/GCLC signaling pathways. Ali, FEM; Azouz, AA; Hersi, F; Hussein Elkelawy, AMM; Omar, HA, 2022)	0.72
" Outcomes of interest included change in mean arterial pressure (MAP), vasoactive medication requirements (percent change in norepinephrine equivalent [NEE] dose), all-cause mortality, and adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of angiotensin II in cardiogenic shock: A systematic review. Bansal, M; Belford, PM; Khanna, AK; Mehta, A; Vallabhajosyula, S; Wieruszewski, PM; Zhao, DX, 2023)	0.91
" Out of 47 patients with documented information, 13 patients had adverse outcomes which included hepatic injury (2), digital ischemia (1), ischemic optic neuropathy (1), ischemic colitis (2), agitated delirium (1), and thrombotic events (2)."	( Efficacy and safety of angiotensin II in cardiogenic shock: A systematic review. Bansal, M; Belford, PM; Khanna, AK; Mehta, A; Vallabhajosyula, S; Wieruszewski, PM; Zhao, DX, 2023)	0.91
" Angiotensin II was associated with improvements in MAP, decrease in vasopressor requirements, and minimal reported adverse events."	( Efficacy and safety of angiotensin II in cardiogenic shock: A systematic review. Bansal, M; Belford, PM; Khanna, AK; Mehta, A; Vallabhajosyula, S; Wieruszewski, PM; Zhao, DX, 2023)	0.91

Pharmacokinetics

Angiotensin II increases circulating levels of vasodilatory prostaglandins I2 and E2 relative to thromboxane A2. The angiotens in II metabolic clearance rate and half-life were similar in nonpregnant and pregnant women.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"The acute hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor lisinopril were assessed in two studies in 24 patients with chronic stable congestive heart failure (CHF)."	( Hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Dickstein, K, 1987)	0.27
"The inter-relationship between the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic behaviour of ACE inhibitors is reviewed."	( Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Relationship between pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Belz, GG; Kirch, W; Kleinbloesem, CH, 1988)	0.27
" Doxazosin has a longer terminal elimination half-life than prazosin."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with two alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, doxazosin and prazosin in the rabbit. Hamilton, CA; Reid, JL; Vincent, J, 1985)	0.27
" There have been a number of reports relating the plasma levels of cytotoxic agents with pharmacodynamic parameters."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of locoregional 5 fluorouracil (5FU) in advanced colorectal liver metastases. Goldberg, JA; Kerr, DJ; McArdle, CS; McKillop, JH; Willmott, N, 1988)	0.27
" The acute pharmacodynamic actions of intravenous (i."	( Pharmacodynamic activity of intravenous E-3174, an angiotensin II antagonist, in patients with essential hypertension. Berman, RS; Bradstreet, DC; Jallard, N; Saenz, A; Sweet, CS; Weidler, DJ, 1994)	0.29
" The plasma half-life of CNP on termination of infusion was rapid (1."	( Biological actions and pharmacokinetics of C-type natriuretic peptide in conscious sheep. Charles, CJ; Espiner, EA; Nicholls, MG; Richards, AM; Yandle, TG, 1995)	0.29
" We therefore determined fetal MCRANGII, half-life (T1/2), and placental removal of ANG II."	( Comparison of ANG II in fetal and pregnant sheep: metabolic clearance and vascular sensitivity. Gresores, A; Magness, RR; Rosenfeld, CR; Roy, TA, 1995)	0.29
" We tested the hypotheses that alterations in the metabolic clearance rate and the half-life of angiotensin II account for reduced pressor dose-responses during gestation and that angiotensin II increases circulating levels of vasodilatory prostaglandins I2 and E2 relative to thromboxane A2."	( Angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate and pressor responses in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Cox, K; Gant, NF; Magness, RR; Rosenfeld, CR, 1994)	0.29
" The angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate and half-life were similar in nonpregnant and pregnant women: metabolic clearance rate = 85 +/- 10 versus 68 +/- 3 ml/min."	( Angiotensin II metabolic clearance rate and pressor responses in nonpregnant and pregnant women. Cox, K; Gant, NF; Magness, RR; Rosenfeld, CR, 1994)	0.29
" The mean values of Cmax and AUC0-infinity increased in a dose-dependent manner."	( Pharmacokinetics and biochemical efficacy after single and multiple oral administration of losartan, an orally active nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in humans. Nakashima, M; Ohtawa, M; Saitoh, K; Takayama, F; Yoshinaga, T, 1993)	0.29
"hr/mL and Cmax was 143."	( Invasive pharmacodynamics of fosinopril in patients with congestive heart failure. Ford, NF; Fulmor, IE; Hui, KK; Natarajan, C; Smith, RA, 1995)	0.29
"The aim of this review is to comment the results described in the literature concerning the possible pharmacodynamic mechanisms involved in the improvement of quality of life of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors that is just a working hypothesis."	( Effect of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors on quality of life in hypertensive patients. Pharmacodynamic basis. Govantes, C; Marín, J, 1996)	0.29
" By simultaneously monitoring the effects in various tissues, the pharmacokinetic effect of each drug in the entire body could be obtained."	( Pharmacokinetic changes induced by vasomodulators in kidneys, livers, muscles, and implanted tumors in rats as measured by dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI. Lao, X; Nalcioglu, O; Roth, GM; Samoszuk, MK; Su, MY; Wang, Z, 1996)	0.29
"The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of nonpeptide angiotensin antagonists in humans are reviewed in this paper."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buclin, T; Csajka, C, 1997)	0.3
"Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between single oral doses of valsartan (160 mg) and furosemide (40 mg) were investigated in an open, randomized, three-period crossover study in twelve healthy male subjects."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide. Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic measurements included plasma concentrations of valsartan and furosemide, and urinary excretion of the latter."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide. Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)	0.3
" Inter- and intra-individual variability of the pharmacokinetic variables was high for both furosemide and valsartan."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide. Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)	0.3
" The AUC and Cmax of candesartan showed dose-proportional increases in the dose range of 2-16 mg candesartan cilexetil after both single and repeated once-daily tablet intake, indicating linear pharmacokinetics in both younger and elderly healthy subjects."	( Pharmacokinetics of candesartan after single and repeated doses of candesartan cilexetil in young and elderly healthy volunteers. Högemann, AM; Hübner, R; Riddell, JG; Sunzel, M, 1997)	0.3
"Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamic effects and tolerability of 200 mg valsartan, once-daily for 8 days, were investigated in 16 healthy, normotensive volunteers on a normal sodium diet."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic effects of the angiotensin II antagonist valsartan at steady state in healthy, normotensive subjects. de Gasparo, M; Flesch, G; Gasparini, M; Howald, H; Müller, P, 1997)	0.3
" Therefore, an interaction trial was performed to evaluate the effects of co-administration of V on the pharmacokinetics of atenolol (A), and vice versa, and to monitor the pharmacodynamic response of plasma angiotensin II (ANG II) concentrations and plasma renin activity (PRA), as well as of heart rate and blood pressure, under resting and exercise conditions."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single doses of valsartan and atenolol. Czendlik, CH; Howald, H; Preiswerk, G; Sioufi, A, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacodynamic properties of a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist (BAY 10-6734) in humans were to be quantitatively characterized from the rightward shifts of the agonist dose-response curves after administration of different doses of the antagonist."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist--characterization by use of Schild regression technique in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Herrmann, V; Malerczyk, C; Stass, H; Wensing, G, 1997)	0.3
" Pharmacodynamic (3."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist--characterization by use of Schild regression technique in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Herrmann, V; Malerczyk, C; Stass, H; Wensing, G, 1997)	0.3
" The time kinetics of the pharmacodynamic effect, derived from the decay of DR-1 values, as well as the doubling time of the apparent Ki values well agreed with the pharmacokinetic half-life."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist--characterization by use of Schild regression technique in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Herrmann, V; Malerczyk, C; Stass, H; Wensing, G, 1997)	0.3
" The pharmacodynamic activities of losartan and EXP3174 were determined during constant intravenous infusion as the degree of inhibition of angiotensin II-induced increase in the diastolic pressure."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relations of losartan and EXP3174 in a porcine animal model. Bai, SA; Christ, DD; Hellyer, P; Lankford, SM; Plummer, D, 1997)	0.3
" Furthermore, the half-life of Ang II in rats pretreated with saline or losartan was significantly greater than that measured in the other three groups."	( Role of AT1 and AT2 receptors in the plasma clearance of angiotensin II. Brosnihan, KB; Chappell, MC; Ferrario, CM; Iyer, SN, 1998)	0.3
" Serial pharmacokinetic samples were obtained for up to 24 hours following eprosartan dosing."	( Effect of ranitidine on the pharmacokinetics of orally administered eprosartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, in healthy male volunteers. Boike, SC; Boyle, DA; Carr, AM; Ilson, BE; Jorkasky, DK; Lundberg, DE; Martin, DE; Tenero, DM, 1998)	0.3
"The effect of hepatic impairment on the clinical pharmacology of the angiotensin II (AII) receptor antagonist irbesartan was assessed by comparing pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters in 10 patients with hepatic cirrhosis with a matched group of 10 healthy volunteers."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of irbesartan in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Ford, NF; Langenbacher, KM; Lasseter, KC; Marino, MR; Raymond, RH, 1998)	0.3
"Understanding the mechanism of action and the pharmacokinetic properties of vasodilatory drugs facilitates optimal use in clinical practice."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part I. Heintz, B; Kirsten, D; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K, 1998)	0.3
"The major pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of angiotensin II receptor antagonists in humans are reviewed, this analysis being focused on its antihypertensive effect."	( [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of angiotensin II antagonists. Focus on arterial hypertension]. da Silva, PM, 1998)	0.3
" In vehicle-treated SD, SHR and TG+ the half-life (t1/2) of Ang-(1-7) averaged 10+/-1, 10+/-1, and 9+/-1 seconds, respectively."	( Converting enzyme determines plasma clearance of angiotensin-(1-7). Chappell, MC; Ferrario, CM; Ganten, D; Iyer, SN; Yamada, K, 1998)	0.3
" Pharmacokinetic parameters of KD3-671 were not influenced by repeated dosing."	( Antihypertensive activity and pharmacokinetics of KD3-671, a nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist, in renal hypertensive dogs. Kato, H; Mochizuki, S; Suzaka, H; Tajima, S; Takata, Y; Tomiyama, A, 1998)	0.3
"Although serum trough levels increased during repeated administration and half-life was higher in patients with impaired renal function, candesartan cilexetil at a dose of 8 mg per day does not lead to drug accumulation in these patients."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of candesartan cilexetil in patients with normal to severely impaired renal function. Buter, H; de Jong, PE; de Zeeuw, D; Navis, GY; Woittiez, AJ, 1999)	0.3
"The pharmacodynamic effects of a single oral dose of 16 mg candesartan cilexetil are greater than those of 50 mg losartan and 8 mg candesartan cilexetil."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions of candesartan cilexetil and losartan. Azizi, M; Chatellier, G; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J, 1999)	0.3
"This experimental method represents a valid surrogate for the therapeutic target and a useful tool for the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiling of drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system."	( Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buchwalder-Csajka, C; Buclin, T, 1999)	0.3
" Furthermore, he was administered tegafur/uracil (400 mg/day) 5 days weekly as a pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy (PMC)."	( [A case of nonresectable scirrhous type gastric cancer treated by hypertensive subselective chemotherapy with pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy]. Ishikawa, T; Kobayashi, M; Matsuki, H; Mita, Y; Tashiro, K; Tashiro, S, 2001)	0.31
" These pharmacodynamic differences warrant further investigation and clarification."	( Pharmacodynamic studies on the angiotensin II type 1 antagonists irbesartan and candesartan based on angiotensin II dose response in humans. Belz, GG; Butzer, R; Kober, S; Mutschler, E, 2002)	0.31
" Furthermore, he was administered tegafur/uracil (400 mg/day) 5 days weekly as pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy (PMC)."	( [A case of advanced gastric cancer with liver and intra-abdominal lymph node metastasis treated by hypertensive selective chemotherapy with pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy]. Baba, Y; Hayashi, S; Ishikawa, T; Kamimura, T; Nomura, K; Oota, H; Yoshida, T, 2003)	0.32
" We conducted an analysis to evaluate the efficacy and feasibility of modified pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy, for gastric cancer patients with peritoneal dissemination."	( [Modified pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy for progressive gastric cancer accompanied by peritoneal dissemination]. Ishikawa, T; Kamimura, T; Mizuno, K; Ohta, H; Seki, K; Togashi, T; Watanabe, K; Yoshida, T, 2005)	0.33
" Furthermore, she was administered tegafur/uracil (400 mg/day) 5 days weekly for pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy (PMC)."	( [A case of advanced gastric cancer with bone metastasis and severe DIC responding to hypertensive subselective chemotherapy with pharmacokinetic modulating chemotherapy]. Ishikawa, T; Kamimura, T; Mizuno, K; Ohta, H; Seki, K; Togashi, T; Watanabe, K; Yoshida, T, 2005)	0.33
"Single rhACE2 doses of 100-1,200 μg/kg caused a dose-dependent increase of systemic exposure with biphasic elimination and a dose-independent terminal half-life of 10 h."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects. Bruggisser, M; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Loibner, H; Penninger, J; Poglitsch, M; Salzberg, M; Schuster, M, 2013)	0.39
" Exposure was dose dependent with a dose-independent terminal elimination half-life in the range of 10 h."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects. Bruggisser, M; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Loibner, H; Penninger, J; Poglitsch, M; Salzberg, M; Schuster, M, 2013)	0.39
" The aims of this phase I study were to investigate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between nebivolol, a vasodilatory β1-selective blocker, and valsartan, an angiotensin II receptor blocker, and to assess safety and tolerability of the combination."	( A Single-Center, Open-Label, 3-Way Crossover Trial to Determine the Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Interaction Between Nebivolol and Valsartan in Healthy Volunteers at Steady State. Chen, CL; Desai-Krieger, D; Ghahramani, P; Kerolous, M; Ortiz, S; Wright, HM, )	0.13

Compound-Compound Interactions

The abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling method in rabbits using pancreatic elastase combined with angiotensin II maintained the morphology of the abdominal aorts for a longer time.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"A case of local recurrence of rectal cancer was successfully treated by UFT combined with two-route CDDP chemotherapy under the AT-II induced hypertension."	( [A case of local recurrence of rectal cancer successfully treated by UFT combined with two-route CDDP chemotherapy under the AT-II induced hypertension]. Ishizawa, T; Iwashige, H; Maenohara, S; Mure, H; Shimazu, H; Takao, S; Yamada, K, 1991)	0.28
"We performed preoperative intraarterial infusion chemotherapy of CDDP in combination with angiotensin II pressor for cervical cancer, and the balloon occluded infusion (BOAI) method was used."	( [Preoperative intraarterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II pressor by BOAI method in cervical cancer]. Hirose, T; Hongoh, A; Kondoh, T; Nakagiri, Y; Ohmura, Y; Sano, T; Sekiba, K, 1990)	0.28
"Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin (CDDP) and adriamycin (ADR) in combination with angiotensin-II (AT-II) was performed in 19 cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), 16 cases of metastatic liver tumor (MLT) and one case of cholangiocellular carcinoma."	( [Hepatic artery infusion chemotherapy with cisplatin and adriamycin in combination with angiotensin-II in the treatment of malignant liver tumors]. Matsumoto, S; Morita, S; Odani, R, 1988)	0.27
""Two-route chemotherapy" (TRC) using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP) and its antidote, sodium thiosulfate (STS), combined with the angiotensin II (AT-II)-induced hypertension method was evaluated for its efficacy against peritoneally disseminated tumors in rats."	( "Two-route chemotherapy" using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and its antidote, sodium thiosulfate, combined with angiotensin II is effective against peritoneally disseminated cancer in rats. Aoki, K; Baba, T; Hasuda, K; Kobayashi, H; Kuroiwa, T; Taniguchi, S, 1989)	0.28
" STS in a rat liver tumor, we made use of the AT-II-induced hypertension method, in combination with TRC."	( Efficacy of two-route chemotherapy using cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) and its antidote, sodium thiosulfate, in combination with angiotensin II for rat liver tumor. Aoki, K; Baba, T; Hasuda, K; Kobayashi, H; Taniguchi, S, 1989)	0.28
"To test the hypothesis that the trophic action of angiotensin II on the adrenal zona glomerulosa may allow a sustained stimulation of aldosterone by ACTH by preventing the morphological changes of the zona glomerulosa cells into zona fasciculata-like elements we investigated the effects in rats of a 6-day treatment with ACTH (100 micrograms/kg/day) alone or combined with angiotensin II (300 ng/kg/day) on corticosterone and aldosterone production and adrenal morphology."	( Long-term effects of ACTH combined with angiotensin II on steroidogenesis and adrenal zona glomerulosa morphology in the rat. Bockhorn, L; Gaillard, RC; Mazzochi, G; Muller, AF; Nussberger, J; Nussdorfer, GG; Rebuffat, P; Riondel, AM; Vallotton, MB, 1987)	0.27
"This report presents the results of induced hypertension chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy for 44 advanced cancer patients (involving locoregional and/or remote recurrences)."	( [Induced hypertension chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy in 44 advanced cancer patients]. Ishibashi, T; Kitahara, T; Matsumoto, K; Sato, H; Yamada, S, 1986)	0.27
"Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II was performed in 5 patients with advanced bladder cancer (all T3M0)."	( [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II in advanced bladder cancer]. Akagi, T; Matsumura, Y; Mitsuhata, N; Nasu, Y; Obama, T; Ohmori, H; Ozaki, Y; Tsushima, T, 1986)	0.27
" At this time the ITC therapy is used in combination with induced-hypertension-chemotherapy (IHC therapy)."	( [The clinical effect of hyperthermia combined with induced hypertension chemotherapy]. Hayashida, S; Kobayashi, T; Sugimoto, K, 1984)	0.27
"Intracarotid CDDP infusion in combination with angiotensin II was performed in two patients with metastatic brain tumor, lung carcinoma (LC) and ovarian carcinoma (OC)."	( [Intracarotid arterial infusion with CDDP in combination with angiotensin II]. Hino, N; Mitsuhata, N; Nishigaki, S; Suga, K; Tagusagawa, Y, 1984)	0.27
" The AVP antagonist in combination with cerebellectomy did not produce a greater deficit than cerebellectomy alone."	( The effect of angiotensin and vasopressin blockade separately and in combination with cerebellectomy on recovery from hemorrhagic hypotention. Chen, CH; Lutherer, BC; Lutherer, LO; O'Leary, EL; Smith, AL, 1983)	0.27
"The levels of anticancer drugs in tissue were measured by bioassay method in 28 patients with gastrointestinal cancer, who were treated with intravenous administration of 500 mg of 5-FU combined with ANG-II during surgery."	( [Clinical studies of cancer chemotherapy combined with angiotensin-II (ANG-II)]. Kanno, H; Kikuchi, K; Kunii, Y; Takahashi, N, 1982)	0.26
"To evaluate the catecholamine and renin-angiotensin response during controlled hypotension combined with hemodilution in the clinical setting."	( Catecholamine and renin-angiotensin response during controlled hypotension induced by prostaglandin E1 combined with hemodilution during isoflurane anesthesia. Fukusaki, M; Hara, T; Kobayashi, I; Maekawa, T; Sumikawa, K, 1997)	0.3
" A dose finding study of enalapril ranging from 3 to 300 microg showed that 30 microg of enalapril in combination with AT-II infusion produced the best improvement in tumor uptake of 99Tc-HSA without altering 201Tl distribution, suggesting that the increase of vascular permeability was caused by enalapril."	( Persistent distension and enhanced diffusive extravasation of tumor vessels improved uniform tumor targeting of radioimmunoconjugate in mice administered with angiotensin II and kininase inhibitor. Aburano, T; Hiramatsu, T; Kawashima, A; Kinuya, S; Konishi, S; Michigishi, T; Shuke, N; Takayama, T; Tega, H; Tonami, N; Watanabe, N; Yamamoto, W; Yokoyama, K, 1998)	0.3
" Compared with placebo, irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, produced favourable trends in ETT and LVEF and was well tolerated in patients with mild to moderate heart failure."	( A study of the efficacy and safety of irbesartan in combination with conventional therapy, including ACE inhibitors, in heart failure. Irbesartan Heart Failure Group. Awan, N; Baruch, L; Block, AJ; Hanley, P; Niazi, I; Tonkon, M; Wolf, RA, )	0.13
" We previously demonstrated that Ang II combined with evolving cardiodepression (48-hour tachycardia pacing, 48hP) induces marked chamber stiffening and increases metalloproteinases (MMPs)."	( beta-blockade prevents sustained metalloproteinase activation and diastolic stiffening induced by angiotensin II combined with evolving cardiac dysfunction. Crow, MT; Gluzband, YA; Janicki, JS; Kass, DA; Lindsey, ML; Paolocci, N; Senzaki, H, 2000)	0.31
" In that way, administration of inhibitors of the angiotensin-converting enzyme combined with antagonists of receptors to angiotensin II has, been shown to considerably improve the endothelial function in CCi patients, which fact will, we believe, help in raising clinical effectiveness of the above combined medication."	( [Effects of inhibitors of angiotensin-converting enzyme combined with antagonists of angiotensin II receptors on endothelial function in patients with chronic cardiac insufficiency]. Bondarenko, TI; Korzh, AN; Raĭnina, IV, )	0.13
" This study was aimed at assessing the effects of losartan or its combination with quinapril on the cardiac nervous system and neurohormonal status in essential hypertension."	( Effects of losartan and its combination with quinapril on the cardiac sympathetic nervous system and neurohormonal status in essential hypertension. Doi, O; Ishikawa, J; Nawada, R; Obayashi, K; Sakata, K; Tamekiyo, H; Yoshida, H, 2002)	0.31
"To investigate the effects of the mixed endothelin receptor antagonist, bosentan, combined with the long-acting calcium channel blocker, amlodipine, compared to the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, cilazapril, on the progressive renal injury in spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) with diabetes."	( Endothelin receptor antagonist combined with a calcium channel blocker attenuates renal injury in spontaneous hypertensive rats with diabetes. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Lin, F; Lin, S; Ma, J; Yang, H; Zhu, W, 2002)	0.31
"Bosentan combined with amlodipine can offer similar renoprotective effects on that of cilazapril and may be a potent therapy to attenuate renal injury by reducing renal protein levels of TGF-beta1 in diabetes with a hypertensive state."	( Endothelin receptor antagonist combined with a calcium channel blocker attenuates renal injury in spontaneous hypertensive rats with diabetes. Chen, J; Gu, Y; Lin, F; Lin, S; Ma, J; Yang, H; Zhu, W, 2002)	0.31
" The Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global Endpoint Trial (ONTARGET) program will compare the efficacy of the angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan, the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor ramipril, and combination therapy with telmisartan plus ramipril for reducing cardiovascular risk."	( The ongoing telmisartan alone and in combination with ramipril global endpoint trial program. Unger, T, 2003)	0.32
" The Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global End point Trial (ONTARGET) programme consists of two parallel trials where ONTARGET as a large, long-term study compares the efficacy of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist, telmisartan, the renin-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, ramipril and combination therapy with telmisartan plus ramipril for reducing cardiovascular and cerebral risk."	( Challenges in improving prognosis and therapy: the Ongoing Telmisartan Alone and in Combination with Ramipril Global End point Trial programme. Unger, T; Zimmermann, M, 2004)	0.32
" In this randomized double-blind study we investigated renin-angiotensin system blockade obtained with 3 doses of olmesartan medoxomil (20, 40, and 80 mg every day) in 30 normal subjects and compared it with that obtained with lisinopril alone (20 mg every day) or combined with olmesartan medoxomil (20 or 40 mg)."	( Sustained 24-hour blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: a high dose of a long-acting blocker is as effective as a lower dose combined with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Forclaz, A; Hasler, C; Maillard, M; Nussberger, J, 2005)	0.33
"Apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice received standard or high-salt diet (8%) alone or in combination with fixed angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion (0."	( High-salt diet combined with elevated angiotensin II accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Andersson, IJ; Bergström, G; Bernberg, E; Bie, P; Gan, LM; Johansson, ME; Skøtt, O, 2009)	0.35
" Possibly mediated via increased oxidative stress, a high-salt diet combined with fixed high Ang II levels accelerates atherogenesis synergistically, beyond the effect of BP."	( High-salt diet combined with elevated angiotensin II accelerates atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Andersson, IJ; Bergström, G; Bernberg, E; Bie, P; Gan, LM; Johansson, ME; Skøtt, O, 2009)	0.35
"The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of a salt load combined with exogenous low nonhypertensive angiotensin II (Ang II) doses on Ang II intrarenal regulation."	( Sodium load combined with low doses of exogenous angiotensin II upregulate intrarenal angiotensin II. Cao, G; Della Penna, S; Fernández, BE; Gorzalczany, S; Medici, C; Pandolfo, M; Rosón, MI; Toblli, JE, 2009)	0.35
"To study the effect and its mechanism of antihypertensive of drug combination of Jimaitong tablt and nifedipine on spontaneously hypertensive rats."	( [Effect of Jimaitong tablet combined with nifedipine on blood-pressure and mechanisms investigation in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Chen, S; Fang, Q; Lv, G; Lv, L; Wu, X; Yu, S, 2010)	0.36
"The spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated by intragastric administration (ig) with Jimaitong (450 mg x kg(-1)), Jimaitong (300 mg x kg(-1)) combined with the nifedipine (0."	( [Effect of Jimaitong tablet combined with nifedipine on blood-pressure and mechanisms investigation in spontaneously hypertensive rats]. Chen, S; Fang, Q; Lv, G; Lv, L; Wu, X; Yu, S, 2010)	0.36
"To study the protective effects of valsartan (Val) and benazepril, (Ben) combined with atorvastatin (Ato), on cardiorenal syndrome (CRS) in rats."	( Protective effects of valsartan and benazepril combined with atorvastatin on cardiorenal syndrome in rats. Chen, J; Hu, YJ; Peng, DF; Tang, SY, 2015)	0.42
"Valsartan and benazepril, combined with atorvastatin, can have significant protective effects on cardiorenal functions of rats with CRS, with no significant difference between these two drugs."	( Protective effects of valsartan and benazepril combined with atorvastatin on cardiorenal syndrome in rats. Chen, J; Hu, YJ; Peng, DF; Tang, SY, 2015)	0.42
"The aim of this study was to observe the clinical efficacy of fluvastatin combined with benazepril in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)."	( Fluvastatin combined with benazepril may contribute to the favorable prognosis of patients with atrial fibrillation. Jiang, L; Liang, ZG; Lin, X; Yao, H, 2016)	0.43
"This study aimed to observe the effect of pancreatic elastase combined with angiotensin II on a stable rabbit abdominal aortic aneurysm model."	( Long-Term Effects of the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model in Rabbits Prepared by Pancreatic Elastase Combined With Angiotensin II. Chen, Q; Nie, MX; Zhao, QM, 2019)	0.51
"Compared to the abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling method in rabbits based on pancreatic elastase alone, the abdominal aortic aneurysm modeling method in rabbits using pancreatic elastase combined with angiotensin II maintained the morphology of the abdominal aortic aneurysm for a longer time, showing an important application value for the long-term observation of changes in abdominal aortic aneurysms."	( Long-Term Effects of the Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Model in Rabbits Prepared by Pancreatic Elastase Combined With Angiotensin II. Chen, Q; Nie, MX; Zhao, QM, 2019)	0.51
" Therefore, these results provided a rationale for future clinical use of SNX combined with captopril in antihypertensive and protecting renal functions in hypertension."	( Antihypertensive and renal protective effect of Shunaoxin pill combined with captopril on spontaneous hypertension rats. Gao, W; Liu, C; Lu, G; Man, S; Wang, Y; Xiang, H; Yang, L, 2020)	0.56
"Inhibition of SGLT2 in combination with an angiotensin II receptor blocker effectively improved BP salt sensitivity by reducing renal expression levels of sodium transporters including NHE3 and NKCC2, which eventually led to improvement of BP salt sensitivity and cardiorenal protection."	( Cardiorenal protective effects of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in combination with angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade in salt-sensitive Dahl rats. Ali, Y; Dohi, K; Ito, H; Ito, M; Katayama, K; Okamoto, R; Zhe, Y, 2022)	0.72
"To explore the effect of Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen recipe combined with valsartan in the treatment of hypertension and its effect on MMP-9, Ang II, and MCP-1."	( Effect of Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen Formula Combined with Valsartan in the Treatment of Hypertension and Its Effect on MMP-9, Ang II, and MCP-1. Li, D; Liu, Q; Xie, Y; Yan, J, 2022)	0.72
" The former group was cured with valsartan, and the latter group was cured with Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen recipe combined with valsartan."	( Effect of Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen Formula Combined with Valsartan in the Treatment of Hypertension and Its Effect on MMP-9, Ang II, and MCP-1. Li, D; Liu, Q; Xie, Y; Yan, J, 2022)	0.72
"Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen recipe combined with valsartan in the treatment of hypertension can remarkably reduce the clinical symptoms, enhance the renal function, strengthen the therapeutic effect, promote the ability of independent movement, and reduce the levels of serum MMP-9, MCP-1, and Ang II with high safety, which has the value of clinical application."	( Effect of Yiqi Huayu Pinggan Zishen Formula Combined with Valsartan in the Treatment of Hypertension and Its Effect on MMP-9, Ang II, and MCP-1. Li, D; Liu, Q; Xie, Y; Yan, J, 2022)	0.72
" In this work, we obtained quantitative information of angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) lateral dynamics as well as changes in the diffusion properties after stimulation with ligands in living cells using photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM) combined with image spatial-temporal correlation analysis."	( Angiotensin II Treatment Induces Reorganization and Changes in the Lateral Dynamics of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in the Plasma Membrane Elucidated by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy Combined with Image Spatial Correlation Analysis. Andersen, C; Arnspang, EC; Hessellund Eriksen, M; Kure, JL; Lagerholm, C; Lovatt, AL; Morales, S; Sehayek, S; Sheard, TMD; Wiseman, PW; Zulueta Díaz, YLM, 2023)	0.91
" To conclude, beta-glucan alone and in combination with hydrochlorothiazide may be a promising a strategy for managing hypertension and related cardiac complications."	( Oat Beta-Glucan Alone and in Combination with Hydrochlorothiazide Lowers High Blood Pressure in Male but Not Female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Malunga, L; Netticadan, T; Raj, P; Sabra, A; Sayfee, K; Thandapilly, SJ; Wijekoon, C; Yu, L, 2023)	0.91

Bioavailability

Arterial stiffness is associated with the increased activity of angiotensin II, which results in increased NADPH oxidase activity. Superoxide produced interferes with the bioavailability of NO, resulting in diminished flow-induced dilation. L-proline (Pro) supplementation improves redox status and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Although these compounds are absorbed after oral dosing, their bioavailability was less than desired."	( Rationale for the chemical development of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Carini, DJ; Chiu, AT; Duncia, JV; Johnson, AL; Timmermans, PB; Wells, GJ; Wexler, RR; Wong, PC, 1992)	0.28
" Hence all agents, but particularly the renin inhibitors, must have a good bioavailability and a high affinity in order to overcome the effect of the compensatory renin secretory response."	( Various approaches to blockade of the renin-angiotensin system: persistent renin response. Brunner, HR; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1990)	0.28
" In part, this appears to be related to the cardioinhibitory and negative chronotropic action of verapamil, but it is also likely to depend on increases in bioavailability of prazosin and higher plasma levels when the drug is given with verapamil."	( Clinical pharmacological studies on the interaction between alpha-adrenoceptors and calcium antagonists. Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL, 1985)	0.27
" Enalapril bioavailability is unaffected by food, whereas captopril availability is suppressed by food."	( Pharmacology of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. A review. Nelson, EB; Pool, JL; Taylor, AA, 1986)	0.27
" The absorption rate in proximal straight tubules however was approximately one-half as great."	( Control of fluid absorption in the renal proximal tubule. Burg, MB; Orloff, J, 1968)	0.25
" It has relatively low oral bioavailability in rats."	( Prodrugs to improve the oral bioavailability of a diacidic nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonist. Aungst, BJ; Blake, JA; Ensinger, CL; Hussain, MA; Pruitt, JR; Rogers, NJ; Saitoh, H, 1995)	0.29
" It is well absorbed orally."	( Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition by hydroxamic zinc-binding idrapril in humans. Brunner, HR; Capone, P; Criscuoli, M; Nussberger, J; Zanchi, A, 1994)	0.29
" These effects of SR 47436 are consistent with good oral bioavailability and a slow elimination of the drug (t 1/2 approximately 20 h), and were accompanied by a sustained increase in plasma AII concentration."	( A pharmacodynamic study of SR 47436, a selective AT1 receptor antagonist, on blood pressure in conscious cynomolgus monkeys. Cazaubon, C; Donat, F; Marchionni, D; Nisato, D; Roccon, A; Segondy, D, 1994)	0.29
" The peak concentration was 42 +/- 42 ng/ml at 30 min, and the bioavailability was 32."	( Disposition of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist L-158,809 in rats and rhesus monkeys. Colletti, AE; Krieter, PA, )	0.13
" Although peptides represent the largest class of hormonal substances, they are limited in their potential for treating a variety of diseases because of their lack of oral bioavailability and their short durations of action resulting from enzymic degradation in vivo."	( Designing peptide mimetics. Moore, GJ, 1994)	0.29
" In contrast, analogous substitution of the benzimidazole moiety with basic heterocycles resulted in potent AII antagonists which were also well absorbed after oral application."	( 6-Substituted benzimidazoles as new nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: synthesis, biological activity, and structure-activity relationships. Entzeroth, M; Hasselbach, KM; Hauel, NH; Mihm, G; Narr, B; Ries, UJ; van Meel, JC; Wienen, W; Wittneben, H, 1993)	0.29
" DIFFERENCES IN MODE OF INHIBITION: Potential differences between the mode of blockade of the renin-angiotensin system include differences in the bioavailability of compounds, the effect of ACE on other peptide substrates, particularly bradykinin, the possibility of other actions or unknown substrates for renin and the presence of unblocked AT2 angiotensin receptors in the presence of high levels of Ang II."	( Blockade of the renin-angiotensin system at different sites: effect on renin, angiotensin and aldosterone. Abdelrahman, AM; Burrell, LM; Johnston, CI, 1993)	0.29
" Although 71 was active orally only at a 10-fold higher dose level, good oral bioavailability was demonstrated for a monoacidic analogue 62."	( Nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonists derived from 4H-1,2,4-triazoles and 3H-imidazo[1,2-b][1,2,4]triazoles. Ashton, WT; Cantone, CL; Chang, LL; Chang, RS; Chen, TB; Faust, KA; Hutchins, SM; Lotti, VJ; MacCoss, M; Strelitz, RA, 1993)	0.29
" The oral bioavailability of DMP 811 was low, but consistent across species."	( Disposition of DMP 811 (L-708,404), a potent angiotensin II receptor antagonist, in the rat, monkey, and chimpanzee. Vyas, KP; Zhang, KE, 1995)	0.29
" In rats and dogs, the absolute oral bioavailability of EXP3312 averaged 60 and 28%, respectively."	( Pharmacological and pharmacokinetic evaluation of EXP3312, an orally-active non-peptide angiotensin II-receptor antagonist. Wong, PC; Wong, YN, 1996)	0.29
" The diuretic effect of furosemide, as assessed by urinary water and electrolyte excretion, was unchanged after co-administration of valsartan, despite the lower bioavailability of furosemide after the combined treatment."	( Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interaction of single oral doses of valsartan and furosemide. Bindschedler, M; de Gasparo, M; Degen, P; Flesch, G; Preiswerk, G, 1997)	0.3
" Split-drop micropuncture was performed on anesthetized rats to determine the effects of ANF and the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) on proximal tubular fluid absorption rate (Jva)."	( Inhibition of proximal tubular fluid absorption by nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide in rat kidney. Eitle, E; Harris, PJ; Hiranyachattada, S; Wang, H, 1998)	0.3
" Absorption from the gastrointestinal tract is high, with all substances undergoing considerable first-pass metabolism by the liver, resulting in low bioavailability and pronounced individual variation in pharmacokinetics."	( Clinical pharmacokinetics of vasodilators. Part I. Heintz, B; Kirsten, D; Kirsten, R; Nelson, K, 1998)	0.3
" Common characteristics of the members of this new therapeutic class: nonpeptidic nature, lipophilia, oral intermediate bioavailability and selectivity for AT1 receptor are discussed."	( [Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic aspects of angiotensin II antagonists. Focus on arterial hypertension]. da Silva, PM, 1998)	0.3
"Absolute oral bioavailability and disposition characteristics of irbesartan, an angiotensin II receptor antagonist, were investigated in 18 healthy young male volunteers."	( Oral bioavailability and disposition characteristics of irbesartan, an angiotensin antagonist, in healthy volunteers. Barbhaiya, RH; Chando, TJ; Everett, DW; Greene, DS; Shyu, WC; Vachharajani, NN, 1998)	0.3
"06 mg/kg), thus indicating a poor oral bioavailability in rats."	( In vivo pharmacologic profile of SK-1080, an orally active nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist. Kwon, KJ; Lee, BH; Seo, HW; Shin, HS; Yoo, SE, 1999)	0.3
" This mechanism of vasodilatation may have beneficial effects in the prevention and treatment of vascular disorders characterized by the diminished bioavailability of NO, such as cerebral vasospasm."	( Adventitia-dependent relaxations of canine basilar arteries transduced with recombinant eNOS gene. Iida, Y; Katusic, ZS; O'Brien, T; Onoue, H; Smith, L; Tsutsui, M, 1999)	0.3
" To improve bioavailability of candesartan, chemical modification was examined to yield candesartan cilexetil, a prodrug of candesartan."	( A new class of diacidic nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists: candesartan cilexetil. Inada, Y; Kubo, K; Naka, T; Nishikawa, K, 1999)	0.3
" The oral bioavailability in macaques was notably higher than in rats."	( Disposition of irbesartan, an angiotensin II AT1-receptor antagonist, in mice, rats, rabbits, and macaques. Berger, Y; Caix, J; Davi, H; DuPont, P; Miscoria, G; Perrier, L; Simiand, J; Tronquet, C, 2000)	0.31
" These data suggest that downregulation of IGFBP-4 expression in VSMCs may play a critical role in vascular growth response to Ang II and thrombin in normal and diseased states, by increasing the bioavailability of IGF-I for its cell-surface receptor."	( Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 expression is decreased by angiotensin II and thrombin in rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. Anwar, A; Delafontaine, P; Phillips, L; Zahid, AA, 2000)	0.31
" In particular, endothelial dysfunction leading to decreased bioavailability of nitric oxide impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in patients with essential hypertension and may also be a determinant for the premature development of atherosclerosis."	( Endothelial dysfunction in hypertension. Muscari, A; Puddu, GM; Puddu, P; Zaca, F, 2000)	0.31
"Coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure (CHF) have been associated with a reduction in nitric oxide (NO) release or bioavailability from the vascular endothelium."	( Different contribution of endothelial nitric oxide in the relaxation of human coronary arteries of ischemic and dilated cardiomyopathic hearts. Thorin, E, 2001)	0.31
" In the nonstenotic kidney in unilateral RAS, NO bioavailability is increased."	( Nitric oxide dependence of renal blood flow in patients with renal artery stenosis. Engelshoven, JMAV; Houben, AJHM; Koster, D; Kroon, AA; Leeuw, PW; Wierema, TKA; Zander, KV, 2001)	0.31
"In different cardiovascular disease states, oxidative stress decreases the bioavailability of endothelial NO, resulting in endothelial dysfunction."	( Upregulation of the vascular NAD(P)H-oxidase isoforms Nox1 and Nox4 by the renin-angiotensin system in vitro and in vivo. Kreutz, R; Paul, M; Rothermund, L; Schmidt, HH; Wingler, K; Wünsch, S, 2001)	0.31
" An enhanced superoxide production causes a diminished NO bioavailability by an oxidative reaction that inactivates NO."	( Oxidative stress in arterial hypertension: role of NAD(P)H oxidase. Beaumont, FJ; Díez, J; Fortuño, A; Fortuño, MA; Moreno, MU; San José, G; Zalba, G, 2001)	0.31
"To determine the effects of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan, the calcium-channel blocker amlodipine, and hydrochlorothiazide/hydralazine on superoxide, NAD(P)H oxidase and nitric oxide bioavailability in spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP)."	( Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brosnan, MJ; Dominiczak, AF; Graham, D; Hamilton, CA; Jardine, E; Lygate, CA, 2002)	0.31
" In vitro the effects of exposure to drugs and vehicle for 30 min and 4 h on superoxide levels and nitric oxide bioavailability were examined."	( Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brosnan, MJ; Dominiczak, AF; Graham, D; Hamilton, CA; Jardine, E; Lygate, CA, 2002)	0.31
"62 nmoles/mg per min and increased nitric oxide bioavailability in carotid arteries."	( Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brosnan, MJ; Dominiczak, AF; Graham, D; Hamilton, CA; Jardine, E; Lygate, CA, 2002)	0.31
"These studies support the hypothesis that AT1 receptor blockade has beneficial effects on superoxide production and nitric oxide bioavailability above that of other classes of antihypertensive agents."	( Irbesartan lowers superoxide levels and increases nitric oxide bioavailability in blood vessels from spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats. Brosnan, MJ; Dominiczak, AF; Graham, D; Hamilton, CA; Jardine, E; Lygate, CA, 2002)	0.31
" The absolute bioavailability of olmesartan from olmesartan medoxomil tablets is 28."	( The new oral angiotensin II antagonist olmesartan medoxomil: a concise overview. Brunner, HR, 2002)	0.31
" In particular, increased bioavailability of reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress) stimulates growth-signalling pathways, induces expression of proinflammatory genes, alters contraction-excitation coupling and impairs endothelial function."	( Recent advances in intracellular signalling in hypertension. Touyz, RM, 2003)	0.32
" The greatest advantages, of cerivastatin, however, are its lipophilicity, its high bioavailability of about 60% after oral application and its potency at 100-fold lower doses compared to other lipophilic statins."	( Cerivastatin: a cellular and molecular drug for the future? Siegel-Axel, DI, 2003)	0.32
" These include inadequate production or reduction of bioavailability of nitric oxide, alterations in metabolism of arachidonic acid, resulting in an increase in vasoconstrictors and decrease in vasodilators, and upregulation of endothelin."	( Role of oxidative stress in angiotensin-induced hypertension. Reckelhoff, JF; Romero, JC, 2003)	0.32
" ROS bioavailability was manipulated with Tiron (10(-5) mol/L), an intracellular scavenger, and diphenylene iodinium (DPI; 10(-6) mol/L), an NADPH oxidase inhibitor."	( Redox-dependent MAP kinase signaling by Ang II in vascular smooth muscle cells: role of receptor tyrosine kinase transactivation. Cruzado, M; Salomon, S; Schiffrin, EL; Tabet, F; Touyz, RM; Yao, G, 2003)	0.32
" Superoxide production in the aorta was reduced by sepiapterin and by L-NAME, suggesting that reduced bioavailability of tetrahydrobiopterin and uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase were the origin of increased reactive oxygen species in this model."	( Effect of hyperhomocystinemia and hypertension on endothelial function in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-deficient mice. Amiri, F; Iglarz, M; Neves, MF; Rozen, R; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Virdis, A, 2003)	0.32
"Mthfr+/- mice show endothelial dysfunction of mesenteric vessels probably attributable to a reduced nitric oxide bioavailability caused by oxidative excess due to uncoupling of nitric oxide synthase without vascular structural alterations."	( Effect of hyperhomocystinemia and hypertension on endothelial function in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase-deficient mice. Amiri, F; Iglarz, M; Neves, MF; Rozen, R; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Virdis, A, 2003)	0.32
"The bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) within the vascular wall is limited by superoxide anions (O2."	( Extracellular superoxide dismutase is a major determinant of nitric oxide bioavailability: in vivo and ex vivo evidence from ecSOD-deficient mice. Brandes, RP; Busse, R; Geiger, H; Jung, O; Marklund, SL; Pedrazzini, T, 2003)	0.32
" Urinary excretion of nitrate/nitrite was higher in conscious KO (n=5) than in WT (n=5), indicating an increase in nitric oxide bioavailability that could be the cause of high RBF and low RVR in KO."	( Assessment of renal functional phenotype in mice lacking gp91PHOX subunit of NAD(P)H oxidase. Haque, MZ; Majid, DS, 2004)	0.32
" The development of early peptidic and peptidomimetic renin inhibitors was hampered by problems with oral bioavailability and high costs of synthesis."	( Therapeutic potential of renin inhibitors in the management of cardiovascular disorders. Stanton, A, 2003)	0.32
"These data indicate that the formation of O2- by the endothelial gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase accounts for the reduced NO bioavailability in the 2K1C model and contributes to the development of renovascular hypertension and endothelial dysfunction."	( gp91phox-containing NADPH oxidase mediates endothelial dysfunction in renovascular hypertension. Brandes, RP; Busse, R; Geiger, H; Jung, O; Pedrazzini, T; Schreiber, JG, 2004)	0.32
" On the other hand, Ang II decreases NO bioavailability by promoting oxidative stress."	( Nitric oxide, angiotensin II, and hypertension. Raij, L; Schulman, IH; Zhou, MS, 2004)	0.32
" Thus NO bioavailability is impaired in SHR owing to an ANG II-mediated increase in superoxide production in association with enhanced expression of NAD(P)H oxidase components, despite increased expression of eNOS."	( Oxidant stress in kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats involves both oxidase overexpression and loss of extracellular superoxide dismutase. Adler, S; Huang, H, 2004)	0.32
" Elimination of the post-Ang II decrease in medullary NO in animals pre-treated with tempol suggests that tissue superoxide generation stimulated by the hormone might reduce local bioavailability of NO."	( Effect of exogenous angiotensin II on renal tissue nitric oxide and intrarenal circulation in anaesthetized rats. Badzyńska, B; Grzelec-Mojzesowicz, M; Sadowski, J, 2004)	0.32
" On the other hand, Ang II decreases NO bioavailability by promoting oxidative stress."	( Nitric oxide, angiotensin II, and reactive oxygen species in hypertension and atherogenesis. Raij, L; Schulman, IH; Zhou, MS, 2005)	0.33
" The ROS bioavailability was manipulated with Tiron (10(-5) mol/L) and diphenylene iodonium (DPI) (10(-6) mol/L)."	( Vascular smooth muscle cell NAD(P)H oxidase activity during the development of hypertension: Effect of angiotensin II and role of insulinlike growth factor-1 receptor transactivation. Cruzado, MC; Miatello, RM; Risler, NR; Schiffrin, EL; Touyz, RM; Yao, G, 2005)	0.33
" SPP 100 has a sufficient bioavailability to induce a sustained blockade of the renin-angiotensin system when given orally to normal subjects."	( The future of angiotensin II inhibition in cardiovascular medicine. Burnier, M; Maillard, M; Meier, P, 2005)	0.33
" bioavailability in the endothelium."	( Endothelial dihydrofolate reductase: critical for nitric oxide bioavailability and role in angiotensin II uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Cai, H; Chalupsky, K, 2005)	0.33
" Subcutaneous or oral administration of a selective and potent non-peptidic AT1 receptor antagonist with very low affinity for AT2 receptors and good bioavailability blocked AT1 receptors not only outside but also inside the blood brain barrier."	( Brain angiotensin II: new developments, unanswered questions and therapeutic opportunities. Saavedra, JM, 2005)	0.33
"Angiotensin (Ang) II increases reactive oxygen species (ROS), decreases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and promotes cardiovascular remodeling."	( Vascular but not cardiac remodeling is associated with superoxide production in angiotensin II hypertension. Jaimes, EA; Raij, L; Zhou, MS, 2005)	0.33
" This might be due to higher bioavailability of nitric oxide (NO) in ET-1 tg, which counteracts the effect of vasoconstrictors."	( Angiotensin II sensitivity of afferent glomerular arterioles in endothelin-1 transgenic mice. Bontscho, J; Godes, M; Hocher, B; Joehren, O; Kupsch, E; Lai, E; Patzak, A; Richter, CM; Skalweit, A; Steege, A; Thöne-Reineke, C; Zimmermann, M, 2005)	0.33
"The effects of dihydropyridine Ca2+ channel blockers (DHP) and ACE inhibitors on superoxide formation and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability were compared in human EA."	( Antioxidant and nitric oxide-sparing actions of dihydropyridines and ACE inhibitors differ in human endothelial cells. Berkels, R; Breitenbach, T; Drummond, G; Lob, H; Roesen, R; Rosenkranz, AC, 2006)	0.33
"A pivotal role for ROSs derived from Nox1/NADPH oxidase was suggested in the pressor response to Ang II by reducing the bioavailability of nitric oxide."	( Nox1 is involved in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension: a study in Nox1-deficient mice. Iwata, K; Jin, D; Katsuyama, M; Matsubara, H; Matsuki, M; Matsuno, K; Miyazaki, M; Takai, S; Yabe-Nishimura, C; Yamada, H; Yamanishi, K, 2005)	0.33
"Previously, we have demonstrated that patients with normoalbuminuric Type 1 diabetes are characterized by impaired nitric oxide bioavailability compensated for by increased vasodilatory prostanoid-mediated vasodilation."	( Angiotensin II does not affect endothelial tone in Type 1 diabetes-results of a double-blind placebo controlled trial. Allard, SE; Browne, DL; Cummings, MH; Meeking, DR; Munday, JL; Shaw, KM, 2006)	0.33
" It is characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide, and an increase in the activity of vasoconstrictors, including angiotensin (Ang) II and reactive oxygen species (ROS)."	( Interaction between nitric oxide and angiotensin II in the endothelium: role in atherosclerosis and hypertension. Raij, L; Schulman, IH; Zhou, MS, 2006)	0.33
" It is characterized by a reduction in the bioavailability of vasodilators, particularly nitric oxide (NO), and an increase in the activity of vasoconstrictors, including angiotensin (Ang) II and reactive oxygen species (ROS)."	( Calcium channel blockers, endothelial dysfunction, and combination therapy. Raij, L; Schulman, IH; Zachariah, M, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curves of the probucol groups showed an improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxations, associated with increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased angiotensin II and hydroperoxide levels."	( Role of probucol on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2006)	0.33
" Such events decrease NO bioavailability and thus condition the development of various diseases like arteriosclerosis, hypertension, diabetes, heart and renal failure."	( [The main determinants of endothelial dysfunction]. Garaliene, V, 2006)	0.33
" Moreover, a disturbed sphingolipid metabolism in the vascular wall may lead to reduced NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction."	( Sphingosine kinase-dependent activation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase by angiotensin II. Alewijnse, AE; Hendriks-Balk, MC; Mathy, MJ; Michel, MC; Mulders, AC; Peters, SL, 2006)	0.33
" These findings suggest that the endothelium-independent depressor action of leptin is mediated by an increase of NO bioavailability in VSMCs."	( The inhibitory effect of leptin on angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction in vascular smooth muscle cells is mediated via a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism. Díez, J; Fortuño, A; Frühbeck, G; Gómez-Ambrosi, J; Rodríguez, A; Zalba, G, 2007)	0.34
"We investigated the acute or chronic effects of angiotensin (Ang) II on the bioavailability of NO in Ang II-infused rabbits using the catheter-type NO sensor."	( Effects of angiotensin II on NO bioavailability evaluated using a catheter-type NO sensor. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Imanishi, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Yoshida, K, 2006)	0.33
" Ang II receptor type 1 blocker candesartan or ACE inhibitor captopril markedly attenuated eNOS-derived O(2)(-) and hydrogen peroxide production while augmenting NO bioavailability in diabetic aortas, implicating recoupling of eNOS."	( Attenuation of angiotensin II signaling recouples eNOS and inhibits nonendothelial NOX activity in diabetic mice. Cai, H; Oak, JH, 2007)	0.34
" Diffusion of O(2)(*-) from mTAL to surrounding tissue could contribute to reduced bioavailability of NO, reductions of medullary blood flow, and interstitial fibrosis in the outer medulla of SS/Mcwi rats."	( Enhanced superoxide production in renal outer medulla of Dahl salt-sensitive rats reduces nitric oxide tubular-vascular cross-talk. Abe, M; Cowley, AW; Mori, T; O'Connor, PM, 2007)	0.34
"Chronic angiotensin IV treatment in ApoE-/- mice evoked a marked vasoprotective effect that appeared to be mediated by improved NO bioavailability as a result of AT4 and/or AT2 receptor stimulation."	( Chronic angiotensin IV treatment reverses endothelial dysfunction in ApoE-deficient mice. Drummond, GR; Gaspari, TA; Vinh, A; Widdop, RE, 2008)	0.35
"Salt-sensitive (SS) hypertension is a vascular diathesis characterized by reduced cardiovascular and renal nitric oxide bioavailability and local upregulation of ANG II."	( Upregulation of cortical COX-2 in salt-sensitive hypertension: role of angiotensin II and reactive oxygen species. Jaimes, EA; Pearse, DD; Puzis, L; Raij, L; Zhou, MS, 2008)	0.35
") bioavailability and promote vascular oxidative stress."	( Molecular mechanisms of angiotensin II-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction: linking mitochondrial oxidative damage and vascular endothelial dysfunction. Dikalov, SI; Doughan, AK; Harrison, DG, 2008)	0.35
" Remarkably, the least permeable 7c showed both permeability and oral bioavailability (80%) higher than losartan, but its terminal half-life was shorter."	( Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of AT1 angiotensin II receptor antagonists based on the pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and related heteroaromatic bicyclic systems. Anzini, M; Cappelli, A; Caselli, G; Ferrari, F; Gallelli, A; Giordani, A; Giorgi, G; Giuliani, G; Makovec, F; Mennuni, L; Mohr, Gl; Nannicini, C; Peris, W; Valenti, S; Vomero, S, 2008)	0.35
"Recently, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) ligands have been reported to increase nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in vitro but not in vivo because of the difficulty of measuring plasma NO."	( Effects of pioglitazone on nitric oxide bioavailability measured using a catheter-type nitric oxide sensor in angiotensin II-infusion rabbit. Akasaka, T; Goto, M; Ikejima, H; Imanishi, T; Kobayashi, K; Kuroi, A; Mochizuki, S; Yoshida, K, 2008)	0.35
" The mechanism by which uric acid reduces the bioavailability of intrarenal nitric oxide is not known."	( Role of oxidative stress in the renal abnormalities induced by experimental hyperuricemia. Avila-Casado, C; Franco, M; Johnson, RJ; Nakagawa, T; Rodríguez-Iturbe, B; Sánchez-Lozada, LG; Sautin, YY; Soto, V; Tapia, E, 2008)	0.35
" NO has previously been implicated in the vasodepressor function of apelin; we found that apelin treatment increased NO bioavailability in ApoE-KO mice."	( Apelin signaling antagonizes Ang II effects in mouse models of atherosclerosis. Agrawal, R; Ali, ZA; Anderson, JP; Ashley, EA; Chun, HJ; Kojima, Y; Kundu, RK; Leeper, NJ; Lenardo, MJ; Patterson, AJ; Pearl, NE; Quertermous, T; Sheikh, AY; Tsao, PS; Zheng, L, 2008)	0.35
" We suggest that ADMA activates the local renin-angiotensin system, and the angiotensin II released activates NAD(P)H oxidase; superoxide produced interferes with the bioavailability of NO, resulting in diminished flow-induced dilation, a mechanism that may contribute to the development of arteriolar dysfunction and increased tone associated with elevated ADMA levels."	( ADMA impairs nitric oxide-mediated arteriolar function due to increased superoxide production by angiotensin II-NAD(P)H oxidase pathway. Koller, A; Lotz, G; Racz, A; Veresh, Z, 2008)	0.35
" In conclusion, the androgen-AR system is required for the preservation of NO bioavailability through Akt-endothelial NO synthase system activation and exerts protective effects against Ang II-induced vascular remodeling by regulating oxidative stress, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling, and the TGF-beta-phosphorylated Smad pathway."	( Androgen-androgen receptor system protects against angiotensin II-induced vascular remodeling. Aihara, K; Akaike, M; Azuma, H; Ikeda, Y; Ise, T; Ishikawa, K; Iwase, T; Kato, S; Matsumoto, T; Sato, T; Sumitomo, Y; Yagi, S; Yoshida, S, 2009)	0.35
" Apolipoprotein A-I transfer improved NO bioavailability as indicated by ameliorated acetylcholine-dependent vasodilation in the streptozotocin-Ad."	( Vascular-protective effects of high-density lipoprotein include the downregulation of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor. De Geest, B; Egorova, M; Jacobs, F; Lorenz, M; Meloni, M; Schultheiss, HP; Spillmann, F; Stangl, V; Tschöpe, C; Van Linthout, S, 2009)	0.35
" Moreover, iodixanol decreased NO bioavailability by more than 82%."	( Iodixanol, constriction of medullary descending vasa recta, and risk for contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Cao, C; Pallone, TL; Patzak, A; Persson, AE; Persson, PB; Sendeski, M, 2009)	0.35
"Iodixanol in doses typically used for coronary interventions constricts DVR, intensifies angiotensin II-induced constriction, and reduces bioavailability of NO."	( Iodixanol, constriction of medullary descending vasa recta, and risk for contrast medium-induced nephropathy. Cao, C; Pallone, TL; Patzak, A; Persson, AE; Persson, PB; Sendeski, M, 2009)	0.35
" When these protective mechanisms fail, as when oxidative stress reduces NO bioavailability in the medullary circulation, AngII reduces MBF."	( Angiotensin II and neurohumoral control of the renal medullary circulation. Burke, SL; Eppel, GA; Evans, RG; Head, GA; Rajapakse, NW, 2010)	0.36
" Furthermore, FA improved redox status of Ang II treated cells by increasing H(4)B and NO() bioavailability while decreasing superoxide (O(2)(-)) production."	( Mechanistic insights into folic acid-dependent vascular protection: dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR)-mediated reduction in oxidant stress in endothelial cells and angiotensin II-infused mice: a novel HPLC-based fluorescent assay for DHFR activity. Cai, H; Chalupsky, K; Gao, L; Stefani, E, 2009)	0.35
"Quercetin has been shown to possess beneficial pharmacological properties in treatment of heart disease, but lack of stability and bioavailability limits its clinical use."	( 3,3',4',5,7-Pentamethylquercetin reduces angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis in rats. Du, X; Liang, Y; Mao, Z; Sun, Z, 2009)	0.35
" Reduced vascular nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability is a major contributing factor in the initiation of atherosclerosis because it leads to an increase in adhesion molecule expression for inflammatory cell recruitment into the vessel wall."	( Evidence that nitric oxide inhibits vascular inflammation and superoxide production via a p47phox-dependent mechanism in mice. Drummond, GR; Harrison, CB; Selemidis, S; Sobey, CG, 2010)	0.36
"LS diet induces the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, which increases oxidative stress via the NADPH oxidase and attenuates NO bioavailability in the heart."	( Potential mechanisms of low-sodium diet-induced cardiac disease: superoxide-NO in the heart. Hintze, TH; Kaley, G; Kaminski, PM; Ojaimi, C; Recchia, FA; Skayian, Y; Suematsu, N; Sun, D; Wang, Z; Wolin, MS; Xu, X; Zhang, S, 2010)	0.36
" Inhibition in TGR of 20-HETE formation combined with enhanced bioavailability of EETs attenuated the development of hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, proteinuria, glomerular hypertrophy and sclerosis as well as renal tubulointerstitial injury."	( Combined inhibition of 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid formation and of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids degradation attenuates hypertension and hypertension-induced end-organ damage in Ren-2 transgenic rats. Certíková Chábová, V; Cervenka, L; Falck, JR; Hammock, BD; Imig, JD; Kompanowska-Jezierska, E; Kopkan, L; Kramer, HJ; Kujal, P; Sadowski, J; Vanecková, I; Vanourková, Z; Vernerová, Z; Walkowska, A, 2010)	0.36
" Thus, Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction cannot be explained by an acute formation of ROS reducing the bioavailability of nitric oxide but rather by COX-dependent formation of contracting factors acting on TP receptors."	( Endothelium-derived contracting factors mediate the Ang II-induced endothelial dysfunction in the rat aorta: preventive effect of red wine polyphenols. Chataigneau, T; Dal-Ros, S; Etienne-Selloum, N; Kane, MO; Madeira, SV; Sarr, M; Schini-Kerth, VB; Schott, C; Walter, A, 2010)	0.36
" O(2)(-) rapidly interacts with NO and thus, when O(2)(-) production increases, it diminishes the bioavailability of NO leading to the impairment of organ function."	( Renal interactions of renin-angiotensin system, nitric oxide and superoxide anion: implications in the pathophysiology of salt-sensitivity and hypertension. Cervenka, L; Kopkan, L, 2009)	0.35
" These effects appear to be mediated by the restoration of nitric oxide bioavailability and involve a complex interaction of both Mas and AT(2) receptors."	( Vasoprotective and atheroprotective effects of angiotensin (1-7) in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Casley, D; Gaspari, TA; Tesanovic, S; Vinh, A; Widdop, RE, 2010)	0.36
" The attenuation of this inhibitory effect of leptin in spontaneous hypertension appears to be due to a reduced NO bioavailability in VSMCs."	( Leptin inhibits the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells induced by angiotensin II through nitric oxide-dependent mechanisms. Catalán, V; Fortuño, A; Frühbeck, G; Gómez-Ambrosi, J; Rodríguez, A, 2010)	0.36
"Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors differ in their lipophilic/hydrophilic index that determines their tissue bioavailability and affinity to ACE, which may result in major differences in the degree of blockade of cardiac ACE."	( Effects of ACE inhibitors on cardiac angiotensin II and aldosterone in humans: "Relevance of lipophilicity and affinity for ACE". Coletta, E; Davies, R; Haddad, H; Leenen, FH; Ruzicka, M; White, R, 2010)	0.36
" We observed the establishment of two cardioprotective mechanisms and we suggest that these mechanisms could lead to increase intracellular cGMP: i) increased expression of BNP could increase "particulate" cGMP pool; ii) increased activation of AMPK, subsequent to increase in PDE4 activity and 5'AMP generation, could elevate "soluble" cGMP pool by enhancing NO bioavailability through NOX2 down-regulation."	( Concerted regulation of cGMP and cAMP phosphodiesterases in early cardiac hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II. Etienne-Selloum, N; Kane, MO; Keravis, T; Lugnier, C; Mokni, W; Schini-Kerth, VB; Walter, A, 2010)	0.36
" We hypothesized that Ang II augmented PDE1 activation, decreasing the bioavailability of cyclic guanosine 3' 5'-monophosphate (cGMP), and contributing to increased vascular contractility."	( Decreased cGMP level contributes to increased contraction in arteries from hypertensive rats: role of phosphodiesterase 1. Carneiro, FS; Giachini, FR; Lima, VV; Tostes, RC; Webb, RC, 2011)	0.37
" These data suggest that the vasodilatory effects of relaxin are dependent on a functional NO synthase system and increased NO bioavailability possibly because of a reduction in oxidative stress."	( Relaxin ameliorates hypertension and increases nitric oxide metabolite excretion in angiotensin II but not N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hypertensive rats. Baylis, C; Molnar, M; Sasser, JM, 2011)	0.37
" NO bioavailability was assessed using cyclic guanosine monophosphate quantification."	( Atorvastatin worsens left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries in normocholesterolemic porcine with left ventricular hypertrophy. Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Forcillo, J; Maltais, S; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2011)	0.37
" Arterial stiffness is associated with the increased activity of angiotensin II, which results in increased NADPH oxidase activity, reduced NO bioavailability and increased production of reactive oxygen species."	( Role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of arterial stiffness. Lakatta, EG; Park, S, 2012)	0.38
" These results suggested that GA attenuated the increase in BP via preservation of vascular NO bioavailability not only by inhibiting ROS production but also by preventing the impairment of eNOS function in the vasculature of Ang II-induced hypertensive mice."	( Antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability. Jin Lee, S; Kim, CD; Ung Bae, J; Whan Choi, Y; Whan Hong, K; Won Seo, K; Wook Yun, J; Youn Park, S; Young Park, J, 2012)	0.38
" In cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), endothelial dysfunction with altered vascular reactivity is mostly attributed to decreased NO bioavailability via oxidative stress."	( Soluble guanylyl cyclase is a target of angiotensin II-induced nitrosative stress in a hypertensive rat model. Baskaran, P; Beuve, A; Couloubaly, S; Crassous, PA; Durán, WN; Fioramonti, X; Huang, C; Kim, DD; Papapetropoulos, A; Zhou, Z, 2012)	0.38
" Females have higher nitric oxide synthase expression, nitric oxide bioavailability and ratio of angiotensin II type 2/type 1 receptors."	( Angiotensin II type 2 receptor mediates sex differences in mice renal interlobar arteries response to angiotensin II. Liu, ZZ; Nikitina, T; Patzak, A; Perlewitz, A; Persson, PB; Regitz-Zagrosek, V; Schlichting, J; Sendeski, MM; Viegas, VU; Zavaritskaya, O, 2012)	0.38
" Fluorescence of 3-amino-4-(N-methylamino)-2',7'-difluorofluorescein (DAF-FM) and dihydroethidium (DHE) were used for quantification of nitric oxide bioavailability and superoxide concentration, respectively."	( Iodinated contrast media differentially affect afferent and efferent arteriolar tone and reactivity in mice: a possible explanation for reduced glomerular filtration rate. Lai, EY; Liu, ZZ; Patzak, A; Perlewitz, A; Persson, PB; Sendeski, MM; Viegas, VU, 2012)	0.38
" Decreased nitric oxide bioavailability and increased concentration of superoxide explain the increased tone and reactivity in afferent arterioles perfused with iodixanol."	( Iodinated contrast media differentially affect afferent and efferent arteriolar tone and reactivity in mice: a possible explanation for reduced glomerular filtration rate. Lai, EY; Liu, ZZ; Patzak, A; Perlewitz, A; Persson, PB; Sendeski, MM; Viegas, VU, 2012)	0.38
"Our current findings indicate that the antihypertensive actions of sEH inhibition in this ANG II-dependent malignant form of hypertension are dependent on the interactions of endogenous bioavailability of EETs and NO."	( Antihypertensive and renoprotective actions of soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibition in ANG II-dependent malignant hypertension are abolished by pretreatment with L-NAME. Bürgelová, M; Červenka, L; Hammock, BD; Honetschlägerová, Z; Husková, Z; Hwang, SH; Imig, JD; Kitada, K; Kopkan, L; Kramer, HJ; Kujal, P; Nishiyama, A; Sporková, A; Varcabová, Š; Vernerová, Z, 2013)	0.39
"Upregulation of caveolin-1 protein expression and reduced NO bioavailability contributes to aortic endothelial dysfunction in AngII-infused ApoE(-/-) mice."	( Impaired acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent aortic relaxation by caveolin-1 in angiotensin II-infused apolipoprotein-E (ApoE-/-) knockout mice. Golledge, J; Khosla, S; Krishna, SM; Liu, D; Seto, SW; Yu, H, 2013)	0.39
" Angiotensin II-induced ROS decreased the bioavailability of eNOS under the FC-enriched condition."	( Angiotensin II impairs endothelial nitric-oxide synthase bioavailability under free cholesterol-enriched conditions via intracellular free cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains. Amiya, E; Hosoya, Y; Imai, Y; Komuro, I; Maemura, K; Manabe, I; Nagai, R; Nakao, T; Saito, T; Shiga, T; Takeda, N; Watanabe, M, 2013)	0.39
" We also administered AngII in the presence of losartan to increase AngII bioavailability to the AT2R in order to understand AT2R contribution to renal function in this model."	( Improvement in renal hemodynamics following combined angiotensin II infusion and AT1R blockade in aged female sheep following fetal unilateral nephrectomy. Denton, KM; Lankadeva, YR; Moritz, KM; Singh, RR, 2013)	0.39
"Recently, recombinant angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 was shown to protect mice from acute lung injury, an effect attributed to reduced bioavailability of angiotensin II."	( Angiotensin-(1-7) protects from experimental acute lung injury. Erfinanda, L; Gembardt, F; Kaestle, SM; Klein, N; Kuebler, WM; Lei, X; Mertens, M; Nickles, H; Supé, S; Szaszi, K; Walther, T; Wang, L; Yin, J, 2013)	0.39
" Cadmium exposure increased vasoconstrictor activity by reducing NO bioavailability owing to the increased production of ROS by NADPH oxidase."	( Cadmium exposure induces vascular injury due to endothelial oxidative stress: the role of local angiotensin II and COX-2. Angeli, JK; Cruz Pereira, CA; de Oliveira Faria, T; Padilha, AS; Stefanon, I; Vassallo, DV, 2013)	0.39
"25 μM, 40% max) with good oral bioavailability in rat."	( Discovery of novel indazole derivatives as dual angiotensin II antagonists and partial PPARγ agonists. Ancellin, N; Beneton, V; Faucher, N; Fouchet, MH; Grillot, D; Lamotte, Y; Martres, P; Nicodeme, E; Pineau, O; Saintillan, Y; Sançon, J; Sautet, S; Tousaint, JJ, 2014)	0.4
" Measurements of intracellular superoxide anions and hydrogen peroxide levels as well as nitric oxide bioavailability were also obtained."	( Sildenafil ameliorates oxidative stress and DNA damage in the stenotic kidneys in mice with renovascular hypertension. Balarini, CM; Campagnaro, BP; Casarini, DE; Dias, AT; Freitas, FP; Gava, AL; Meyrelles, SS; Palomino, Z; Pereira, TM; Porto, ML; Rodrigues, BP; Vasquez, EC, 2014)	0.4
" This was associated with decreased NO bioavailability and eNOS activity as well as increased O2(•-) generation."	( Glutathionylation mediates angiotensin II-induced eNOS uncoupling, amplifying NADPH oxidase-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Davies, MJ; Figtree, GA; Fry, NA; Galougahi, KK; Garcia, A; Gentile, C; Hawkins, CL; Kok, C; Liu, CC; Nunez, A; Rasmussen, HH, 2014)	0.4
" These results indicate that the main BPL mechanism of FBP was ACE inhibition in living body tissues, suggesting that high FBP's bioavailability including absorption, tissue affinity, and tissue accumulation was responsible for the superior ACE inhibition in vivo."	( Blood pressure-lowering peptides from neo-fermented buckwheat sprouts: a new approach to estimating ACE-inhibitory activity. Amano, Y; Hattori, S; Koyama, M; Nakamura, K; Watanabe, M, 2014)	0.4
" Collectively, an increase in BP in mice treated with Ang II was markedly attenuated by GJ, which was attributed to the preservations of vascular NO bioavailability and eNOS function, and to the inhibition of ROS production in Ang II-induced hypertensive mice."	( Preventive effect of gomisin J from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via an increased nitric oxide bioavailability. Choi, YW; Kim, CD; Lee, SJ; Park, SY; Ye, BH, 2015)	0.42
" Our data suggest renal NO bioavailability is not altered in pregnant rats treated with a HFD, ANG II, and TNF-α."	( Pregnant rats treated with a high-fat/prooxidant Western diet with ANG II and TNF-α are resistant to elevations in blood pressure and renal oxidative stress. Baylis, C; Cunningham, MW; Deng, A; Wen, X; West, CA, 2015)	0.42
"Our study provides novel evidence that chronic ethanol intake increases blood pressure, induces vascular oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability through AT1-dependent mechanisms."	( Angiotensin type 1 receptor mediates chronic ethanol consumption-induced hypertension and vascular oxidative stress. Antunes-Rodrigues, J; Ceron, CS; Coelho, EB; Mecawi, AS; Passaglia, P; Tirapelli, CR, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, PARP-1 inhibition may protect against age-dependent endothelial dysfunction, potentially by regulating NO bioavailability via iNOS."	( Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase 1 inhibition protects against age-dependent endothelial dysfunction. Cai, WL; Chao, M; Gao, M; Hui, LH; Lu, QH; Wang, J; Xu, DL; Zhang, GH; Zhang, MX; Zheng, J, 2015)	0.42
" In conclusion, aortic rings from sepsis-surviving rats display endothelial dysfunction mediated by the increased production of reactive oxygen species, which in turn reduces the bioavailability of nitric oxide and increases the formation of peroxynitrite, and enhances RhoA-ROCK-mediated calcium sensitization, leading to augmented contractile responses to angiotensin II."	( Impaired vascular function in sepsis-surviving rats mediated by oxidative stress and Rho-Kinase pathway. Assreuy, J; da Silva, LM; da Silva-Santos, JE; de Souza, P; Guarido, KL; Scheschowitsch, K; Werner, MF, 2016)	0.43
" The lower BP was attributable to an increased NO bioavailability that dynamically dilated resistance vessels in vivo under basal conditions without a change in renal function."	( Distinct Regulatory Effects of Myeloid Cell and Endothelial Cell NAPDH Oxidase 2 on Blood Pressure. Brewer, AC; Eaton, PJ; Kossmann, S; Maier, LS; Mongue-Din, H; Murdoch, CE; Protti, A; Prysyazhna, O; Richards, DA; Sag, CM; Santos, CXC; Sawyer, G; Schnelle, M; Shah, AM; Wenzel, P; Zhang, J; Zhang, X, 2017)	0.46
" These results suggest that decreased NO bioavailability and enhanced rho-kinase activity in basilar arteries contribute to altered reactivity to ACh and Ang II, respectively, in STZ-induced diabetic mice."	( Rho-kinase and the nitric oxide pathway modulate basilar arterial reactivity to acetylcholine and angiotensin II in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. Islam, MZ; Miyamoto, A; Shiraishi, M; Van Dao, C, 2017)	0.46
" The present data suggest that the oxidative stress and reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide may contribute to attenuation of vasodilator responses to ACh and Ang II, and hyperreactivity to Ang II in the mesentery of preeclamptic rat, which may contribute to the increased peripheral vascular resistance and BP, as well as intrauterine growth restriction in L-NAME-induced PE."	( Differential responses of mesenteric arterial bed to vasoactive substances in L-NAME-induced preeclampsia: Role of oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Amaral, TAS; Carvalho, LCRM; Costa, CA; Moura, RS; Ognibene, DT; Resende, AC; Rocha, APM, 2018)	0.48
" Current treatment strategies to restore NO bioavailability with organic nitrates are hampered by undesirable side effects and development of tolerance."	( The novel organic mononitrate NDHP attenuates hypertension and endothelial dysfunction in hypertensive rats. Athayde-Filho, PF; Braga, VA; Brandão, MCR; Carlström, M; Carvalho-Galvão, A; Cruz, JC; Diniz, TF; Haworth, SM; Lemos, VS; Lundberg, JO; Montenegro, MF; Paulo, LL; Zhuge, Z, 2018)	0.48
" Analysis of the vascular responsiveness showed an increased contractility response to norepinephrine in Ang II animals (Rmax: 70%), which was abolished by sildenafil through increased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and vasoconstrictor prostanoids."	( Beneficial Morphofunctional Changes Promoted by Sildenafil in Resistance Vessels in the Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension Model. Alves, GM; Campagnaro, BP; Campos-Toimil, M; Dias, AT; Gava, AL; Leal, MAS; Meyrelles, SS; Nogueira, BV; Pereira, TMC; Porto, ML; Vasquez, EC; Zanardo, TC, 2018)	0.48
"We evaluated whether l-proline (Pro) supplementation improves redox status and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability and prevents or delays angiotensin II (AngII)-induced hypertension."	( l-proline supplementation improves nitric oxide bioavailability and counteracts the blood pressure rise induced by angiotensin II in rats. Afonso, J; Albino-Teixeira, A; Carvalho, J; de Lourdes Bastos, M; Fraga, S; Leal, J; Pinho, D; Sousa, T; Teixeira-Santos, L, 2019)	0.51
" It is characterized by vascular inflammation, a loss of NO bioavailability and endothelial dysfunction."	( Are Reactive Oxygen Species Important Mediators of Vascular Dysfunction? do Vale, GT; Tirapelli, CR, 2020)	0.56
"Activation of renin-angiotensin- system, nitric oxide (NO•) bioavailability and subsequent sympathoexcitation plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension."	( Central angiotensin II-Protein inhibitor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (PIN) axis contribute to neurogenic hypertension. Haibara, AS; Katsurada, K; Liu, X; Patel, KP; Sharma, NM, 2020)	0.56
" Hence, MasR activation may contribute to the favorable effects of AT1R antagonism on NO bioavailability and microvascular remodeling, independently of AT2R activation and blood pressure control."	( Mas Receptor Activation Contributes to the Improvement of Nitric Oxide Bioavailability and Vascular Remodeling During Chronic AT1R (Angiotensin Type-1 Receptor) Blockade in Experimental Hypertension. Arrabito, E; Battistoni, A; Filippini, A; Madaro, L; Nicoletti, C; Parente, R; Savoia, C; Steckelings, UM; Touyz, RM; Volpe, M, 2020)	0.56
" Therefore, in the present review, based on available literatures we highlight the present knowledge on the production and bioavailability of these molecules, the mechanism of their regulation of hypertension, and patho-physiological role in malaria."	( Malaria link of hypertension: a hidden syndicate of angiotensin II, bradykinin and sphingosine 1-phosphate. Dhangadamajhi, G; Singh, S, 2021)	0.62
" ANG II changed the protein/gene expression of COXs, HIF-1α and VEGF and significantly increased GPx4 and EC-SOD antioxidative enzyme expression, decreased systemic oxidative stress, decreased superoxide/ROS levels and increased nitric oxide bioavailability in the vascular wall."	( Low-dose angiotensin II supplementation restores flow-induced dilation mechanisms in cerebral arteries of Sprague-Dawley rats on a high salt diet. Bujak, IT; Drenjancevic, I; Jukic, I; Kibel, A; Kolobaric, N; Kozina, N; Lombard, JH; Matic, A; Mihaljevic, Z; Stupin, A, 2022)	0.72

Dosage Studied

In 80 wistar rats were investigated the prolonged action of Angiotensin II in a dosage of 0,05 mg/kg/die ip. The effect of nifedipine on pressor dose-response curves to phenylephrine, alpha-methylnoradrenaline and angiotensins was determined in anaesthetized cats pretreated with propranolol and atropine.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Both the maximum response and the slope of the dose-response curve to angiotensin II were unchanged by the analog."	( In vitro and in vivo studies of (1-sarcosine, 8-threonine) angiotensin II. Bumpus, FM; Hall, MM; Khairallah, PA; Khosla, MC; Muñoz-Ramírez, H, 1976)	0.26
" The angiotensin dose-response curves of tachyphylactic organs were shifted to the right, and the maximum responses were depressed in proportion to the conditioning doses of the hormone."	( Specific desensitization (tachyphylaxis) of the guinea pig ileum to angiotensin II. Mendes, GB; Paiva, AC; Paiva, TB, 1977)	0.26
" Each agent was evaluated at concentrations ranging from 10-8 to 10-5 m and three different dose-response curve patterns were observed: (1) Metoprolol, acebutolol, labetalol, and d-propranolol had no effect on isoproterenol-stimulated renin release at any concentration, whereas pindolol and bufuralol demonstrated minimal inhibition at 10-5 m only."	( Effect of beta-blocking agents and angiotensin II on isoproterenol-stimulated renin release from rat kidney slices. Capponi, AM; Gourjon, M; Vallotton, MB, 1977)	0.26
"5 produces both a shift to the left of the A-II dose-response curve as well as an increase in maximum steroid production."	( Angiotensin-induced steroidogenesis in rabbit adrenal: effects of pH and calcium. Chiu, AT; Freer, RJ, 1979)	0.26
" (3) Ca dose-response curves were performed on previously Ca-depleted veins, after the addition of K 106 mM, K-plus-adrenaline or K-plus-angiotensin."	( Effects of adrenaline, angiotensin and calcium on spontaneously active and potassium-depolarized rat portal veins. Mantel, R; Savino, EA; Taquini, AC, 1975)	0.25
" The angiotensin II-pressor relationship was not significantly changed after the prolonged infusion of angiotensin II, while the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper than in the basal state but not identical with that of sodium depletion."	( Effect of prolonged low-dose angiotensin II infusion on the sensitivity of adrenal cortex in man. Brown, JJ; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Oelkers, W; Robertson, JI; Schöneshöfer, M; Schultze, G, 1975)	0.25
" On the rat isolated uterus, angiotensin II and the heptapeptide displayed non-parallel dose-response curves."	( A comparison of the effects of angiotensin II and heptapeptide on smooth muscle (vascular and uterine). HAll, MM; Khairallah, PA; Moore, AF, 1976)	0.26
"35 pmol/100 ml renal blood flow, with similar dose-response curves."	( Angiotensin antagonists with increased specificity for the renal vasculature. Caldicott, WJ; Hollenberg, NK; Taub, KJ, 1977)	0.26
" The dose-response curves for both peptides were identical."	( Stimulation of corticosteroid biosynthesis by angiotensin I [des-asp1]angiotensin I, angiotensin II and [des-asp1]-angiotensin II in bovine adrenal fasciculata cells. Grillet, C; Hepp, R; Peytremann, A; Vallotton, MB, 1977)	0.26
" With increasing concentrations of angiotensin II logarithmic dose-response curves for aldosterone and cyclic AMP production were similar."	( Adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate production and steroidogenesis by isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Effects of angiotensin II and [Sar 1,Ala 8]angiotensin II. Bing, RF; Schulster, D, 1978)	0.26
"05), suggesting a dose-response relationship."	( Release of vasopressin by angiotensin II. Keil, LC; Severs, WB; Summy-Long, J, 1975)	0.25
" Possible reasons for the observed disparities include differences in techniques for measuring contractility, in species (dog, cat, and man), in myocardial state (normal or diseased), in preparation observed (heart-lung, isolated heart, papillary muscle, atrial myocardium, intact heart), and in dosage schedule."	( The effect of angiotensin on myocardial contractility. Ahmed, SS; Levinson, GE; Regan, TJ; Weisse, AB, 1975)	0.25
"Cumulative dose-response curves to angiotensin II were performed on helical strips from canine lateral saphenous vein."	( Unusual venoconstrictor effects of angiotensin II. Goldberg, MR; Hyman, AL; Joiner, PD; Kadowitz, PJ, 1975)	0.25
" This value corresponds to the apparent Ka estimated from both the physiological dose-response curve (6."	( Characterization of the angiotensin receptor in guinea-pig aorta. Le Morvan, P; Palaic, D, 1975)	0.25
"Evidence of selective inhibition, differences in dose-response relationships, and cross-tachyphylaxis studies suggest that separate receptors and/or mechanisms may be involved in responses to angiotensin (Ang), [Sar1]Ang II, and Ang III (= des-Asp1-Ang II)."	( Demonstration of different contractile mechanisms for angiotensin II and des-Asp1-angiotensin II in rabbit aortic strips. Ackerly, JA; Moore, AF; Peach, MJ, 1977)	0.26
" Dose-response studies at weekly intervals showed progressive elevation, without steepening, of the plasma angiotensin II-blood pressure curve."	( An altered relation between arterial pressure and plasma angiotensin II concentration resulting from prolonged infusion of angiotensin II. Bean, BL; Brown, JJ; Casals-Stenzel, J; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Petch, B; Riegger, AJ; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1978)	0.26
" The dose-response curves for [des-Asp]-A II with respect to blood pressure and aldosterone production were not parallel, and although no maximum was established for A II, [des-Asp]-A II was less efficacious."	( Activity of (des-Aspartyl1)-angiotensin II and angiotensin II in man. Differences in blood pressure and adrenocortical response during normal and low sodium intake. Ayers, CR; Carey, RM; Peach, MJ; Vaughan, ED, 1978)	0.26
"The dose-response relationship of the mesenteric resistance vessels to vasopressin was studied in anesthetized laparotomized cats before and after hypophysectomy and again during the plateau phase of the response to a prolonged infusion of [Sar1-Ala8] angiotensin II (saralasin), a competitive antagonist of angiotensin II."	( Hypophysectomy and saralasin on mesenteric vasoconstrictor response to vasopressin. McNeill, JR; Pang, CC; Wilcox, WC, 1979)	0.26
" Cocaine (2 x 10(-6) M and 10(-5) M) produced 2 and 7 fold shifts to the left of the dose-response curve to (-)-noradrenaline recorded isotonically in isolated splenic capsular strips of the cat."	( Investigation of the role of calcium in the supersensitivity produced by cocaine in cat spleen strips. Summers, RJ; Tillman, J, 1979)	0.26
" This may have been mediated by vascular alpha-adrenoceptors because log dose-response curves of saralasin-induced increases in systolic pressure were shifted to the right in a parallel fashion after phentolamine."	( The pressor actions of noradrenaline, angiotensin II and saralasin in chronic autonomic failure treated with fludrocortisone. Bannester, R; Davies, B; Sever, P; Wilcox, C, 1979)	0.26
" When the dose-response curve was obtained from the mechanical response produced by Ag-II, the relation shifted to the right in the presence of anti-Ag-II in all age groups."	( Effects of angiotensin II and 1-sar., 8-isoleu. angiotensin II on electrical and mechanical properties of the portal vein from rats of different ages. Kuriyama, H; Takata, Y, 1979)	0.26
" During the pre-hypertensive stage, and the early and chronic stages of hypertension, the responses to noradrenaline, vasopressin, serotonin and angiotensin II were enhanced in renal vascular beds from spSH animals compared with age- and sex-matched Wistar-Kyoto (WK) rats; dose-response curves were shifted to the left, had steeper slopes, greater maximal responses and decreased thresholds."	( Vascular reactivity in the pathogenesis of spontaneous hypertension. Berecek, KH; Gross, F; Rascher, W, 1979)	0.26
" The inhibition induced by SC 19220 and acetyl salicylic acid was found to be higher for angiotensin III than angiotensin II when the dose-response curves and equipotent concentrations of the peptides were compared before and after the drugs."	( A comparison between the prostaglandin releasing effects of angiotensin II and angiotensin III. Ercan, ZS; Türker, RK, 1977)	0.26
" Parallel shifts of the log dose-response curves were obtained in the three volume states."	( The relationship between body fluid volume, sodium ion concentration, and sensitivity to pressor effect of angiotensin II in dogs. Cowley, AW; Lohmeier, TE, 1978)	0.26
" There also was a shift to the left in the dose-response curves."	( Whole body vascular reactivity during the development of deoxycorticosterone acetate hypertension in the pig. Berecek, KH; Bohr, DF, 1978)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for AII and the (2-8) peptide [angiotensin III (AIII)] indicate that AII is a more potent inhibitor of renin release than is AIII."	( Inhibition of renin release from rat kidney slices by the angiotensins. Naftilan, AJ; Oparil, S, 1978)	0.26
" The dose-response curve to hypoxia in HA lungs was shifted to the right of that in LA lungs."	( Lungs from chronically hypoxic rats have decreased pressor response to acute hypoxia. McMurtry, IF; Petrun, MD; Reeves, JT, 1978)	0.26
" In the presence of Tris, agonist dose-response curves were shifted to the right, concomitant with a reduction in maximum tension in portal vein."	( Influence of tris on contracile responses of isolated rat aorta and portal vein. Altura, BM; Altura, BT; Turlapaty, PD, 1978)	0.26
" Comparison of contralateral kidneys from hypertensive and control rats revealed no change in norepinephrine sensitivity or in responses to renal nerve stimulation, but there was a reduction in the slope of the dose-response curve to norepinephrine and of the maximal effect of the catecholamine (104 days) and a pronounced supersensitivity to angiotensin II (17--104 days) in the hypertensive rats."	( Increased renal vascular reactivity to angiotensin II but not to nerve stimulation or exogenous norepinephrine in renal hypertensive rats. Collis, MG; Vanhoutte, PM, 1978)	0.26
" Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves after moderate sodium depletion were both elevated and steepened in comparison with those found during normal sodium intake."	( Angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog: effect of changes in sodium balance. Brown, JJ; Douglas, BH; Fraser, R; Hay, GD; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1978)	0.26
" [des-Asp1]AII stimulated aldosterone in four of the five sodium-depleted dogs but no steepening of the [des-Asp1]AII/aldosterone dose-response curves was apparent."	( [des-Asp1]angiotensin II in the dog: blood levels and effect on aldosterone. Fraser, R; Nicholls, MG; Semple, PF; Tree, M, 1978)	0.26
"3, and the slope of the dose-response curve (mm."	( Vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and to norepinephrine in diabetic subjects. Aiello, LM; Cabral, BV; Christlieb, AR; Gleason, RE; Icasas-Cabral, EA; Janka, HU; Kraus, B; Solano, A, 1976)	0.26
" 3 Dose-response curves to NA obtained from hypertensive and normotensive rats exhibited a steeper slope and higher maximum than those from control rats."	( Vascular reactivity of perfused vascular bed in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Bhattacharya, BK; Dadkar, NK; Dohadwalla, AN, 1977)	0.26
" If a much longer time interval was allowed between injections (30 min), the dose-response curve to angiotensin had a sigmoid shape."	( The effects of intraportal injections of noradrenaline, adrenaline, vasopressin and angiotensin on the hepatic portal vascular bed of the dog: marked tachyphylaxis to angiotensin. Richardson, PD; Withrington, PG, 1977)	0.26
" Ca dose-response curves were obtained out on previously Ca-depleted La treated veins after stimulation by K, adrenaline or angiotensin."	( Effects of adrenaline, angiotensin, potassium and calcium on lanthanum treated portal veins. Savino, EA; Taquini, AC, 1977)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2-5% (w/w) or 0-007% (w/w) sodium and administered in various sequences."	( The effect of dietary sodium intake on the blood pressure and cardiac output responses to angiotensin II in unanaesthetized rats. Ledingham, JM; Slack, BL, 1977)	0.26
" Dose-response curves of ATII obtained in presence of increasing concentrations of 8-Gly-ATII are gradually displaced to the right, but high doses of the antagonist depressed the maximum contractions caused by ATII."	( Characterization of angiotensin receptors in rabbit isolated atria. Park, WK; Regoli, D; Rioux, F, 1976)	0.26
" In normotensives with normal plasma renin activity saralasine in the usual dosage (4."	( [The influence of saralasine on blood pressure and renal function in Bartter's syndrome and decompensated hepatic cirrhosis (author's transl)]. Dürr, H; Klaus, D; Lange, H; Witzgall, H; Zehner, J, 1976)	0.26
" Fusaric acid produced a shift to the right and down in the dose-response curves to all tested agonists, and antagonized acetylcholine and serotonin most effectively among these agonists."	( Relaxation of isolated rabbit arteries by fusaric (5-butylpicolinic) acid. Asano, M; Hidaka, H, 1976)	0.26
" The minimal dosage needed was 300 mug."	( The drinking response of the chicken to peripheral and central administration of angiotensin II. Godschalk, M; Robinzon, B; Snapir, N, 1976)	0.26
"We examined the acute and chronic dose-response relationships between intravenously infused angiotensin II (A II) and the resulting changes in arterial pressure and plasma aldosterone concentration at varying levels of sodium intake."	( Acute and chronic dose-response relationships for angiotensin, aldosterone, and arterial pressure at varying levels of sodium intake. Cowley, AW; McCaa, RE, 1976)	0.26
" In normal subjects, Sar1-Ile-AII showed pressor (agonistic) activity, which was related to both dosage and sodium intake."	( Changes of blood pressure, plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration following the infusion of Sar1-Ile8-angiotensin II in hypertensive, fluid and electrolyte disorders. Doi, K; Hata, T; Ichihara, K; Kumahara, Y; Ogihara, T; Yamamoto, T, 1976)	0.26
" These findings confirm and extend earlier studies of angiotensin II/arterial pressure and angiotensin II/aldosterone dose-response curves."	( The effects of the angiotensin II antagonist saralasin on blood pressure and plasma aldosterone in man in relation to the prevailing plasma angiotensin II concentration. Brown, JJ; Brown, WC; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Robertson, JI; Rosei, EA; Trust, PM, 1976)	0.26
" In an investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin that develops after nephrectomy, angiotensin I dose-response curves and rat renin clearances were studied in nephrectomized rats and paired sham-nephrectomized control animals under pentobarbitone anaesthesia."	( An investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin in the nephrectomized rat. Boyd, GW, 1976)	0.26
" The results indicate: (1) aortas and portal veins from germfree rats exhibit an attenuated reactivity to angiotensin, vasopressin and epinephrine but not to KC1; (2) the dose-response curves for epinephrine and the peptides were shifted to the right concomitant with a decrease in maximum contractile tension, and (3) CaC12 dose-response curves obtained on potassium-depolarized aorta were not different from one another, whereas those obtained on portal veins from germfree animals were shifted to the right with a concomitant decrease in maximum response."	( Reactivity of aorta and portal vein in germfree rats. Altura, BM; Altura, BT; Baez, S, 1975)	0.25
" In a preliminary study, intramuscular administration of 25 mg/kg/day of arachidonyl (2-aminoethyl)phosphonate (18) to the hypertensive rat caused pronounced reduction (50 mm) in blood pressure within 3 days; upon continued dosage (15 mg/kg/day) of 18 for an additional 4 days, plasma renin activity was found to be 16 ng/0."	( Synthesis of lysophosphatidylethanolamine analogs that inhibit renin activity. Lee, HL; Pavanaram, SK; Sen, S; Smeby, RR; Turcotte, JG; Yu, CS, 1975)	0.25
" These higher concentrations of ethanol: a) attenuate contractions induced by epinephrine, angiotensin, and potassium (K+); b) cause noncompetitive displacement of the dose-response curves of these vasoactive compounds; c) attenuate calcium (Ca++)-induced contractions of K+-depolarized portal veins; d) relax drug-induced, as well as Ca++-induced, contractions of portal veins."	( Ethanol and contraction of venous smooth muscle. Altura, BM; Edgarian, H, 1976)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for the pressor activity of angiotensin II have been determined in unanaesthetized rats receiving diets containing 2-5% (w/w) or 0-007% (w/w) sodium; the different diets were administered in various sequences."	( The influence of sodium intake on the pressor response to angiotensin II in the unanaesthetized rat. Ledingham, JM; Slack, BL, 1976)	0.26
" 6 Dose-response curves to the constrictor agents were constructed before, during and after intra-arterial infusions of 25 mug/min of glucagon."	( The inhibition by glucagon of the vasoconstrictor actions of noradrenaline, angiotensin and vasopressin on the hepatic arterial vascular bed of the dog. Richardson, PD; Withrington, PG, 1976)	0.26
" Losartan (15 mg/kg/day) resulted in a rightward shift of the AII pressor dose-response curve by a factor of 32-40."	( Angiotensin II receptor blockade after myocardial infarction in rats: effects on hemodynamics, myocardial DNA synthesis, and interstitial collagen content. Cleutjens, JP; Daemen, MJ; Schoemaker, RG; Smits, JF; van Krimpen, C, 1992)	0.28
"3 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent parallel shifts in the AII pressor dose-response curve."	( Pharmacological characterization of the nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist, SK&F 108566. Aiyar, N; Edwards, RM; Ezekiel, M; Griffin, E; Keenan, RM; Ohlstein, EH; Ruffolo, RR; Weidley, EF; Weinstock, J, 1992)	0.28
" Ninety percent of K+/86Rb accumulation was blocked by ouabain, and the dose-response curve of inhibition by ouabain was monophasic (IC50, approximately 80 microM), suggesting the role of a single type of Na+/K+ pump (alpha-isoenzyme) in 86Rb accumulation by rat glomerulosa cells."	( Angiotensin-II inhibits Na+/K+ pump in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells: possible contribution to stimulation of aldosterone production. Balla, T; Csordás, G; Enyedi, P; Hajnóczky, G; Hunyady, L; Kalapos, MP; Spät, A, 1992)	0.28
" Blood vessels were measured and dose-response curves to different agents tested."	( Blunted effects of endothelin upon small subcutaneous resistance arteries of mild essential hypertensive patients. Deng, LY; Larochelle, P; Schiffrin, EL, 1992)	0.28
"To investigate whether the compensatory rise in renin and plasma angiotensin I in response to repeated angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor treatment results in a partial escape of ACE inhibition over a 24-h dosing interval."	( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)	0.28
" At the end of dosing interval angiotensin II had returned to values seen under placebo with the 12."	( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)	0.28
" This escape also affects the antihypertensive response in the second half of the dosing interval."	( Partial escape of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition during prolonged ACE inhibitor treatment: does it exist and does it affect the antihypertensive response? Admiraal, PJ; Boomsma, F; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van den Meiracker, AH, 1992)	0.28
" Carvedilol shifts the dose-response curve to isoprenaline to the right, as well as to alpha-stimulants such as phenylephrine."	( Clinical pharmacology of carvedilol. Graham, BR; Prichard, BN; Tomlinson, B; Walden, RJ, 1992)	0.28
" Oral administration of 50 mg carvedilol led to a rightward shift in the dose-response curves of angiotensin II, norepinephrine, and PGF2 alpha."	( Constriction of human dorsal hand veins in vivo with several vasoconstrictors and the influence of oral administration of carvedilol. Beermann, C; Belz, GG; Schloos, J, 1992)	0.28
", dose-response curves for U46619 and U44069 were shifted to the right in a parallel manner."	( Blockade of thromboxane/endoperoxide receptor-mediated responses in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat by sulotroban. Babycos, CR; Hood, JS; Ibrahim, IN; Kadowitz, PJ; McMahon, TJ; Nossaman, BD; Ragheb, MS, 1992)	0.28
") caused a rightward displacement of dose-response curves to Ang II or Ang III in both the mesenteric and renal vasculature."	( A comparison of the characteristics of angiotensin receptors in the renal and mesenteric vascular beds of the anesthetized cat. Clark, KL; Drew, GM; Robertson, MJ, 1992)	0.28
"5 mm Hg, but had no effect on the dose-response curves of dose of PE or Ang II vs."	( Alpha-adrenergic and angiotensin II pressor sensitivity in hypertensive patients treated with an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. Kalliatakis, B; Patton, J; Radford, HM; Rosendorff, C, 1992)	0.28
" In dose-response studies, INDO increased the systolic BP response but decreased the ANP response to AII, which is consistent with a direct effect of PG on ANP that is independent of systolic BP."	( Prostaglandins and systolic blood pressure, but not angiotensin II, independently affect atrial natriuretic peptide levels in man. Finn, WL; Gordon, RD; Hornych, A; Klemm, SA; Tunny, TJ, 1992)	0.28
" Dose-response curves of ANGII were constructed in control rats (Group I), rats pretreated with saralasin (competitive ANGII antagonist, Group II), with guanethidine (inhibitor of sympathetic postganglionic neurons."	( Direct and indirect effects of angiotensin II on venous tone in conscious rats. King, KA; Pang, CC; Tabrizchi, R, 1992)	0.28
" Comparison of dose-response curves to ANG I, II, and III showed that all three had similar maximum pressor effects (27 +/- 3 mmHg), with ANG I being four times less potent than ANG II, and ANG III as potent as ANG II."	( Hemodynamic effects of central angiotensin I, II, and III in conscious rabbits. Head, GA; Williams, NS, 1992)	0.28
" The inhibitory effect of EXP3174 (1 mg/kg iv) was not overcome by angiotensin II in the range of doses studied, and the shift to the right of the dose-response curve was nonparallel, suggesting that the blockade was noncompetitive."	( Inhibitory effects of DuP 753 and EXP3174 on responses to angiotensin II in pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. Hood, JS; Kadowitz, PJ; Kaye, AD; McMahon, TJ; Minkes, RK; Nossaman, BD, 1992)	0.28
" Similar dose-response relations have been obtained for luminal and peritubular addition of AII."	( Regulation of proximal tubule function by angiotensin. Harris, PJ, 1992)	0.28
" Always tachyphylaxis developed with increases in dosage (to 25 microns and 50 microns, respectively)."	( Recurrent episodes of gram-negative bacteremia or endotoxemia change reactivity of pre- and post-capillary pulmonary segments to angiotensin or free radicals. Gore, RG; Jones, RC; Kirton, OC; Reid, LM, 1992)	0.28
" In a dose-response trial, the magnitude of the [Ca2+]i response did not vary, although a decreasing number of cells responded to decreasing PGF2 alpha concentrations (10(-5) to 10(-9) M)."	( Cytosolic free calcium increased by prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), gonadotropin-releasing hormone, and angiotensin II in rat granulosa cells and PGF2 alpha in human granulosa cells. Baimbridge, KG; Currie, WD; Leung, PC; Li, W; Yuen, BH, 1992)	0.28
" N omega-nitro-L-arginine infusion potentiated pressor responses to all three vasopressors, resulting in dose-response curves that were significantly shifted to the left, making them virtually identical in pregnant and postpartum rats."	( N omega-nitro-L-arginine, an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, increases blood pressure in rats and reverses the pregnancy-induced refractoriness to vasopressor agents. Hertelendy, F; Molnár, M, 1992)	0.28
" This suggests that blood pressure is not the important factor mediating the divergent renal responses to furosemide of the two captopril dosage regimens."	( Furosemide-induced natriuresis is augmented by ultra-low-dose captopril but not by standard doses of captopril in chronic heart failure. Fenwick, MK; Morton, JJ; Motwani, JG; Struthers, AD, 1992)	0.28
" An increased dosage of loop diuretic potentiates the haemodynamic effects of captopril in patients with cardiac failure."	( The relationship between diuretic dose, and the haemodynamic response to captopril in patients with cardiac failure. Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Williams, BC, 1992)	0.28
" ACE activity in the renal cortex and arteries 2 h after last dosing was almost completely inhibited by ramipril whereas ACE activity in the veins and heart was inhibited to a lesser extent."	( Inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme by ramipril in serum and tissue of man. Akbary, A; Chen-Gal, B; Erman, A; Levi, E; Rabinov, M; Rosenfeld, JB; Shmueli, J; Tadjer, S; Winkler, J; Zelykovski, A, 1991)	0.28
" Blood pressure, heart rate, radial artery diameter, and arterial compliance were measured immediately before as well as 6 hours after dosing on the first and last days of the study."	( Evaluation of arterial compliance-pressure curves. Effect of antihypertensive drugs. Burnier, M; Etienne, JD; Farine, PA; Hayoz, D; Marazzi, A; Meister, JJ; Mooser, V; Nussberger, J; Perret, F; Tardy, Y, 1991)	0.28
" Doxazosin produced rightward shifts of the PE pressor dose-response curves but had no effect on responses to AII."	( Vascular pressor responses in treated and untreated essential hypertension. Donnelly, R; Elliott, HL; Howie, CA; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ, 1990)	0.28
" Both milrinone and pertussis toxin shifted the blood pressure dose-response curves of B-HT 920 to the right, but the responses to angiotensin II were decreased after milrinone pretreatment only."	( Cardiovascular responses to milrinone in pertussis toxin-pretreated pithed rats. De Wildt, DJ; Porsius, AJ; Van Rooij, HH; Verrijk, R; Wemer, J, 1990)	0.28
" Similarly, increased plasma renin activity induced by chronic salt depletion (0% NaCl) in pithed rats provoked a shift to the right of the dose-response curves to Ang II and ET-1 but not to MTX."	( Cross-desensitization between angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in the pithed rat. Auguet, M; Braquet, P; Chabrier, PE; Etiemble, E; Guillon, JM; Roubert, P, 1991)	0.28
" Pretreatment with dexamethasone for 48 hours shifted the dose-response trisphosphate curves of angiotensin II- and arginine vasopressin-induced inositol trisphosphate production to the left, that is, it significantly reduced the half-maximal effective concentrations of angiotensin II (from 25 nM to 5 nM) and arginine vasopressin (from 50 nM to 25 nM)."	( Potentiation of inositol trisphosphate production by dexamethasone. Iwaita, Y; Kato, H; Nakazato, Y; Saruta, T; Sato, A; Suzuki, H, 1992)	0.28
" Dose-response curves were constructed for phenylephrine (an alpha 1-adrenergic agonist), ST-91 (an alpha 2-adrenergic agonist), angiotensin II, and arginine vasopressin (AVP)."	( Does magnesium sulfate alter the maternal cardiovascular response to vasopressor agents in gravid ewes? Chatterjee, P; Chestnut, DH; Sipes, SL; Thompson, CS; Vincent, RD; Weiner, CP, 1991)	0.28
" Cyclic AMP-dependent kinase shifted the dose-response curve for inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release to the left by a factor of 4 and increased the total amount of Ca2+ released by 25%."	( The mechanism for synergism between phospholipase C- and adenylylcyclase-linked hormones in liver. Cyclic AMP-dependent kinase augments inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ mobilization without increasing the cellular levels of inositol polyphosphates. Bird, GS; Burgess, GM; Obie, JF; Putney, JW, 1991)	0.28
" Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors cause an acute fall in creatinine clearance which may reduce the effects of loop diuretics and attention must be paid to diuretic dosage when initiating angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors for the treatment of cardiac failure."	( Acute administration of captopril lowers the natriuretic and diuretic response to a loop diuretic in patients with chronic cardiac failure. Davies, E; Edwards, CR; Flapan, AD; Shaw, TR; Waugh, C; Williams, BC, 1991)	0.28
" Cai changes stimulated by angiotensin-II (Ang-II) show a complex dose-response pattern, with high concentrations (greater than or equal to 1 nM) of Ang-II eliciting a peak-plateau signal and lower doses (0."	( Kinetics of cytosolic calcium and aldosterone responses in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Enyedi, P; Quinn, SJ; Tillotson, DL; Williams, GH, 1991)	0.28
" Pretreatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor captopril markedly enhanced the effect of BK, such that the dose-response curve shifted significantly to the left in all three strains."	( Interaction of bradykinin and angiotensin in the regulation of blood pressure in conscious rats. Kerkhoff, J; van den Buuse, M, 1991)	0.28
"The purpose of this experiment was to establish dose-response relationships for the effects of angiotensin II on arterial pressure, venous pressure, heart rate, and blood volume in the ovine fetus."	( Dose-dependent effects of angiotensin II on the ovine fetal cardiovascular system. Brace, RA; Cheung, CY; Jones, OW, 1991)	0.28
" The dose-response relationships, plotted semi-logarithmically, were similar in shape in each group but sensitivity to angiotensin II was reduced in pregnant subjects compared with non-pregnant women."	( Sensitivity to angiotensin II of forearm resistance vessels in pregnancy. Benjamin, N; Ritter, JM; Rymer, J; Thom, M; Todd, SD, 1991)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for methoxamine and vasopressin were not significantly different between groups."	( Does enhanced sympathetic tone contribute to angiotensin II hypertension in rats? Chow, KY; Kline, RL; Mercer, PF, 1990)	0.28
" The model suggests that the differing arteriovenous AII concentration ratios and differing PAC and BP relationships reported for different dose-response experiments may be explained in part by differences in the specific infusion and measurement sites employed in those experiments."	( Arteriovenous ratios of angiotensin II during acute infusion experiments: a model-based analysis. Radke-Sharpe, N; White, KP, 1991)	0.28
" In abdominal aortic rings from both groups of animals, cumulative dose-response curves to PE and AVP were completed in 21 and 3% O2 conditions."	( Attentuation of systemic vasoreactivity in chronically hypoxic rats. Doyle, MP; Walker, BR, 1991)	0.28
" In addition, overall means of pressure and IBI for each dosage were computed for each group and plotted."	( Baroreflex function in chronically stressed borderline hypertensive rats. Cox, RH; Lawler, JE; O'Connor, EF; Sanders, BJ, 1991)	0.28
" The results indicated a positive dose-response relationship for blood pressure and cochlear blood flow."	( Androgenic effects on angiotensin II-induced blood pressure and cochlear blood flow changes in rats. Dengerink, HA; Flynn, AJ; Wright, JW, 1990)	0.28
" Intraspinal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) injections given 1 mo earlier did not alter dose-response curves in baroreceptor-intact rabbits."	( Spinal noradrenergic pathways and pressor responses to central angiotensin II. Elghozi, JL; Head, GA, 1990)	0.28
" The dose-response curves of AA to ANG II were not different when perfused at different luminal pressures (90 and 30 mmHg)."	( Effect of angiotensin II and norepinephrine on isolated rat afferent and efferent arterioles. Conger, JD; Robinette, JB; Yuan, BH, 1990)	0.28
" H-7 produced a shift to the right of the dose-response curve for the PKC activator, 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) in the case of SHR aortas, while no such shift was noted in tissues from WKY."	( Effects of H-7 (protein kinase inhibitor) and phorbol ester on aortic strips from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Iwasaki, T; Miyata, S; Morita, S; Nagai, K; Shibata, R, 1990)	0.28
" In 5-week-old SHR, the dose-response relationship was similar in shape and in the extent of the maximum response but was shifted one half-logarithmic step to the right, indicating decreased sensitivity to Ang II."	( Altered responsiveness of proximal tubule fluid reabsorption of peritubular angiotensin II in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Harris, PJ; Morgan, TO; Thomas, D, 1990)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for receptor occupation, inositol phosphate production and aldosterone secretion were made under the same experimental conditions, on the third day of culture."	( Implication of phospholipase C in the steroidogenic action of angiotensin II. Boulay, G; Gallo-Payet, N; Guillemette, G, 1990)	0.28
" In addition to altering the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve, hyperinsulinemia also increased the pressor action of angiotensin II."	( Hyperinsulinemia and the aldosterone and pressor responses to angiotensin II. Ball, DL; DeRemer, S; Goodfriend, TL; Moorehead, C; Rocchini, AP, 1990)	0.28
"With both intravenous and oral doses renin activity fell in 10 minutes to undetectably low values, while angiotensin II concentration fell overall by 80-90% with intravenous dosing and by 30-40% after the oral dose."	( Prolonged blood pressure reduction by orally active renin inhibitor RO 42-5892 in essential hypertension. Admiraal, PJ; Derkx, FH; Man in 't Veld, AJ; Mulder, P; Ritsema van Eck, HJ; Schalekamp, MA; van Brummelen, P; van den Meiracker, AH, 1990)	0.28
" EXP3174 is a major metabolite generated after the oral dosing of 2-n-butyl-4-chloro-5-hydroxymethyl-1-[(2'-(1H- tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl]imidazole, potassium salt in rats."	( Nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonists. XI. Pharmacology of EXP3174: an active metabolite of DuP 753, an orally active antihypertensive agent. Carini, DJ; Chiu, AT; Duncia, JV; Johnson, AL; Price, WA; Timmermans, PB; Wexler, RR; Wong, PC, 1990)	0.28
" Ang II did not shorten the timing of contraction, and pretreatment with adrenergic-blocking agents did not shift the dose-response curve, indicating that the response was not cyclic AMP mediated."	( Inotropic effects of angiotensin II on human cardiac muscle in vitro. Bond, M; Czerska, B; Moravec, CS; Paranandi, L; Rosenkranz, E; Schluchter, MD; Stewart, RW, 1990)	0.28
" Blood pressure (BP) was lower with E after half the maximum dosage compared with V, but similar BP reductions were obtained after 2 months with the maximum dosage."	( Antihypertensive and renal effects of enalapril and slow-release verapamil in essential hypertension. A double-blind, randomized study. Fagher, B; Henningsen, N; Hulthén, L; Katzman, P; Thulin, T, 1990)	0.28
" The cardiovascular AII receptor was investigated by generating dose-response curves of the pressor activity of Ile5-AII and six AII analogs infused intravenously."	( Angiotensin receptors in an Australian marsupial, the brushtail possum Trichosurus vulpecula. Lello, P; Sernia, C; Thomas, WG, 1990)	0.28
" After 8 days, arterial pressure and dose-response relationships to norepinephrine, angiotensin II, and bradykinin were measured in conscious animals."	( Altered pressor responses to NE and ANG II during cyclosporin A administration to conscious rats. Smith-Powell, L; Telles, T; Textor, SC, 1990)	0.28
" In separate groups of rats, the log dose-response curve for bolus intravenous injection of AII was shifted to the right by SQ-29,548 while that for PE was unaffected."	( Thromboxane mediation of the pressor response to infused angiotensin II. Welch, WJ; Wilcox, CS, 1990)	0.28
" The higher dose of CV-2961 (100 micrograms/min) completely blocked angiotensin II-induced enhancement of vascular responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation and shifted the angiotensin dose-response curve 10-fold to the right with respect to angiotensin II-induced increases in mesenteric perfusion pressure."	( Blockade of the pre- and postjunctional effects of angiotensin in vivo with a non-peptide angiotensin receptor antagonist. Inagami, T; Jackson, EK, 1990)	0.28
" To examine the effect of pressure on the dose-response relationships of ANG II or PE, local perfusion pressure was adjusted to remain constant at various pressure levels that were independent of MAP during drug infusions."	( Combined effects of autoregulation and vasoconstrictors on hindquarters vascular resistance. Meininger, GA; Trzeciakowski, JP, 1990)	0.28
" There was a marked dose-response relation between NE and AII administration and mean (NE) or diastolic (AII) blood pressure (BP)."	( Effects of a potassium-sparing/thiazide diuretic combination on cardiovascular reactivity to vasopressor agents. Jahn, HA; Schohn, DC, 1990)	0.28
" The response delay for Ang II was consistently briefer than that for the same concentration of AVP, showing a 2-3 log unit separation in the dose-response relations."	( Cytosolic calcium and aldosterone response patterns of rat adrenal glomerulosa cells stimulated by vasopressin: comparison with angiotensin II. Enyedi, P; Quinn, SJ; Tillotson, DL; Williams, GH, 1990)	0.28
" After 4 days oral treatment, both verapamil and nisoldipine significantly attenuated the responses to angiotensin II with three- to fivefold rightward shifts of the mean pressor dose-response curves."	( Effect of calcium channel blockers on adrenergic and nonadrenergic vascular responses in man. Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Pasanisi, F; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ, )	0.13
"25 mg and increasing dosage until blood pressure was adequately controlled."	( Changes in the pathophysiologic profile of blood pressure determinants during short-term enalapril administration. Birkenhäger, WH; de Leeuw, PW, 1986)	0.27
" The effect of ANP on the dose-response curve of aldosterone stimulated by ANG II, ACTH, and potassium on isolated rat adrenal glomerulosa cells was studied."	( Role of calcium in effects of atrial natriuretic peptide on aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Chartier, L; Schiffrin, EL, 1987)	0.27
" Arterial blood pressure was monitored continuously for 6 h following each dosage using an intraarterial cannula."	( Hemodynamic, hormonal, and pharmacokinetic aspects of treatment with lisinopril in congestive heart failure. Dickstein, K, 1987)	0.27
" The dose of AII was obtained by dose-response infusion until a minimal increase in blood pressure occurred."	( Inhibition of captopril-induced renin release by angiotensin II. Ceballos, L; Mersey, JH; Swartz, S, 1987)	0.27
" Both hypotensive agents shifted the dose-response curve to NE to the right."	( Effect of ketanserin and prazosin on blood pressure and cardiovascular reactivity to vasopressor agents during the development of two kidney-two clip renal hypertension in the conscious rat. Basso, N; Kurnjek, M; Mikulic, L; Taquini, AC, 1989)	0.28
"The efficacy of a controlled-release topical dosage form of glyceryl trinitrate (Nitroglycerin Transdermal Therapeutic System, Nitroderm TTS, NTG-TTS) was studied in the experimental model of myocardial ischaemia in beagles."	( Efficacy of the glyceryl trinitrate transdermal therapeutic system in a dog model of myocardial ischaemia. Inukai, T; Nakao, K; Yamamoto, S, 1989)	0.28
" In rats, the dose-response curves for pressor effects to angiotensin II were shifted in parallel to the right after treatment with isradipine, but not with prazosin and dihydralazine, suggesting that the antivasoconstrictor effect of isradipine was of a specific type."	( Antivasoconstrictor effects of isradipine. A quantitative approach in anesthetized rats and conscious rabbits. Hof, RP; Rüegg, UT, 1989)	0.28
" Enalapril was then administered for 72 hours and 6 weeks, and the assessment of the Ang II dose-response relations was repeated."	( Prolonged converting enzyme inhibition in non-modulating hypertension. Dluhy, RG; Hollenberg, NK; Smith, K; Taylor, T; Williams, GH, 1989)	0.28
" Angiotensin I dose-response curves were derived by continuous infusion of angiotensin I in increasing dose steps; steady state was reached within 3 min."	( The assessment of ACE activity in man following angiotensin I challenges: a comparison of cilazapril, captopril and enalapril. Belz, GG; Essig, J; Wellstein, A, 1989)	0.28
" The angiotensin I dependent increase in systemic and pulmonary resistance and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure was attenuated by cilazapril, as indicated by the shift of the dose-response curves to the right."	( Effects of ACE inhibition with cilazapril on splanchnic and systemic haemodynamics in man. Gasic, S; Heinz, G; Kleinbloesem, C; Korn, A, 1989)	0.28
"25 mg, in 8 normal subjects before and after treatment with the selective alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist, yohimbine, at a maximal dosage of 60 mg daily."	( Yohimbine and aldosterone responsiveness to angiotensin II or corticotrophin in normal subjects. Beretta-Piccoli, C; Kressebuch, H; Lucchini, E, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for agonist-induced pHi increases were shifted to the right by a factor of 10 for segments suspended in KHB + HCO3."	( The presence of HCO3- does not inhibit alpha-adrenergic increases in proximal tubular intracellular pH. Gesek, FA; Schoolwerth, AC, )	0.13
"Both dose-response curves and time-courses of plasma glucose levels after single maximal doses showed that in vivo glycogenolytic responsiveness to glucagon and epinephrine was significantly higher in developing hypothyroid rats, whereas it remained unchanged after vasopressin and angiotensin II injections."	( Glycogenolytic responsiveness to glucagon, epinephrine, vasopressin and angiotensin II in the liver of developing hypothyroid rats. A comparative study of in vitro hormonal binding and in vivo biological response. Ali, M; Cantau, B; Clos, J, 1989)	0.28
" Accordingly, because ACE inhibitors raise circulating angiotensin I in a dose-dependent fashion, this should be taken into account when dosing ACE inhibitors."	( Plasma angiotensin II and the antihypertensive action of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Brunner, HR; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1989)	0.28
" After six weeks therapy, captopril produced significant antihypertensive effects one to six hours after dosing but these did not persist at eleven to twelve hours."	( Twice-daily low-dose captopril in diuretic-treated hypertensives. Davies, DL; Gillen, GJ; Leckie, B; McInnes, GT; Morton, JJ; Murdoch, DL; Murray, GD, 1989)	0.28
" Captopril (10(-6) M) and SnoCap (10(-6) M) equally inhibited contraction to angiotensin I, inducing a 50-fold shift in the dose-response curve."	( S-nitrosocaptopril. II. Effects on vascular reactivity. Andon, N; Cooke, JP; Loscalzo, J, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response relations for the increase in blood pressure of rats receiving endothelin were comparable with those of rats receiving angiotensin II."	( Characteristics of pressor response to endothelin in spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Goto, K; Ishikawa, T; Ito, I; Kimura, S; Masaki, T; Miyauchi, T; Sugishita, Y; Tomobe, Y; Yanagisawa, M, 1989)	0.28
" In the clinical development of an antihypertensive drug, the earlier use of such within-patient studies, with the random insertion of one placebo period between the active periods, should help in the dose-response curve search."	( Crossover design for the dose determination of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor in hypertension. Bellet, M; Corvol, P; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J; Sassano, P; Serrurier, D, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves for angiotensins II and III in the rat isolated uterus, portal vein and aorta, in the absence and presence of the antagonist [Sar1Ile8]ANG II, have been analyzed by methods which detect cooperativity."	( Methods for analyzing and interpreting cooperativity in dose-response curves--I. Antagonist effects on angiotensin receptors in smooth muscle. Moore, GJ; Scanlon, MN, 1989)	0.28
" The dose-response to PAF was shifted to the right by the concomitant intra-arterial infusion of the PAF antagonist SRI 63-441."	( Inhibition of vasoconstriction by platelet activating factor in the in situ blood perfused rat mesentery. Gerkens, JF, 1989)	0.28
" Dose-response curves to prostaglandin F2 alpha, (PGF2 alpha), angiotensin II (ANG II), and norepinephrine (NE) and responses to a depolarizing concentration of KCl were obtained on rings of pulmonary artery from normal rats, chronically hypoxic (10% O2 for 10 days) rats, and chronically hypoxic rats treated with cis-4-hydroxy-L-proline (cHyp), an agent that blocks collagen accumulation."	( Vascular collagen affects reactivity of hypertensive pulmonary arteries of the rat. Edelman, NH; Poiani, GJ; Riley, DJ; Tozzi, CA, 1989)	0.28
" Moreover, small noncontractile doses of STI in this in vitro preparation produced a fivefold leftward shift in the contraction dose-response curve of norepinephrine (P less than ."	( Effects of a human-derived sodium transport inhibitor on in vitro vascular reactivity. Gonick, HC; Prins, BA; Purdy, RE; Weber, MA; Weiler, E, 1989)	0.28
" The results indicated a positive dose-response relationship between icv infusions of AII for BP and CBF in members of both species."	( The effects of intracerebroventricularly administered angiotensin II on blood pressure and cochlear blood flow in rats and guinea pigs. Dengerink, HA; Flynn, AJ; Quirk, WS; Wright, JW, 1989)	0.28
" ACTH infusions evoked an incremental response in plasma aldosterone and cortisol, and the dose-response relationship was unaltered by alpha hANP."	( Effect of physiological levels of atrial natriuretic peptide on hormone secretion: inhibition of angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion and renin release in normal man. Cuneo, RC; Espiner, EA; Livesey, JH; Nicholls, MG; Yandle, TG, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for hAI and sAI were similar and revealed that hAI and sAI were about one-tenth as potent as hAII in stimulating ACTH release."	( Stimulation by angiotensins I and II of ACTH release from goldfish pituitary cell columns. Fryer, JN; Weld, MM, 1987)	0.27
" Similar dose-response curves were obtained for the effect of AII on labeling of the 17."	( Effects of atrial natriuretic peptide, angiotensin, cyclic AMP, and potassium on protein phosphorylation in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Elliott, ME; Goodfriend, TL, 1987)	0.27
" ANP shifted the dibutyryl cAMP dose-response curve slightly to the right but did not blunt the maximal aldosterone secretory response."	( Effect of atrial natriuretic peptide on ACTH, dibutyryl cAMP, angiotensin II and potassium-stimulated aldosterone secretion by rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Brown, RD; Kem, DC; Schiebinger, RJ, 1988)	0.27
" High dosage arterial infusion of CDDP and angiotensin II and intravenous injection of sodium thiosulfate was well tolerated and gave effective therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma."	( Intra-arterial cis-platinum infusion with sodium thiosulfate protection and angiotensin II induced hypertension for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Itoh, Y; Kobayashi, H; Onohara, S; Shinohara, S, )	0.13
" However, dose-response curves for SHR characteristically displayed a depression of the maximum response as compared with those for WKY."	( Renal alpha 1-adrenergic receptor response coupling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Jeffries, WB; Pettinger, WA; Yang, E, 1988)	0.27
" In the presence of Ang II, the NE dose-response curve shifted to the left twofold and the maximal response was not changed."	( Angiotensin II amplification of alpha-adrenergic vasoconstriction: role of receptor reserve. Purdy, RE; Weber, MA, 1988)	0.27
" Using digitonin-permeabilized cells we showed that adenylate cyclase activity was stimulated by prostaglandin E1 with the same dose-response relationship as was cyclic AMP accumulation in intact cells, but the permeabilized cells showed no response to angiotensin II."	( Angiotensin II potentiates prostaglandin stimulation of cyclic AMP levels in intact bovine adrenal medulla cells but not adenylate cyclase in permeabilized cells. Boarder, MR; Marriott, DB; Plevin, R, 1988)	0.27
"The effect of nifedipine on pressor dose-response curves to phenylephrine, alpha-methylnoradrenaline and angiotensin II was determined in anaesthetized cats pretreated with propranolol and atropine."	( Lack of differential inhibition by nifedipine of pressor responses induced by alpha 1- and alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and by angiotensin II in anaesthetized cats. Alabaster, VA; Solca, AM, 1985)	0.27
" In the rabbit the dose-response curve for phenylephrine was shifted to the right in parallel by prazosin (1 mg kg-1) and was unaffected by rauwolscine (1 mg kg-1)."	( Difference in the potency of alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonists and antagonists between the pithed rabbit and rat. Bulloch, JM; Docherty, JR; Flavahan, NA; McGrath, JC; McKean, CE, 1987)	0.27
" The phenylephrine, but not the angiotensin II or the nitroprusside, dose-response curves were shifted to the right after ethanol, indicating a decreased pressor responsiveness and suggesting that ethanol may have alpha-adrenergic blocking activity."	( Acute effects of ethanol on baroreceptor reflex control of heart rate and on pressor and depressor responsiveness in rats. Abdel-Rahman, AR; Russ, R; Strickland, JA; Wooles, WR, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response studies (required to increase heart rate or systolic blood pressure by 25 beats/min and 20mm Hg, respectively) were performed with phenylephrine, angiotensin and isoprenaline after each drug, and placebo administration and the effects of physiological pressor stimuli were compared."	( Vasodilating mechanism and response to physiological pressor stimuli of acute doses of carvedilol compared with labetalol, propranolol and hydralazine. Bompart, F; Graham, BR; Liu, JB; Prichard, BN; Tomlinson, B, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves displayed a leftward shift when the arteriolar order increased."	( Arteriolar vasoconstriction and tachyphylaxis with intraarterial angiotensin II. Hou, X; Montalescot, G; Stucker, O; Teisseire, B; Vicaut, E, 1989)	0.28
" In addition to this temporal correlation, the dose-response relationships of the angiotensin-induced peak increases in cytosolic Ca2+ concentrations and Ins-1,4,5-P3 levels measured at 10 s were closely similar."	( Inositol polyphosphate production and regulation of cytosolic calcium during the biphasic activation of adrenal glomerulosa cells by angiotensin II. Balla, T; Baukal, AJ; Catt, KJ; Hausdorff, WP, 1989)	0.28
" This correlated with the dose-response required to stimulate phosphorylase activity in intact hepatocytes and suggests that the effects of the opioid peptides on carbohydrate metabolism in liver are the result of cross-reactivity of the peptides with angiotensin II receptors."	( [Leu]enkephalin stimulates carbohydrate metabolism in isolated hepatocytes and kidney tubule fragments by interaction with angiotensin II receptors. Hothi, SK; Randall, DP; Titheradge, MA, 1989)	0.28
" At a dosing regimen of KET that inhibited the 5-HT-induced platelet shape change in platelet-rich plasma and the 5-HT-induced increase in perfusion pressure in isolated lungs, KET did not affect the elevation in lung weight or the increased accumulation of 125I-albumin in the lung tissue of MCTP-treated rats."	( Monocrotaline pyrrole-induced cardiopulmonary toxicity is not altered by metergoline or ketanserin. Ganey, PE; Hadley, KB; Roth, RA; Sprugel, KH, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (ACh), noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (Phen) and angiotensin II (AII), were obtained in 6 cholesterol-fed and 6 control rabbits before and after isradipine (code name PN200-110) 100 micrograms kg-1."	( Vasoconstrictor and vasodilator effects in normal and atherosclerotic conscious rabbits. Hof, A; Hof, RP, 1988)	0.27
" Mesenteric arterial perfusion pressure frequency-response curves to periarterial adrenergic nerve stimulation (PNS) and dose-response curves to exogenous norepinephrine (NE) were obtained in SHR and WKY."	( Enhanced in vivo responsiveness of presynaptic angiotensin II receptor-mediated facilitation of vascular adrenergic neurotransmission in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cline, WH, 1985)	0.27
"The isolated rat uterus and rabbit aorta were photolabelled with [Azidobenzoic acid 1, isoleucine8]angiotensin II ([AB', Ile8]ANG II) and dose-response curves to angiotensins II and III were determined before and after the irreversible labelling procedure."	( Comparison of angiotensin receptors in isolated smooth muscle tissues by photoaffinity labelling. Kwok, YG; Moore, GJ, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for the action of glucagon or vasopressin applied in the presence of increasing concentrations of vasopressin or glucagon, respectively, showed that each hormone increases the maximal response to the other without affecting its ED50."	( Synergistic stimulation of the Ca2+ influx in rat hepatocytes by glucagon and the Ca2+-linked hormones vasopressin and angiotensin II. Claret, M; Mauger, JP; Poggioli, J, 1985)	0.27
" These results suggest that in the hepatorenal syndrome, captopril in standard dosage is without benefit, and provide further evidence that the changes in the renin-angiotensin system are probably secondary to reduced renal perfusion from some other cause."	( Captopril in the hepatorenal syndrome. Cobden, I; Record, CO; Shore, A; Wilkinson, R, 1985)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for inhibition of covalent cross-linking of 125I-ANF by unlabeled ANF coincided with the dose-response curve for inhibition of binding to the receptor."	( Affinity cross-linking of atrial natriuretic factor to its receptor in bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa. Cantin, M; De Léan, A; Meloche, S; Ong, H, 1986)	0.27
" The ACTH dose-response curves for steroidogenic activity and for polyamine uptake were similar."	( Hormonal control of polyamine levels in bovine adrenocortical cells. Chambaz, EM; Feige, JJ; Madani, C, 1986)	0.27
" In this study we investigated further the effects of synthetic ANP on the dose-response curve of aldosterone secretion stimulated by ACTH in vitro."	( Atrial natriuretic peptide inhibits the stimulation of aldosterone secretion by ACTH in vitro and in vivo. Chartier, L; Schiffrin, EL, 1986)	0.27
"05), as was the slope of the angiotensin II-vehicle dose-response curve (0."	( Dopamine selectively inhibits aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in humans. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curves of NA were shifted to the right."	( Vasoconstriction induced by noradrenaline and angiotensin II is antagonized by eicosapentaenoic acid independent of formation of trienoic eicosanoids. Juan, H; Sametz, W, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response measurements indicate that the potentiation of Ca2+ influx by glucagon occurs even at low (physiological) concentrations of the hormone."	( Synergistic stimulation of Ca2+ uptake by glucagon and Ca2+-mobilizing hormones in the perfused rat liver. A role for mitochondria in long-term Ca2+ homoeostasis. Altin, JG; Bygrave, FL, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response relationships were determined before and during the inhibition of kininase II activity with captopril or antagonism of angiotensin receptor sites with [Ile7] angiotensin III."	( Enzymatic formation of angiotensins II and III in the hindlimb circulation of dogs. Britton, SL; Metting, PJ, 1987)	0.27
" The dose-response curves were similar to controls, although the Nottingham Long-Evans control strain drank significantly less in response to some doses of the peptides."	( Thirst in Brattleboro rats. Fitzsimons, JT; Fuller, LM, 1988)	0.27
" Concentrations of TRK-100, a stable analog of PGI2, equipotent to those of PGI2 released by ANG II, estimated from dose-response curves for TRK-100 and enhancement by indomethacin of ANG II-induced contractions, did not differ in proximal and distal portions."	( Comparison of the response to angiotensin II of isolated dog coronary and mesenteric arteries of proximal and distal portions. Minami, Y; Toda, N, )	0.13
" The dose-response curves for norepinephrine and prazosin on glycogen synthase were well correlated with those on diacylglycerol."	( Regulation of hepatic glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase by calcium and diacylglycerol. Bouscarel, B; Exton, JH, 1986)	0.27
" Although vessel geometry was not altered, there was a significant shift to the left of the Ang I and Ang II dose-response curves of first-order and third-order arterioles, indicating increased sensitivity to these vasoconstrictors."	( Angiotensin reactivity in the cheek pouch of the renovascular hypertensive hamster. Gilmore, JP; Joyner, WL; Myers, TO, 1988)	0.27
" In acute experiments the depression of the phenylephrine dose-response produced by ethanol in vitro was greater than that for angiotensin II."	( Effect of acute and chronic ethanol on the agonist responses of vascular smooth muscle. Strickland, JA; Wooles, WR, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to intracisternal Ang II spanned four log(dose) units from the threshold to the maximum doses (1-5 ng)."	( Baroreflex modulation of central angiotensin II pressor responses in conscious rabbits. Elghozi, JL; Head, GA; Korner, PI, 1988)	0.27
" In vitro dose-response curves to NE and TNS were not significantly different."	( Effect of high calcium intake on pressor responsivity in hypertensive rats. Berger, M; Brickman, AS; Eggena, P; Golub, M; Lee, DB; Nyby, M; Stern, N; Tuck, ML, 1987)	0.27
"In clinical pharmacological studies, where it is not possible to describe the full dose-response curve, the construction of dose-response relationships ideally depends upon achieving a reproducible and readily measurable response for each dose administered."	( A pragmatic approach to the pressor dose-response as an index of vascular reactivity and adrenoceptor function in man. Elliott, HL; Reid, JL; Sumner, DJ; Vincent, J, 1987)	0.27
" To study the vascular receptor responsible for L-PAF-induced vasodilation, dose-response curves to NE and ang II were established with and without L-PAF (10(-7) M)."	( L-platelet activating factor induces changes on renal vascular resistance, vascular reactivity, and renin release in the isolated perfused rat kidney. Gerber, JG; Mathias, M; Nies, AS; Scherf, H; Schwertschlag, U, 1987)	0.27
" injected renin was greater in SHR than in WKY, the dose-response curve for renin in SHR being to the left of that in WKY."	( Exaggerated pressor response to centrally administered renin in freely moving, spontaneously hypertensive rats. Furukawa, T; Kawasaki, H; Takasaki, K, 1987)	0.27
" The QT interval (QTc) was significantly increased after 1 month's treatment: at 1 h after dosing 334 +/- 32 ms after 1 month of ketanserin compared with 302 +/- 31 ms after placebo."	( Acute and chronic ketanserin in essential hypertension: antihypertensive mechanisms and pharmacokinetics. Donnelly, R; Elliott, HL; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1987)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were obtained by cumulative addition of agonists to the perfusate."	( Differential response of normal and cirrhotic liver to vasoactive agents. A study in the isolated perfused rat liver. Ballet, F; Chretien, Y; Poupon, R; Rey, C, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves for either peptide were not altered in the presence of the antagonist to the other peptide; however, they were shifted to the left in the RHT hamsters."	( Specificity of arginine vasopressin and angiotensin II for microvessels in the hamster cheek pouch after the induction of renovascular hypertension. Gilmore, JP; Joyner, WL; Mohama, RE, 1988)	0.27
" Maintaining local perfusion pressure at different values during the infusion of ANG II or PE produced a family of dose-response curves, with each exhibiting a different maximum change in resistance."	( Vasoconstriction is amplified by autoregulation during vasoconstrictor-induced hypertension. Meininger, GA; Trzeciakowski, JP, 1988)	0.27
" Substantially, cadralazine does not exert any effect on cumulative dose-response curves of these agonists in both vessel preparations even with the highest concentration of 10(-4) mol/l."	( Effects of cadralazine on contractions induced by norepinephrine, serotonin, angiotensin II and K+ in rabbit aortic and renal arterial strips. Higashio, T; Kuroda, K, 1988)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to norepinephrine (SO, n = 9; BDL, n = 10) and angiotensin II (SO, n = 7; BDL, n = 9) were obtained."	( Renal vascular reactivity in the bile duct-ligated rat. Kahng, KU; Monaco, DO; Schnabel, FR; Wait, RB, 1988)	0.27
"min-1 did not affect the change in renal blood flow produced by ANG II, indicating that at this dosage the antagonist did not leave the mesenteric circulation in pharmacologically significant quantities."	( Local control of mesenteric blood flow by the renin-angiotensin system. Levens, NR; Suvannapura, A, 1988)	0.27
" The dose-response curves of MAP and MCFP for AII were displaced to the right in the presence of various doses of [Sar1,Ile8]AII."	( Are angiotensin receptors in vascular smooth muscles a homogeneous population? Pang, CC; Tabrizchi, R, 1987)	0.27
" In perfused rat anterior pituitary cells, AII (10(-8)M) was found to potentiate the corticotropin-releasing activity of CRF producing a parallel shift of the dose-response curve."	( Angiotensin II potentiates corticotropin-releasing activity of CRF41 in rat anterior pituitary cells: mechanism of action. Gaillard, RC; Kehrer, P; Muller, AF; Schoenenberg, P, 1987)	0.27
"After a run-in period of 8 weeks on a regimen of hydrochlorothiazide (HCT, median dosage 75 mg/day), patients with essential hypertension were randomly allocated to continued hydrochlorothiazide therapy (Group I) or additional treatment with amiloride (Group II, median dosage 15 mg/day, or 5 mg per 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide) for the following 12 weeks."	( Effects of combined therapy with amiloride and hydrochlorothiazide on plasma and total body potassium, blood pressure, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in hypertensive patients. Dige-Petersen, H; Giese, J; Ibsen, H; Leth, A; Nielsen, MD; Rasmussen, S; Svendsen, UG, 1986)	0.27
" A specific V1, receptor AVP antagonist [d(CH2)5Tyr(Me)AVP] produced no fall in blood pressure but returned the noradrenaline dose-response curve to normal."	( Selective renal medullary damage and hypertension in the rat: the role of vasopressin. Bing, RF; Forsling, ML; Godfrey, NP; Russell, GI; Swales, JD; Thurston, H, 1986)	0.27
" Following insulin administration, the dose-response curves for phenylephrine and angiotensin II were shifted to the right."	( Effects of insulin on pressor responsiveness and baroreflex function in diabetes mellitus. Hattori, N; Ikeda, T; Iwase, N; Kiyokawa, H; Noto, Y; Takata, S; Yagi, S; Yamamoto, M, 1986)	0.27
" Three-point dose-response curves were initially determined for all women."	( The effect of prostaglandin E1 upon the pressor and hormonal response to exogenous angiotensin II in human pregnancy. Broughton Pipkin, F; Morrison, R; O'Brien, PM, 1987)	0.27
" In the constricted group, sodium loading produced BP elevation with decreased PRA and shifted the dose-response curves by AII and NE to the left, whereas sodium restriction decreased BP and shifted the curves to the right."	( The change of vascular reactivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in the two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertensive rabbit. Ikegami, K; Machida, J; Ueda, S; Yoshida, M, 1987)	0.27
" With this in mind, male mongrel dogs were maintained on either a normal or a sodium restricted diet supplemented with furosemide and dose-response curves for intravertebral and intravenous angiotensin II (range: 1-20 ng/kg/min) were obtained."	( Chronic sodium depletion suppresses the area postrema pressor pathway. Ferrario, CM; Szilagyi, JE, 1987)	0.27
" Patients with this renal disorder require a permanent high dosed indomethacin therapy."	( [The significance of renal prostaglandins for kidney function in early childhood]. Seyberth, HW, 1987)	0.27
" Vascular reactivity (maximum response) and drug sensitivity (ED50) were compared using cumulative dose-response data for each pharmacological agent."	( Pregnancy- and gender-related changes in pulmonary vascular reactivity. Cutaia, M; Friedrich, P; Grimson, R; Porcelli, RJ, 1987)	0.27
" The basic dosage was 70 mg/m2 of Cis-diammine-dichloroplatinum (CDDP) and 40 mg/m2 of Adriamycin (ADM) or 4'-0-tetrahydropyranyl-ADM (THP) in combination with 20-40 micrograms angiotensin II over a total duration of 20 minutes for both sides."	( [Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy in combination with angiotensin II in advanced bladder cancer]. Akagi, T; Matsumura, Y; Mitsuhata, N; Nasu, Y; Obama, T; Ohmori, H; Ozaki, Y; Tsushima, T, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were constructed for neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline after pretreatment with atropine sulphate."	( Comparison of the haemodynamic actions of neuropeptide Y, angiotensin II and noradrenaline in anaesthetised cats. Corder, R; Lowry, PJ; Ramage, AG; Wilkinson, SJ, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves showed that rats lacking area postrema drank more saline in response to systemic angiotensin than sham operated animals."	( Actions of angiotensin on area postrema of the rat. Watson, WE, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response curves indicated that there was a similar enhancement in pressor sensitivity to AVP, ANG II, and PE in the absence of the baroreceptors."	( Cardiovascular actions of vasopressin: baroreflex modulation in the conscious rat. Cowley, AW; Osborn, JW; Webb, RL, 1986)	0.27
" The dose-response curve for TPA-induced inhibition reveals that quite a high concentration of TPA is necessary to block angiotensin action compared with that needed to stimulate aldosterone secretion."	( Phorbol ester inhibits angiotensin-induced activation of phospholipase C in adrenal glomerulosa cells. Its implication in the sustained action of angiotensin. Kojima, I; Ogata, E; Shibata, H, 1986)	0.27
" Dose-response analysis of the A-II + urea interaction suggested that A-II pressor effects and A-II + urea potentiation involve a common mechanism."	( The synergistic effect of angiotensin II and urea on systemic blood pressure. Chan, JC; Corley, KC; Gipson, J; Mauck, HP; Owusu, K, )	0.13
" Some rats were pretreated with indomethacin (5 mg/kg, iv) 30 min prior to the dose-response study."	( Diminished pressor response to exogenous norepinephrine and angiotensin II in septic, unanesthetized rats: evidence for a prostaglandin-mediated effect. Fink, MP; Fletcher, JR; Homer, LD, 1985)	0.27
" Suitable techniques for the investigation of secondary aldosteronism of unknown cause and for primary and secondary hypoaldosteronism are described, as well as the adjustment of dosage for replacement therapy where mineralocorticoid secretion is deficient."	( Disorders of mineralocorticoid activity. Drury, PL, 1985)	0.27
" A dose-response curve to NE, ANG II, and lysine vasopressin was also performed."	( Angiotensin II, vasopressin, and sympathetic activity in conscious rats with endotoxemia. Brunner, HR; Nussberger, J; Schaller, MD; Waeber, B, 1985)	0.27
" In the high salt group captopril produced a similar but smaller parallel shift of the dose-response curve to the left."	( Dietary and pharmacological alterations in endogenous angiotensin II: effect on noradrenaline pressor responsiveness in the rat. Jones, DR; Penner, SB; Smyth, DD, 1985)	0.27
" The anticancer effects were more enhanced when TBHT was combined with dosage of cis-DDP."	( [Total-body hyperthermia and combined anticancer chemotherapy]. Koga, S; Maeta, M, 1985)	0.27
" The cardiovascular effects elicited by microinjections of the peptide exhibit complicated dose-response relationships."	( Cardiovascular effects of microinjections of angiotensin II into the nucleus tractus solitarii. Healy, DP; Printz, MP; Rettig, R, 1986)	0.27
" That systemically delivered angiotensin II totally restores E release to acutely anephric dogs is equally clear, but the dose-response relationship of this angiotensin II effect is not known."	( Angiotensin II restoration of reflex adrenal medullary secretion to anephric dogs is physiologically dose dependent. Badder, EM; Duarte, B; Hamaji, M; Harrison, TS; Seaton, JF, 1985)	0.27
" Ratio elevation occurred in 37 of 40 tumors examined despite the lack of a clear dose-response relationship."	( Manipulation of experimental rat and rabbit liver tumor blood flow with angiotensin II. Burton, MA; Gray, BN; Heggie, JC; Self, GW; Townsend, PS, 1985)	0.27
" The present dosage of calcium did not affect the blood chemical parameters and did not reduce the blood pressure."	( Effect of calcium supplementation on the vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II in pregnant women. Ito, M; Kawasaki, N; Maeyama, M; Matsui, K; Nakamura, T; Ushijima, H; Yoshimura, T, 1985)	0.27
" Increasing doses of propranolol produced parallel shifts to the right in the isoproterenol dose-response curve."	( Effects of adrenergic receptor activation and blockade on the systolic preejection period, heart rate, and arterial pressure in man. Harris, WS; Schoenfeld, CD; Weissler, AM, 1967)	0.25
" No dose-response relationship could be found for either adrenaline or noradrenaline released by angiotensin, or for noradrenaline released by bradykinin."	( The effects of bradykinin, angiotensin and acetylcholine on the bovine adrenal medulla. Comline, RS; Silver, M; Sinclair, DG, 1968)	0.25
" To evaluate the dose-response relationship of ethanol in the production of cardiac malfunction, two groups of noncardiac alcoholic subjects were studied acutely at low and moderate dose levels."	( Ventricular function in noncardiacs with alcoholic fatty liver: role of ethanol in the production of cardiomyopathy. Frank, MJ; Levinson, GE; Moschos, CB; Oldewurtel, HA; Regan, TJ; Weisse, AB, 1969)	0.25
" The dose-response curve for amount drunk rose from 5 to 100 ng and levelled off thereafter."	( Drinking induced by injection of angiotensin into the rain of the rat. Epstein, AN; Fitzsimons, JT; Rolls, BJ, 1970)	0.25
" The difference in sensitivity was greater in the lower than the upper parts of the dose-response curves."	( Differences in sensitivity to vasoconstrictor drugs within the wall of the sheep carotid artery. Graham, JM; Keatinge, WR, 1972)	0.25
" To eliminate ACTH-dependent steroid synthesis, the experiments were performed in subjects receiving constant dosage of dexamethasone."	( Site of stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by angiotensin and potassium. Brown, RD; Liddle, GW; Strott, CA, 1972)	0.25
" At the beginning of an experiment some dose-response relationship could often be observed, but later tachyphylaxis developed."	( The action of bombesin on the systemic arterial blood pressure of some experimental animals. Erspamer, V; Melchiorri, P; Sopranzi, N, 1972)	0.25
" Dose-response curves were obtained for intravenous infusions of adrenaline, noradrenaline, angiotensin, vasopressin and histamine."	( Effects of infusions of catecholamines, angiotensin, vasopressin and histamine on hepatic blood volume in the anaesthetized cat. Greenway, CV; Lautt, WW, 1972)	0.25
" Dose-response relationships were established between the rate of A II infusion and the adrenal, the renal vascular, and pressor responses."	( Reciprocal influence of salt intake on adrenal glomerulosa and renal vascular responses to angiotensin II in normal man. Adams, DF; Chenitz, WR; Hollenberg, NK; Williams, GH, 1974)	0.25
" The dose-response curve for unilateral microinjections began at 12."	( Drinking induced by injections of angiotensin into forebrain and mid-brain sites of the monkey. Sharpe, LG; Swanson, LW, 1974)	0.25
"1 The dose-response curves for angiotensin II and four analogues in rat colon and uterus, and in rabbit aorta, were obtained."	( Dose-response curves for angiotensin II and synthetic analogues in three types of smooth muscle: existence of different forms of receptor sites for angiotensin II. Papadimitriou, A; Worcel, M, 1974)	0.25
"1 The dose-response curves for angiotensin, 5-hydroxytryptamine and carbachol were obtained on rat uterus and colon excised 24 h after a bilateral nephrectomy or a sham operation."	( Specific supersensitivity of smooth muscle to angiotensin II after nephrectomy. Meyer, P; Papadimitriou, A; Worcel, M, 1974)	0.25
" Polyphloretin phosphate at a concentration of 10 mug/ml resulted in complete identity of dioestrus and metoestrus dose-response curves to angiotensin and oxytocin."	( Effects of prostaglandin inhibitors on angiotensin, oxytocin and prostaglandin F2 alpha contractile effects on the rat uterus during the oestrous cycle. Baudouin-Legros, M; Meyer, P; Worcel, M, 1974)	0.25
" The dose-response curves for steroidogenesis and that for PI labeling were superimposable in the case of angiotensin II (ED50 = 1 X 10(-8) M) and of acetylcholine (ED50 = 5 X 10(-7) M), while the two responses were dissociated under graded ACTH challenge."	( Stimulation of phosphatidylinositol turnover by acetylcholine, angiotensin II and ACTH in bovine adrenal fasciculata cells. Chambaz, EM; Culty, M; Hadjian, AJ, 1984)	0.27
" Establishment of dose-response curves to angiotensin II and III before and after photoaffinity labeling has permitted the calculation of "spare" receptors and affinity constants for angiotensins II and III."	( Photoaffinity labeling of the rat isolated portal vein: determination of affinity constants and "spare" receptors for angiotensins II and III. Kwok, YC; Moore, GJ, 1984)	0.27
" Nifedipine shifted the pressor dose-response curves of all three agonists to the right."	( Nifedipine and alpha adrenoceptor antagonism. Brown, MJ; Dollery, CT; Heavey, DJ; Murphy, MB; Scriven, AJ, 1984)	0.27
" Mesenteric vasoconstrictor responses to nerve stimulation and norepinephrine in the three groups were minimally affected by captopril, with significant differences between control and captopril-treated responses occurring randomly at a point or two in a dose-response or frequency-response curve for a given group."	( Effects of captopril on vascular noradrenergic transmission during the development of two-kidney, one clip Goldblatt hypertension in rats. Eikenburg, DC; Lokhandwala, MF, 1983)	0.27
" Both acutely and chronically in patients with essential hypertension, enalapril reduced blood pressure with a rather flat dose-response curve."	( An overview of the clinical pharmacology of enalapril. Davies, RO; Gomez, HJ; Irvin, JD; Walker, JF, 1984)	0.27
" During long-term administration of enalapril, a similar relationship between the plasma enalaprilic acid level, ACE inhibition and the hypotensive effect was shown, although the dose-response curve for plasma enalaprilic acid to ACE inhibition was displaced to the right compared to the acute dose-response curve."	( Plasma enalapril levels and hormonal effects after short- and long-term administration in essential hypertension. Casley, D; Cubella, R; Jackson, BJ; Johnston, CI; Larmour, I, 1984)	0.27
" The slope of the angiotensin II-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopamine selectively inhibits aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in man. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves revealed that near maximal stimulation of guanylate cyclase with angiotensin II was observed at a concentration as low as 10 pM."	( Angiotensin II stimulates guanylate cyclase activity in aorta, heart, and kidney. Vesely, DL, 1981)	0.26
"25 mg/kg, bucindolol caused approximately 1000-fold and 100-fold shifts to the right in the dose-response curves for isoprenaline-induced chronotropic activity and hypotensive activity, respectively."	( Studies in the rat on bucindolol, a new antihypertensive agent with beta-adrenoceptor blocking properties. Oates, HF; Stoker, LM; Stokes, GS, 1981)	0.26
" The dose-response curve for vasopressin-stimulated lipogenesis is similar to the dose-response curve for glycogenolysis and release of lactate plus pyruvate."	( Stimulation of hepatic lipogenesis and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase by vasopressin. Assimacopoulos-Jeannet, F; Denton, RM; Jeanrenaud, B, 1981)	0.26
" However, the pressor effect of adrenaline and noradrenaline (NA) were significantly reduced in dogs, and the dose-response curves to NA in aortic strips and to the alpha-agonist, phenylephrine in rats was shifted to the right in a parallel manner by quinidine."	( Vascular alpha-adrenergic blocking properties of quinidine. Caldwell, RW; Elam, JT; Mecca, TE; Nash, CB, 1983)	0.27
" capsaicin pretreatment on nociception, mean systemic arterial blood pressure, and dose-response curves for depressor effects of substance P (SP) and pressor effects of angiotension II (AII) and norepinephrine (NE) were examined in normotensive Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)."	( Capsaicin treatment in adult Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats: effects on nociceptive behavior and cardiovascular regulation. Brody, MJ; Gebhart, GF; Knuepfer, MM; McManus, DQ; Virus, RM, 1981)	0.26
"Colchicine (10(-5) M) significantly depressed the dose-response curve for angiotensin in isolated rabbit aortic strips."	( Effect of colchicine on angiotensin receptors in rabbit aorta. Farruggia, P; Khullar, H; Palaić, D, )	0.13
" Prolonged infusion of norepinephrine did not alter the relation between plasma norepinephrine and arterial pressure as assessed by these dose-response studies."	( Prolonged infusion of norepinephrine in the conscious dog: effects on blood pressure, heart rate, renin, angiotensin II, and aldosterone. Brown, JJ; Casals-Stenzel, J; Fraser, R; Hamilton, C; Lever, AF; Millar, JA; Morton, JJ; Reid, JL; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1982)	0.26
" These results suggest that renin and angiotensin II are increased up to 20 weeks after clipping, that there is no change in the net vascular responsiveness to endogenous angiotensin II at any stage in this experimental model and that the acute effect of angiotensin II is determined solely by its position in the same dose-response curve."	( The importance of the renin-angiotensin system in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the two-kidney one-clip hypertensive rat. Morton, JJ; Wallace, EC, 1983)	0.27
" Steepest portions of the dose-response curves were at lower rates of ACTH infusion for cortisol than for aldosterone, and maximum increment was much greater for cortisol (60-fold) than for aldosterone (12-fold)."	( Influence of sodium balance on ACTH/adrenal corticosteroid dose-response curves in the dog. Fraser, R; Gordon, RD; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1980)	0.26
" After pentobarbital anesthesia, intra-arterial pressure and dose-response curves to AII were determined, before and after SQ14225 (d-3-mercapto-2-methylpropranoyl-l-proline) (1 mg/kg iv)."	( Effect of converting enzyme inhibition on glucocorticoid hypertension in the rat. Elijovich, F; Krakoff, LR, 1980)	0.26
" Particular attention has been paid to peripheral plasma concentrations of angiotensin II in different circumstances; angiotensin II infusion has been combined with radioimmunoassay to construct angiotensin II/blood pressure dose-response curves."	( Angiotensin II and renal hypertension in dog, rat and man: effect of converting enzyme inhibition. Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Fraser, R; Lever, AF; Morton, JJ; Riegger, AJ; Robertson, JI, 1980)	0.26
" To establish whether the sensitivity to exogenous bradykinin was affected by the presence of angiotensin, vasodepressor dose-response curves to injected bradykinin were performed in conscious rats before and during a 1-h infusion of angiotensin I (30 ng/min), angiotensin II (30 and 300 mg/min), and [Sar2,Ala8]angiotensin II (5 micrograms/min)."	( Evidence for bradykinin potentiation by angiotensin congeners in conscious rats. Brunner, H; Gavras, H; Textor, SC, 1981)	0.26
" On the 15th day, rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital, and dose-response curves to angiotensin II, lysine-vasopressin, and norepinephrine were obtained before and after intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg of captopril or 1 ml of 5% glucose."	( The opposing effects of chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme blockade by captopril on the responses to exogenous angiotensin II and vasopressin vs. norepinephrine in rats. Brunner, HR; Gavras, H; Spertini, F; Waeber, B, 1981)	0.26
" The two dosages of MK-421 caused similar, significant falls in supine and standing blood pressure, which were maximum four to six hours after dosing (9."	( Non-sulfhydryl-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (MK421): evidence for role of renin system in normotensive subjects. Bayliss, J; MacGregor, GA; Markandu, ND; Morton, JJ; Roulston, JE; Squires, M, 1981)	0.26
" With the size of isolated glomeruli as the index, we have demonstrated identical dose-response relationships for graded concentrations (10(-13) to 10(-3) g/liter) of angiotensin II (AII) and angiotensin III (AIII)."	( Angiotensin receptors in glomeruli differ from those in renal arterioles. Caldicott, WJ; Hollenberg, NK; Margulies, SS; Taub, KJ, 1981)	0.26
" The log dose-response curve for ACTH release by angiotensin II was shifted to the right in a parallel fashion by saralasin 10 nmol/l, suggesting competitive antagonism."	( Angiotensin II stimulates the release of ACTH from dispersed rat anterior pituitary cells. Besser, GM; Gaillard, RC; Gillies, G; Grossman, A; Rees, LH, 1981)	0.26
" ACE inhibition was confirmed by increases in blood angiotensin I (AI) and plasma renin activity and a 20-fold decrease in sensitivity of the blood pressure and renal blood flow dose-response curves to AI."	( Renal hemodynamics and renal kinins after angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. Anderson, WP; Clappison, BH; Johnston, CI, 1981)	0.26
" Captopril (30 mg/kg by mouth) reduced blood pressure in conscious SHR over a 5-day dosing period."	( Hypotensive action of captopril in spontaneously hypertensive and normotensive rats. Interference with neurogenic vasoconstriction. Clough, DP; Collis, MG; Hatton, R; Keddie, JR, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves to angiotensin I, angiotensin II, and norepinephrine were established prior to and during continuous short-term (2 to 3 hours' duration) and long-term (24 hours' duration) inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme activity by either captopril or enalapril."	( Modulation of angiotensin II pressor responsiveness by circulating levels of angiotensin II in pregnant sheep. Austin, JE; Clark, KE; Holroyd, JC; Siddiqi, TA, 1983)	0.27
"The Ca2+ content of hepatocytes from juvenile male rats (80-110 g) or adult female rats (135-155 g) displayed a biphasic dose-response curve to epinephrine."	( Modulation of the alpha 1-adrenergic control of hepatocyte calcium redistribution by increases in cyclic AMP. Blackmore, PF; Exton, JH; Morgan, NG, 1983)	0.27
" The dose-response curves for the vasopressin- and angiotensin-stimulated responses lie close to the respective receptor occupation curves, rather than at the lower hormone concentrations needed to evoke activation of glycogen phosphorylase."	( Rapid breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate in rat hepatocytes stimulated by vasopressin and other Ca2+-mobilizing hormones. Brewster, G; Creba, JA; Downes, CP; Hawkins, PT; Kirk, CJ; Michell, RH, 1983)	0.27
" In hepatocytes obtained from rats partially hepatectomized 3 days before experiments were performed, the dose-response curves to glucagon were shifted to the right by about two orders of magnitude as compared to those of the control cells."	( Sensitivity of liver cells formed after partial hepatectomy to glucagon, vasopressin and angiotensin II. Corvera, S; García-Saínz, JA; Huerta-Bahena, J; Villalobos-Molina, R, 1983)	0.27
" The maximum of the dose-response curve (5-fold stimulation) was reached at 10(-10) M ACTH."	( Effects of angiotensin II and ACTH on normal and tumourous human adrenocortical cells. Belkien, L; Belmega, W; Fiedler, U; Häring, R; Oelkers, W; Shirpai, M, 1983)	0.27
" Dose-response relationships were determined before and during the inhibition of kinase II activity with captopril (2-D-methyl-3-mercaptopropanoyl-L-proline) and antagonism of angiotensin receptor sites with [Ile7]angiotensin III [( Ile7]ANG III)."	( Kinase II-dependent formation of angiotensins II and III in the hepatic circulation. Britton, SL; Daniel, C; Ronau, TF; Thomas, G, 1983)	0.27
" The shift to the left of the dose-response curve for beta MSH during sodium depletion was greater than that for AII or ACTH."	( Effect of sodium deficiency on beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone stimulation of aldosterone in isolated rat adrenal cells. Franco-Saenz, R; Mulrow, PJ; Yamakado, M, 1983)	0.27
" Dose-response studies indicated a rank order of CRA as follows: CRF greater than AVP greater than OXY greater than AII = AIII."	( Angiotensin II and ACTH release: site of action and potency relative to corticotropin releasing factor and vasopressin. Negro-Vilar, A; Spinedi, E, 1983)	0.27
" Pressor responsiveness was evaluated acutely on the basis of dose-response curves (0."	( Pressor responses of rats to vasopressin: effect of sodium, angiotensin, and catecholamines. Brunner, HR; Burnier, M, 1983)	0.27
", the hypertensives had a steeper dose-response curve than the borderline group, which points to the presence of structural vascular changes in the renal vessels in the hypertensives."	( Effects of subpressor doses of angiotensin II on renal hemodynamics in relation to blood pressure. Aurell, M; Berglund, G; Hartford, M; Ljungman, S; Wikstrand, J, )	0.13
"73 micrograms/min) in unanesthetized, nonpregnant sheep both before and after treatment with either high-dose or low-dose 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and constructed dose-response curves."	( Estrogen-induced refractoriness to the pressor effects of infused angiotensin II. Jackson, GM; Rosenfeld, CR, 1984)	0.27
" The slopes of the two dose-response curves were very similar (-14."	( The effect of saralasin in the chronically cannulated ewe in the early puerperium. Broughton Pipkin, F; Turner, SR; Wallace, C, 1984)	0.27
" The slope of the AII-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopamine modulates sodium-dependent aldosterone responses to angiotensin II in humans. Carey, RM; Drake, CR, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves for All-induced contractions of rat aortic strips demonstrated a decrease in All-midrange sensitivity during development."	( Relationship between developmental changes in angiotensin II-induced contractions and stimulation of phosphatidylinositol labeling of rat aorta. Rutledge, CO; Schoepp, DD, 1984)	0.27
" The slope of angiotensin-aldosterone dose-response curve was steeper with vehicle (0."	( Dopaminergic suppression of angiotensin II-induced aldosterone secretion in man: differential responses during sodium loading and depletion. Carey, RM; Drake, CR; Kaiser, DL; Ragsdale, NV, 1984)	0.27
" Indomethacin (10(-6)M), shifted to the left the dose-response curve for AII in preparations from ovariectomized animals; augmenting both, the efficacy and the potency of the agonist."	( Prostaglandins and the contractile effect of angiotensin I and II in the uterus isolated from ovariectomized rats. Influences of indomethacin and 17-beta estradiol. Chaud, M; Gimeno, AL; Gimeno, MF; Viggiano, M, 1984)	0.27
" By the example of the peptides saralasin, gonadorelin and protirelin and the corresponding dosage forms, the suitability of the technique for identification, purity and stability tests, as well as for analytical work, is demonstrated."	( [Capillary isotachophoresis--a new method in drug analysis. 1. Analytic capillary isotachophoresis of the peptide drugs saralasin, gonadorelin and protirelin]. Jannasch, R, 1983)	0.27
" Vascular reactivity of the isolated frog hindlimbs was compared by dose-response curves."	( Effects of frog-skin angiotensin II in amphibians. Bumpus, FM; Coviello, A; Khosla, MC; Proto, MC, )	0.13
"8 meq/liter) serum potassium for 48 h after bilateral nephrectomy for determining Ang II-aldosterone dose-response relationships."	( Potassium regulates angiotensin II-induced aldosterone biosynthesis in acutely nephrectomized rats. Douglas, JG, 1984)	0.27
" Shifts in dose-response curves to angiotensin II were always parallel."	( Differential effect of vasopressin on angiotensin and norepinephrine pressor action in rats. Barry, CR; Elijovich, F; Kirchberger, M; Krakoff, LR, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves to AII and NE (i."	( Atrial natriuretic factor inhibits angiotensin-, norepinephrine-, and potassium-induced vascular contractility. Atlas, SA; Januszewicz, A; Kleinert, HD; Laragh, JH; Maack, T; Sealey, JE, )	0.13
" In the rat pressor assay, infusion of the analogue at a rate of 500ng/kg/min caused a parallel displacement of the dose-response curve to ANG II to the right."	( A new approach to angiotensin antagonists: methylation of the tyrosine hydroxyl in angiotensin II. Franklin, KJ; Matsoukas, JM; Moore, GJ; Scanlon, MN, 1984)	0.27
" Dose-response curves were determined."	( Effect of hypertonic saline on vascular responses to angiotensin II in pregnancy. Gant, NF; Matsuura, S; Naden, RP; Parker, CR; Rosenfeld, CR, 1983)	0.27
" Nearly identical dose-response curves were obtained for members of each species following the intracerebroventricular injection of AIII; however, rats drank more water than gerbils following the administration of AII."	( Central angiotensin III-induced dipsogenicity in rats and gerbils. Harding, JW; LaCrosse, E; Mana, MJ; Morseth, S; Petersen, EP; Wright, JW, 1984)	0.27
" Captopril was infused intravenously in graded dosage from 10 to 3,000 microgram/kg, and renal blood flow measured with an electromagnetic flowmeter."	( Specificity of renal vasodilation with captopril: saralasin prevents the response in the DOCA-treated, salt-loaded rabbit. Hollenberg, NK; Passan, DR, 1982)	0.26
" Pressor reponses to angiotensin II were increased, dose-response curve (d."	( Effect of sodium, deoxycorticosterone and duration of hypertension on pressor responses in rats. Bing, RF; Russell, GI; Swales, JD; Thurston, H, 1982)	0.26
" Meclofenamate (10(-7)M) pretreatment of strips subjected to dose-response studies using PGF2 alpha, PGE2, bradykinin (B K) and angiotensin II (AII) revealed a significant reduction in tension developed to both BK and AII."	( The actions of prostaglandins and cyclo-oxygenase inhibition on the resistance vessels supplying the human fetal placenta. Tulenko, TN, 1981)	0.26
" Aortic strips from SHR previously dosed with captopril showed equivalent or greater contractile responses to potassium chloride (KCl) and NE, when compared with strips from untreated age-matched controls."	( Effects of captopril on vascular reactivity of SHR in vivo and in vitro. Antonaccio, MJ; Kotler, D; Rubin, B, )	0.13
" 6-OH-DA in the dosage applied, induces during its time of action in NR a smaller, in SHR a larger decrease of blood pressure and, presumably induced by intense NA-depletion of the myocardium, myocardial alterations."	( [Functional and structural behavior of the cardiovascular system of normotonic and spontaneously hypertensive rats following chemical sympathectomy and angiotensin administration]. Becker, CH; Engler, E; Matthias, D; Moritz, V; Schmidt, R; Will-Shahab, L, 1981)	0.26
" Comparing dose-response relations, arteries from both groups were equally sensitive to NE and KCl."	( Increased sensitivity to angiotensin in uterine arteries from pregnant rabbits. Moisey, DM; Tulenko, T, 1983)	0.27
" Hence, at the dosage levels used, AII probably did not inhibit the neuronal uptake of norepinephrine appreciably nor did it enhance the responsiveness of the cardiac effector sites to norepinephrine."	( Effects of angiotensin II on the cardiac responses to sympathetic nerve stimulation in dogs. Furukawa, Y; Levy, MN; Scipione, P, )	0.13
" Dose-response curves were plotted with 1n-dose on the x-axis and percent of maximum change in TPR on the y-axis, and the following indices of responsiveness were used: slope, 1nED50, 1nx-intercept, and maximum response."	( Increased systemic vascular responsiveness to catecholamines in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Walsh, GM, 1983)	0.27
" Dosage and duration of DOCA administration was chosen to prevent hypertensive haemodynamic alterations."	( [Mineralocorticoid-induced changes of vascular reactivity to noradrenaline and angiotensin II in baboons]. Bodewei, R; Gnüchtel, U; Schönfelder, G; Wallrabe, D, 1983)	0.27
" The effect was achieved by a significant increase in threshold to AII, rather than an alteration in the slope of the dose-response curve."	( Prostaglandin E2 attenuates the pressor response to angiotensin II in pregnant subjects but not in nonpregnant subjects. Broughton Pipkin, F; Hunter, JC; O'Brien, PM; Turner, SR, 1982)	0.26
"The effect of an intravenous infusion of saralasin in a rising dosage on blood pressure, central haemodynamics, forearm blood flow and venous distensibility was tested in 11 subjects with chronic non-uraemic renal disease."	( Effect of the angiotensin antagonist saralasin on hemodynamics in hypertensive non-uraemic chronic renal disease. Bahlmann, J; Brod, J; Cachovan, M; Hubrich, W; Pretschner, D, 1980)	0.26
" Plasma angiotensin II and arterial pressure both rose and were related in a dose-response curve."	( Evidence that the acute hypotensive effect of captopril in dogs is not wholly explained by a reduction of plasma angiotensin II and its direct vasoconstrictor effect. Morton, JJ; Tree, M, 1980)	0.26
"Spironolactone alone in full dosage failed to correct hypertension in a patient with Conn's syndrome and renal impairment, although the previously increased total exchangeable sodium fell to normal and the previously suppressed plasma angiotensin II did not rise above the normal range."	( Combined captopril and spironolactone treatment in Conn's syndrome with renal impairment and refractory hypertension. Atkinson, AB; Brown, JJ; Davies, DL; Lever, AF; Robertson, JI, 1981)	0.26
" Dose-response curves for various vasoactive agents were obtained before and after exposure to captopril (2 x 10(-4) M) for 30 minutes."	( Effect of in vitro administration of captopril on vascular reactivity of rat aorta. Fregly, MJ; Kikta, DC, )	0.13
" In another experiment angiotensin II was infused at 2, 6, 18 and 54 ng/kg/min into sodium-depleted dogs firstly without modification and secondly combined with captopril (6,000 micrograms/kg/hour) given for 1 hour before the angiotensin dose-response study and continued throughout."	( Effect of infused captopril on blood pressure and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in normal dogs subjected to varying sodium balance. Casals-Stenzel, J; Morton, JJ; Tree, M, 1982)	0.26
" Since both estrogen and progestogen seem to be responsible in the etiology of hypertension the lowest possible dosage of OC should be chosen."	( Oestrogens and hypertension. Roberts, JM, 1981)	0.26
" The dose-response curve for rats with gastric vagotomy was shifted to the right."	( Histamine-elicited drinking is dependent upon gastric vagal afferents and peripheral angiotensin II in the rat. Kraly, FS; Miller, LA, 1982)	0.26
" Complete vasopressin/blood pressure dose-response curves were constructed from circulating plasma vasopressin concentrations measured at the end of each infusion."	( Effect of acute vasopressin infusion on blood pressure and plasma angiotensin II in normotensive and DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. Garcia del Rio, C; Hughes, MJ; Morton, JJ, 1982)	0.26
" Potassium/aldosterone dose-response curves were constructed for each dietary sodium regimen."	( Effect of changes in sodium balance on potassium/aldosterone dose-response curves in the dog. Fraser, R; Livesey, JH; Morton, JJ; Nicholls, MG; Robertson, JI; Tree, M, 1982)	0.26
" These data would suggest that, at least in respect to the effects of narcotics on water intake, naloxone is a partial agonist of the nalorphine type, but the slopes of naloxone and of morphine dose-response regression lines are not in keeping with this hypothesis."	( Dual effect of naloxone on drinking behaviour of rats. Cantalamessa, F; de Caro, G; Massi, M; Micossi, LG, 1982)	0.26
" Trifluoperazine significantly inhibited glycogenolytic effect of phenylephrine and angiotensin II by lowering maximal response, and that of vasopressin by shifting the dose-response curve to the right, while alpha-antagonist phentolamine was inhibitory only to phenylephrine."	( Inhibition by trifluoperazine of glycogenolytic effects of phenylephrine, vasopressin, and angiotensin II. Kimura, S; Koide, Y; Kugai, N; Tada, R; Yamashita, K, 1982)	0.26
"The agonistic actions of angiotensin II and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were plotted on the guinea-pig ileum as cumulative dose-response curves."	( Non-competitive inhibition of angiotensin II and PGE2 on guinea-pig ileum with streptomycin, vitamin K3 and rutin. Abacioglu, N; Altinkurt, O, 1980)	0.26
"In 80 Wistar rats were investigated the prolonged action of Angiotensin II in a dosage of 0,05 mg/kg/die ip."	( [Edematous changes in the ultrastructure of the neocortex of Wistar rats following the application of angiotensin II]. Artychina, NI; Hecht, K; Kuwajewa, OF; Ljowschina, IP; Poppei, M, 1980)	0.26
"In 80 wistar rats were investigated the prolonged action of Angiotensin II in a dosage of 0,05 mg/kg/die ip."	( [Experimental hydrocephalus using prolonged angiotensin II application]. Artychina, NI; Hecht, K; Kuwajewa, OF; Ljowschina, IP, 1980)	0.26
" Isometric changes in tension were recorded as cumulative dose-response curves in 14 arterial strips after angiotensin II."	( Effects of angiotensin II and bradykinin on isolated human pulmonary arteries. Boe, J; Simonsson, BG, 1981)	0.26
" To determine whether this transience is caused by a decrease in the amount of ATP available for maintenance of smooth muscle contraction, we compared normoxic (PIO2 = 100 Torr) and hypoxic (PIO2 = 10 Torr) dose-response curves to infusions of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha), angiotensin II (AII), and potassium chloride (KCl)."	( Effect of severe hypoxia on the pulmonary vascular response to vasoconstrictor agents. Harabin, AL; Peake, MD; Sylvester, JT, 1981)	0.26
" In a smaller study potassium chloride induced a significant log dose-response on plasma potassium, but the effect was small in absolute terms."	( Amiloride, spironolactone, and potassium chloride in thiazide-treated hypertensive patients. Fraser, R; Hettiarachchi, J; Morton, JJ; Ramsay, LE, 1980)	0.26
" Interestingly, in the vascular smooth muscle preparations, the compound also exhibited elements of a noncompetitive antagonist in that both the slope and maximum of the A II dose-response curves were reduced markedly."	( Synthesis and pharmacology of a noncompetitive antagonist of angiotensin-induced contractions of vascular smooth muscle. [Sarcosyl]1-[cysteinyl (s-methyl)]8-angiotensin II. Day, AR; Freer, RJ; Sutherland, JC, 1980)	0.26
" Dose-response curves were shifted to the left, had steeper slopes, decreased thresholds, and increased maximal responses."	( Alterations in renal vascular resistance and reactivity in spontaneous hypertension of rats. Berecek, KH; Gross, F; Schwertschlag, U, 1980)	0.26
" In these studies dose-response curves were established for changes in both mean arterial pressure and uterine blood flow."	( The chronically instrumental ewe: a model for studying vascular reactivity to angiotensin II in pregnancy. Gant, NF; Rosenfeld, CR, 1981)	0.26
" A simple n-propyl ester was hydrolyzed very slowly (< 10% in 24 hr) in rat plasma in vitro, and after oral dosing in rats plasma prodrug concentrations were much greater than DMP 811 concentrations."	( Prodrugs to improve the oral bioavailability of a diacidic nonpeptide angiotensin II antagonist. Aungst, BJ; Blake, JA; Ensinger, CL; Hussain, MA; Pruitt, JR; Rogers, NJ; Saitoh, H, 1995)	0.29
" c-fos was induced 10-20-fold within 15 min with similar dose-response characteristics."	( Induction of immediate-early genes by angiotensin II and endothelin-1 in adult rat cardiomyocytes. Fronhoffs, S; Luyken, J; Neyses, L; Nouskas, J; Oberdorf, S; Pfeifer, U; Sukhatme, VP; Vetter, H; Williams, RS, 1993)	0.29
" caused dose-dependent parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curves (DBP and LVdP/dtmax) without altering the maximal responses to AII."	( Effect of various angiotensin receptor antagonists on cardiovascular responses to angiotensin II in pithed rats. Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA; Zhang, J, 1994)	0.29
" Aprotinin was infused intravenously in high dosage (2 x 10(6) kallikrein inhibitory units loading, 1 x 10(6) kallikrein inhibitory units/h)."	( Effect of the serine protease inhibitor, aprotinin, on systemic haemodynamics and renal function in patients with hepatic cirrhosis and ascites. Craig, KJ; Cumming, AD; Hayes, PC; MacGilchrist, A, 1994)	0.29
" Urinary electrolytes and aldosterone were measured for the 24 h before dosing and for 24 h after dosing."	( Comparison of the oral angiotensin II receptor antagonist UP 269-6 or enalapril 20 mg on blood pressure and neurohormonal effects in salt-deplete man. Brunner, HR; Insuasty, J; MacFadyen, RJ; McIntyre, M; Menard, J; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1995)	0.29
") shifted dose dependently the dose-response curve of angiotensin II to the right without affecting the maximal response."	( Effects of irbesartan (SR47436/BMS-186295) on angiotensin II-induced pressor responses in the pithed rat: potential mechanisms of action. Cazaubon, C; Chatelain, P; Christophe, B; Libon, R; Manning, A; Nisato, D, 1995)	0.29
" In this small sample of hypertensive patients, losartan monotherapy and losartan-hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) combination therapy were associated with modest reductions in systolic, diastolic and mean arterial BPs; significant changes were observed only at the peak dosing interval."	( Effects of losartan on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis in essential hypertension. Bauer, IH; Lau-Sieckman, A; Reams, GP; Wu, Z, 1995)	0.29
" A dose-response relationship to losartan was observed in this patient population."	( Effects of losartan on a background of hydrochlorothiazide in patients with hypertension. Goldberg, AI; Pratt, JH; Soffer, BA; Sweet, CS; Wiens, B; Wright, JT, 1995)	0.29
" The peptides produced dose-related increases in perfusion pressure, and dose-response curves to all six peptides were parallel."	( Analysis of responses to angiotensin peptides in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Garrison, EA; Kadowitz, PJ; Osei, SY; Santiago, JA, 1995)	0.29
" The results reveal that at a series of dosage combinations of AII [100 and 125 micrograms/kg, subcutaneously (SC)] and isoproterenol (ISOP) (10, 12."	( Effect of administration of angiotensin II and isoproterenol, alone and in combination, on drinking and tail skin temperature of the rat. Fregly, MJ; Rowland, NE, 1995)	0.29
" Losartan, but not PD123177, shifted the dose-response curves for AII to the right in a parallel manner."	( Hemodynamic effects of angiotensin II and the influence of angiotensin receptor antagonists in pithed rabbits. Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA; Zhang, J, 1995)	0.29
"The in vitro protein binding characteristics of the prototypical angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan potassium (DuP 753/MK 954) and its pharmacologically active metabolite EXP3174 were determined by ultrafiltration with plasma from naive donors, volunteers dosed with losartan, and purified human plasma proteins."	( Human plasma protein binding of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan potassium (DuP 753/MK 954) and its pharmacologically active metabolite EXP3174. Christ, DD, 1995)	0.29
" Losartan is as effective as other commonly used antihypertensive agents, but it permits convenient dosing and is better tolerated."	( The angiotensin II receptor antagonist losartan: a new advance in the treatment of hypertension. Lacourcière, Y, 1995)	0.29
" The dose-response curves to angiotensin I (n = 6) were significantly displaced to the right by captopril in a concentration-dependent manner."	( Effects of captopril on the human foetal placental circulation: an interaction with bradykinin and angiotensin I. de Moura, R; Lopes, MA, 1995)	0.29
" Our results indicate a BP and plasma renin dose-response relation for the orally active angiotensin II (AII) receptor blocker losartan in normotensive subjects with an activated RAS."	( Dose-ranging study of the angiotensin type I receptor antagonist losartan (DuP753/MK954), in salt-deplete normal man. Doig, JK; Lees, KR; MacFadyen, RJ; Reid, JL; Sweet, CS, 1993)	0.29
"It is difficult to establish dose-response relationships for ACE inhibitors in patients with hypertension or congestive heart failure."	( Dose-response relationships of ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II blockers. Brunner, HR; Nussberger, J; Waeber, B, 1994)	0.29
" The dose-response relationship and time course study indicated that PDGF-mediated release of activin correlated with initiation of DNA synthesis."	( Production of activin A and follistatin in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Kanzaki, M; Kawamura, N; Kojima, I; Mogami, H; Nobusawa, R; Yasuda, H, 1995)	0.29
" The effects of three long-acting calcium antagonists, amlodipine, lacidipine and nifedipine GITS (gastrointestinal therapeutic system), on vascular reactivity were assessed over 24h and 48h dosage intervals."	( Vascular reactivity: a measurement of calcium channel blockade. Elliott, HL, 1995)	0.29
"By clinical sphygmomanometer measurements at the end of the 24-hour or 12-hour dosing intervals (trough), all three losartan dosages were significantly more effective than placebo at decreasing systolic and diastolic blood pressures."	( Blood pressure effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker, losartan. Byyny, RL; Faison, EP; Goldberg, AI; Nelson, EB; Pratt, JH; Snavely, DB; Weber, MA, 1995)	0.29
" Parallel displacements in AII dose-response curves occurred without any reduction in the maximum response to AII."	( Pharmacological effects of GR138950, a novel angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist. Drew, GM; Hilditch, A; Hunt, AA; Judd, DB; Middlemiss, D; Polley, J; Robertson, MJ; Ross, BC; Travers, A, 1995)	0.29
" Meclofenamate and N omega-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester shifted the dose-response curve for ANG IV to the left in a manner similar to that observed with ANG II and ANG III."	( Analysis of responses to ANG IV: effects of PD-123319 and DuP-753 in the pulmonary circulation of the rat. Feng, CJ; Kadowitz, PJ; Kaye, AD; Nossaman, BD, 1995)	0.29
" A dose-response curve for Ang II was obtained for each subject before and at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h after administration of placebo and of the two doses of valsartan."	( Angiotensin II receptor blockade with single doses of valsartan in healthy, normotensive subjects. Cohen, T; de Gasparo, M; Howald, H; Müller, P; Racine-Poon, A; Sioufi, A, 1994)	0.29
" Full dose-response curves to noradrenaline were constructed in 10 subjects with primary Raynaud's disease and 10 age and sex matched control subjects."	( Venodilation in Raynaud's disease. Bedarida, G; Blaschke, TF; Hoffman, BB; Kim, D, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves for both peptides were parallel, and the time-to-peak increase in lobar arterial pressure in response to angiotensin IV and angiotensin II was similar whereas the duration of the response to angiotensin IV was significantly shorter."	( Analysis of responses to angiotensin IV in the pulmonary vascular bed of the cat. Cheng, DY; Dent, EL; DeWitt, BJ; Kadowitz, PJ; Nossaman, BD, 1994)	0.29
" Systemic or oral administration of GR1 17289 (3 mg kg-1)inhibited the pressor responses produced by All, resulting in parallel, rightward displacements of All dose-response curves."	( Cardiovascular effects of GR117289, a novel angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist. Drew, GM; Gardner, CJ; Hilditch, A; Hunt, AA; Middlemiss, D; Polley, J; Robertson, MJ; Ross, BC; Travers, A; Twissell, DJ, 1994)	0.29
"02) and effective renal plasma flow rose during the first (198 +/- 76 versus 231 +/- 49 mL/min) and second hours after dosing (185 +/- 69 versus 247 +/- 74 mL/min, P < ."	( Effect of intense angiotensin II suppression on the diuretic response to furosemide during chronic ACE inhibition. Brady, AJ; Cleland, JG; Good, JM; Noormohamed, FH; Oakley, CM, 1994)	0.29
" First, in control hearts, dose-response curves were obtained for single ANP dosages of 1-100 nmol."	( Interrelation of coronary effects of atrial natriuretic peptide and the renin-angiotensin system in the isolated perfused rat heart. Bauer, WR; Ertl, G; Neubauer, S; Obitz, G, 1994)	0.29
" Two consecutive dose-response curves to angiotensin II in each rat were obtained."	( In vivo study of angiotensin II tachyphylaxis in freely moving normo- and hypertensive rats. Radhakrishnan, R; Sim, MK, )	0.13
" PRL secretion was slightly stimulated by sCT with no apparent dose-response relationship."	( In vitro control of prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone secretion of neonatal rat pituitary glands: effects of ovine PRL, salmon calcitonin, endothelin-3, angiotensin II, bromocryptine and somatostatin. Avery, LM; Grosvenor, CE; Kacsóh, B; Tóth, BE, 1993)	0.29
" Losartan but not PD123177 caused parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curve of angiotensin II for dP/dtmax in the aortic blood pressure controlled pithed rat without altering the maximal response."	( Positive inotropic action of angiotensin II in the pithed rat. Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA; Zhang, J, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves for LTD4 (12-240 ng/min) on coronary flow were shifted to the left in rats with permanent coronary occlusion for 8 wk or with coronary occlusion for 30 or 60 min and reperfusion for 4 wk."	( Effects of LTD4 and its specific antagonist L-660,711 in isolated rat hearts with chronic myocardial infarction. Ertl, G; Gaudron, P; Han, H; Hu, K; Neubauer, S; Tian, R, 1994)	0.29
" Using isolated rat lungs, we determined the dose-response relationship of NO and the role of blood in mediating pulmonary vasodilation and selectivity."	( Inhaled nitric oxide: dose response and the effects of blood in the isolated rat lung. Anderson, SM; Daugherty, MO; Johns, RA; Rich, GF; Roos, CM; Urich, DC, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response curves to CPA were shallower and maximal responses were weaker than those produced by the other agonists."	( Interactions of adenosine A1 receptor-mediated renal vasoconstriction with endogenous nitric oxide and ANG II. Barrett, RJ; Droppleman, DA, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response curves of contractions obtained with ANG I or ANG II as well as the dose-dependent inhibition of ANG I-induced responses in the presence of CGS 16617 were similar for carotids taken from both WKY and SHR."	( Rapid reversal of angiotensin I-induced contractions in rat carotid arteries after acute and chronic treatment with the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, 3-[(5-amino-1-carboxy-1S-pentyl)amino]2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2-oxo- 3S-1H-1-benzazepena-1-acetic a Levens, NR; Sturm, B; Weiss, GB, 1993)	0.29
" 18-E-DOC inhibited the stimulated secretion of aldosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone in a similar dose-response and time fashion."	( 18-Ethynyl-deoxycorticosterone inhibition of steroid production is different in freshly isolated compared to cultured calf zona glomerulosa cells. Chiou, S; Gomez-Sanchez, CE; Yamakita, N, 1993)	0.29
" Neither afferent nor efferent arteriolar Ang II dose-response relations were significantly different in kidneys treated with low-dose adenosine or the adenosine receptor blocker."	( Renal arteriolar angiotensin responses during varied adenosine receptor activation. Carmines, PK; Inscho, EW, 1994)	0.29
" We found that saralasin or DuP 753, but not the kinin antagonist, displaced the dose-response curve to the right."	( Oxytocic effect of trypsin on the isolated rat uterus. Castillo, G; Esteban, S; Orce, G, 1994)	0.29
" important differences are noted in the dose-response of aldosterone secretion to adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), which is often shifted to a lower concentration sensitivity in cultured cells."	( A model for studying regulation of aldosterone secretion: freshly isolated cells or cultured cells? Balestre, MN; Chouinard, L; Gallo-Payet, N; Guillon, G; Payet, MD, 1993)	0.29
" Thus, dose-response relationships may be an index of age-induced alterations in pressure regulatory mechanisms."	( Ageing and blood pressure regulation: dose-response relationships for angiotensin, blood pressure, atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone in normal subjects of varying ages. Finn, WL; Gordon, RD; Klemm, SA; Ryan, SJ; Tunny, TJ, 1993)	0.29
" Cocaine produced a shift to the left of the norepinephrine dose-response in vessels from both controls and hypertensive patients."	( Morphology of resistance arteries and comparison of effects of vasoconstrictors in mild essential hypertensive patients. Deng, LY; Larochelle, P; Schiffrin, EL, 1993)	0.29
"The effects of human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) on glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), urinary flow rate, urinary sodium excretion, tubular function estimated by lithium clearance, and plasma levels of sodium and water homeostatic hormones were studied in a dose-response study with 50 healthy subjects."	( Dose-response study of atrial natriuretic peptide bolus injection in healthy man. Eiskjaer, H; Pedersen, EB, 1993)	0.29
"We studied healthy volunteers dosed with placebo, enalapril and losartan 4-6 h before measurement of forearm blood flow by venous occlusion plethysmography."	( Clinical pharmacology of angiotensin and bradykinin in human forearm vasculature. Cockcroft, JR; Goldberg, MR; Ritter, JM; Sciberras, DG, 1993)	0.29
" In contrast, the effect of angiotensin II on sodium excretion showed a flat dose-response curve beyond 5 ng min-1 kg-1."	( Circulating angiotensin II and renal sodium handling in man: a dose-response study. Lang, CC; Motwani, JG; Rahman, AR; Struthers, AD, 1993)	0.29
" Perfusions with both saralasin and angiotensin II and dose-response evaluations were performed."	( The angiotensin II antagonist saralasin inhibits ovulation in the perfused rat ovary. Butler, TA; LeMaire, WJ; Mukaida, T; Peterson, CM; Woessner, JF; Zhu, C, 1993)	0.29
" Dose-response evaluations showed a progressive inhibition of ovulation at 10(-8) to 10(-6) mol/L."	( The angiotensin II antagonist saralasin inhibits ovulation in the perfused rat ovary. Butler, TA; LeMaire, WJ; Mukaida, T; Peterson, CM; Woessner, JF; Zhu, C, 1993)	0.29
" For AII, reduced vasoactivity with low chloride was evident both in terms of the threshold dose and on the linear part of the dose-response curve but not for the maximum response."	( Chloride anion concentration as a determinant of renal vascular responsiveness to vasoconstrictor agents. Lin, YS; McGiff, JC; Quilley, CP, 1993)	0.29
", the blockade was overcome and the dose-response curves for angiotensin II were shifted to the right in a parallel manner."	( Analysis of the inhibitory effects of DuP 753 and EXP 3174 on responses to angiotensin II in the feline hindquarters vascular bed. Bellan, JA; Kadowitz, PJ; Minkes, RK; Osei, SY, 1993)	0.29
") did not alter the dose-response curves."	( Role of angiotensin II and prostaglandins in the regulation of uteroplacental blood flow. Woods, LL, 1993)	0.29
" EC50s of the dose-response curves for adrenaline, AII and PDBU were also markedly increased in aortae from DM rats compared to controls."	( Differential changes of adrenoceptor- and muscarinic receptor-linked prostacyclin synthesis by the aorta and urinary bladder of the diabetic rat. Jeremy, JY; Mikhailidis, DP; Thompson, CS, 1993)	0.29
" In subjects given losartan, respective decreases (systolic/diastolic) from run-in in supine blood pressure 6 hours after dosing were (mean +/- SD), compared with the placebo run-in day, first dose: -8."	( Effects of losartan on blood pressure, plasma renin activity, and angiotensin II in volunteers. Barchowsky, A; Bjornsson, TD; Bradstreet, TE; Goldberg, MR; Lo, MW; McCrea, J; McWilliams, EJ; Tanaka, W, 1993)	0.29
" Acute dosing accurately predicted the Emax after 6 weeks treatment."	( Inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system. Clinical pharmacology studies on kinetics, dynamics and concentration-effect relationships. Reid, JL, 1993)	0.29
" Angiotensin II dose-response studies were performed in conscious, chronically instrumented cirrhotic and control rats, and angiotensin II concentration-response studies were performed in isolated blood vessels obtained from similar groups of animals."	( Dissociation between pressor sensitivity in vivo and contractile reactivity in vitro to angiotensin II in rats with experimental cirrhosis. Leehey, DJ, 1993)	0.29
" A dose-response curve was performed for EPO at 0, 10, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 mU/mL."	( Erythropoietin-induced antinatriuresis mediated by angiotensin II in perfused kidneys. Aronoff, GR; Brier, ME; Bunke, CM; Lathon, PV, 1993)	0.29
" The dose-response relationships for these last two effects of ET-1 were found to be biphasic with a maximum (corresponding to 80 to 200% increase) at 50 to 80 ng ET-1/kg/min, and were also dependent on the infusion rate."	( In vivo stimulation of aldosterone biosynthesis by endothelin: loci of action and effects of doses and infusion rate. Cozza, EN; de Bedners, ME; Gomez-Sanchez, CE; Lantos, CP; Pecci, A, 1993)	0.29
" Full dose-response curves to angiotensin II and vasopressin were constructed in vitro in the isolated mesenteric arterial bed obtained from similarly treated groups."	( Effect of chronic estradiol administration on the acute pressor response to aortic coarctation in conscious rats. Ballejo, G; Castania, JA; Salgado, HC; Salgado, MC, 1995)	0.29
" The dose-response curve of the increase in MBP for angiotensin II injection (i."	( Increase in vascular sensitivity to angiotensin II and norepinephrine after four-day infusion of 0.3 M sodium chloride in conscious kininogen-deficient brown Norway Katholiek rats. Adachi, K; Katori, M; Kuribayashi, Y; Majima, M; Mizogami, S, 1995)	0.29
" Rabbit AAs and the attached macula densa were simultaneously microperfused in vitro, and dose-response curves to Ang II were obtained when the macula densa was not perfused or was perfused with either low NaCl (Na+, 26 mEq/L; Cl-, 7 mEq/L) or high NaCl (Na+, 84 mEq/L; Cl-, 65 mEq/L)."	( Influence of NaCl concentration at the macula densa on angiotensin II-induced constriction of the afferent arteriole. Carretero, OA; Ito, S; Ren, YL, 1996)	0.29
" From the dose-response curves, pressor (defined as mean arterial pressure changes), and vasoconstrictor (defined as systemic vascular resistance changes) effects were analyzed, and the slopes and the dose of norepinephrine required to increase mean arterial pressure by 20% were calculated (PD(20))."	( Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment attenuates adrenergic responsiveness without altering hemodynamic control in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Fathi, M; Kalonji, T; Licker, M; Lustenberger, S; Morel, DR; Neidhart, P; Valloton, MB, 1996)	0.29
" The pressor and constrictor effects of norepinephrine infusion were attenuated markedly in the ACEI group: the dose-response curves were shifted to the right and the slopes were decreased at the two study periods; PD(20) was significantly greater during hypothermic CPB (0."	( Long-term angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor treatment attenuates adrenergic responsiveness without altering hemodynamic control in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Fathi, M; Kalonji, T; Licker, M; Lustenberger, S; Morel, DR; Neidhart, P; Valloton, MB, 1996)	0.29
" In the presence of PD 123319 (10(-5) M) ANG dose-response curve was shifted to the left with no change in the maximal effect."	( Angiotensin II receptor subtypes and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in rat adrenal medulla. Garrido, MR; Israel, A; Saavedra, JM; Strömberg, C; Torres, M; Tsutsumi, K, 1995)	0.29
"Chronic exercise substantially shifted the dose-response curve for angiotensin II (ANG II)-induced contractions to the right with increases in the EC50 value in both endothelium-intact and endothelium-denuded aortae."	( Acute or chronic exercise alters angiotensin II-induced contraction of rat aorta. Inoue, M; Izawa, T; Komabayashi, T; Mizuta, T; Morikawa, M; Ohno, H; Yamashita, H, 1995)	0.29
" Hemodynamic changes after multiple-dose quinaprilat administration were similar to those observed after single doses and were generally sustained during the 6-hour dosing interval."	( Hemodynamic and hormonal effects of quinaprilat in patients with congestive heart failure. Bakovic-Alt, R; Bonzel, T; Mitrovic, V; Mudra, H; Posvar, EL; Schmidt, W; Strand, JC, 1996)	0.29
" HN-65021 inhibited angiotensin II, causing a shift to the right of the dose-response curve."	( The effect of HN-65021 on responses to angiotensin II in human forearm vasculature. Brett, SE; Chowienczyk, PJ; Cockcroft, JR; Durnin, C; Lynn, F; Mant, TG; Ritter, JM; Stevenson, P, 1995)	0.29
" Therefore, A II may modulate the nociceptive response of spinal dorsal horn neurons and influence the effects of EA, and different effects can be produced when the different dosage of A II is applied to the surface of dorsal horn."	( [Angiotensin II increasing the inhibitory effects of electroacupuncture on the nociceptive discharge of neurons in the spinal dorsal horn]. Hu, Q; Liu, W; Tang, J; Zhang, G, 1995)	0.29
" Pharmacokinetic data and clinical trials are reviewed, as well as adverse reactions, drug interactions, and dosing guidelines."	( Angiotensin II receptor antagonists: the prototype losartan. Porter, JA; Schaefer, KL, 1996)	0.29
" Urinary electrolytes were measured for the 24-h period before dosing (to confirm salt depletion) and for 24 h afterward."	( Dose-ranging study of the angiotensin II receptor antagonist irbesartan (SR 47436/BMS-186295) on blood pressure and neurohormonal effects in salt-deplete men. Brouard, R; MacFadyen, RJ; McIntyre, M; Meredith, PA; Reid, JL, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves to acetylcholine (0."	( Modification of aortic contractility in the cardiomyopathic hamster. Dumont, EC; Lambert, C; Lamontagne, D, 1996)	0.29
" The dosage of losartan was 50 mg/day."	( Effects of losartan on renal function in patients with essential hypertension. Berra, N; Fauvel, JP; Laville, M; Madonna, O; Pozet, N; Velon, S; Zech, P, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves were generated in the aorta in response to potassium chloride (KCl), AII and PE."	( Vascular reactivity to phenylephrine and angiotensin II in hypertensive rats associated with insulin resistance. Iyer, SN; Katovich, MJ, 1996)	0.29
" In contrast, significant increases in mRNA for collagen 1 (6-fold), collagen IV (4-fold), fibronectin 1 (4-fold) and TGF-beta 1 (2-fold) were seen with insulin alone (10(-6)M) in rat mesangial cells, and a dose-response effect could be demonstrated for insulin (10(-9) to 10(-6)M)."	( Insulin and angiotensin II are additive in stimulating TGF-beta 1 and matrix mRNAs in mesangial cells. Anderson, PW; Correale, JD; Graf, K; Hsueh, WA; Law, RE; Tian, J; Xi, XP; Yang, D; Zhang, XY, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response curves to angiotensin II (0."	( Vascular reactivity to angiotensin II in blood-perfused kidneys of hypertensive diabetic rats. Farina, NK; Hodgson, WC; Widdop, RE, 1996)	0.29
" In contrast, the single dosing of all agents failed to show antinociceptive effect."	( Antinociceptive effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and an angiotensin II receptor antagonist in mice. Miyazaki, M; Okunishi, H; Song, K; Takai, S; Tanaka, T, 1996)	0.29
" Mean arterial blood pressure (MBP) was significantly increased in the two highest dosage groups (B,C) at 2 h of infusion: (MBP; P: +2."	( The acute effects of FK-506 on renal haemodynamics, water and sodium excretion and plasma levels of angiotensin II, aldosterone, atrial natriuretic peptide and vasopressin in pigs. Golbaekdal, K; Nielsen, CB; Pedersen, EB, 1996)	0.29
" Examination of the Ang II dose-response relation revealed detectable JNK activation at 10(-9) mol/L and maximal activation at 10(-6) mol/L."	( Angiotensin II stimulates c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase in cultured cardiac myocytes of neonatal rats. Komuro, I; Kudoh, S; Mizuno, T; Shiojima, I; Takekoshi, N; Yamazaki, T; Yazaki, Y; Zou, Y, 1997)	0.3
" Similar dose-response relationships have been obtained for luminal and peritubular addition of AngII."	( Regulation of renal tubular sodium transport by angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic factor. Antoine, AM; Eitle, E; Harris, PJ; Hiranyachattada, S; Reilly, AM; Walker, L, 1996)	0.29
"These results confirm that there is activation of the RAS in asthmatic subjects by single doses of nebulized beta 2-agonists and that repeated dosing with nebulized albuterol has further, additive effects on plasma Ang II levels."	( The effect of nebulized albuterol on the activity of the renin-angiotensin system in asthma. Connell, JM; Millar, EA; Thomson, NC, 1997)	0.3
" The characterisation of their pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships deserves further refinement for designing optimal therapeutic regimens and proposing dosage adaptations in specific conditions."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic profile of angiotensin II receptor antagonists. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buclin, T; Csajka, C, 1997)	0.3
" Continuously administered AII (150 microg/kg) induced PE in most cases, while a bolus injection of the same dosage did not."	( Angiotensin II-induced pulmonary edema in a rabbit model. Koike, Y; Mineshita, S; Sanaka, M; Shimakura, K; Wang, L; Yamamoto, T, 1997)	0.3
" It is concluded that propofol in clinical dosage does not affect autoregulation in this pig model, although individual animals may display a different response pattern."	( Effects of propofol on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, and cerebral autoregulation in the anesthetized pig. Lagerkranser, M; Sollevi, A; Stånge, K, 1997)	0.3
" Two approaches were taken: (1) radioligand binding assays were performed on membrane preparations of purified renal microvessels and glomeruli, with displacement of 125I-[Sar-Ile8]-ANG II by specific non-peptide antagonists of AT (losartan) and AT2 (PD 123319): (2) dose-response curves to ANG II on the isolated perfused kidney were studied."	( Effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme two-week inhibition on renal angiotensin II receptors and renal vascular reactivity in SHR. Garcia, R; Haddad, G, 1997)	0.3
" There was significant difference in the 50% effective doses (ED50) for NE between the two groups of rats when the dose-response curves were normalized to their respective maximal responses: ED50 NE for cadmium-exposed rats was lower and the dose-response curve was shifted to the left."	( Effect of angiotensin II on the reactivity of isolated mesenteric vessels to norepinephrine in rats poisoned with cadmium. Skoczyńska, A, 1997)	0.3
" L-162,782 acted as a powerful partial agonist, stimulating phosphatidylinositol turnover with a bell-shaped dose-response curve to 64% of the maximal level reached in response to angiotensin II."	( Dual agonistic and antagonistic property of nonpeptide angiotensin AT1 ligands: susceptibility to receptor mutations. Costa-Neto, CM; Greenlee, WJ; Hjorth, SA; Miyakawa, AA; Paiva, AC; Perlman, S; Rivero, RA; Schambye, HT; Schwartz, TW, 1997)	0.3
" In vivo studies were evaluated by L-158,809 antagonist AT1 function versus the shift of the normal dose-response curve of blood pressure induced by Angiotensine II."	( Improved activity of a new angiotensin receptor antagonist by an injectable spray-dried polymer microsphere preparation. Escher, E; Hildgen, P; Lacasse, FX; McMullen, JN; Pérodin, J; Phillips, NC, 1997)	0.3
" In vivo studies with two different formulations show a strong shift of angiotensin II dose-response curve."	( Improved activity of a new angiotensin receptor antagonist by an injectable spray-dried polymer microsphere preparation. Escher, E; Hildgen, P; Lacasse, FX; McMullen, JN; Pérodin, J; Phillips, NC, 1997)	0.3
" We undertook a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 20 male volunteers to examine the safety, tolerability, and cardiovascular and psychomotor effects of a dosing paradigm similar to that envisaged for therapeutic use."	( Effects of prolonged infusions of the NMDA antagonist aptiganel hydrochloride (CNS 1102) in normal volunteers. Grosset, DG; Lees, KR; Muir, KW, 1997)	0.3
" Dose-response experiments indicated that maximal phospholipase C desensitization was obtained in the presence of 1 microM Ang II, with an EC50 of 90 nM."	( Desensitization of AT1 receptor-mediated cellular responses requires long term receptor down-regulation in bovine adrenal glomerulosa cells. Bernier, SG; Guillemette, G; Laporte, SA; Leduc, R; Richard, DE, 1997)	0.3
" Frequent blood samples were collected after the first single dose of candesartan cilexetil, and during the last dosing interval after 1 week repeated once-daily administration."	( Pharmacokinetics of candesartan after single and repeated doses of candesartan cilexetil in young and elderly healthy volunteers. Högemann, AM; Hübner, R; Riddell, JG; Sunzel, M, 1997)	0.3
"The pharmacodynamic properties of a new angiotensin II receptor antagonist (BAY 10-6734) in humans were to be quantitatively characterized from the rightward shifts of the agonist dose-response curves after administration of different doses of the antagonist."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist--characterization by use of Schild regression technique in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Herrmann, V; Malerczyk, C; Stass, H; Wensing, G, 1997)	0.3
" Before and up to 23 h post dosing (p."	( Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of an angiotensin II receptor antagonist--characterization by use of Schild regression technique in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Herrmann, V; Malerczyk, C; Stass, H; Wensing, G, 1997)	0.3
", the dose-response curve for angiotensin II was shifted to the right in a parallel manner, whereas the administration of higher doses resulted in nonparallel rightward shifts of the angiotensin II dose-response curves."	( Analysis of the effects of candesartan in the mesenteric vascular bed of the cat. Champion, HC; Kadowitz, PJ, 1997)	0.3
"Thirteen healthy control subjects were investigated on two separate occasions in a placebo controlled, randomized, dose-response study of the effect of intravenous infusion of prostacyclin (PGI2, Flolan, 2, 4 and 8 ng kg(-1) min(-1))."	( Effects of prostacyclin on renal haemodynamics, renal tubular function and vasoactive hormones in healthy humans. A placebo-controlled dose-response study. Bech, JN; Nielsen, CB; Pedersen, EB, 1997)	0.3
"We previously demonstrated that exposure to SHS increases infarct size in a rat model of ischemia and reperfusion, with a dose-response relation."	( Effects of second-hand smoke and gender on infarct size of young rats exposed in utero and in the neonatal to adolescent period. Browne, AE; Chatterjee, K; Chou, TM; Deedwania, PC; Gao, L; Glantz, SA; Hutchison, SJ; Parmley, WW; Sievers, RE; Sudhir, K; Sun, YP; Zhu, BQ, 1997)	0.3
" In isolated rabbit aorta, KRH-594 caused nonparallel shifts to the right of the dose-response curve to AII and decreased the maximal response with a pK(B) of 10."	( Pharmacologic profiles of KRH-594, a novel nonpeptide angiotensin II-receptor antagonist. Amano, H; Hashimoto, K; Hirata, T; Inokuma, K; Mikoshiba, I; Okuhira, M; Tamura, K, 1997)	0.3
" The drug is effective in the elderly and dosage adjustment is not required in these patients or in those with renal or hepatic failure."	( Irbesartan. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of hypertension. Gillis, JC; Markham, A, 1997)	0.3
"This study was conducted to assess the dose-response relationship of the new angiotensin II (Ang II) antagonist CS-866 on blood pressure and on endocrine parameters in hypertensive patients with an activated renin-angiotensin system."	( Blood pressure and endocrine effects of single doses of CS-866, a novel angiotensin II antagonist, in salt-restricted hypertensive patients. Brunner, HR; Laeis, P; Nussberger, J; Püchler, K; Witte, PU, 1997)	0.3
" The parallel antipeptide augmentation mimics the shift in the Ang II dose-response curve produced in hypertension studies of the slow pressor effect of Ang II and may be useful in deducing the currently unknown cause of the slow pressor effect."	( Augmentation of aortic ring contractions by angiotensin II antisense peptide. Dillon, PF; Holsworth, DD; Root-Bernstein, RS, 1998)	0.3
" As the irradiation dosage was increased from 15 to 30 Gy, the type I collagen gene content increased significantly, while type III significantly decreased."	( Kinetic alterations of angiotensin-II and nitric oxide in radiation pulmonary fibrosis. Cui, X; Shi, Z; Song, L; Wang, D; Yang, H, 1998)	0.3
" S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) also raised cGMP concentrations with similar dose-response relations."	( Inhibition of proximal tubular fluid absorption by nitric oxide and atrial natriuretic peptide in rat kidney. Eitle, E; Harris, PJ; Hiranyachattada, S; Wang, H, 1998)	0.3
" No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with hepatic insufficiency."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of irbesartan in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. Ford, NF; Langenbacher, KM; Lasseter, KC; Marino, MR; Raymond, RH, 1998)	0.3
" Background ET-1 or Ang II infusions did not alter the dose-response curve of the other drug."	( Endothelin does not interact with angiotensin II in the coronary vascular bed of anesthetized dogs. Horváth, I; Juhász-Nagy, A; Kékesi, V; Kiss, P; Szokodi, I; Tóth, M; Tóth, P, 1998)	0.3
" In study 2, the dose-response relationship for ANG II infusion (200, 350, and 500 ng."	( Mechanisms contributing to angiotensin II regulation of body weight. Cassis, LA; Fettinger, MJ; Lodder, RA; Marshall, DE; Rosenbluth, B, 1998)	0.3
" Pulmonary arterial segments were isolated and dose-response curves to various agonists (high K+, norepinephrine, serotonin, angiotensin II, and adenosine) were generated."	( Myosin isoform shifts and decreased reactivity in hypoxia-induced hypertensive pulmonary arterial muscle. Oberlies, NH; Packer, CS; Rhoades, RA; Roepke, JE, 1998)	0.3
", candesartan shifted the dose-response curve to angiotensin II to the right in a nonparallel manner, suggesting a noncompetitive blockade."	( Inhibitory effects of candesartan on responses to angiotensin peptides in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Champion, HC; Kadowitz, PJ; Lambert, DG, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves to angiotensin II of blood pressure show a tenfold higher potency for HR 720 to compete for angiotensin II, thereby decreasing the maximum effects when compared with losartan."	( Effects of the AT1 antagonist HR 720 in comparison to losartan on stimulated sympathetic outflow, blood pressure, and heart rate in pithed spontaneously hypertensive rats. Dendorfer, A; Dominiak, P; Häuser, W; Nguyen, T, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves were obtained in tail and femoral arteries from the same animals to norepinephrine and acetylcholine, basally and after exogenous insulin."	( Increased functional Na(+)-K+ pump activity in the vasculature of fructose-fed hyperinsulinemic and hypertensive rats. Berger, ME; Bunnag, P; Golub, MS; Hori, MT; Ormsby, BL; Tuck, ML, 1998)	0.3
" Before and up to 24 h post dosing angiotensin II was infused in ascending dose steps until blood pressure (systolic and/or diastolic) increased by +25 mmHg."	( Angiotensin II antagonism and plasma radioreceptor-kinetics of candesartan in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Fuchs, B; Herrmann, V; Högemann, A; Magin, SG; Malerczyk, C; Mutschler, E; Roll, S; Voith, B, 1998)	0.3
" DR at 6-9 h post dosing reached a maximum of about 30 and at 24 h still amounted to 4-7, indicating the persistence of a relevant antagonistic effect in vivo."	( Angiotensin II antagonism and plasma radioreceptor-kinetics of candesartan in man. Belz, GG; Breithaupt-Grögler, K; Butzer, R; Fuchs, B; Herrmann, V; Högemann, A; Magin, SG; Malerczyk, C; Mutschler, E; Roll, S; Voith, B, 1998)	0.3
"1 mumol/L) had no alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist effect but altered the mode of action of the alpha 1-adrenoceptor antagonist doxazosin: PD123319 changed doxazosin from a competitive to a non-competitive antagonist, as evidenced by the reduced slope of the dose-response curve for the alpha 1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine."	( Effect of angiotensin II receptor blockade on the interaction between enalaprilat and doxazosin in rat tail arteries. Marwood, JF, )	0.13
"These results suggest that, in contrast to cimetidine, the inhibitory effect of omeprazole on AII-stimulated aldosterone production following dosing with furosemide is negligible."	( Effect of omeprazole and cimetidine on plasma aldosterone response to angiotensin II. Fujimura, A; Maeda, A; Sasaki, M, 1998)	0.3
" With this approach, we studied the renal vasodilator response to 3 ACE inhibitors, 2 renin inhibitors, and 2 Ang II antagonists at the top of their respective dose-response relationships."	( Pathways for angiotensin II generation in intact human tissue: evidence from comparative pharmacological interruption of the renin system. Fisher, ND; Hollenberg, NK; Price, DA, 1998)	0.3
" The dose-response relationships for Ang II-induced rises in blood pressure and cardiac JNK and ERK activation indicated that cardiac JNK or ERK was not activated by a mild increase in blood pressure and that cardiac JNK was activated by Ang II-mediated hypertension in a more sensitive manner than ERK."	( Differential activation of cardiac c-jun amino-terminal kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase in angiotensin II-mediated hypertension. Iwao, H; Izumi, Y; Kim, S; Yamanaka, S; Yano, M, 1998)	0.3
"At 2, 3 h and 4 h after dosing with candesartan cilexetil, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and DBP, as well as mean arterial pressure (MAP), were significantly lower than at baseline."	( Acute effects of candesartan cilexetil (the new angiotensin II antagonist) on systemic and renal haemodynamics in hypertensive patients. Andersson, OK; Friberg, P; Fridman, K; Sunzel, M; Wysocki, M, 1998)	0.3
" Dose-response curves for NE-induced perfusion pressure, VO2, and lactate production in SHR were shifted to the left compared with WKY."	( Altered muscle metabolism associated with vasoconstriction in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Colquhoun, EQ; Ye, JM, 1998)	0.3
"Thirty THM aged 12 weeks were distributed equally to a lisinopril dosage group, a hydralazine dosage group, and an untreated group."	( Tissue-localized angiotensin II enhances cardiac and renal disorders in Tsukuba hypertensive mice. Fukamizu, A; Ishikawa, K; Kai, T; Kurooka, A; Murakami, K; Shimada, S; Sugimura, K; Takenaka, T, 1998)	0.3
" Moreover, the dose-response relationships for Raf-1 activation, MAP-kinase activation and mitogenesis show significantly higher sensitivity to Ang II than the InsP3, Ca2+-release and aldosterone secretory responses."	( Signaling events activated by angiotensin II receptors: what goes before and after the calcium signals. Balla, T; Smith, RD; Tian, Y; Varnai, P, )	0.13
" At this concentration, candesartan only produces a slight rightward shift of the angiotensin II dose-response curve."	( The effects of candesartan on human AT1 receptor-expressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. De Backer, JP; Fierens, FL; Vanderheyden, PM; Vauquelin, G, 1999)	0.3
", candesartan shifted the dose-response curve to AngII to the right in an insurmountable manner, indicating an insurmountable blockade of AT1 receptors."	( Analysis of the effects of candesartan on responses to angiotensin II in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Bivalacqua, TJ; Champion, HC; Kadowitz, PJ; Lambert, DG; McNamara, DB, 1999)	0.3
" A renin inhibitor developed to block rat renin produced a larger reduction in plasma angiotensin II concentration than did two ACE inhibitors at the top of their dose-response relationship."	( Pharmacologic interruption of the renin-angiotensin system and the kidney: differential responses to angiotensin-converting enzyme and renin inhibition. Hollenberg, NK, 1999)	0.3
" The dosage protocol was based on obtaining a 50% reduction in angiotensin I and angiotensin II pressor response with no significant effects on mean basal arterial pressure."	( Angiotensin AT1 receptor inhibition, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, and combination therapy with developing heart failure: cellular mechanisms of action. de Gasparo, M; Iannini, JP; Melton, DM; Mukherjee, R; Spinale, FG, 1998)	0.3
" The prior presence of 5-HT (1 microM) shifted the AII dose-response curves for VO2 and pressure to the right and left, respectively."	( Stimulation and inhibition of resting muscle thermogenesis by vasoconstrictors in perfused rat hind limb. Clark, MG; Newman, JM, 1998)	0.3
" On repeated dosing for 21 days in SHRs, SK-1080 significantly reduced blood pressure without inducing tachycardia and tolerance throughout the dosing period."	( In vivo pharmacologic profile of SK-1080, an orally active nonpeptide AT1-receptor antagonist. Kwon, KJ; Lee, BH; Seo, HW; Shin, HS; Yoo, SE, 1999)	0.3
" Irbesartan and captopril significantly reduced systolic pressure and produced similar rightward shifts in the angiotensin I dose-response curve."	( Comparison of irbesartan with captopril effects on cardiac hypertrophy and gene expression in heart failure-prone male SHHF/Mcc-fa(cp) rats. Carraway, JW; Holycross, BJ; McCune, SA; Park, S; Radin, MJ, 1999)	0.3
" Subsequently, a study was conducted to assess the dose-response curve for AII in a CMC vehicle in this rat model."	( Angiotensin II improves random-flap viability in a rat model. diZerega, G; Dougherty, W; Guerrero, A; Nguyen, T; Okuyama, N; Roda, N; Rodgers, K; Sherman, R, 1999)	0.3
" In addition, the majority of those on ACE inhibitors receive doses lower than the dosage used in the large clinical trials."	( Recent insight into therapy of congestive heart failure: focus on ACE inhibition and angiotensin-II antagonism. Brunner-La Rocca, HP; Esler, MD; Vaddadi, G, 1999)	0.3
" Intracellular administration of CV11947 or PD 123319 right shifted the dose-response curve about 1000 fold or 20 fold, respectively."	( Contractile effects by intracellular angiotensin II via receptors with a distinct pharmacological profile in rat aorta. Brailoiu, E; de Zeeuw, D; Filipeanu, CM; Nelemans, SA; Tica, A; Toma, CP, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effect of eprosartan and enalapril in the treatment of elderly hypertensive patients: subgroup analysis of a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Argenziano, L; Trimarco, B, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effects of eprosartan versus enalapril in hypertensive patients on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and safety parameters: results from a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Gavras, H; Gavras, I, 1999)	0.3
" Patients received the maximum titrated dosage during the maintenance phase."	( Effect of eprosartan and enalapril in the treatment of black hypertensive patients: subgroup analysis of a 26-week, double-blind, multicentre study. Eprosartan Multinational Study Group. Levine, B, 1999)	0.3
" Eprosartan 600 mg once daily was both well tolerated and effective, providing significant blood pressure reduction 24 hours after dosing in patients with mild-to-moderate systemic hypertension, regardless of age."	( Assessment of once-daily eprosartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, in patients with systemic hypertension. Eprosartan Study Group. Gradman, AH; Gray, J; Maggiacomo, F; Punzi, H; White, WB, 1999)	0.3
" Shortly after either bolus or prolonged dosing with angiotensin II, cell surface AT1-R expression recovers, indicating the existence of a significant restorative externalization pathway."	( Relationship between internalization and mRNA decay in down-regulation of recombinant type 1 angiotensin II receptor (AT1) expression in smooth muscle cells. Adams, B; Murphy, TJ; Obertone, TS; Wang, X, 1999)	0.3
" When applied locally to the sciatic nerve, the dose-response curve of angiotensin II was more potent in experimental diabetic neuropathy (EDN) than control rats."	( Altered vasoreactivity to angiotensin II in experimental diabetic neuropathy: role of nitric oxide. Kihara, M; Mitsui, MK; Mitsui, Y; Nakasaka, Y; Okuda, K; Schmelzer, JD; Takahashi, M, 1999)	0.3
" No such correlation was detected for each single dose of candesartan cilexetil but a dose-response relationship was present when both doses were combined."	( Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic interactions of candesartan cilexetil and losartan. Azizi, M; Chatellier, G; Guyene, TT; Ménard, J, 1999)	0.3
" A dose-response curve to Ang II was plotted for cumulative concentrations (from 10(-9) to 10(-6) mol/L) in endothelium-denuded aortic rings (pD(2)=7."	( Torasemide inhibits angiotensin II-induced vasoconstriction and intracellular calcium increase in the aorta of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Díez, J; Fortuño, A; Fortuño, MA; Muñiz, P; Ravassa, S; Rodriguez, JA; Zalba, G, 1999)	0.3
" Each of the inhibitors attenuated ANG II-induced reductions in MBF, and all dose-response curves were shifted to the right to an approximately threefold higher ANG II dose."	( ANG II- and TxA(2)-induced mesenteric vasoconstriction in rats is mediated by separate cell signaling pathways. Bauer, J; Cavarape, A; Dau, C; Ehmke, H; Parekh, N; Schaefer, F, 1999)	0.3
" Instead of increasing the dosage of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or that of an angiotensin II antagonist (AA), blockade of the system at two different levels by neutralising the internal counter-regulation mechanism could provide more effective blockade and, therefore, more pronounced biological effects."	( [Combined blockade of the renin-angiotensin system]. Azizi, M; Menard, J, 1999)	0.3
"The aim of this study was to examine the acute hemodynamic and neurohormonal effects of the angiotensin II antagonist telmisartan relative to placebo in patients with chronic symptomatic (New York Heart Association class II to III) congestive heart failure and to explore the dose-response relation for these effects."	( ARCTIC: assessment of haemodynamic response in patients with congestive heart failure to telmisartan: a multicentre dose-ranging study in Canada. Arnold, JM; Azevedo, ER; Baird, MG; Butt, RW; Humen, DP; Moe, GW; Parker, AB; Parker, JD; Parker, JO; Smith, SJ, 1999)	0.3
" Telmisartan caused significant decreases in systemic arterial, pulmonary arterial, and pulmonary capillary wedge pressures with evidence of a dose-response relation for each of these parameters."	( ARCTIC: assessment of haemodynamic response in patients with congestive heart failure to telmisartan: a multicentre dose-ranging study in Canada. Arnold, JM; Azevedo, ER; Baird, MG; Butt, RW; Humen, DP; Moe, GW; Parker, AB; Parker, JD; Parker, JO; Smith, SJ, 1999)	0.3
" At the lowest dose studied (20 microgram/kg iv), the inhibitory effects of candesartan were competitive, whereas at the highest dose (100 microgram/kg iv) the dose-response curve for angiotensin II was shifted to the right in a nonparallel manner with inhibitory effects that could not be surmounted."	( Role of AT(1) receptors and autonomic nervous system in mediating acute pressor responses to ANG II in anesthetized mice. Bivalacqua, TJ; Champion, HC; Dalal, A; Kadowitz, PJ, 1999)	0.3
" Angiotensin dose-response relationships were characterized, along with the influence of clinical covariates."	( Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buchwalder-Csajka, C; Buclin, T, 1999)	0.3
" Modelling of angiotensin dose-response curves and determination of the inter and intrasubject variability were performed by nonlinear regression (NONMEM)."	( Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buchwalder-Csajka, C; Buclin, T, 1999)	0.3
"Angiotensin challenges exhibited a clear dose-response relationship which can be characterized both by an Emax or a log linear model."	( Evaluation of the angiotensin challenge methodology for assessing the pharmacodynamic profile of antihypertensive drugs acting on the renin-angiotensin system. Biollaz, J; Brunner, HR; Buchwalder-Csajka, C; Buclin, T, 1999)	0.3
" In these studies, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is continued throughout the dosing interval and beyond in order to determine when systolic and diastolic blood pressure increase into the hypertensive range."	( Comparison of angiotensin II receptor blockers: impact of missed doses of candesartan cilexetil and losartan in systemic hypertension. Dell'Oro, R; Grassi, G; Mancia, G; Turri, C, 1999)	0.3
" However, ACE inhibitors may not suppress Ang II activity over their entire dosing interval and, with long-term therapy, Ang II levels tend to return to normal."	( Cardiac protection: evolving role of angiotensin receptor blockers. Califf, RM; Cohn, JN, 2000)	0.31
" Dosage adjustments are not necessary in elderly patients or in patients with mild hepatic or renal dysfunction."	( Candesartan cilexetil: an angiotensin II receptor blocker. Kaul, AF; McVoy, HJ; Stoukides, CA, 1999)	0.3
" Uterine ANG II dose-response curves were repeated following administration of the ANG II type 2 receptor (AT(2)) antagonist PD-123319 and then repeated again in the presence of an ANG II type 1 receptor (AT(1)) antagonist L-158809."	( Functional role of angiotensin II type 1 and 2 receptors in regulation of uterine blood flow in nonpregnant sheep. Clark, KE; Greenberg, SG; Lambers, DS, 2000)	0.31
" Treatment with indapamide alone at this dosage did not significantly influence most responses but in combination with perindopril it strengthened the effect of perindopril."	( The effect of treatment with low dose ACE inhibitor and/or diuretic on coronary microvasculature in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cicutti, N; Guez, D; Maurin, A; Rakusan, K; Schiavi, P, 2000)	0.31
"The U46619-stimulated platelet aggregation was significantly inhibited by losartan in a dose-response manner."	( [Effect of losartan on human platelet activation by thromboxane A2]. Casado, S; Castilla, C; Farré, J; Gómez, J; Guerra, JI; Jiménez, AM; López-Farré, A; Marcos, P; Montón, M; Núñez, A; Rico, L; Rodríguez-Feo, JA; Sánchez De Miguel, L, 2000)	0.31
" In the second experiment, furosemide injection was preceded by treatment with a higher dose of CAP; this dosage blocks the peripheral and central formation of angiotensin II."	( Activation of renal afferent pathways following furosemide treatment. II. Effect Of angiotensin blockade. Fitch, GK; Weiss, ML, 2000)	0.31
" Acute dose-response curves were constructed for AII and norepinephrine (NE)."	( Renin-angiotensin system in two genetically normotensive strains of Lyon rats. Lantelme, P; Lo, M; Sassard, J, 2000)	0.31
" Observed trough-to-peak blood pressure ratios support a once-daily dosage regimen."	( Candesartan cilexetil: an angiotensin II-receptor blocker. See, S; Stirling, AL, 2000)	0.31
" Our results define the dose-response relation for the ET(A)-receptor antagonist ABT-627 in the vasculature of the domestic pig and suggest the presence of an ET(B)-receptor subtype that mediates vasoconstriction in this species."	( Evidence for vasoconstriction mediated by the endothelin-B receptor in domestic swine. Burke, SE; Cox, BF; Ford, TT; Fu, KI; Lubbers, NL; Nelson, RA; Padley, RJ; Wegner, CD, 2000)	0.31
" Rather, we should recognise the importance of adequate drug dosing and modest reductions in dietary sodium intake in augmenting the BP lowering effect of ACE inhibitors in hypertensive African-Americans."	( Using angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in African-American hypertensives: a new approach to treating hypertension and preventing target-organ damage. Ferrario, CM; Flack, JM; Mensah, GA, 2000)	0.31
" Ang II receptor antagonists with an intrinsically long duration of action that produce smooth, sustained antihypertensive activity over the dosing period provide a similar 24 h benefit of Ang II inhibition."	( Factors affecting circadian variability. Giles, TD, 2000)	0.31
" With use of three dosage steps each, angiotensin II and acetylcholine were successively infused into the brachial artery."	( Increased vasoconstrictor sensitivity in obstructive sleep apnea. Carlson, J; Hedner, J; Kraiczi, H; Peker, Y, 2000)	0.31
" The slope of the dose-response curve for L-163,491 was flat, while the apparent affinity of the compound for angiotensin AT(1) receptors was slightly greater than angiotensin IV."	( L-163,491 is a partial angiotensin AT(1) receptor agonist in the hindquarters vascular bed of the cat. Champion, HC; De Witt, BJ; Garrison, EA; Kadowitz, PJ, 2000)	0.31
" ACEIs and higher dosed of ATA reduced myofiber hypertrophy."	( Reduction of cardiac endothelin-1 by angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist in viral myocarditis of mice. Baba, T; Kanda, T; Kobayashi, I, 2000)	0.31
" Plasma atrial and brain natriuretic peptide and cGMP levels were stable acutely (P=NS), while brain natriuretic peptide increased after repeated dosing in severe HF (P<0."	( Beneficial renal and hemodynamic effects of omapatrilat in mild and severe heart failure. Espiner, EA; Frampton, CM; Nicholls, MG; Powell, JD; Rademaker, MT; Richards, AM; Troughton, RW; Yandle, TG, 2000)	0.31
" Incubation with ANGII (10(-9) and 10(-8) M) had no significant effect on the dose-response curve for insulin-stimulated [(3)H]2-deoxyglucose uptake."	( Possible interactions between angiotensin II and insulin: effects on glucose and lipid metabolism in vivo and in vitro. Donnelly, R; Gray, S; Idris, I; Patiag, D; Qu, X; Seale, JP; Wilkes, M, 2000)	0.31
" Dose-response curves for drinking response to intracerebroventricular injections of ANG II were compared between SD and TG rats."	( Glial angiotensinogen regulates brain angiotensin II receptors in transgenic rats TGR(ASrAOGEN). Bader, M; Böhm, M; Bricca, G; Ganten, D; Monti, J; Schinke, M, 2001)	0.31
" In IMA rings incubated with 1 or 10 nmol/L GR117289C, contractile responses to AII were attenuated in a concentration-related manner, whereas the dose-response curve did not shift to the right when higher doses of AII were administered, suggesting that the AT1 receptor blockade was noncompetitive in nature."	( Inhibition of vasoconstriction by angiotensin receptor antagonist GR117289C in arterial grafts. Floten, HS; Furnary, AP; He, GW; Liu, MH; Yim, AP, 2000)	0.31
" This reduced agonist affinity caused a significant shift to the right in the dose-response curve for Ang II-induced inositol trisphosphate production and Ca(2+) mobilization of the long hAT(1)R when compared with that of the short hAT(1)R."	( Human angiotensin II type 1 receptor isoforms encoded by messenger RNA splice variants are functionally distinct. Bray, SM; Burton, GF; Elton, TS; Martin, MM; McLaughlin, JN; Ogilvie, JW; White, CR; Willardson, BM, 2001)	0.31
" In separate groups of animals, dose-response curves for increases in diastolic pressure produced by phenylephrine were generated after the administration of saline (control), ouabain (18 microg/kg), L-omega-N-nitro arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 3 micromol/kg) and angiotensin II (15 ng/kg per min)."	( Acute pressor actions of ouabain do not enhance the actions of phenylephrine or norepinephrine in anesthetized rats. Barker, LA; Rossoni, LV; Vassallo, DV, 2001)	0.31
" The dose-response curve for NE (0."	( Lead-cadmium interaction effect on the responsiveness of rat mesenteric vessels to norepinephrine and angiotensin II. Andrzejak, R; Skoczyńska, A; Wróbel, J, 2001)	0.31
" Five-day oral dosing with the selective ET(A)-receptor antagonist ABT-627 (~2 mg."	( Role of ET(A) receptors in experimental ANG II-induced hypertension in rats. Ballew, JR; Fink, GD, 2001)	0.31
"5 x 10(-6)) to generate two cumulative dose-response curves (CDRC I and II)."	( Endothelium-dependent desensitization to angiotensin II in rabbit aorta: the mechanisms involved. Coviello, A; de Bruno, MP; Jerez, S, 2001)	0.31
"In order to investigate the role of Angiotensin II (AII) for the vasogenic cerebral edema, the AT1 receptor antagonist (TCV-116) was administered to 19-week-old stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP) for 2 weeks at a dosage which did not decrease the blood pressure."	( AT1 receptor antagonist prevents brain edema without lowering blood pressure. Ito, H; Kawai, J; Suzuki, T; Takemori, K, 2000)	0.31
"All studies used conventional sphygmomanometry for blood pressure measurements at trough (end of the dosing interval)."	( Blood pressure response, but not adverse event incidence, correlates with dose of angiotensin II antagonist. Laeis, P; Püchler, K; Stumpe, KO, 2001)	0.31
" A dose-response study indicated that this dose of L-NMMA significantly blocked NO synthesis."	( Nitric oxide dependence of renal blood flow in patients with renal artery stenosis. Engelshoven, JMAV; Houben, AJHM; Koster, D; Kroon, AA; Leeuw, PW; Wierema, TKA; Zander, KV, 2001)	0.31
" In anaesthetized rabbits (treated or sham), arterial blood pressure and renal blood flow were measured and renal responsiveness tested by constructing dose-response curves to bolus doses of phenylephrine, angiotensin II and acetylcholine delivered directly into the renal artery."	( Chronic angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition enhances renal vascular responsiveness to acetylcholine in anaesthetized rabbits. Alcorn, D; Anderson, WP; Denton, KM; Lamden, M; Shweta, A, 2001)	0.31
" Maximum blood pressure reduction occurred with a dosage of 40 to 80 mg/day."	( Telmisartan: a review of its use in hypertension. Goa, KL; Jarvis, B; Sharpe, M, 2001)	0.31
" The inhibitory effect of telmisartan 20, 40, and 80 mg, 48 h after dosing was significantly greater than that of placebo."	( Inhibitory effect of telmisartan on the blood pressure response to angiotensin II challenge. de Bruin, H; Jonkman, JH; Meinicke, T; Stangier, J; Su, CA; Tamminga, WJ; van Heiningen, PN; van Lier, JJ, 2001)	0.31
" The effects of Ang(1-7) were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and by the ratios of individually derived areas under the dose-response curves (AUC) of bradykinin, adjusted for changes in the AUCs by repeated infusions of bradykinin with placebo."	( Angiotensin(1-7) potentiates bradykinin-induced vasodilatation in man. Brosnihan, KB; Ishii, M; Masumori-Maemoto, S; Ueda, S; Umemura, S; Wada, A, 2001)	0.31
" To investigate blockade of postsynaptic AT1 receptors, we studied the effect of the AT1 antagonists on dose-response curves elicited by exogenous Ang II."	( Inhibition of facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission and angiotensin II-induced pressor effects in the pithed rat: comparison between valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2001)	0.31
" Interestingly, the greatest doses of the AT1 antagonists caused less than maximal reduction in the stimulation-induced increase in DBP, resulting in a U-shaped dose-response relationship."	( Inhibition of facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission and angiotensin II-induced pressor effects in the pithed rat: comparison between valsartan, candesartan, eprosartan and embusartan. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2001)	0.31
" The purpose was to measure the effect of ibuprofen on urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 (u-AQP2), urinary output, urinary osmolality (u-osm) and plasma concentration of vasopressin (AVP) in a dose-response study using placebo and ibuprofen 600mg and 1200mg."	( Effect of an acute oral ibuprofen intake on urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in healthy humans. Bech, JN; Bentzen, H; Pedersen, EB; Pedersen, RS, 2001)	0.31
" In 3 periods of 8 days, separated by wash-outs of 6 days, each volunteer received 2 dosage levels of Aliskiren (low before high; 40 and 80 or 160 and 640 mg/d) and randomized placebo or 20 mg enalapril."	( Angiotensin II suppression in humans by the orally active renin inhibitor Aliskiren (SPP100): comparison with enalapril. Brunner, HR; Jensen, C; Nussberger, J; Wuerzner, G, 2002)	0.31
" Losartan is unique among the AIIAs in that it offers 1-step titration dosing and has a uricosuric effect."	( Improving the managed care of hypertension with angiotensin II antagonists. Moore, MA, 2002)	0.31
" In this study we investigated the importance of drug dosing in mediating these differences by comparing the AT(1)-receptor blockade induced by 3 doses of valsartan with that obtained with 3 other antagonists at given doses."	( Comparative angiotensin II receptor blockade in healthy volunteers: the importance of dosing. Brunner, HR; Burnier, M; Centeno, C; Maillard, MP; Nussberger, J; Würzner, G, 2002)	0.31
" Thus, severe hypertension and related CVD were regressed by MDL-100,240, which resulted to be as effective as a full dosage of ramipril in TGRen2."	( Comparative effects of the dual ACE-NEP inhibitor MDL-100,240 and ramipril on hypertension and cardiovascular disease in endogenous angiotensin II-dependent hypertension. Agabiti-Rosei, E; Bova, S; Neri, G; Nussdorfer, GG; Pessina, AC; Rizzoni, D; Rossi, GP; Sacchetto, A, 2002)	0.31
" In this study, we examined the relative contribution of non-ACE pathways, by comparing the response to candesartan and to captopril at the top of the dose-response in normal humans when in balance on a low-salt, as well as a high-salt, diet."	( Salt intake and non-ACE pathways for intrarenal angiotensin II generation in man. Fisher, ND; Hollenberg, NK; Lansang, MC; Osei, SY; Price, DA, 2001)	0.31
" Chronic candesartan therapy, 16 mg once-daily effectively suppresses pressor responses to Ang II over the duration of the dosing interval."	( The effects of candesartan on vascular responses to angiotensin II and norepinephrine in normal volunteers. Howes, L; Phoon, S; Tran, D, 2001)	0.31
" Dose-response curves were recorded by means of an video-electronic arteriograph system."	( Human chorionic gonadotropin attenuates the vascular response to angiotensin II. Hermsteiner, M; Künzel, W; Zoltan, DR, 2002)	0.31
" In vitro endothelium-dependent and -independent responses to acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were assessed by constructing isometric dose-response curves in precontracted rings in the presence and absence of bosentan (endothelinA/B receptor antagonist) and BQ-123 (endothelinA antagonist) using isolated organ baths."	( Endothelin blockade potentiates endothelial protective effects of ACE inhibitors in saphenous veins. Anderson, TJ; Badiwala, M; Dumont, AS; Fedak, PW; Ko, L; Lovren, F; Maitland, A; Rao, V; Triggle, CR; Verma, S, 2002)	0.31
" Significant reductions in systolic BP and diastolic BP are achieved with a once-daily dosage of candesartan cilexetil 2 to 32 mg/day in patients with mild to moderate hypertension."	( Candesartan cilexetil: an update of its use in essential hypertension. Easthope, SE; Jarvis, B, 2002)	0.31
" To evaluate this effect further, dose-response curves with noradrenaline were measured in the presence and absence of 20 micromol/l simvastatin, lovastatin, mevastatin and pravastatin."	( Inhibition of smooth muscle cell calcium mobilization and aortic ring contraction by lactone vastatins. Altieri, PI; Crespo, MJ; Escobales, N; Furilla, RA, 1996)	0.29
" For this purpose dose-response curves (DRCs) for NA (i."	( Vasopressin-induced presynaptic facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission in the pithed rat. Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; Streefkerk, JO; van Zwieten, PA, 2002)	0.31
" Analysis of dose-response curves to Ang III in forskolin-treated CTAL demonstrated that the maximal [Ca2+]i response was significantly increased without altering the EC50."	( Potentiation of [Ca2+]i response to angiotensin III by cAMP in cortical thick ascending limb. Corvol, P; Hus-Citharel, A; Llorens-Cortes, C; Marchetti, J, 2002)	0.31
" Dose-response curves were obtained for intravenous or fourth cerebroventricular injections of ANG II, lysyl-vasopressin (LVP), bradykinin (BK), or endothelin-1 (ET-1)."	( Systemic site of action for pressor effect of angiotensin II injected into the fourth cerebral ventricle of rats? Fior-Chadi, DR; Lindsey, CJ; Merjan, AJ; Paiva, AC; Pesquero, JB; Yu, YG, 2002)	0.31
" Losartan shifts the dose-response curve for angiotensin II to the right without affecting the maximal response; this antagonism can be overcome by increasing concentrations of angiotensin II and thus losartan acts as a surmountable antagonist."	( AT(1)-receptor blockers: differences that matter. Gradman, AH, 2002)	0.31
" After constricting the vessels with phenylephrine, an acetylcholine dose-response curve was obtained while monitoring changes in diameter by videomicroscopy."	( Perivascular superoxide anion contributes to impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation: role of gp91(phox). Carretero, OA; Garvin, JL; Li, XC; Pagano, PJ; Rey, FE, 2002)	0.31
" Hemodynamic studies were undertaken with the determination of dose-response curve for MAP and renal cortical blood flow (RCF) in response to U46619, angiotensin-II, phenylephrine and endothelin-1, as well as the systemic hemodynamic response to acetylcholine and L-NG nitro-arginine methylester (L-NAME)."	( Gender difference in vascular and platelet reactivity to thromboxane A(2)-mimetic U46619 and to endothelial dependent vasodilation in Zucker fatty (hypertensive, hyperinsulinemic) diabetic rats. Ajayi, AA; Cory, J; Hayes, BE; Hercule, H; Oyekan, AO, 2003)	0.32
" However, all ARBs caused less than maximal inhibition after the highest dose, thus causing a U-shaped dose-response curve with respect to sympatho-inhibition."	( Involvement of the AT(2)-receptor in angiotensin II-induced facilitation of sympathetic neurotransmission. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Nap, A; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2002)	0.31
" Cumulative dose-response curves to intravenous angiotensin I (AI) (5-100 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) and angiotensin II (AII) (1-20 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1)) were constructed for male, sham-operated female, and ovariectomized female (OVX) SHR that were maintained on either casein or soy diets."	( Pressor responsiveness to angiotensin in soy-fed spontaneously hypertensive rats. Breitkopf, NP; Eyster, KM; Martin, DS; Williams, JL, 2002)	0.31
" Additionally, we studied the effect of irbesartan on dose-response curves for the vasoconstriction induced by exogenous Ang II."	( Sympatho-inhibitory actions of irbesartan in pithed spontaneously hypertensive and Wistar-Kyoto rats. Balt, JC; Mathy, MJ; Pfaffendorf, M; van Zwieten, PA, 2003)	0.32
" In vivo, osmotic pump delivery of ANG II at less potent dosage caused a proteinuria (Biuret) and an albuminuria (radioimmunoassay) in rats, from as early as 2 days after pump implantation."	( Reversible angiotensin II-mediated albuminuria in rat kidneys is dynamically associated with cytoskeletal organization. Clavant, SP; Comper, WD; Forbes, JM; Jerums, G; Osicka, TM; Thallas, V, 2003)	0.32
"kg(-1) twice a week; IL-10 treated group (E): besides same dosage of CCl(4) given, intraperitoneal injection with IL-10 4 ug."	( Effects of transmitters and interleukin-10 on rat hepatic fibrosis induced by CCl4. Chen, ZX; Huang, YH; Li, B; Li, D; Wang, XZ; Zhang, LJ, 2003)	0.32
" Rightward shift of the dose-response curves due to coinfusion of inhibitors served to assess contribution of different pathways: trimethoxybenzoate (TMB-8) against Ca2+ mobilization, nifedipine against Ca2+ influx, staurosporine and Ro-318220 against PKC, and Y-27632 and HA-1077 against ROK."	( Variations in cell signaling pathways for different vasoconstrictor agonists in renal circulation of the rat. Bauer, J; Parekh, N, 2003)	0.32
" They shifted dose-response curves of Ang II, norepinephrine, and AVP to sevenfold and higher values."	( Variations in cell signaling pathways for different vasoconstrictor agonists in renal circulation of the rat. Bauer, J; Parekh, N, 2003)	0.32
" Average dose-response curves were established."	( Different vascular responsiveness to angiotensin II in two normotensive rat strains. Basset, A; Blanc, J; Elghozi, JL; Herin, L; Laude, D; Laurent, S, 2003)	0.32
"This review describes the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, adverse-effect profile, drug-interaction potential, and dosing of olmesartan medoxomil."	( Olmesartan medoxomil: an angiotensin II-receptor blocker. Brousil, JA; Burke, JM, 2003)	0.32
" The effects of ANG III exhibited complex dose-response relations."	( Effects of different angiotensins during acute, double blockade of the renin system in conscious dogs. Bie, P; Plovsing, RR; Sandgaard, NC; Wamberg, C, 2003)	0.32
" Future studies of L-arginine in conjunction with chronic continuous ISMN dosing are warranted."	( Interactions of L-arginine, isosorbide mononitrate, and angiotensin II inhibitors on arterial pulse wave. Barin, ES; Gilfillan, KL; Kaesemeyer, WH; Stokes, GS, 2003)	0.32
"3-fold in the dose-response curves."	( A comparative assessment of the duration of action of amlodipine and nifedipine GITS in normotensive subjects. Elliott, HL; Howie, CA; Meredith, PA; Ueda, S, 1993)	0.29
" The dosage was doubled if necessary."	( Better renoprotective effect of angiotensin II antagonist compared to dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker in childhood. Bianchetti, MG; Edefonti, A; Fossali, E; Gartenmann, AC; Schmidtko, J; Simonetti, GD; von Vigier, RO, 2003)	0.32
" Dose-response data were curve-fitted, and the extraction of angiotensin II by the left kidney was calculated by comparing the doses of angiotensin II required to elicit equal increases in right renal vascular resistance during intravenous versus left intrarenal artery infusions."	( Renal extraction of angiotensin II. Herzer, WA; Jackson, EK, 2003)	0.32
" Functional conversion of Ang I was assessed as the difference in dose-response curves to Ang I and Ang II in parallel aortic rings."	( High dietary sodium blunts affects of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on vascular angiotensin I-to-angiotensin II conversion in rats. Boomsma, F; Buikema, H; de Zeeuw, D; Gschwend, S; Kocks, MJ; Navis, G, 2003)	0.32
"Office DBP was significantly lower with KT3-671 40 mg but not the other 2 dosage groups (-3."	( The effects of KT3-671, a new angiotensin II (AT 1) receptor blocker in mild to moderate hypertension. Brady, A; MacDonald, T; McInnes, G; Patterson, D; Webster, J, 2003)	0.32
" Sequential BK dose-response curves were made before, 10 minutes after captopril, and within 10 minutes of infusion of vehicle or A-779."	( Angiotensin-(1-7) antagonist A-779 attenuates the potentiation of bradykinin by captopril in rats. Campagnole-Santos, MJ; de Carvalho, MH; Fernandes, L; Maia, LG; Ramos, MC; Souza dos Santos, RA, 2004)	0.32
" Ang II was administered ip at a dosage of 640 ng/kg."	( Angiotensin II-induced insulin resistance is enhanced in adrenomedullin-deficient mice. Ando, K; Asano, T; Fujita, T; Itakura, K; Matsui, H; Ogihara, T; Qingyou, X; Shimosawa, T; Xing, G, 2004)	0.32
"In the present study, we established dose-response relationships between central administration of 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine 1-oxyl (Tempol, a superoxide dismutase mimetic) and the level of renal sympathetic nerve discharge (SND) and tested the hypothesis that intracerebroventricular (icv) Tempol pretreatment would attenuate centrally mediated changes in SND produced by icv ANG II administration."	( Central Tempol alters basal sympathetic nerve discharge and attenuates sympathetic excitation to central ANG II. Fels, RJ; Helwig, BG; Kenney, MJ; Lu, N; Parimi, S, 2004)	0.32
" The slope of the angiotensin II dose-response curve correlated significantly with the basal plasma palmitate concentration."	( Vascular response to angiotensin II in upper body obesity. Halliwill, JR; Jensen, MD; Joyner, MJ; Nielsen, S, 2004)	0.32
" ARB dosage optimization or the addition of a second renoprotective agent (ACE inhibitor or non-dihydropyridine calcium-channel blocker) may be important for optimal renoprotection, although further research is clearly needed in this area."	( The renal protective effects of angiotensin II receptor blockers in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Coyle, JD; Gardner, SF; White, CM, 2004)	0.32
" In the presence of globular adiponectin, apoptosis was inhibited in a dose-response manner."	( Angiotensin II-induced apoptosis in human endothelial cells is inhibited by adiponectin through restoration of the association between endothelial nitric oxide synthase and heat shock protein 90. Liau, CS; Lin, CY; Lin, LY; Su, TC, 2004)	0.32
"As compared with the normal group, the cumulative dose-response curve of SMA to NE and Ca2+ in shock group was shifted to the right, the maximal contraction (Emax) and -lg(EC50)(pD2) of NE and Ca2+ were decreased significantly(P<0."	( [Role of calcium desensitization in vascular hyporeactivity in hemorrhagic shock]. Liu, LM; Xun, J, 2005)	0.33
"The dose-response relationship between pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and angiotensin II concentration in the circulation, on the one hand, and decrease of blood pressure, on the other hand, has been well established."	( Renal failure and ACE inhibition: how much is too much? Adamczak, M; Gross, ML; Ritz, E, 2005)	0.33
" A second dose-response curve was obtained during NOS inhibition with a subpressor dose of N- nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) (5 microg/kg per min) or during a systemic NO clamp using combined systemic infusions of L-NAME (12."	( Role of nitric oxide in modulating systemic pressor responses to different vasoconstrictors in man. Boomsma, F; van den Meiracker, AH; van der Linde, NA, 2005)	0.33
" It also increased plasma ANP immunoreactivity by 103% for up to 4 hours and inhibited the angiotensin I-induced pressor response by an average of 49% within the first 4 hours after the same dosing regimen."	( CGS 35601 and its orally active prodrug CGS 37808 as triple inhibitors of endothelin-converting enzyme-1, neutral endopeptidase 24.11, and angiotensin-converting enzyme. Beil, ME; Bruseo, CW; Firooznia, F; Jeng, AY; Savage, P; Trapani, AJ, 2004)	0.32
" IGF-IR AS treatment caused a significant rightward shift in the angiotensin II (AngII) dose-response compared to both vehicle and full-mismatch treated rats (4."	( Intravenous IGF-I receptor antisense reduces IGF-IR expression and diminishes pressor responses to angiotensin II in conscious normotensive rats. Nguyen, TT; White, PJ, 2005)	0.33
" Using murine myotubes as a surrogate model system both angiotensin I and II were found to induce activation of protein kinase C (PKC), with a parabolic dose-response curve similar to the induction of total protein degradation."	( Mechanism of induction of muscle protein degradation by angiotensin II. Russell, ST; Tisdale, MJ; Wyke, SM, 2006)	0.33
"In a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind dose-response study of 11 healthy men we measured the effect of BQ-123 on glomerular filtrations rate (GFR), renal plasma flow (RPF), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), lithium clearance (CLi), BP, and plasma concentrations of renin (PRC), angiotensin II (Ang II), atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP, BNP), and vasopressin (AVP)."	( Effect of BQ-123, an endothelin antagonist, on renal hemodynamics, tubular function, vasoactive hormones, and blood pressure in healthy humans: a dose response study. Fjordside, LS; Pedersen, EB; Thomsen, IM, 2005)	0.33
" We examined dose-response relationships to pressor and depressor agents to determine cardiovascular reactivity."	( Contribution of baroreflex sensitivity and vascular reactivity to variable haemodynamic responses to cocaine in conscious rats. Aochi, T; Kawada, T; Knuepfer, MM; Shishido, T; Sunagawa, K; Traub, M, 2005)	0.33
" Dose-response curves for Ang II were obtained in an isolated perfused kidney preparation comparing groups of SRAC pregnant and non-pregnant rats in the presence and absence of losartan (AT1 antagonist) or PD123319 (AT2 antagonist)."	( Renal vascular responses in an experimental model of preeclampsia. Bobadilla Lugo, RA; López Sanchez, P; Pérez-Alvarez, VM; Robledo, LA, 2005)	0.33
" Although the absolute values were similar, the dose-response curves to ANG II were different."	( Angiotensin II-induced calcium signaling in the afferent arteriole from rats with two-kidney, one-clip hypertension. Helle, F; Iversen, BM; Vågnes, ØB, 2006)	0.33
" Dose-response curves of the probucol groups showed an improvement in endothelium-dependent relaxations, associated with increased nitric oxide bioavailability and decreased angiotensin II and hydroperoxide levels."	( Role of probucol on endothelial dysfunction of epicardial coronary arteries associated with left ventricular hypertrophy. Aubin, MC; Carrier, M; Perrault, LP; Shi, YF; Tardif, JC, 2006)	0.33
" Angiotensin II decreased Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity by an AT1-R dependent mechanism, and inhibition of Na(+)-K(+)-ATPase activity decreased system A activity in a dose-response fashion."	( Angiotensin II decreases system A amino acid transporter activity in human placental villous fragments through AT1 receptor activation. Gallaher, MJ; Hubel, CA; Lykins, DL; Powers, RW; Rajakumar, A; Roberts, JM; Shibata, E; von Versen-Höynck, F, 2006)	0.33
" Through the use of the fluorescent Ca(2+)-sensitive dye Fluo-4, EKODE was shown to rapidly increase intracellular [Ca(2+)] ([Ca(2+)](i)) along a bell-shaped dose-response relationship with a maximum peak at 5 microM."	( An oxidized metabolite of linoleic acid increases intracellular calcium in rat adrenal glomerulosa cells. Bilodeau, L; Chouinard, L; Gallo-Payet, N; Goodfriend, TL; Mackendale, C; Payet, MD, 2006)	0.33
" Here we evaluated whether increasing dosage of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (Ace) gene influence exercise-induced cardiac hypertrophy."	( Small gene effect and exercise training-induced cardiac hypertrophy in mice: an Ace gene dosage study. Evangelista, FS; Krieger, JE, 2006)	0.33
" Beginning 8 wk after birth, SHR underwent unilateral nephrectomy and were given vehicle (control), or candesartan at a standard 5 mg/kg per d (T5), high 25 mg/kg per d (T25), or ultrahigh 75 mg/kg per d dosage (T75)."	( Long-term, high-dosage candesartan suppresses inflammation and injury in chronic kidney disease: nonhemodynamic renal protection. Dworkin, LD; Gong, R; Rifai, A; Tolbert, EM; Yu, C, 2007)	0.34
"Forty SHRs were divided into 5 groups: the high dosage QC group [QCHD, 750 mg/(kgxd)], the low dosage QC group [QCLD, 150 mg/(kgxd) ], the Niuhuang Jiangya Pill group [NJP, 200 mg/(kgxd) ], the Captopril group [ 15 mg/(kg d) land the model group, 8 in each group."	( Effects of Qindan Capsule on blood pressure, endothelin, calcitonin gene-related peptide and angiotensin- II in spontaneous hypertensive rats. Wang, B; Wang, SH; Zhang, JD, 2006)	0.33
" This study included direct dosing of the neonates, and was designed specifically to investigate renal development and to ensure that the bioactive peptides were not associated with the same type of fetopathy exhibited by ACE inhibiting drugs."	( A 90-day subchronic toxicity study and reproductive toxicity studies on ACE-inhibiting lactotripeptide. Braun, WH; Dent, MP; Marburger, A; O'Hagan, S; Schaetti, P; Vogel, O, 2007)	0.34
" Both PIF and Ang II induced a rapid and transient increase in ROS formation in myotubes, which followed a parabolic dose-response curve, similar to that for total protein degradation."	( Role of reactive oxygen species in protein degradation in murine myotubes induced by proteolysis-inducing factor and angiotensin II. Eley, H; Russell, ST; Tisdale, MJ, 2007)	0.34
"To gain insight into the regulation of cardiac apoptosis we studied the dose-response and time-course effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) infusion on ventricular cardiomyocyte apoptosis and on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 genes and proteins."	( Dose and time-dependent apoptotic effects by angiotensin II infusion on left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Bardelli, M; Belgrado, D; Bortoletto, M; Candido, R; Carretta, R; Fabris, B; Fior, F; Giacca, M; Sandri, M; Stebel, M; Toffoli, B; Zentilin, L, 2007)	0.34
"In the dose-response study, Ang II was infused subcutaneously at doses of 100, 200, 400, 800 and 1200 ng/kg per min for 14 days."	( Dose and time-dependent apoptotic effects by angiotensin II infusion on left ventricular cardiomyocytes. Bardelli, M; Belgrado, D; Bortoletto, M; Candido, R; Carretta, R; Fabris, B; Fior, F; Giacca, M; Sandri, M; Stebel, M; Toffoli, B; Zentilin, L, 2007)	0.34
" Doppler-echocardiography and the dosage of BNP can probably help to detect and consequently to treat prematurely heart failure in the diabetic patient."	( [Diabetes and heart failure, a fatal association]. Cohen-Solal, A; Logeart, D, )	0.13
" Arteries were contracted with noradrenaline and then exposed to one cumulative dose-response curve to acetylcholine in absence (control) or in presence of indomethacin, (N-[2-cyvlohexyloxy)-4-nitrophenyl]-methanesulfonamide) (NS 398) or 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetraethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (tempol)."	( Endothelial dysfunction and improvement of the angiotensin II-reactivity in hypercholesterolemic rabbits: role of cyclooxygenase metabolites. Coviello, A; de Bruno, MP; Jerez, S; Sierra, L, 2008)	0.35
" Dose-response of Ang-I induced a similar contraction of MRA from NT and HT mice, which was increased after endothelium removal."	( Role of ACE/AT2R complex in the control of mesenteric resistance artery contraction induced by ACE/AT1R complex activation in response to Ang I. Boulares, H; Matrougui, K; Palen, DI; Su, J, 2008)	0.35
" We took the dose-response curve of portal vein to Ang II (from 10(-9) to 10(-6) mmol/l) as the control and then observed the change of curve after TF and Valsartan (Ang II receptor blocker) administration."	( Effect of total flavonoid fraction of Astragalus complanatus R. Brown on angiotensin II-induced portal-vein contraction in hypertensive rats. Chai, Q; Chen, L; Li, J; Liu, Z; Xue, B, 2008)	0.35
" In PTX-treated SHR, the maximum contraction of mesenteric artery to exogenous noradrenaline was reduced and the dose-response curve to cumulative concentration of noradrenaline was shifted to the right."	( Inactivation of G(i) proteins by pertussis toxin diminishes the effectiveness of adrenergic stimuli in conduit arteries from spontaneously hypertensive rats. Kunes, J; Török, J; Zemančíková, A; Zicha, J, 2008)	0.35
" Dose-response curves were constructed for dopamine and isoprenaline that induced falls or increases in renal blood flow, respectively."	( Inhibition of Ang II and renal sympathetic nerve influence dopamine-and isoprenaline-induced renal haemodynamic changes in normal Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Abdulla, MH; Abdullah, NA; Anand Swarup, KR; Hazim, AI; Johns, EJ; Khan, MA; Rathore, HA; Sattar, MA, 2008)	0.35
" There was a dose-response relationship between VFs and BP status."	( A pilot study on level of blood vasoactive factors in prehypertensive and hypertensive patients. Liu, J; Liu, Y; Wang, Z; Wen, J; Wen, S; Wu, Z, 2008)	0.35
" Additionally, we employed a dosage of valsartan (1 mg/ kg/day) that does not affect blood pressure, to avoid the effect of blood pressure lowering."	( Inhibition of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysm in a rat model by the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan. Aoki, M; Fujiwara, Y; Makino, H; Miyake, T; Morishita, R; Nishimura, M; Shiraya, S; Yamakawa, S, 2008)	0.35
" The 35 patients were randomly assigned into 2 groups: A routine dosage fosinopril group received 10 mg once daily and a middle dosage group received 10 mg twice a day for 10 weeks."	( [Plasma tissue factor and serum angiotensin II and the therapeutic effect of different dosages of fosinopril on chronic heart failure]. Ma, Q; Ning, Y; Sun, M; Wu, S; Yang, L; Yang, T, 2009)	0.35
" The middle dosage group changed more than the routine dosage group (P<0."	( [Plasma tissue factor and serum angiotensin II and the therapeutic effect of different dosages of fosinopril on chronic heart failure]. Ma, Q; Ning, Y; Sun, M; Wu, S; Yang, L; Yang, T, 2009)	0.35
" Fosinopril can greatly improve cardiac function and antagonize prethrobotic state,and the therapeutic effect improves with the dosage increase."	( [Plasma tissue factor and serum angiotensin II and the therapeutic effect of different dosages of fosinopril on chronic heart failure]. Ma, Q; Ning, Y; Sun, M; Wu, S; Yang, L; Yang, T, 2009)	0.35
" In hypertensive rats, when compared with their normotensive controls, ANG II blockade normalizes central PP (<50 mmHg) but not MAP when the same drug dosage is used for each."	( Angiotensin II, mechanotransduction, and pulsatile arterial hemodynamics in hypertension. Frohlich, ED; Lacolley, P; Regnault, V; Safar, ME, 2009)	0.35
"Both drugs differ in their oral bioavailability, potential for food interactions, degree of metabolism, dosing interval, time to peak, volume of distribution and terminal half-life."	( Differences in pharmacology and their translation into differences in clinical efficacy--a comparison of the renin angiotensin blocking agents irbesartan and losartan. Bramlage, P; Schindler, C, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response relationships of arterial BP after acute AngII infusion were similar in both genotypes."	( Atrap deficiency increases arterial blood pressure and plasma volume. Castrop, H; Gess, B; Oppermann, M; Schweda, F, 2010)	0.36
" Dose-response experiments with Ang-II applied to purified cardiomyocyte nuclei versus intact cardiomyocytes showed greater increases in NFkappaB mRNA levels at saturating concentrations with approximately 2-fold greater affinity upon nuclear application, suggesting preferential nuclear signaling."	( Nuclear-delimited angiotensin receptor-mediated signaling regulates cardiomyocyte gene expression. Allen, BG; Babin, J; Bonnefoy, A; Maguy, A; Nattel, S; Tadevosyan, A; Villeneuve, LR, 2010)	0.36
"We obtained dose-response curve for the administration of complete extract and extract fractions."	( Antihypertensive activity of Salvia elegans Vahl. (Lamiaceae): ACE inhibition and angiotensin II antagonism. Badillo, FH; González-Cortazar, M; Herrera-Ruiz, M; Jiménez-Ferrer, E; Tortoriello, J, 2010)	0.36
" For each condition extended scaled dose (ScD)-TPC and TPR curves were derived from individual dose-response curves to two constrictors and two dilators."	( A new approach to assessing the structural total peripheral resistance amplifier in renal (Page) hypertension in conscious rabbits. Angus, JA; Korner, PI; Wright, CE, 2010)	0.36
" Similar dose-response relationships have been obtained for luminal and peritubular addition of AngII."	( Regulation of renal tubular sodium transport by angiotensin II and atrial natriuretic factor. Antoine, AM; Eitle, E; Harris, PJ; Hiranyachattada, S; Reilly, AM; Walker, L, 1996)	0.29
" Dose-response relationships for the elevation of mean arterial pressure or change in heart rate (HR) in response to intravenous injections of noradrenaline (NA), phenylephrine (PE), methoxamine (ME) and Ang II were determined."	( The effect of losartan and carvedilol on vasopressor responses to adrenergic agonists and angiotensin II in the systemic circulation of Sprague Dawley rats. Abdulla, MH; Abdullah, NA; Anand Swarup, KR; Johns, EJ; Khan, MA; Sattar, MA, )	0.13
" Further studies are needed to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and dose-response relationship of fimasartan in patients with hypertension."	( Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of fimasartan following single and repeated oral administration in the fasted and fed states in healthy subjects. Chi, YH; Kim, JH; Kim, SL; Lee, H; Lee, JH; Paik, SH; Tan, HK; Yoo, BW, 2011)	0.37
" On the other hand, under the condition of Ang II-induced hypertension, administration of a hypotensive dosage of cilnidipine showed no effect on the plasma aldosterone levels, whereas a hypotensive dosage of nifedipine significantly increased the plasma aldosterone levels."	( L/N-type calcium channel blocker suppresses reflex aldosterone production induced by antihypertensive action. Aritomi, S; Konda, T; Yoshimura, M, 2012)	0.38
" The purpose of this study was to determine the relative effects of these three modes of pharmacological RAS inhibition in reducing atherosclerosis by determining the dose-response relationships."	( Comparative effects of different modes of renin angiotensin system inhibition on hypercholesterolaemia-induced atherosclerosis. Balakrishnan, A; Cassis, LA; Charnigo, R; Daugherty, A; Howatt, DA; Liau, G; Lu, H; Wu, C, 2012)	0.38
" Dose-response curves to Ang II were constructed in the pithed rat."	( Angiotensin II pressor response in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive pithed rat: role of the AT1 receptor. Castro-Moreno, P; Figueroa-Guillén, ES; Gallardo-Ortiz, IA; Godínez-Hernández, D; Ibarra-Barajas, M; Rivera-Jardón, FF, 2009)	0.35
" The α(1D)-adrenoceptor antagonist, BMY-7378 (BMY) blocked noradrenaline-induced responses in the order SO > AC7 ≫ AC14; in contrast, the α(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist RS-100329 (RS), produced a marginal shift to the right of the dose-response curve to noradrenaline, along with a strong decrease of the maximum pressor effect in the order SO > AC7 = AC14."	( Effect of inter-renal aortic coarctation-induced hypertension on function and expression of vascular α(1A)- and α(1D)-adrenoceptors. Gallardo-Ortiz, IA; Ibarra, M; López-Islas, I; López-Sánchez, P; Terrón, JA, 2012)	0.38
" Cardiac dysfunction in C57BL/6J mice was induced by implantation of osmotic pumps for continuous subcutaneous dosing of angiotensin II (1."	( Role of heart rate reduction in the prevention of experimental heart failure: comparison between If-channel blockade and β-receptor blockade. Becher, PM; Lindner, D; Miteva, K; Savvatis, K; Schmack, B; Schultheiss, HP; Tschöpe, C; Van Linthout, S; Westermann, D; Zietsch, C, 2012)	0.38
" Surprisingly, the increasing dosage of valsartan in the Val-Val50 group showed non-significant tendencies to attenuate the albuminuria compared with vehicle infusion."	( Add-on aliskiren elicits stronger renoprotection than high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetic KKAy mice that do not respond to low-dose valsartan. Fan, YY; Hitomi, H; Kitada, K; Kobori, H; Lei, B; Masaki, T; Mori, H; Nakano, D; Nishiyama, A, 2012)	0.38
" Doses were adjusted to equipotent inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system, determined via a dose-response quantifying plasma and renal renin expression."	( AT1 antagonism and renin inhibition in mice: pivotal role of targeting angiotensin II in chronic kidney disease. Baucke, J; Danser, AH; Divac, N; Fraune, C; Frenay, AR; Garrelds, IM; Hölzel, A; Jankowski, V; Krebs, C; Lange, S; Nguyen, G; Schwedhelm, E; Stahl, R; Streichert, T; van Goor, H; Velden, J; Wenzel, UO, 2012)	0.38
" The study showed that TJ0711 repeated dosing could reduce BP level beginning from drug administration; besides block adrenal alpha and beta receptors to play an antihypertensive role."	( [Pharmacodynamic study of racemic TJ0711 on renal hypertensive rats after long-term administration]. Chen, J; Li, G; Li, RJ; Qiu, J; Zhang, XN, 2012)	0.38
" Repeated dosing (400 μg/kg for 3 or 6 days) caused only minimal accumulation of ACE2, and Ang1-8 levels were suppressed over the whole application period."	( Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of recombinant human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in healthy human subjects. Bruggisser, M; Haschke, M; Krähenbühl, S; Loibner, H; Penninger, J; Poglitsch, M; Salzberg, M; Schuster, M, 2013)	0.39
" After 4 weeks of subpressor dosage of AngII infusion (0."	( Fibulin-2 deficiency attenuates angiotensin II-induced cardiac hypertrophy by reducing transforming growth factor-β signalling. Chu, ML; Dong, H; Khan, SA; Tsuda, T; Wu, J; Zhang, H, 2014)	0.4
" Plasma renin activity remained suppressed during the 24-hour dosing interval at all doses."	( Multiple ascending dose study with the new renin inhibitor VTP-27999: nephrocentric consequences of too much renin inhibition. Azizi, M; Balcarek, J; Bryson, C; Danser, AH; Garrelds, IM; Gregg, R; Griffith, SG; McGeehan, G; Ménard, J; Reeves, RA; Sevá Pessôa, B, 2014)	0.4
"When SAP mouse models were treated with ulinastatin at a dosage of 50,000 U/kg body weight, we found, through biochemical and histopathological analyses, that the pancreatic injury was significantly ameliorated."	( Ulinastatin activates the renin-angiotensin system to ameliorate the pathophysiology of severe acute pancreatitis. Cui, L; Liu, R; Qi, H; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wen, Y; Yin, C, 2014)	0.4
" The blood pressure dose-response to angiotensin II was evaluated in additional four nonseptic pigs."	( Angiotensin II in septic shock: effects on tissue perfusion, organ function, and mitochondrial respiration in a porcine model of fecal peritonitis. Corrêa, TD; Djafarzadeh, S; Jakob, SM; Jeger, V; Pereira, AJ; Takala, J, 2014)	0.4
" In the NaHS group, D-gal was administered as above but with NaHS intraperitoneally injected at a dosage of 1, 10, 100 μmol·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹ respectively."	( [Exogenous hydrogen sulfide reduces vascular aging in D-galactose-induced subacute aging rats]. Cui, J; Liu, H; Liu, L; Qiao, WL; Shi, Y; Yan, CD; Yang, WX, 2014)	0.4
" The dosage was modulated according to the weekly weight."	( Novel mechanism of intra‑renal angiotensin II-induced sodium/proton exchanger 3 expression by losartan in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cui, W; Fan, X; Gao, Y; Huang, J; Liu, K; Wang, W, 2014)	0.4
"Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into 6 groups: sham group, model group (LAD coronary artery ligation), QSYQ group with high dosage, middle dosage and low dosage (LAD ligation and treated with QSYQ), and captopril group (LAD ligation and treated with captopril as the positive drug)."	( Qishenyiqi protects ligation-induced left ventricular remodeling by attenuating inflammation and fibrosis via STAT3 and NF-κB signaling pathway. Chai, X; Han, J; Li, C; Qiu, Q; Shi, T; Wang, W; Wang, Y; Wu, Y, 2014)	0.4
"ATII resulted in marked reduction in norepinephrine dosing in all patients."	( Intravenous angiotensin II for the treatment of high-output shock (ATHOS trial): a pilot study. Alotaibi, Z; Brasha-Mitchell, E; Busse, L; Chawla, LS; Davison, D; Honiq, J; Seneff, MG, 2014)	0.4
" This dosing paradigm of GA attenuated the increases in serum leptin levels and visceral, but not subcutaneous adipocyte size caused by the high-sucrose diet."	( Glycyrrhizic acid can attenuate metabolic deviations caused by a high-sucrose diet without causing water retention in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Chandramouli, C; Fernando, HA; Kadir, KA; Lam, YL; Rosli, D; Sainsbury, A; Ton, SH; Yaw, HP; Yong, ST, 2014)	0.4
" A mechanism-based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model, which includes the periodic nature of RA, AII, and ALD during placebo treatment and the subsequent changes in dynamics following repeated dosing with benazepril, was developed."	( Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Modeling of Renin-Angiotensin Aldosterone Biomarkers Following Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibition Therapy with Benazepril in Dogs. Danhof, M; Fink, M; Giraudel, JM; Mochel, JP; Peyrou, M; Soubret, A, 2015)	0.42
" Dose-response curves were obtained with phenylephrine and endothelin-1."	( Influence of decompression sickness on vasocontraction of isolated rat vessels. Belhomme, M; Buzzacott, P; Guerrero, F; Lambrechts, K; Mazur, A; Theron, M; Wang, Q, 2016)	0.43
" The ANG II dose-response curve of the Af-Art was significantly enhanced in diabetic mice."	( Enhanced hemodynamic responses to angiotensin II in diabetes are associated with increased expression and activity of AT1 receptors in the afferent arteriole. Buggs, J; Jiang, S; Liu, R; Qu, HY; Song, J; Wang, L; Wei, J; Zhang, J, 2017)	0.46
" Extracted data included study type, publication year, demographics, type of shock, dosing of Ang II or other vasoactive medications, and changes in BP, lactate, and urine output."	( The effect of angiotensin II on blood pressure in patients with circulatory shock: a structured review of the literature. Ali, O; Busse, LW; Chen, H; Hall, A; McCurdy, MT; Ostermann, M, 2017)	0.46
" Circadian variation in expression of pharmacokinetics- and pharmacodynamics-related genes was shown to contribute to dosing time-dependent differences in therapeutic effects of small molecule drugs."	( Angiotensin-II regulates dosing time-dependent intratumoral accumulation of macromolecular drug formulations via 24-h blood pressure rhythm in tumor-bearing mice. Hamamura, K; Ikeda, E; Kakimoto, K; Koyanagi, S; Kusunose, N; Matsunaga, N; Matsunaga, T; Ohdo, S; Okazaki, H, 2018)	0.48
"0001; n = 5 per dosage group)."	( Effect of the Shensong Yangxin Capsule on Energy Metabolism in Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy. Cheng, M; Hu, S; Hu, ZQ; Huang, CX; Jiang, H; Liu, BL; Wang, L; Wang, S; Wu, G, 2018)	0.48
" C57BL/6 mice were treated with AAI via intraperitoneal injection for an accumulated AAI dosage of 45 mg/kg body weight (BW) (15 mg/kg BW per day for 3 days)."	( Renal chymase-dependent pathway for angiotensin II formation mediated acute kidney injury in a mouse model of aristolochic acid I-induced acute nephropathy. Chang, CC; Chang, HF; Chang, TH; Chuang, WH; Hsieh, WY; Lin, CS; Lu, LC; Yang, CW, 2019)	0.51
" Oral dosing of perindopril for 4 weeks concomitant with TAA could mend the altered parameters near to normal values and abolished the ongoing fibrosis extension."	( Targeting AngII/AT1R signaling pathway by perindopril inhibits ongoing liver fibrosis in rat. Abd El-Rahman, SS; Fayed, HM, 2019)	0.51
" In our cohort from the Hypertensive Pathotype (HyperPATH) Consortium, there was a significant dose-response association between rs30187 risk alleles and systolic and diastolic BP as well as renal plasma flow in men, but not in women."	( Sex-specific differences in endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 modulation influence blood pressure and renin-angiotensin system responses. Adler, GK; Brooks, DL; Garza, AE; Katayama, IA; Lee, JM; Maris, SA; Pojoga, LH; Ranjit, S; Rivera, A; Romero, JR; Sin Tay, C; Tan, JW; Williams, GH; Williams, JS; Wong, JY; Yin Han Wong, K, 2019)	0.51
" After the dietary intervention, animals were assigned to be treated with losartan at the 30 mg/kg/day dosage or kept untreated for an additional five weeks."	( Increased angiotensin II from adipose tissue modulates myocardial collagen I and III in obese rats. Cicogna, AC; Corrêa, CR; da Silva-Bertani, DCT; de Oliveira, EM; de Souza, SLB; de Tomasi, LC; Fernandes, T; Freire, PP; Mota, GAF; Padovani, CR; Sant'Ana, PG; Vileigas, DF, 2020)	0.56
" Prophylactic LMWH has been recommended by the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) and the American Society of Hematology (ASH), but the best effective dosage is uncertain."	( COVID-19: Coagulopathy, Risk of Thrombosis, and the Rationale for Anticoagulation. Makris, M; Miesbach, W, )	0.13
" The primary end point of hemodynamic responsiveness to angiotensin II was defined as attainment of mean arterial pressure (MAP) of ≥ 65 mm Hg with a stable or reduced total vasopressor dosage 3 h after drug initiation."	( Angiotensin II Infusion for Shock: A Multicenter Study of Postmarketing Use. Barreto, EF; Brown, DR; Butler, SO; Clark, AM; Cooper, CJ; Davison, DL; Gajic, O; Gunnerson, KJ; Kashani, KB; Mara, KC; Tendler, R; Wieruszewski, PM; Wittwer, ED, 2021)	0.62
"001) and reduction in vasopressor dosage (-0."	( Angiotensin II Infusion for Shock: A Multicenter Study of Postmarketing Use. Barreto, EF; Brown, DR; Butler, SO; Clark, AM; Cooper, CJ; Davison, DL; Gajic, O; Gunnerson, KJ; Kashani, KB; Mara, KC; Tendler, R; Wieruszewski, PM; Wittwer, ED, 2021)	0.62
" The purpose of this review is to discuss clinical controversies in the management of septic patients, including the use of novel medications and dosing strategies, to assist providers in appropriately determining what treatment strategy is best suited for patients."	( Beyond the bundle: Clinical controversies in the management of sepsis in emergency medicine patients. Bonderski, V; Krishnan, K; Rech, MA; Tednes, P; Wassermann, TB, 2022)	0.72
"In patients who developed vasoplegic shock after cardiac surgery, angiotensin II administration allowed immediate dosage reductions of other vasopressors while maintaining MAP."	( Evaluation of the Addition of Angiotensin II in Patients With Shock After Cardiac Surgery at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Ali, S; Awad, SS; Bird, S; Chand, M; Cornwell, LD; Jimenez, E; Schutz, A; Tran, TL, 2023)	0.91
" More dose-response experiments with possible AT1 blockers and brain-targeted administration will be needed in the future."	( Role of angiotensin receptor blockers in the context of Alzheimer's disease. Chatterjee, B; Fadnavis, M; Kuber, B, 2023)	0.91
" Blood samples were collected at serial time intervals after benazepril dosing to measure plasma benazeprilat (active metabolite of benazepril) and serum RAAS biomarkers."	( Dose-response of benazepril on biomarkers of the classical and alternative pathways of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in dogs. Domenig, O; Gabriel, V; Guillot, E; Iennarella-Servantez, CA; Mochel, JP; Smith, JS; Sotillo, S; Ward, JL; Yuan, L, 2023)	0.91

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Role	Description
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
human metabolite	Any mammalian metabolite produced during a metabolic reaction in humans (Homo sapiens).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
angiotensin II
amino acid zwitterion	The zwitterionic form of an amino acid having a negatively charged carboxyl group and a positively charged amino group.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
Benazepril Action Pathway	3	4
Captopril Action Pathway	3	3
Cilazapril Action Pathway	3	4
Enalapril Action Pathway	3	4
Fosinopril Action Pathway	3	4
Lisinopril Action Pathway	3	3
Moexipril Action Pathway	3	4
Perindopril Action Pathway	3	5
Quinapril Action Pathway	3	4
Ramipril Action Pathway	3	4
Rescinnamine Action Pathway	3	3
Spirapril Action Pathway	3	4
Trandolapril Action Pathway	3	4
Candesartan Action Pathway	7	4
Eprosartan Action Pathway	7	4
Forasartan Action Pathway	4	3
Irbesartan Action Pathway	7	4
Losartan Action Pathway	7	4
Olmesartan Action Pathway	7	4
Telmisartan Action Pathway	7	4
Valsartan Action Pathway	7	4
Angiotensin Metabolism	3	2
Temocapril Action Pathway	3	4
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)	0	11
Kidney Function - Ascending Limb of The Loop of Henle	13	6
Kidney Function - Collecting Duct	20	11
Kidney Function - Distal Convoluted Tubule	18	10
Aldosterone from Steroidogenesis	8	16
Downregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 spike protein	5	1
SARS-CoV-2 and ACE2 receptor: molecular mechanisms	0	4
Conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin II	4	2
Deregulation of renin-angiotensin system by SARS-CoV infection	0	4
STING pathway in Kawasaki-like disease and COVID-19	0	4
RAS and bradykinin pathways in COVID-19	1	13
Mitochondrial immune response to SARS-CoV-2	8	5
Non-classical role of vitamin D	8	6
SARS-CoV-2 mitochondrial chronic oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction	7	5
Disturbed pathways in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy	2	11
Renin-angiotensin system	1	10
Vascular smooth muscle contraction	0	13
Cardiac hypertrophic response	0	5
GPCRs, class A rhodopsin-like	0	3
ACE inhibitor pathway	0	9

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
glucocerebrosidase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.9125	0.0126	8.1569	44.6684	AID2101
DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	29.9349	0.0316	22.3146	100.0000	AID588579
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0020	0.0018	0.0019	0.0020	AID37844
Type-1A angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0020	0.0004	0.1555	3.8000	AID37822; AID37824; AID37832; AID37844; AID39206; AID39363
Type-1A angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0009	0.0002	0.1025	1.7000	AID239110; AID239602; AID37983; AID39347
Type-1B angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0018	0.0004	0.1334	3.8000	AID37687; AID37822; AID37824; AID37832; AID37844; AID39206; AID39363
Type-1B angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0008	0.0002	0.0521	1.1000	AID239110; AID239602; AID37813; AID37983; AID39347
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0055	0.0002	0.0932	3.6000	AID1289936; AID1754203
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0004	0.0002	0.1837	4.7000	AID1289936; AID1289954; AID466197; AID466198
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0040	0.0010	0.3957	3.3000	AID39206
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Ki	0.0019	0.0001	0.0147	0.0316	AID39347
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0011	0.0001	0.0289	0.2000	AID1336308; AID1754204; AID38149
Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Ki	0.0005	0.0002	0.5650	7.7790	AID1277889; AID239612; AID254557; AID38147
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Type-1A angiotensin II receptor	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0041	0.0013	0.0339	0.2040	AID1634589; AID1634591
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)	Kd	0.0058	0.0058	0.0058	0.0058	AID39647
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	0.0033	0.0005	0.0135	0.0676	AID1289934; AID1634585; AID1634587
Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Kd	0.0020	0.0020	0.0039	0.0063	AID38135
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
skeletal system development	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
angiogenesis	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel remodeling	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
osteoclast proliferation	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of osteoblast proliferation	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of urine volume	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of nitric-oxide synthase activity	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cold-induced thermogenesis	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
regulation of vasoconstriction	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
regulation of cell growth	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
kidney development	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
renin-angiotensin regulation of aldosterone production	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
maintenance of blood vessel diameter homeostasis by renin-angiotensin	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by renin-angiotensin	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
Rho protein signal transduction	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of macrophage derived foam cell differentiation	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of vasoconstriction	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
calcium-mediated signaling	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phospholipase A2 activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
low-density lipoprotein particle remodeling	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of renal sodium excretion	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell population proliferation	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
symbiont entry into host cell	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of inflammatory response	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of inflammatory response	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of protein metabolic process	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell chemotaxis	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
phospholipase C-activating angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel diameter maintenance	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell proliferation involved in sprouting angiogenesis	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of CoA-transferase activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
blood vessel remodeling	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure by circulatory renin-angiotensin	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-mediated vasodilation involved in regulation of systemic arterial blood pressure	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
brain renin-angiotensin system	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor signaling pathway	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway coupled to cGMP nucleotide second messenger	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
brain development	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of blood pressure	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of heart rate	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of metanephros size	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
exploration behavior	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
nitric oxide-cGMP-mediated signaling	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin-activated signaling pathway	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
vasodilation	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of blood vessel endothelial cell migration	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neurotrophin TRK receptor signaling pathway	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of metanephric glomerulus development	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of branching involved in ureteric bud morphogenesis	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
inflammatory response	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
protein binding	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
G protein-coupled peptide receptor activity	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
natriuretic peptide receptor activity	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide hormone binding	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride ion binding	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
peptide binding	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
hormone binding	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein homodimerization activity	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin type I receptor activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
angiotensin type II receptor activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Bos taurus (cattle)
angiotensin type I receptor activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin type II receptor activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
bradykinin receptor binding	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
angiotensin type II receptor activity	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor antagonist activity	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
plasma membrane	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Atrial natriuretic peptide receptor 3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
membrane	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Type-1 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Type-2 angiotensin II receptor	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID745243	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in degree of aggregation at 5 nM under non-oxidative condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID37983	In vitro binding affinity against Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 from rat liver membranes	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 42, Issue:22	Angiotensin II analogues encompassing 5,9- and 5,10-fused thiazabicycloalkane tripeptide mimetics.
AID1238148	Antiplasmodial activity against mature Plasmodium gallinaceum sporozoites isolated from Aedes aegypti RED assessed as increase in membrane permeability at 60 umol/L after 1 hr by propidium iodide staining-based inverted fluorescence microscopic analysis	2015	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-15, Volume: 25, Issue:16	Anti-plasmodial activity of bradykinin and analogs.
AID37823	Compound was evaluated in a radioligand binding assay to displace [125I]-Ang II from Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 in rat liver membranes	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 42, Issue:4	Bicyclic tripeptide mimetics with reverse turn inducing properties.
AID167602	Agonist efficacy assessed from contractile responses on rabbit aorta (AT1)	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 36, Issue:13	Multiple binding modes for the receptor-bound conformations of cyclic AII agonists.
AID37822	Compound was evaluated in a binding assay using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing the rat Angiotensin II receptor, type 1	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-25, Volume: 42, Issue:4	Bicyclic tripeptide mimetics with reverse turn inducing properties.
AID39346	Tested for inhibition of radioligand [Sar1,Ile5,8]AII binding to angiotensin II receptor in rat brain	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 32, Issue:4	Topographic probes of angiotensin and receptor: potent angiotensin II agonist containing diphenylalanine and long-acting antagonists containing biphenylalanine and 2-indan amino acid in position 8.
AID38135	Binding affinity was determined against Angiotensin II receptor, type 1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14	Novel cyclic analogs of angiotensin II with cyclization between positions 5 and 7: conformational and biological implications.
AID38147	Binding affinity for Angiotensin II receptor type 2 using [125I]- Ang II in pig uterus myometrium	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 47, Issue:4	A selective AT2 receptor ligand with a gamma-turn-like mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II.
AID165406	Contractile activity in rabbit aortic rings relative to angiotensin II.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Conformational restriction of angiotensin II: cyclic analogues having high potency.
AID1277888	Displacement of 125I-[Sar1,Leu8] angiotensin-2 from rat type 1 angiotensin-2 receptor expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 24 hrs	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Structural determinants of subtype selectivity and functional activity of angiotensin II receptors.
AID254552	Binding affinity for angiotensin II receptor, type 1 in rat liver membrane using [125I]-Ang II as radioligand, in pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer for 2 hr at 25 degree C	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21	Angiotensin II pseudopeptides containing 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene scaffolds with high AT2 receptor affinity.
AID239147	Displacement of [125I]-Ang II from angiotensin II receptor type 2 in pig uterus myometrium	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 48, Issue:12	New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists.
AID466197	Displacement of [125I][Sar1,Ile8]Ang2 from wild-type human AT1 receptor expressed in CHO cells by gamma counting	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5	The amino-terminus of angiotensin II contacts several ectodomains of the angiotensin II receptor AT1.
AID1277889	Binding affinity to type-2 angiotensin-2 receptor (unknown origin)	2016	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Feb-15, Volume: 26, Issue:4	Structural determinants of subtype selectivity and functional activity of angiotensin II receptors.
AID1124605	Stability of the compound assessed as beef pancreas alpha-chymotrypsin-mediated drug degradation into 2 tetrapeptides after 15 to 20 mins by TLC analysis	1979	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 22, Issue:9	Synthesis of angiotensin II analogues by incorporating beta-homotyrosine or beta-homoisoleucine residues.
AID1754205	Selectivity index, ratio of IC50 for displacement of [125-I]-[Sar1, Ile8] from recombinant human AT2R transfected in human HEK293 cells to IC50 for displacement of [125-I]-[Sar1, Ile8] from recombinant human AT1R transfected in human HEK293 cells	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Using conformational constraints at position 6 of Angiotensin II to generate compounds with enhanced AT2R selectivity and proteolytic stability.
AID239110	Displacement of [125I]-Ang II from angiotensin II receptor type 1 in rat liver membranes	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 48, Issue:12	New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists.
AID39205	Binding affinity against Angiotensin II receptor, from rat adrenal gland	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of non-peptide angiotensin II receptor binding inhibitors specific for the AT2 subtype.
AID165418	Compound was tested for dose-dependent hypertensive response in infused anesthetized rabbits at 1 ug/min	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic angiotensin II analogues with 3,5 side-chain bridges. Role of C-terminal aromatic residue and ring cluster for activity and implications in the drug design of AT1 non-peptide antagonists.
AID165420	Compound was tested for dose-dependent hypertensive response in infused anesthetized rabbits at 2 ug/min	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic angiotensin II analogues with 3,5 side-chain bridges. Role of C-terminal aromatic residue and ring cluster for activity and implications in the drug design of AT1 non-peptide antagonists.
AID169065	In vivo agonist activity expressed as percent activity relative to angiotensin II in rat blood pressure assay.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10	An investigation of angiotensin II agonist and antagonist analogues with 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and other constrained amino acids.
AID1289934	Agonist activity at human AT1 receptor transfected in CHO cells co-expressing Galpha16-mtAEQ assessed as induction of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization by bioluminescence assay	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-10, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Mimicking of Arginine by Functionalized N(ω)-Carbamoylated Arginine As a New Broadly Applicable Approach to Labeled Bioactive Peptides: High Affinity Angiotensin, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptide FF, and Neurotensin Receptor Ligands As Examples.
AID1289954	Displacement of [3H]-Angiotensin 2 from human placental AT1 receptor expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes after 90 mins by gamma counting	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-10, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Mimicking of Arginine by Functionalized N(ω)-Carbamoylated Arginine As a New Broadly Applicable Approach to Labeled Bioactive Peptides: High Affinity Angiotensin, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptide FF, and Neurotensin Receptor Ligands As Examples.
AID1124602	Stability of the compound assessed as microsomal leucine aminopeptidase (unknown origin)-mediated liberation of aspartic acid from position 1 and arginine from position 5 after 5 mins by TLC analysis	1979	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep, Volume: 22, Issue:9	Synthesis of angiotensin II analogues by incorporating beta-homotyrosine or beta-homoisoleucine residues.
AID167350	Concentration which produces 50% of maximal contractile response at rabbit aorta strips	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of four angiotensin II receptor ligands with gamma-turn mimetics replacing amino acid residues 3-5.
AID239612	Displacement of [125I]-Ang II from pig uterus myometrium angiotensin II type 2 (AT2) receptor	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24	AT2-selective angiotensin II analogues containing tyrosine-functionalized 5,5-bicyclic thiazabicycloalkane dipeptide mimetics.
AID167449	Compound was tested for the inhibition of nitroazidobenzoyl-angiotensin II induced contraction of rabbit aortic strips	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4	Photochemical inactivation of the angiotensin receptor of rabbit aorta by N alpha-(2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl)-[1-aspartic acid,5-isoleucine]angiotensin II.
AID745252	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in cluster density value at 5 nM under non-oxidative condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID239602	Displacement of [125I]-Ang II from rat liver membrane angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-18, Volume: 47, Issue:24	AT2-selective angiotensin II analogues containing tyrosine-functionalized 5,5-bicyclic thiazabicycloalkane dipeptide mimetics.
AID745248	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in cluster density value at 5 nM under H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID37702	Binding affinity for angiotensin II receptor type 1 using [125I]- Ang II in rat liver membranes	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-12, Volume: 47, Issue:4	A selective AT2 receptor ligand with a gamma-turn-like mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II.
AID37530	Relative affinity compared to the affinity of angiotensin II(Ang=100%) for Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 on rabbit aorta	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Angiotensin analogues palmitoylated in positions 1 and 4.
AID38138	Relative affinity was determined with respect to Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 in isolated rabbit aorta	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14	Novel cyclic analogs of angiotensin II with cyclization between positions 5 and 7: conformational and biological implications.
AID1289936	Displacement of [3H]-Asp-{Nomega-[N-(4-propanoylaminobutyl)aminocarbonyl]}Arg-ValTyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-OH Tris(hydrotrifluoroacetate) from human AT1 receptor transfected in CHO cells co-expressing Galpha16-mtAEQ after 2 hrs by liquid scintillation counting	2016	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-10, Volume: 59, Issue:5	Mimicking of Arginine by Functionalized N(ω)-Carbamoylated Arginine As a New Broadly Applicable Approach to Labeled Bioactive Peptides: High Affinity Angiotensin, Neuropeptide Y, Neuropeptide FF, and Neurotensin Receptor Ligands As Examples.
AID281254	Displacement of [125I]Ang2 from AT2 receptor in pig uterus myometrial membrane	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 50, Issue:7	Synthesis of a new class of druglike angiotensin II C-terminal mimics with affinity for the AT2 receptor.
AID39647	Dissociation constant for [125 I] Ang binding to type 1 Angiotensin II receptor of bovine adrenocortical membranes	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Angiotensin analogues palmitoylated in positions 1 and 4.
AID647626	Antihypertensive activity against angiotensin-2-induced cell contraction in Wistar rat VSMC assessed as changes in planar cell surface area after 30 mins by planimetric technique	2012	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 50	New losartan-hydrocaffeic acid hybrids as antihypertensive-antioxidant dual drugs: Ester, amide and amine linkers.
AID165422	Compound was tested for dose-dependent hypertensive response in infused anesthetized rabbits at 3 ug/min	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-16, Volume: 12, Issue:18	Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cyclic angiotensin II analogues with 3,5 side-chain bridges. Role of C-terminal aromatic residue and ring cluster for activity and implications in the drug design of AT1 non-peptide antagonists.
AID168567	Antagonist activity ID50 was measured in vivo in the rat blood pressure assay	1988	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 31, Issue:4	The importance of residues 2 (arginine) and 6 (histidine) in high-affinity angiotensin II antagonists.
AID37687	Binding affinity for rat angiotensin II receptor, type 1	2004	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-06, Volume: 47, Issue:10	Design, synthesis, structural studies, biological evaluation, and computational simulations of novel potent AT(1) angiotensin II receptor antagonists based on the 4-phenylquinoline structure.
AID1754204	Displacement of [125-I]-[Sar1, Ile8] from recombinant human AT2R transfected in human HEK293 cells incubated for 2 hrs by liquid scintillation counter analysis	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Using conformational constraints at position 6 of Angiotensin II to generate compounds with enhanced AT2R selectivity and proteolytic stability.
AID386484	Antagonist activity at beta2 adrenergic receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as blockade of secreted alkaline phosphatase activity at 1 uM after 6 hrs relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Dec-18, Volume: 104, Issue:51	Hemopressin is an inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
AID166988	Compound was tested for the inhibition of nitroazidobenzoyl-angiotensin II induced contraction of rabbit aortic strips; pD2 is the negative logarithm of ED50	1981	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 24, Issue:4	Photochemical inactivation of the angiotensin receptor of rabbit aorta by N alpha-(2-nitro-5-azidobenzoyl)-[1-aspartic acid,5-isoleucine]angiotensin II.
AID272974	Displacement of [125I]Ang2 from AT1 receptor in rat liver membrane	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 49, Issue:20	Design, synthesis, and incorporation of a beta-turn mimetic in angiotensin II forming novel pseudopeptides with affinity for AT1 and AT2 receptors.
AID1754203	Displacement of [125-I]-[Sar1, Ile8] from recombinant human AT1R transfected in human HEK293 cells incubated for 2 hrs by liquid scintillation counter analysis	2021	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 07-01, Volume: 43	Using conformational constraints at position 6 of Angiotensin II to generate compounds with enhanced AT2R selectivity and proteolytic stability.
AID386485	Antagonist activity at AT1 angiotensin receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as blockade of secreted alkaline phosphatase activity at 1 uM after 6 hrs relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Dec-18, Volume: 104, Issue:51	Hemopressin is an inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
AID167344	In vitro agonist activity relative to angiotensin II measured in rabbit aorta strip assay.	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct, Volume: 34, Issue:10	An investigation of angiotensin II agonist and antagonist analogues with 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid and other constrained amino acids.
AID272975	Displacement of [125I]Ang2 from AT2 receptor in pig uterus myometrium	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-05, Volume: 49, Issue:20	Design, synthesis, and incorporation of a beta-turn mimetic in angiotensin II forming novel pseudopeptides with affinity for AT1 and AT2 receptors.
AID38137	Relative affinity was determined with respect to Angiotensin II receptor, type 1	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14	Novel cyclic analogs of angiotensin II with cyclization between positions 5 and 7: conformational and biological implications.
AID1336308	Displacement of [125I]CGP 42112A from human recombinant AT2 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells measured after 4 hrs by scintillation counting method	2017	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 01-15, Volume: 25, Issue:2	Structure-anticonvulsant activity studies in the group of (E)-N-cinnamoyl aminoalkanols derivatives monosubstituted in phenyl ring with 4-Cl, 4-CH
AID503309	Antiproliferative activity against human PC3 cells at 300 nM after 120 hrs by MTT assay relative to DMSO	2006	Nature chemical biology, Jun, Volume: 2, Issue:6	Identifying off-target effects and hidden phenotypes of drugs in human cells.
AID1169024	Agonist activity at AT2 receptor in rat and mouse hybridoma NG108-15 cells assessed as induction of neurite outgrowth at 100 nM after 3 days in presence of 1 uM AT2 receptor antagonist PD 123,319 by phase contrast microscopy	2014	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-09, Volume: 5, Issue:10	Saralasin and Sarile Are AT2 Receptor Agonists.
AID167278	Activity of compound in contraction assays performed using isolated rabbit aorta	1996	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-05, Volume: 39, Issue:14	Novel cyclic analogs of angiotensin II with cyclization between positions 5 and 7: conformational and biological implications.
AID251009	Effect on [3H]thymidine incorporation into PC12 cells expressing AT2 receptors at 10 uM	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-16, Volume: 48, Issue:12	New selective AT2 receptor ligands encompassing a gamma-turn mimetic replacing the amino acid residues 4-5 of angiotensin II act as agonists.
AID1133749	Pressor activity in rat assessed as weight basis relative to mammalian [Val5]angiotensin 2	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2	Synthesis and specific pressor activity of [1-aspartic acid,5-valine,9-serine]angiotensin I ("fowl angiotensin I").
AID745253	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in mean fluorescence intensity at 5 nM under non-oxidative condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID167536	Negative log of the dose of agonist that produces half-maximal contraction on rabbit aorta	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Angiotensin analogues palmitoylated in positions 1 and 4.
AID745246	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in degree of aggregation at 5 nM under H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID281253	Displacement of [125I]Ang2 from AT1 receptor in rat liver membrane	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-05, Volume: 50, Issue:7	Synthesis of a new class of druglike angiotensin II C-terminal mimics with affinity for the AT2 receptor.
AID37844	Inhibitory concentration against [125 I]Ang II binding to rat pituitary membranes Angiotensin II receptor type 1 without 0.2% bovine serum albumin	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-14, Volume: 40, Issue:6	Design, synthesis, and biological activities of four angiotensin II receptor ligands with gamma-turn mimetics replacing amino acid residues 3-5.
AID37824	In vitro inhibitory activity against rat Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 expressed in CHO cells	1999	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov-04, Volume: 42, Issue:22	Angiotensin II analogues encompassing 5,9- and 5,10-fused thiazabicycloalkane tripeptide mimetics.
AID254557	Binding affinity for angiotensin II receptor, type 2 in pig uterus myometrium using [125I]-Ang II as radioligand, in pH 7.4 Tris-HCl buffer for 1.5 hr at 25 degree C	2005	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Oct-20, Volume: 48, Issue:21	Angiotensin II pseudopeptides containing 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene scaffolds with high AT2 receptor affinity.
AID39363	Concentration required to 50% inhibition in specific binding of [125- I]A-II to Angiotensin II receptor in rat uterine membrane	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Conformational restriction of angiotensin II: cyclic analogues having high potency.
AID24867	Rate constant was determined for the compound	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar, Volume: 32, Issue:3	A carboxy-terminus truncated analogue of angiotensin II, [Sar1]angiotensin II-(1-7)-amide, provides an entry to a new class of angiotensin II antagonists.
AID1169021	Agonist activity at AT2 receptor in rat and mouse hybridoma NG108-15 cells assessed as induction of neurite outgrowth at 100 nM after 3 days by phase contrast microscopy	2014	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-09, Volume: 5, Issue:10	Saralasin and Sarile Are AT2 Receptor Agonists.
AID37813	In vitro binding affinity at rat liver Angiotensin II receptor, type 1 was determined based on displacement of [125I]-Ang II	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9	Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor.
AID745256	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level at 5 nM after 3 mins under H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition by fluorimetric assay	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID330796	Displacement of [125I]Sar1,Ile8-Ang2 from AT1 receptor in Wistar rat hepatic membrane	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-10, Volume: 51, Issue:7	Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of AT1 angiotensin II receptor antagonists based on the pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine and related heteroaromatic bicyclic systems.
AID166989	Contractile activity in rabbit aortic rings.	1990	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul, Volume: 33, Issue:7	Conformational restriction of angiotensin II: cyclic analogues having high potency.
AID39646	Relative affinity for type 1 Angiotensin II receptor of bovine adrenocortical membranes compared to angiotensin	1997	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-26, Volume: 40, Issue:20	Angiotensin analogues palmitoylated in positions 1 and 4.
AID38149	In vitro binding affinity at angiotensin II (type 2) receptor in rabbit uterus.	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 36, Issue:13	Multiple binding modes for the receptor-bound conformations of cyclic AII agonists.
AID224183	Agonistic activity in vascular contractility study on rabbit aorta	2002	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-25, Volume: 45, Issue:9	Vinyl sulfide cyclized analogues of angiotensin II with high affinity and full agonist activity at the AT(1) receptor.
AID39206	Binding affinity for rat brain Angiotensin II receptor	1991	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Nov, Volume: 34, Issue:11	Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of non-peptide angiotensin II receptor binding inhibitors specific for the AT2 subtype.
AID37832	In vitro binding affinity to the angiotensin II receptor, type 1 in rat liver	1993	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-25, Volume: 36, Issue:13	Multiple binding modes for the receptor-bound conformations of cyclic AII agonists.
AID745255	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in intracellular calcium level at 10 nM after 3 mins by fluorimetric assay relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID1133747	Pressor activity in rat assessed as weight basis relative to mammalian [Ile5]angiotensin 2	1977	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb, Volume: 20, Issue:2	Synthesis and specific pressor activity of [1-aspartic acid,5-valine,9-serine]angiotensin I ("fowl angiotensin I").
AID39347	Tested for inhibition of radioligand [Sar1,Ile5,8]AII binding to angiotensin II receptor in rat uterus	1989	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr, Volume: 32, Issue:4	Topographic probes of angiotensin and receptor: potent angiotensin II agonist containing diphenylalanine and long-acting antagonists containing biphenylalanine and 2-indan amino acid in position 8.
AID466198	Displacement of [125I][Sar1,Ile8]Ang2 from human AT1 receptor N111G constitutively active mutant expressed in CHO cells by gamma counting	2010	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Mar-11, Volume: 53, Issue:5	The amino-terminus of angiotensin II contacts several ectodomains of the angiotensin II receptor AT1.
AID1568172	Upregulation of CYP11B2 gene expression in human NCI-H295R cells at 0.1 uM measured after 24 hrs relative to control	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-13, Volume: 10, Issue:6	Discovery of a Lead Triphenylethanamine Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Inhibitor.
AID386482	Antagonist activity at delta opioid receptor expressed in HEK293 cells assessed as blockade of secreted alkaline phosphatase activity at 1 uM after 6 hrs relative to control	2007	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, Dec-18, Volume: 104, Issue:51	Hemopressin is an inverse agonist of CB1 cannabinoid receptors.
AID1568171	Upregulation of CYP11B1 gene expression in human NCI-H295R cells at 0.1 uM measured after 24 hrs relative to control	2019	ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-13, Volume: 10, Issue:6	Discovery of a Lead Triphenylethanamine Cholesterol Ester Transfer Protein (CETP) Inhibitor.
AID745254	Stimulation of EGFP-tagged rat AT1 receptor expressed in HEK cells assessed as increase in mean fluorescence intensity at 5 nM under H2O2-induced oxidative stress condition by image correlation spectroscopic analysis relative to control	2013	European journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 63	Bivalent angiotensin II suppresses oxidative stress-induced hyper-responsiveness of angiotensin II receptor type I.
AID1346995	Human AT1 receptor (Angiotensin receptors)	1999	British journal of pharmacology, Feb, Volume: 126, Issue:4	Distinction between surmountable and insurmountable selective AT1 receptor antagonists by use of CHO-K1 cells expressing human angiotensin II AT1 receptors.
AID1346588	Rat K2P3.1 (Two P domain potassium channels)	2000	Molecular endocrinology (Baltimore, Md.), Jun, Volume: 14, Issue:6	TASK (TWIK-related acid-sensitive K+ channel) is expressed in glomerulosa cells of rat adrenal cortex and inhibited by angiotensin II.
AID1346340	Human AT2 receptor (Angiotensin receptors)	1989	Biochemical and biophysical research communications, Aug-30, Volume: 163, Issue:1	Preliminary biochemical characterization of two angiotensin II receptor subtypes.
AID1346340	Human AT2 receptor (Angiotensin receptors)	1994	Current opinion in nephrology and hypertension, Jan, Volume: 3, Issue:1	Human angiotensin receptor subtypes.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	12187 (33.30)	18.7374
1990's	8395 (22.94)	18.2507
2000's	7864 (21.49)	29.6817
2010's	6282 (17.17)	24.3611
2020's	1869 (5.11)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	1,089 (2.85%)	5.53%
Reviews	3,791 (9.94%)	6.00%
Case Studies	345 (0.90%)	4.05%
Observational	25 (0.07%)	0.25%
Other	32,902 (86.24%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
Virtual Hypertension Clinic (VHC) Study [NCT01167920]		74 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-11-30	Completed
Exercise and Intensive Vascular Risk Reduction in Preventing Dementia [NCT02913664]	Phase 2/Phase 3	513 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-02-02	Completed
Balance of Angiotensin II Receptors in Vessel Function After Preeclampsia [NCT06157580]	Early Phase 1	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-01	Recruiting
Influence of Blockade of the Renin-angiotensin System for Preservation of Cognitive Function, Hormonal Counter-regulatory Response, Symptomatology and Cardiac Repolarisation During Hypoglycaemia in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes [NCT01116180]		9 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2010-04-30	Completed
A Dose Finding Trial for Angiotensin II in Hypertensive Adults on Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers With Anesthesia-Mediated Hypotension [NCT03733145]	Phase 1	60 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-10-03	Recruiting
Biomarker-guided Implementation of Angiotensin-II (AT-II) to Reduce the Occurrence of Kidney Damage After Cardiac Surgery [NCT05199493]	Phase 3	64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2021-12-27	Completed
Expanded Access for LJPC-501 [NCT03245528]		0 participants	Expanded Access		Approved for marketing
A Randomised, Placebo-controlled, Double-Blind, Multicentre Efficacy and Safety Study of LJPC-501 in Paediatric Patients > 2 to 17 Years of Age With Catecholamine-Resistant Hypotension Associated With Distributive Shock [NCT03623529]	Phase 2	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2018-08-31	Recruiting
PARENT Trial Pilot Pulmonary Artery Pressure Reduction With ENTresto (Sacubitril/Valsartan) [NCT02788656]	Phase 4	4 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-09-30	Terminated(stopped due to Inadequate Recruitment)
Impact of Intensive Treatment of Systolic Blood Pressure on Brain Perfusion, Amyloid, and Tau in Older Adults (IPAT Study) [NCT05331144]	Phase 2	180 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-10-25	Recruiting
Angiotensin II as a First-line Vasopressor for Distributive Shock During or After Heart Transplantation or Durable Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation: A Pilot Study [NCT04904562]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-01	Recruiting
Medication-overuse Headache (MOH): Withdrawal or Use of Preventative Medications Directly? A Randomized Multi-centre Follow-up. [NCT00159588]		64 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-01-31	Completed
Caveolin-1 and Vascular Dysfunction [NCT01426529]	Phase 1	120 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-10-01	Active, not recruiting
Angiotensin II for Septic Shock Treatment: Effects On Macro- and Microcirculation A Randomized, Controlled Pilot Trial (ANGSTROM Trial) [NCT03302650]	Phase 3	20 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-04-01	Suspended(stopped due to The drug is not available)
Angiotensin II in Liver Transplantation (AngLT-1): A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT04901169]	Phase 2/Phase 3	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-06-28	Recruiting
Asian Diabetes Outcomes Prevention Trial [NCT04286399]	Phase 4	2,400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2019-07-01	Recruiting
Hellenic Anglo Research Into Morning Or Evening Antihypertensive Drug deliverY Trial [NCT01669928]	Phase 4	103 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-04-30	Completed
Evaluation of the Potential Benefit of Renin-angiotensin System Inhibitors (RASi, ACEi/ARB) in High-risk Patients With COVID-19. The COVID-RASi Trial [NCT04591210]	Phase 3	1,155 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-01-27	Active, not recruiting
Investigating the Interaction of Apelin and Angiotensin II Peripheral Resistance Vessels in Vivo in Man [NCT00901745]		12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2009-05-31	Completed
A Multicenter, Randomized, Prospective, Open-Label Trial of Rituximab in the Treatment of Progressive IgA Nephropathy [NCT00498368]	Phase 4	34 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-02-28	Completed
A Pilot Crossover Randomised Controlled Trial of Angiotensin II in Critically Ill Patients With Severe Sepsis and Acute Renal Failure [NCT00711789]	Phase 2	12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-02-28	Recruiting
Role of Angiotensin II in Insulin-induced Microvascular Activity [NCT01024543]		18 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2006-10-31	Completed
Angiotensin 2 as a Novel Treatment for Hepatorenal Syndrome [NCT04048707]	Phase 2	48 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-07-01	Not yet recruiting
Intravenous AII for the Treatment of Severe Hypotension in High Output Shock: A Pilot Study [NCT01393782]	Phase 1	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2011-07-31	Completed
Physiologic Investigation of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Axis in HIV [NCT01407237]		30 participants (Actual)	Observational	2012-01-31	Completed
Intraoperative Angiotensin 2 for the Prevention of Kidney Injury After Liver Transplant [NCT04592744]	Phase 4	30 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-04-08	Enrolling by invitation
Blood Pressure Lowering Effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) in Primary Autonomic Failure [NCT02591173]	Early Phase 1	7 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty recruiting)
Comparison of the Effects of Different Antihypertensive Drugs in Patients With Hypertension and Obstructive Sleep Apnea [NCT01028534]		150 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-07-31	Completed
[NCT01049646]		12 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2010-01-31	Completed
[NCT01015937]		50 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-03-31	Completed
A Phase 1 Study of LJPC-501 in Patients With Hepatorenal Syndrome [NCT01906307]	Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-03-31	Terminated(stopped due to Corporate decision)
DPP3, Angiotensin II, and Renin Kinetics in Sepsis (DARK-Sepsis) Pilot: Serum Biomarkers to Predict Response to Angiotensin II vs. Standard-of-care Vasopressor Therapy in the Treatment of Septic Shock, a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial [NCT05824767]	Phase 4	40 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-04-17	Recruiting
Open-label, Randomized, Single Center, Paralleled Clinical Study to Evaluate Adherence Improvement Fixed-dose Combination of Olostar Tab. in Patients With Hypertension and Dyslipidemia [NCT04061824]	Phase 4	150 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-05-24	Completed
Angiotensin II in the Perioperative Management of Hypotension in Kidney Transplant [NCT04529005]	Phase 4	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-08-13	Completed
Efficacy and Safety of the Fixed-dose Combination of Valsartan Plus Chlorthalidone Vs Valsartan or Chlorthalidone Alone in the Treatment of Arterial Hypertension, Open-label, Controlled, Randomized and Multicenter Trial [NCT01850160]	Phase 3	124 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-04-30	Completed
The Renin-Aldosterone Axis in Postural Tachycardia Syndrome [NCT00962949]	Phase 1	28 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
Vascular Function in Health & Disease: Rehabilitation for Hypertension; Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Afferent Feedback [NCT02966665]	Phase 1	420 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2008-09-30	Recruiting
Protective Effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) in Peripheral Arterial Disease [NCT03240068]	Early Phase 1	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-09-01	Terminated(stopped due to Study funding ended prior to completion.)
A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial of Angiotensin II Versus Vasopressin as Second-line Vasopressor in the Treatment of Septic Shock [NCT05193370]	Phase 4	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-01-03	Withdrawn(stopped due to Funding and protocol changes. Replaced with new pilot trial.)
The Effect of Early Administration of Dapagliflozin in ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients Presenting With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction [NCT05045274]		300 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Effects of Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARB) and Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEI) on Progression of Silent Brain Infarction and Cognitive Decline in Japanese Patients With Essential Hypertension in the Elderly [NCT00126516]	Phase 4	395 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-05-31	Completed
A Randomized, Controlled Study on Calcium Channel Blocker Versus Angiotensin II Antagonists in the Hypertensive Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Under the Inadequately Controlled Blood Pressure With Angiotension II Antagonists [NCT00144144]	Phase 4	300 participants	Interventional	2004-09-30	Active, not recruiting
Prophylactic Treatment of Episodic Cluster Headache With an Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (Candesartan Cilexetil); a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Parallel Study [NCT00184587]	Phase 2	40 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-03-31	Completed
The Role of Angiotensin Type I Receptor in the Regulation of Human Coronary Vascular Function [NCT00001629]	Phase 3	49 participants	Interventional	1997-07-31	Completed
Prospective Randomized Multicentric Open Label Study to Evaluate Rituximab Treatment for Idiopathic Membranous Nephropathy (IMN) [NCT01508468]	Phase 3	80 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-01-17	Completed
Evaluation of Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 As An Epigenetic Regulator of Salt Sensitive Hypertension [NCT01702688]		0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-07-31	Withdrawn
Occult Cardiovascular Disease With Chronic Exposure to Secondhand Tobacco Smoke [NCT04715568]	Phase 4	100 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-03-30	Recruiting
Prospective Monitoring of Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitor in Older Adults With Heart Failure and Frailty [NCT04743063]		40,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2021-01-14	Active, not recruiting
Prognosis of SARS-Cov 2 Positive Patients Receiving Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACE-I) and Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonists (ARBs) [NCT04357535]		314 participants (Actual)	Observational	2020-05-10	Completed
Vascular Disease and Hbp: Pai-1, Insulin and Genes (Crc): Hypertension Phenotype [NCT01456208]		150 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	1999-10-31	Terminated(stopped due to Funding stopped)
Effect of Losartan in Patients With Nonobstructive Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy [NCT01150461]	Phase 2	20 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2007-02-28	Completed
Effects of Nebivolol Versus Metoprolol on Blood Flow Responses to Exercise and Angiotensin II in Hypertensive Patients [NCT01502787]	Phase 4	46 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2009-04-30	Completed
The Role of Angiotensin Type I Receptor in the Regulation of Human Peripheral Vascular Function [NCT00001628]	Phase 3	36 participants	Interventional	1997-07-31	Completed
A Phase 3, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center Study of LJPC-501 in Patients With Catecholamine-Resistant Hypotension (CRH) [NCT02338843]	Phase 3	344 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2015-03-31	Completed
HF Assessment With BNP in the Home: Part II [NCT02351063]		1 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2014-04-30	Terminated(stopped due to Sponsor's discretion to terminate study prematurely for further evaluation.)
A Phase IIb, Multicenter, Open-Label, Prospective Study of Bremelanotide in Diabetic Kidney Disease to Assess the Efficacy in Reducing Urinary Protein and Maintaining Podocyte Density and Function [NCT05709444]	Phase 2	45 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2022-12-26	Recruiting
An Open-label, Single-arm, Single-center Study Evaluating the Hemodynamic Response to Angiotensin-II When Used as the Second Vasopressor Agent for Septic Shock [NCT06122987]	Phase 4	50 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2023-12-31	Not yet recruiting
Therapeutic Drug Use in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD): a Multicenter Retrospective Real-world Study [NCT05818995]		10,000 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2022-07-01	Active, not recruiting
A Preliminary, Open-label Trial of Losartan Potassium in Participants With Eosinophilic Esophagitis (EoE) With or Without a Connective Tissue Disorder. [NCT01808196]	Phase 2	6 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2013-10-10	Completed
An Investigator-initiated, Multicenter, Prospective, Randomized, Open-label, Blinded-endpoint Study to Assess the Effect of In-hospital Initiation of Sacubitril Valsartan on the NT-proBNP Concentrations in Patients Admitted Due to Acute Exacerbation of He [NCT05164653]	Phase 4	400 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2021-12-27	Active, not recruiting
Efficacy and Safety of Angiotensin II Use in COVID-19 Patients With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [NCT04408326]		50 participants (Anticipated)	Observational	2020-06-01	Recruiting
Non-Modulation Phenotype and Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetes Mellitus [NCT01511042]		100 participants (Actual)	Observational [Patient Registry]	1999-12-31	Terminated
Renin and Renal Biomarker Response to Angiotensin II Versus Controls in Septic Shock: An Open-Label Study [NCT04558359]	Phase 4	30 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2020-10-19	Completed
Anti-Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antibodies and Kidney Transplant Outcomes [NCT03466775]		1,845 participants (Actual)	Observational	2008-01-01	Completed
An Open-Label, Multi-Center Study of LJPC-501 in Pediatric Patients Who Remain Hypotensive Despite Receiving Fluid Therapy and Vasopressor Therapy [NCT03431077]	Phase 2	2 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-02-11	Completed
Metabolic Effects of Angiotensin-(1-7) [NCT02646475]	Phase 1	19 participants (Anticipated)	Interventional	2016-02-29	Recruiting
Effects of Low Sodium Intake on the Anti-proteinuric Efficacy of Olmesartan in Hypertensive Patients With Albuminuria Through Open-label Randomized Trial [NCT01552954]	Phase 4	269 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2012-02-29	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial	Outcome
NCT00159588 (2) [back to overview]	Headache Days
NCT00159588 (2) [back to overview]	Headache Index
NCT00498368 (4) [back to overview]	Biochemical Marker Gd-Immunoglobulin A Subclass 1 (IgA1) at 12 Months
NCT00498368 (4) [back to overview]	Biochemical Marker IgA at 12 Months
NCT00498368 (4) [back to overview]	Biochemical Marker Immunoglobulin G (IgG) AutoAb at 12 Months
NCT00498368 (4) [back to overview]	Change in Proteinuria at 12 Months
NCT00962949 (4) [back to overview]	Aldosterone Level
NCT00962949 (4) [back to overview]	Cortisol Level
NCT00962949 (4) [back to overview]	Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Change
NCT00962949 (4) [back to overview]	Plasma Renin Activity
NCT01150461 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline in Extent of Left Ventricular Fibrosis at 1 Year as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
NCT01150461 (2) [back to overview]	Percentage Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass at 1 Year as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.
NCT01502787 (3) [back to overview]	Blood Pressure During Angiotensin II Infusion
NCT01502787 (3) [back to overview]	Blood Pressure During Exercise
NCT01502787 (3) [back to overview]	Forearm Blood Flow
NCT01552954 (4) [back to overview]	Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Change Between Weeks 8 and 16
NCT01552954 (4) [back to overview]	∆Albuminuria by 24-hour Urine Protein Excretion
NCT01552954 (4) [back to overview]	∆Hemoglobin (0 Week - 16 Weeks)
NCT01552954 (4) [back to overview]	Na Excretion Change in 24 Hour-urine Collection Between Weeks 8 and 16
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Clinic - Systolic BP
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Changes in 24 Hour Systolic Blood Pressure
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Clinic - Diastolic BP
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Day-time ABPM Diastolic BP
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Mean Day-time ABPM Systolic BP
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Quality of Life Score
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Self Reported Side Effects
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Μean Night Time ABPM Diastolic BP
NCT01669928 (9) [back to overview]	Μean Night Time ABPM Systolic BP
NCT01808196 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Pediatric EoE Symptom Score at 16 Weeks
NCT01808196 (3) [back to overview]	Percent of Participants in Histologic Remission at 16 Weeks
NCT01808196 (3) [back to overview]	Change in Peak Eosinophil Count at 16 Weeks
NCT02338843 (1) [back to overview]	An Increased MAP, Defined as Achievement of a Day 1 MAP at 3 Hours Following the Initiation of Study Drug, of ≥ 75 mmHg OR a 10 mmHg Increase in Baseline MAP
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	The Acute Change in PAPm After the First Administration of Sacubitril/Valsartan
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	The Difference Between Mean Change in PAPm From Baseline on Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared to ACEI/ARB
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	Change in NT-proBNP
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	Determine the Change in Distance Walked During a Standard 6 Minute Walk Test From Baseline
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	Difference Between Mean Change in Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAPm) With Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared to the Mean Change in PAPm With Continued ACEi/ARB
NCT02788656 (6) [back to overview]	Mean Change in PAPm in Both Groups on Sacubitril/Valsartan
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Peripheral/Visceral Ischemia
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Arrhythmias
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Thrombosis
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Duration of ATII Vasopressor Usage in the Intraoperative Setting
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Delayed Graft Function
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Fungal Infections
NCT04529005 (7) [back to overview]	Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Hyperglycemia

Intervention	days/month (Median)
Prophylaxis From the Start	7.2
Abrupt Withdrawal	4.2
Controls	1.6

Intervention	headache index per month (Mean)
Preventive Drugs From the Start	169
Abrupt Withdrawal	371
Controls	302

Intervention	U/100ng IgA (Mean)
Rituximab Plus ACE/ARB	60.5
ACE/ARB	58.9

Intervention	mg/ml (Mean)
Rituximab Plus ACE/ARB	4.4
ACE/ARB	4.6

Intervention	U/ml (Mean)
Rituximab Plus ACE/ARB	1751.3
ACE/ARB	1075

Intervention	participants (Number)
	Number of participants with > 50% reduction	Number of participants with >50% increase	Number of participants with <500 mg of protein
ACE/ARB	3	2	2
Rituximab Plus ACE/ARB	3	1	2

Intervention	picogram/milliliter (Mean)
Control	15
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome	17

Intervention	ng/ml/h (Mean)
Control	-1.4
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome	-0.7

Intervention	mm/Hg (Mean)
Control	14
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome	10

Intervention	micrograms/deciliter (Mean)
Control	-0.6
Postural Tachycardia Syndrome	-0.9

Intervention	Percentage change in fibrotic myocardium (Mean)
Losartan 50 mg PO BID	-23
Placebo	31

Intervention	Percentage change in LV mass (Mean)
Losartan 50 mg PO BID	-5
Placebo	5

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Metoprolol	114
Nebivolol	113

Intervention	mmHg (Mean)
Initial Treatment With Metoprolol	101
Initial Treatment With Nebivolol	103

Intervention	ml/min (Mean)
First Intervention Metoprolol: 12 Weeks	96
Second Intervention Nebivolol: 24 Weeks	105

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
	Systolic BP at week 8	Systolic BP at week 16	sBP changes from week 8 at week 16	Diastolic BP at week 8	Diastolic BP at week 16	dBP changes from week 8 at week 16
Conventional Education of Low-salt Diet Group	121.8	121.2	0.6	73.4	74.8	-0.7
Intensive Education of Low-salt Diet Group	122.1	120.4	1.7	73.6	73.1	0.5

Intervention	mg/day (Mean)
	24hr-urine albumin (8th week)	24hr-urine albumin (16th week);n=124, 118	Mean of ∆albuminuria (week 8-week 16); n=124, 118
Conventional Education of Low-salt Diet Group	483.5	487.3	-0.4
Intensive Education of Low-salt Diet Group	569.9	417.4	154.0

Intervention	g/dL (Mean)
	Hemoglobin (week 0)	Hemoglobin (week 8)	Hemoglobin (week 16)	Hemoglobin changes from week 0 at week 16
Conventional Education of Low-salt Diet Group	13.8	13.5	13.3	0.46
Intensive Education of Low-salt Diet Group	14.0	13.7	13.4	0.62

Intervention	mEq/day (Mean)
	week 8	week 16; n=124, 118	∆Na excretion (week 8 - week 16);n=124, 118
Conventional Education of Low-salt Diet Group	155.5	147.1	9.0
Intensive Education of Low-salt Diet Group	157.4	122.1	35.4

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	129.37
Evening Medication	129.81

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	129.65
Evening Medication	129.75

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	77.26
Evening Medication	77.41

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	79.27
Evening Medication	80.55

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	132.24
Evening Medication	132.77

Intervention	Score out of 100 (Mean)
Morning Medication	84.14
Evening Medication	84.04

Intervention	Serious Adverse Events (Number)
Morning Medication	0
Evening Medication	3

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	70.92
Evening Medication	70.57

Intervention	mm Hg (Mean)
Morning Medication	122.76
Evening Medication	121.08

Intervention	score on a scale (Mean)
Losartan	-11

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
acetylcarnitine Acetylcarnitine: An acetic acid ester of CARNITINE that facilitates movement of ACETYL COA into the matrices of mammalian MITOCHONDRIA during the oxidation of FATTY ACIDS.	2.57	2	0	O-acylcarnitine	human metabolite
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	2.06	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
2,3-diphosphoglycerate 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate: A highly anionic organic phosphate which is present in human red blood cells at about the same molar ratio as hemoglobin. It binds to deoxyhemoglobin but not the oxygenated form, therefore diminishing the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin. This is essential in enabling hemoglobin to unload oxygen in tissue capillaries. It is also an intermediate in the conversion of 3-phosphoglycerate to 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase (EC 5.4.2.1). (From Stryer Biochemistry, 4th ed, p160; Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p508). 2,3-bisphosphoglyceric acid : A bisphosphoglyceric acid that is glyceric acid carrying two phospho substituents at positions 2 and 3.	2.69	3	0	bisphosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	human metabolite
protocatechuic acid protocatechuic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid in which the hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 4.	7.52	2	0	catechols; dihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	5.51	21	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	9.6	66	1	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.57	9	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	7.7	3	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetaldehyde Acetaldehyde: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of acetic acid, perfumes, and flavors. It is also an intermediate in the metabolism of alcohol. It has a general narcotic action and also causes irritation of mucous membranes. Large doses may cause death from respiratory paralysis.. acetaldehyde : The aldehyde formed from acetic acid by reduction of the carboxy group. It is the most abundant carcinogen in tobacco smoke.. aldehyde : A compound RC(=O)H, in which a carbonyl group is bonded to one hydrogen atom and to one R group.. acetyl group : A group, formally derived from acetic acid by dehydroxylation, which is fundamental to the biochemistry of all forms of life. When bound to coenzyme A, it is central to the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats.	2.17	1	0	aldehyde	carcinogenic agent; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; electron acceptor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; oxidising agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; teratogenic agent
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	3.35	7	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	10.03	15	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allantoin [no description available]	2.44	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione; ureas	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; vulnerary
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	8.05	22	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
quinacrine Quinacrine: An acridine derivative formerly widely used as an antimalarial but superseded by chloroquine in recent years. It has also been used as an anthelmintic and in the treatment of giardiasis and malignant effusions. It is used in cell biological experiments as an inhibitor of phospholipase A2.. quinacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is acridine substituted by a chloro group at position 6, a methoxy group at position 2 and a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]nitrilo group at position 9.	4.28	19	0	acridines; aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	antimalarial; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	5.19	3	1	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.43	2	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	3.04	5	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	3.12	5	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.92	4	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	10.94	14	2	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	6.64	22	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	2.65	3	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
carnitine [no description available]	3.66	3	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	2.89	4	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
choline [no description available]	4.65	28	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.47	5	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	13.66	196	5	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.87	4	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	3.81	2	1	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
phloroglucinol Phloroglucinol: A trinitrobenzene derivative with antispasmodic properties that is used primarily as a laboratory reagent.. phloroglucinol : A benzenetriol with hydroxy groups at position 1, 3 and 5.	9.28	4	1	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	algal metabolite
gallic acid gallate : A trihydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of gallic acid.	9.83	33	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; astringent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
octanoic acid octanoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1764. octanoic acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is heptane in which one of the hydrogens of a terminal methyl group has been replaced by a carboxy group. Octanoic acid is also known as caprylic acid.	1.96	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	antibacterial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	4.38	18	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.01	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
n(g),n(g')-dimethyl-l-arginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine	6.31	19	0	alpha-amino acid
malic acid malic acid : A 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid that is succinic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to a carbon is replaced by a hydroxy group.. 2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid : Any dicarboxylic acid carrying a hydroxy group on the carbon atom at position alpha to the carboxy group.	7.89	4	0	2-hydroxydicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
phosphonoacetic acid Phosphonoacetic Acid: A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent.. phosphonoacetic acid : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorous is replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; phosphonic acids	antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	3.93	13	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	5.36	14	1	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	8.92	31	5	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	2.41	1	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	9.08	15	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
ethanolamine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ethanolamines; primary alcohol; primary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	3.23	6	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-phosphoglycerate 3-phosphoglycerate : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of at least one of the acidic groups of 3-phosphoglyceric acid.	1.96	1	0	monophosphoglyceric acid; tetronic acid derivative	algal metabolite; fundamental metabolite
glycine [no description available]	10.06	43	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	6.63	52	1	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	11.13	89	1	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histamine [no description available]	14.35	318	3	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	7.02	27	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroquinone [no description available]	2.38	2	0	benzenediol; hydroquinones	antioxidant; carcinogenic agent; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; skin lightening agent
imidazole imidazole: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1H-imidazole : An imidazole tautomer which has the migrating hydrogen at position 1.	8.26	6	0	imidazole
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	6.64	17	1	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.25	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
dihydroxyphenylalanine Dihydroxyphenylalanine: A beta-hydroxylated derivative of phenylalanine. The D-form of dihydroxyphenylalanine has less physiologic activity than the L-form and is commonly used experimentally to determine whether the pharmacological effects of LEVODOPA are stereospecific.. dopa : A hydroxyphenylalanine carrying hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 4 of the benzene ring.	3.96	14	0	hydroxyphenylalanine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	human metabolite
kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group.	3.8	3	0	aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline	human metabolite
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.39	2	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	3.66	9	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
malonic acid malonic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid in which the two carboxy groups are separated by a single methylene group.. dicarboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid containing two carboxy groups.	2.25	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	human metabolite
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.2	5	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	2.67	3	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	3.37	1	1	inositol phosphate
inositol Inositol: An isomer of glucose that has traditionally been considered to be a B vitamin although it has an uncertain status as a vitamin and a deficiency syndrome has not been identified in man. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1379) Inositol phospholipids are important in signal transduction.. inositol : Any cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol.. 1D-chiro-inositol : Belonging to the inositol family of compounds, D-chiro-inositol (DCI) is an isomer of glucose. It is an important secondary messenger in insulin signal transduction.. muco-inositol : An inositol that is cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol having a (1R,2R,3r,4R,5S,6r)-configuration.	6.19	44	0	cyclitol; hexol
melatonin [no description available]	9.65	31	3	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
croton oil [no description available]	1.99	1	0	N-acyl-hexosamine
naphthalene [no description available]	2.08	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	11.87	21	1	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.51	8	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.94	4	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	10.94	85	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitric acid Nitric Acid: Nitric acid (HNO3). A colorless liquid that is used in the manufacture of inorganic and organic nitrates and nitro compounds for fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, and many different organic chemicals. Continued exposure to vapor may cause chronic bronchitis; chemical pneumonitis may occur. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nitric acid : A nitrogen oxoacid of formula HNO3 in which the nitrogen atom is bonded to a hydroxy group and by equivalent bonds to the remaining two oxygen atoms.	2.42	2	0	nitrogen oxoacid	protic solvent; reagent
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	5.86	6	1	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	10.18	88	1	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	10.07	14	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
1-octanol 1-Octanol: A colorless, slightly viscous liquid used as a defoaming or wetting agent. It is also used as a solvent for protective coatings, waxes, and oils, and as a raw material for plasticizers. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). octan-1-ol : An octanol carrying the hydroxy group at position 1.	2.07	1	0	octanol; primary alcohol	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite; fuel additive; kairomone; plant metabolite
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	4.86	10	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
pentachlorophenol PENTA: structure given in first source	2	1	0	aromatic fungicide; chlorophenol; organochlorine pesticide; pentachlorobenzenes	human xenobiotic metabolite
phenol [no description available]	3.8	3	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.68	3	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.71	3	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
picolinic acid picolinic acid: iron-chelating agent that inhibits DNA synthesis; may interfere with iron-dependent production of stable free organic radical which is essential for ribonucleotide reductase formation of deoxyribonucleotides; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7206. picolinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position 2. It is an intermediate in the metabolism of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	pyridinemonocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; MALDI matrix material
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.01	1	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	4.02	3	1	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group.	4	2	0	saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid	antifungal drug
putrescine [no description available]	2.67	3	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis.	3.44	2	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines	antitubercular agent; prodrug
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	2.92	4	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.45	2	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyrogallol benzenetriol : A triol in which three hydroxy groups are substituted onto a benzene ring.	1.94	1	0	benzenetriol; phenolic donor	plant metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	4	14	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
quinolinic acid Quinolinic Acid: A metabolite of tryptophan with a possible role in neurodegenerative disorders. Elevated CSF levels of quinolinic acid are correlated with the severity of neuropsychological deficits in patients who have AIDS.. pyridinedicarboxylic acid : Any member of the class of pyridines carrying two carboxy groups.. quinolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid that is pyridine substituted by carboxy groups at positions 2 and 3. It is a metabolite of tryptophan.	2.1	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
thiosulfates Thiosulfates: Inorganic salts of thiosulfuric acid possessing the general formula R2S2O3.. thiosulfate(2-) : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from thiosulfuric acid.	5.31	13	1	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion	human metabolite
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	5.3	56	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.93	4	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
spermidine [no description available]	2.7	3	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
spermine [no description available]	2.89	4	0	polyazaalkane; tetramine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
succinic acid Succinic Acid: A water-soluble, colorless crystal with an acid taste that is used as a chemical intermediate, in medicine, the manufacture of lacquers, and to make perfume esters. It is also used in foods as a sequestrant, buffer, and a neutralizing agent. (Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed, p1099; McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed, p1851). succinic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid resulting from the formal oxidation of each of the terminal methyl groups of butane to the corresponding carboxy group. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	4.8	1	1	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; C4-dicarboxylic acid	anti-ulcer drug; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical; radiation protective agent
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	7.87	3	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
taurine [no description available]	6.77	25	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively.	5.41	4	0	primary alcohol; vitamin B1	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
thymine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	5.18	3	1	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2.58	2	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
trimethylamine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	methylamines; tertiary amine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	3.61	9	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	14.44	68	15	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	12.64	127	5	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
xanthine 7H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-7 is protonated.. 9H-xanthine : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 6 and N-9 is protonated.	5.11	10	1	xanthine	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.02	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
sk&f 81297 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	benzazepine
8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively	2.94	4	0	phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins	serotonergic antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.82	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	3.77	3	0
4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine 4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylisopropylamine: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd without isomeric designation; a serotonin agonist. 2-(4-iodo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-methylethylamine : An organoiodine compound that is amphetamine bearing two methoxy substituents at positions 2 and 5 as well as an iodo substituent at position 4.	2.7	3	0	amphetamines; dimethoxybenzene; organoiodine compound
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	3.7	10	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
gallopamil Gallopamil: Coronary vasodilator that is an analog of iproveratril (VERAPAMIL) with one more methoxy group on the benzene ring.	3.67	10	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
normetanephrine Normetanephrine: A methylated metabolite of norepinephrine that is excreted in the urine and found in certain tissues. It is a marker for tumors.	3.89	13	0	catecholamine
sk&f-38393 2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-7,8-dihydroxy-1-phenyl-1H-3-benzazepine: A selective D1 dopamine receptor agonist used primarily as a research tool.. 1-phenyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine-7,8-diol : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1 and two hydroxy substituents at positions 7 and 8.. SKF 38393 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-SKF 38393	3.37	7	0	benzazepine; catechols; secondary amino compound
vanilmandelic acid Vanilmandelic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid. It is an end-stage metabolite of CATECHOLAMINES; EPINEPHRINE; and NOREPINEPHRINE.. vanillylmandelic acid : An aromatic ether that is the 3-O-methyl ether of 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid.	4.43	7	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; phenols	human metabolite
menthol Menthol: A monoterpene cyclohexanol produced from mint oils.	2.15	1	0	p-menthane monoterpenoid; secondary alcohol	volatile oil component
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	7.91	4	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dioctanoylglycerol 1,2-dioctanoylglycerol: functions as bioregulator of protein kinase C in human platelets	4.06	15	0
1,3-dipropyl-8-cyclopentylxanthine DPCPX : An oxopurine that is 7H-xanthine substituted at positions 1 and 3 by propyl groups and at position 8 by a cyclohexyl group.	3.39	7	0	oxopurine	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine 1,3-dipropyl-8-(4-sulfophenyl)xanthine: adenosine receptor antagonist	3.09	5	0
pk 11195 PK-11195 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2-chlorophenyl)isoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of sec-butylmethylamine	2.72	3	0	aromatic amide; isoquinolines; monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent
1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine: a positional isomer of H-7; inhibits protein kinase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase	1.99	1	0
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	2.92	4	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	3.42	7	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	3.33	2	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
edelfosine edelfosine: RN given refers to parent cpd. edelfosine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-edelfosine.. 1-octadecyl-2-methylglycero-3-phosphocholine : A glycerophosphocholine that is glycero-3-phosphocholine substituted at positions 1 and 2 by octadecyl and methyl groups respectively.	2.42	2	0	glycerophosphocholine
14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid 14,15-epoxy-5,8,11-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.43	2	0	long-chain fatty acid
n-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine N-(3-(aminomethyl)benzyl)acetamidine: structure in first source. N-[3-(aminomethyl)benzyl]acetamidine : An aralkylamine that is Nbenzylacetamidine substituted at position 3 on the benzene ring by an aminomethyl group. An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase.	3.02	4	0	aralkylamine; carboxamidine; primary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector
17-octadecynoic acid octadec-17-ynoic acid : An acetylenic fatty acid that is octadecanoi acid (stearic acid) which has been doubly dehydrogenated at positions 17 and 18 to give the corresponding alkynoic acid.	8.39	7	0	acetylenic fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; terminal acetylenic compound	EC 1.14.14.94 (leukotriene-B4 20-monooxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.15.3 (alkane 1-monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor
1h-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one: structure given in first source; inhibits guanylyl cyclase. 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one : A member of the class of oxadiazoloquinoxalines that is 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxaline substituted at position 1 by an oxo group.	3.51	8	0	oxadiazoloquinoxaline	EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
2,4-dinitrophenol 2,4-Dinitrophenol: A toxic dye, chemically related to trinitrophenol (picric acid), used in biochemical studies of oxidative processes where it uncouples oxidative phosphorylation. It is also used as a metabolic stimulant. (Stedman, 26th ed). dinitrophenol : Members of the class of nitrophenol carrying two nitro substituents.. 2,4-dinitrophenol : A dinitrophenol having the nitro groups at the 2- and 4-positions.	2.9	4	0	dinitrophenol	allergen; antiseptic drug; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; geroprotector; oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	3.97	14	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-n,n-diphenylcarbamate 2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl-N,N-diphenylcarbamate: inhibits phospholipase C and serine esterases; structure in first source	1.99	1	0
2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate: is a novel membrane-penetrable modulator and transient receptor potential channel blocker; structure in first source; do not confuse with 2-APB cpd. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane : An organoboron compound that is diphenylborane in which the borane hydrogen is replaced by a 2-aminoethoxy group.	3.02	4	0	organoboron compound; primary amino compound	calcium channel blocker; IP3 receptor antagonist; potassium channel opener
zopolrestat zopolrestat: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
amitrole Amitrole: A non-selective post-emergence, translocated herbicide. According to the Seventh Annual Report on Carcinogens (PB95-109781, 1994) this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 12th ed) It is an irreversible inhibitor of CATALASE, and thus impairs activity of peroxisomes.. amitrole : A member of the class of triazoles that is 1H-1,2,4-triazole substituted by an amino group at position 3. Used to control annual grasses and aquatic weeds (but not on food crops because it causes cancer in laboratory animals). Its use within the EU was banned from September 2017 on the grounds of potential groundwater contamination and risks to aquatic life; there have also been concerns about its endocrine-disrupting properties.	2.97	4	0	aromatic amine; triazoles	carotenoid biosynthesis inhibitor; EC 1.11.1.6 (catalase) inhibitor; herbicide
3-aminobenzamide [no description available]	2.08	1	0	benzamides; substituted aniline	EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor
aminopropionitrile Aminopropionitrile: Reagent used as an intermediate in the manufacture of beta-alanine and pantothenic acid.	4.81	27	0	aminopropionitrile	antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; collagen cross-linking inhibitor; plant metabolite
meglutol Meglutol: An antilipemic agent which lowers cholesterol, triglycerides, serum beta-lipoproteins and phospholipids. It acts by interfering with the enzymatic steps involved in the conversion of acetate to hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A as well as inhibiting the activity of HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES which is the rate limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of cholesterol.. 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaric acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is glutaric acid in which one of the two hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a hydroxy group, while the other is substituted by a methyl group. It has been found to accumulate in urine of patients suffering from HMG-CoA lyase (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase, EC 4.1.3.4) deficiency. It occurs as a plant metabolite in Crotalaria dura.	2.07	1	0	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary alcohol	anticholesteremic drug; antimetabolite; EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; human metabolite; plant metabolite
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	1.94	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
ro 5-4864 4'-chlorodiazepam: selectively binds peripheral benzodiazepine receptor	2.68	3	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	4.2	17	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
p-chloromercuribenzoic acid p-Chloromercuribenzoic Acid: An organic mercurial used as a sulfhydryl reagent.	3.29	6	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercuribenzoic acid
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.08	5	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	4.27	3	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid 5,8,11,14-Eicosatetraynoic Acid: A 20-carbon unsaturated fatty acid containing 4 alkyne bonds. It inhibits the enzymatic conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins E(2) and F(2a).	5.98	21	0	long-chain fatty acid
5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid 5,8,11-eicosatriynoic acid: a lipoxygenase inhibitor. 5,8,11-icosatriynoic acid : A C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having three triple bonds in the 5-, 8- and 11-positions.	1.98	1	0	acetylenic fatty acid; icosanoid; long-chain fatty acid; polyunsaturated fatty acid	EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor
5-dimethylamiloride 5-dimethylamiloride: has anti-HIV-1 activity	3.09	5	0
5-(n,n-hexamethylene)amiloride 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride: inhibitor of Na+-H+ exchange; has anti-HIV-1 activity. 5-(N,N-hexamethylene)amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the two amino hydrogens at position N-5 are replaced by a hexamethylene moiety, resulting in the formation of an azepane ring.	2.91	4	0	aromatic amine; azepanes; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; odorant receptor antagonist; sodium channel blocker
ethylisopropylamiloride ethylisopropylamiloride: structure in first source. ethylisopropylamiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines that is amiloride in which the amino substitutent of the pyrazine ring that is adjacent to the chloro substituent has been substituted by an ethyl group and by an isopropyl group.	9.29	19	0	aromatic amine; guanidines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound; pyrazines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; neuroprotective agent; sodium channel blocker
5-carboxamidotryptamine 5-carboxamidotryptamine: agonist of 5-HT receptor; structure given in first source	2.68	3	0	tryptamines
5-hydroxydecanoate 5-hydroxydecanoic acid: Potassium Channel Blocker; RN refers to parent cpd	2.75	3	0	medium-chain fatty acid
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	4.57	8	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
7-nitroindazole 7-nitroindazole: an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase; exhibits anti-nociceptive activity without increasing blood pressure	3.27	6	0
8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline 8-(4-sulfophenyl)theophylline: adenosine antagonist	2.38	2	0
8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dimethylxanthine: prolongs epileptic seizures in rats	2.41	2	0	oxopurine
oxyquinoline Oxyquinoline: An antiseptic with mild fungistatic, bacteriostatic, anthelmintic, and amebicidal action. It is also used as a reagent and metal chelator, as a carrier for radio-indium for diagnostic purposes, and its halogenated derivatives are used in addition as topical anti-infective agents and oral antiamebics.. quinolin-8-ol : A monohydroxyquinoline that is quinoline substituted by a hydroxy group at position 8. Its fungicidal properties are used for the control of grey mould on vines and tomatoes.	2.35	2	0	monohydroxyquinoline	antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug; iron chelator
aa 861 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-(12-hydroxy-5,10-dodecadiynyl)-1,4-benzoquinone: structure given in first source. docebenone : A member of the class of benzoquinones that is p-benzoquinone in which the hydrogens are substituted by three methyl groups and a 12-hydroxydodeca-5,10-diyn-1-yl group.	3.1	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones; acetylenic compound; primary alcohol	EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor
acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol.	3.2	6	0	aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent
acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group.	2.83	3	0	acetamides; phenols	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337)	10.37	11	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles	anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
beta-aminoethyl isothiourea beta-Aminoethyl Isothiourea: A radiation-protective agent that can inhibit DNA damage by binding to the DNA. It also increases the susceptibility of blood cells to complement-mediated lysis.	1.94	1	0
tyrphostin ag 1024 tyrphostin AG 1024: modulates radiosensitivity in human breast cancer cells; also an IGF1 receptor inhibitor	2.45	2	0	alkylbenzene
ag-1296 6,7-dimethoxy-3-phenylquinoxaline: ATP-competitive inhibitor of receptor kinase	2.73	3	0	quinoxaline derivative
tyrphostin a23 tyrphostin A23: inhibits EGF-stimulated thymidine incorporation as well as EGF-stimulated receptor autophosphorylation & tyrosine phosphorylation & cell proliferation; structure given in first source	3.25	6	0	catechols
tyrphostin 25 [no description available]	3.1	5	0	benzenetriol
albendazole [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).	5.99	10	3	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups.	7.77	3	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound	bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor
alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate: specific inhibitor of pyruvate transport in rat liver mitochondria & human erythrocytes; structure	2.96	4	0
alpha-methylserotonin alpha-methylserotonin: potent agonist at M & D receptors of serotonin; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.49	2	0	tryptamines	serotonergic agonist
alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester alpha-methyltyrosine methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic
alprenolol Alprenolol: One of the ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS used as an antihypertensive, anti-anginal, and anti-arrhythmic agent.. alprenolol : A secondary alcohol that is propan-2-ol substituted by a 2-allylphenoxy group at position 1 and an isopropylamino group at position 3. It is a beta-adrenergic antagonist used as a antihypertensive, anti-arrhythmia and a sympatholytic agent.	4.31	6	0	secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
aluminum fluoride [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aluminium coordination entity
am 251 AM 251: an analog of SR141716A; structure given in first source. AM-251 : A carbohydrazide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-5-(4-iodophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 1-aminopiperidine. An antagonist at the CB1 cannabinoid receptor.	4.25	5	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; organoiodine compound; pyrazoles	antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; CB1 receptor antagonist
am 580 Am 580: a selctive retinoic acid receptor (alpha) agonist; structure given in first source. 4-{[(5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)carbonyl]amino}benzoic acid : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (5,5,8,8-tetramethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-yl)benzoic acid with the anilino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid. A selective RARalpha agonist.	2	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; tetralins	antineoplastic agent; retinoic acid receptor alpha/beta agonist
diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.	3.46	8	0	acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
aminoglutethimide Aminoglutethimide: An aromatase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of advanced BREAST CANCER.. aminoglutethimide : A dicarboximide that is a six-membered cyclic compound having ethyl and 4-aminophenyl substituents at the 3-position.	3.75	11	0	dicarboximide; piperidones; substituted aniline	adrenergic agent; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
pimagedine pimagedine: diamine oxidase & nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; an advanced glycosylation end product inhibitor; used in the treatment of diabetic complications; structure. aminoguanidine : A one-carbon compound whose unique structure renders it capable of acting as a derivative of hydrazine, guanidine or formamide.	3.51	8	0	guanidines; one-carbon compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow.	9.27	44	7	N-acylglycine	Daphnia magna metabolite
theophylline [no description available]	7.23	55	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias.	11.27	7	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiovascular drug
amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina.	13.44	58	16	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
amobarbital Amobarbital: A barbiturate with hypnotic and sedative properties (but not antianxiety). Adverse effects are mainly a consequence of dose-related CNS depression and the risk of dependence with continued use is high. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p565). amobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is pyrimidine-2,4,6(1H,3H,5H)-trione substituted by a 3-methylbutyl and an ethyl group at position 5. Amobarbital has been shown to exhibit sedative and hypnotic properties.	2.86	4	0	barbiturates
9-anthroic acid 9-anthroic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; chloride channel blocker; do not confuse with c-ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies) which is frequently abbreviated as ANCA. 9-anthroic acid : An anthroic acid carrying the carboxy substituent at position 9.	1.98	1	0	anthroic acid
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	3.61	9	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
acetovanillone apocynin : An aromatic ketone that is 1-phenylethanone substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4 and a methoxy group at position 3.	5.73	78	0	acetophenones; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.6.3.1. [NAD(P)H oxidase (H2O2-forming)] inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug; plant metabolite
apraclonidine apraclonidine: relieves postoperative intraocular pressure following trabeculoplasty; RN given refers to parent cpd. apraclonidine : An imidazoline that is 2-amino 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazoline in which one of the exocyclic amino hydrogens has been replaced by a 4-amino-2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.38	2	0	dichlorobenzene; guanidines; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antiglaucoma drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; diagnostic agent; ophthalmology drug
arcaine arcaine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1,4-diguanidinobutane : A guanidine derivative consisting of butane having guanidino groups at the 1- and 4-positions.	1.99	1	0	guanidines
arecoline Arecoline: An alkaloid obtained from the betel nut (Areca catechu), fruit of a palm tree. It is an agonist at both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. It is used in the form of various salts as a ganglionic stimulant, a parasympathomimetic, and a vermifuge, especially in veterinary practice. It has been used as a euphoriant in the Pacific Islands.. arecoline : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridine with a methyl group at position 1, and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3. An alkaloid found in the areca nut, it acts as an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine.	1.94	1	0	enoate ester; methyl ester; pyridine alkaloid; tetrahydropyridine	metabolite; muscarinic agonist
aristolochic acid i aristolochic acid I: phospholipase A inhibitor. aristolochic acid A : An aristolochic acid that is phenanthrene-1-carboxylic acid that is substituted by a methylenedioxy group at the 3,4 positions, by a methoxy group at position 8, and by a nitro group at position 10. It is the most abundant of the aristolochic acids and is found in almost all Aristolochia (birthworts or pipevines) species. It has been tried in a number of treatments for inflammatory disorders, mainly in Chinese and folk medicine. However, there is concern over their use as aristolochic acid is both carcinogenic and nephrotoxic.	7.21	1	0	aristolochic acids; aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; cyclic acetal; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotetracyclic compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mutagen; nephrotoxin; toxin
arotinolol arotinolol: structure given in first source; arotinolol is the (+-)-isomer	1.96	1	0	aromatic amide; thiophenes
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	13.12	95	6	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent.	15.98	52	14	ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic
atrazine [no description available]	7.31	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS.	2.89	4	0	aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
azelaic acid nonanedioic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is heptane substituted at positions 1 and 7 by carboxy groups.	2.03	1	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; plant metabolite
azosemide azosemide : A sulfonamide that is benzenesulfonamide which is substituted at positions 2, 4, and 5 by chlorine, (2-thienylmethyl)amino and 1H-tetrazol-5-yl groups, respectively. It is a diuretic that has been used in the management of oedema and hypertension.	1.97	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide; tetrazoles; thiophenes	loop diuretic
azepexole [no description available]	4.78	10	0
baclofen [no description available]	9.58	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bay-k-8644 3-Pyridinecarboxylic acid, 1,4-dihydro-2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-(2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-, Methyl ester: A dihydropyridine derivative, which, in contrast to NIFEDIPINE, functions as a calcium channel agonist. The compound facilitates Ca2+ influx through partially activated voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, thereby causing vasoconstrictor and positive inotropic effects. It is used primarily as a research tool.. Bay-K-8644 : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-Bay-K-8644. methyl 2,6-dimethyl-5-nitro-4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A pentasubstituted dihydropyridine carrying methoxycarbonyl, 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and nitro substituents at positions 3, 4 and 5 respectively as well as two methyl substituents at positions 2 and 6.	5.68	80	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group.	4.44	5	1	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
benzamidine benzamidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzamidine : A carboxamidine that is benzene carrying an amidino group.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; carboxamidine	serine protease inhibitor
benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication.	7.66	2	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone	uricosuric drug
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	3	4	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
benzyl benzoate benzyl benzoate: structure; acarosan, a moist powder composed of wetted cellulose and benzyl benzoate, is used on carpets as an acaricide. benzyl benzoate : A benzoate ester obtained by the formal condensation of benzoic acid with benzyl alcohol. It has been isolated from the plant species of the genus Polyalthia.	7.04	1	0	benzoate ester; benzyl ester	acaricide; plant metabolite; scabicide
berberine [no description available]	2.8	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
diminazene Diminazene: An effective trypanocidal agent.. diminazene : A triazene derivative that is triazene in which each of the terminal nitrogens is substituted by a 4-carbamimidoylphenyl group.	4.21	15	0	carboxamidine; triazene derivative	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
betahistine Betahistine: A histamine analog and H1 receptor agonist that serves as a vasodilator. It is used in MENIERE DISEASE and in vascular headaches but may exacerbate bronchial asthma and peptic ulcers.. betahistine : An aminoalkylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a 2-(methylamino)ethyl group at position 2. It acts as a histamine agonist and a vasodilator, and is thought to improve the microcirculation of the labyrinth, resulting in reduced endolymphatic pressure. It is used (generally as the hydrochloride or mesylate salt) to reduce the symptoms of vertigo, tinnitus, and hearing loss associated with Meniere's disease.	2.35	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; secondary amino compound	H1-receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
bethanidine Bethanidine: A guanidinium antihypertensive agent that acts by blocking adrenergic transmission. The precise mode of action is not clear.	3.97	4	0	guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
betaxolol [no description available]	1.97	1	0	propanolamine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention.	3.36	7	0	carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion	muscarinic agonist
2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone 2,5-di-tert-butylbenzene-1,4-diol : A member of the class of hydroquinones that is benzene-1,4-diol substituted by tert-butyl groups at position 2 and 5.	2.67	3	0	hydroquinones
bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol
bisindolylmaleimide i bisindolylmaleimide I: a bis(indolyl)maleimide	4.46	22	0
ro 31-7549 Ro 31-7549: structure	7.41	2	0
bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS.	3.83	2	1	secondary alcohol; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
bumetanide [no description available]	9.01	14	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
bunazosin bunazosin: structure	2.91	4	0	quinazolines
bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic.	3.04	1	0	aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound
bupranolol Bupranolol: An adrenergic-beta-2 antagonist that has been used for cardiac arrhythmia, angina pectoris, hypertension, glaucoma, and as an antithrombotic.	2.68	3	0	aromatic ether
1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine 1-0-octadecyl 2-0-acetyl sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine: reported to have same biological activity as natural PAF-acether; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
cadralazine cadralazine: structure given in first source	6.97	1	0	organic molecular entity
caffeine [no description available]	6.46	43	1	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	12.29	140	6	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	4.06	15	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
candesartan cilexetil candesartan cilexetil: a prodrug which is metabolized to an active form candesartan to exert its biological effects	14.03	127	20	biphenyls
candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension.	17.92	418	28	benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.53	2	0	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
carbazilquinone Carbazilquinone: An alkylating agent structurally similar to MITOMYCIN and found to be effective in the treatment of leukemia and various other neoplasms in mice. It causes leukemia and thrombocytopenia in almost all human patients.	2.37	2	0	organic molecular entity
carprofen carprofen: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. carprofen : Propanoic acid in which one of the methylene hydrogens is substituted by a 6-chloro-9H-carbazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is no longer used in human medicine but is still used for treatment of arthritis in elderly dogs.	2.01	1	0	carbazoles; organochlorine compound	EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; photosensitizing agent
carteolol Carteolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used as an anti-arrhythmia agent, an anti-angina agent, an antihypertensive agent, and an antiglaucoma agent.	3.36	1	1	quinolone; secondary alcohol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent
carvedilol [no description available]	10.39	24	9	carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide m-Chlorophenyl Hydrazone: A proton ionophore. It is commonly used as an uncoupling agent and inhibitor of photosynthesis because of its effects on mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes.. CCCP : A member of the class of monochlorobenzenes that is benzene substituted by 2-(1,3-dinitrilopropan-2-ylidene)hydrazinyl and chloro groups at positions 1 and 3, respectively. It is a mitochondrial depolarizing agent that induces reactive oxygen species mediated cell death.	1.97	1	0	hydrazone; monochlorobenzenes; nitrile	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; ionophore
celecoxib [no description available]	11.02	14	2	organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
cgp 12177 CGP 12177 : A benzimidazole that is benzimidazol-2-one substituted at position 4 by a 3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy group.	2.41	2	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	5.01	39	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	3.2	6	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis.	6.09	9	1	aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug
chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension.	5.16	19	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma.	2.37	2	0	monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	11.53	27	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.63	3	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	6.45	17	3	isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide
ciglitazone ciglitazone: structure given in second source; PPAR agonist used for type II diabetes. ciglitazone : An aromatic ether that consists of 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione with position 5 substituted by a 4-[(1-methylcyclohexyl)methoxy]benzyl group. A selective PPARgamma agonist.	7.72	3	0	aromatic ether; thiazolidinone	antineoplastic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug
cilostazol [no description available]	3.48	7	0	lactam; tetrazoles	anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach.	5.33	7	2	aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile	adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor
ciprofibrate [no description available]	2.03	1	0	cyclopropanes; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	antilipemic drug
cirazoline cirazoline: posseses agonist properties at alpha-adrenoreceptor sites; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.9	4	0	aromatic ether
cisapride Cisapride: A substituted benzamide used for its prokinetic properties. It is used in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease, functional dyspepsia, and other disorders associated with impaired gastrointestinal motility. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). cisapride : The amide resulting from formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with cis-1-[3-(4-fluorophenoxy)propyl]-3-methoxypiperidin-4-amine. It has been used (as its monohydrate or as its tartrate) for the treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease and for non-ulcer dyspepsia, but its propensity to cause cardiac arrhythmias resulted in its complete withdrawal from many countries, including the U.K., and restrictions on its use elsewhere.	4.63	3	2	benzamides
clemizole clemizole: was heading 1966-94 (see under BENZIMIDAZOLES 1966-90); use BENZIMIDAZOLES to search CLEMIZOLE 1966-94; a histamine H1- blocker used to treat allergies. clemizole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a pyrrolidin-1-ylmethyl and a 4-chlorobenzyl groups at positions 2 and 1 respectively.	2.31	1	0	benzimidazoles; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolidines	histamine antagonist
clenbuterol Clenbuterol: A substituted phenylaminoethanol that has beta-2 adrenomimetic properties at very low doses. It is used as a bronchodilator in asthma.. clenbuterol : A substituted aniline that is 2,6-dichloroaniline in which the hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.03	1	0	amino alcohol; dichlorobenzene; ethanolamines; primary arylamine; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent
clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate	3.42	7	0	aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist
clofibric acid Clofibric Acid: An antilipemic agent that is the biologically active metabolite of CLOFIBRATE.. clofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is isobutyric acid substituted at position 2 by a p-chlorophenoxy group. It is a metabolite of the drug clofibrate.	3.14	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; herbicide; marine xenobiotic metabolite; PPARalpha agonist
clofilium clofilium: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.04	1	0	benzenes; organic amino compound
clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias.	2.65	3	0	dibenzoazepine	anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	6.97	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	10.64	87	2	clonidine; imidazoline
clotrimazole [no description available]	2.42	2	0	conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes	antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cyclopenthiazide Cyclopenthiazide: Thiazide diuretic also used as an antihypertensive agent.	3.36	1	1	benzothiadiazine
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	3.66	10	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cystamine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dantrolene Dantrolene: Skeletal muscle relaxant that acts by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling in the muscle fiber. It is used in spasticity and other neuromuscular abnormalities. Although the mechanism of action is probably not central, dantrolene is usually grouped with the central muscle relaxants.. dantrolene : The hydrazone resulting from the formal condensation of 5-(4-nitrophenyl)furfural with 1-aminohydantoin. A ryanodine receptor antagonist used for the relief of chronic severe spasticity and malignant hyperthermia.	4.46	23	0	hydrazone; imidazolidine-2,4-dione	muscle relaxant; neuroprotective agent; ryanodine receptor antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.75	3	0	indoles	fluorochrome
debrisoquin Debrisoquin: An adrenergic neuron-blocking drug similar in effects to GUANETHIDINE. It is also noteworthy in being a substrate for a polymorphic cytochrome P-450 enzyme. Persons with certain isoforms of this enzyme are unable to properly metabolize this and many other clinically important drugs. They are commonly referred to as having a debrisoquin 4-hydroxylase polymorphism.	2.65	3	0	carboxamidine; isoquinolines	adrenergic agent; antihypertensive agent; human metabolite; sympatholytic agent
deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator.	5.25	12	1	acyclic desferrioxamine	bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore
dequalinium Dequalinium: A topical bacteriostat that is available as various salts. It is used in wound dressings and mouth infections and may also have antifungal action, but may cause skin ulceration.. dequalinium : A quinolinium ion comprising decane in which one methyl hydrogen at each end of the molecule has been replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylquinolin-1-yl group.	1.98	1	0	quinolinium ion	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiseptic drug; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	7.35	36	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	5.87	19	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.67	3	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
r 59022 R 59022: diacylglycerol kinase inhibitor; structure given in first source; platelet activator factor antagonist	1.97	1	0	diarylmethane
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	9.95	12	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies.	13.4	34	1	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent
dibucaine Dibucaine: A local anesthetic of the amide type now generally used for surface anesthesia. It is one of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics and its parenteral use is restricted to spinal anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1006). cinchocaine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl amide of 2-butoxyquinoline-4-carboxylic acid. One of the most potent and toxic of the long-acting local anesthetics, its parenteral use was restricted to spinal anesthesia. It is now generally only used (usually as the hydrochloride) in creams and ointments and in suppositories for temporary relief of pain and itching associated with skin and anorectal conditions.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	topical anaesthetic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	2.21	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	8.24	6	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.94	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
diethylcarbamazine Diethylcarbamazine: An anthelmintic used primarily as the citrate in the treatment of filariasis, particularly infestations with Wucheria bancrofti or Loa loa.	2.66	3	0	N-carbamoylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine
pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium.	2.89	4	0	pentacarboxylic acid	copper chelator
3,3'-diindolylmethane 3,3'-diindolylmethane: anti-inflammatory from edible cruciferous vegetables; a cytochrome P-450 antagonist	2.11	1	0	indoles	antineoplastic agent; P450 inhibitor
dilazep Dilazep: Coronary vasodilator with some antiarrhythmic activity.. dilazep : A member of the class of diazepanes that is 1,4-diazepane substituted by 3-[(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)oxy]propyl groups at positions 1 and 4. It is a potent adenosine uptake inhibitor that exhibits antiplatelet, antianginal and vasodilator properties.	1.95	1	0	benzoate ester; diazepane; diester; methoxybenzenes	cardioprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
dimaprit Dimaprit: A histamine H2 receptor agonist that is often used to study the activity of histamine and its receptors.	1.97	1	0	imidothiocarbamic ester
dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury.	5.53	23	0	dithiol; primary alcohol	chelator
dimethadione Dimethadione: An anticonvulsant that is the active metabolite of TRIMETHADIONE.	1.97	1	0	oxazolidinone
diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration.	3.73	11	0	ether; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative
diphenyleneiodonium diphenyleneiodonium: structure in first source; NADPH oxidase inhibitor. dibenziodolium : An organic cation that is fluorene in which the methylene group is replaced by a positively charged iodine.	4.86	33	0	organic cation
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.02	1	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots.	11.3	21	0	piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol	adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
disulfiram [no description available]	9.17	5	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	9.79	7	1	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
racemetirosine alpha-Methyltyrosine: An inhibitor of the enzyme TYROSINE 3-MONOOXYGENASE, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed)	3.07	5	0
thiorphan Thiorphan: A potent inhibitor of membrane metalloendopeptidase (ENKEPHALINASE). Thiorphan potentiates morphine-induced ANALGESIA and attenuates naloxone-precipitated withdrawal symptoms.	5.17	11	1	N-acyl-amino acid
domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations.	3.36	7	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	2.08	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure.	10.16	11	1	aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent
dsp 4 DSP 4: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
dup 697 DuP 697: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	thiophenes
ebselen ebselen : A benzoselenazole that is 1,2-benzoselenazol-3-one carrying an additional phenyl substituent at position 2. Acts as a mimic of glutathione peroxidase.	2.71	3	0	benzoselenazole	anti-inflammatory drug; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.25 (inositol-phosphate phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.1 (cytosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 5.1.3.2 (UDP-glucose 4-epimerase) inhibitor; enzyme mimic; ferroptosis inhibitor; genotoxin; hepatoprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger
edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals.	2.37	2	0	phenols; quaternary ammonium ion	antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine 9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine: specific inhibitor of adenosine deaminase	1.96	1	0
embelin embelin: from Embelia fruit (Myrsinaceae). embelin : A member of the class of dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones that is 2,5-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone which is substituted by an undecyl group at position 3. Isolated from Lysimachia punctata and Embelia ribes, it exhibits antimicrobial, antineoplastic and inhibitory activity towards hepatitis C protease.	2.17	1	0	dihydroxy-1,4-benzoquinones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; hepatitis C protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	3.35	6	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
enflurane Enflurane: An extremely stable inhalation anesthetic that allows rapid adjustments of anesthesia depth with little change in pulse or respiratory rate.. enflurane : An ether in which the oxygen atom is connected to 2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl and difluoromethyl groups.	3.21	6	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	anaesthetic
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	4.83	33	0
ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor.	13.38	24	3	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	3.22	6	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.05	1	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
ethoxzolamide Ethoxzolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor used as diuretic and in glaucoma. It may cause hypokalemia.. ethoxzolamide : A sulfonamide that is 1,3-benzothiazole-2-sulfonamide which is substituted by an ethoxy group at position 6. A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it has been used in the treatment of glaucoma, and as a diuretic.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzothiazoles; sulfonamide	antiglaucoma drug; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	2.38	2	0
carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone Carbonyl Cyanide p-Trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone: A proton ionophore that is commonly used as an uncoupling agent in biochemical studies.. carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone : A hydrazone that is hydrazonomalononitrile in which one of the hydrazine hydrogens is substituted by a p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl group.	2.7	3	0	aromatic ether; hydrazone; nitrile; organofluorine compound	ATP synthase inhibitor; geroprotector; ionophore
felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris.	6.94	14	6	dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
fenfluramine Fenfluramine: A centrally active drug that apparently both blocks serotonin uptake and provokes transport-mediated serotonin release.. fenfluramine : A secondary amino compound that is 1-phenyl-propan-2-amine in which one of the meta-hydrogens is substituted by trifluoromethyl, and one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by an ethyl group. It binds to the serotonin reuptake pump, causing inhbition of serotonin uptake and release of serotonin. The resulting increased levels of serotonin lead to greater serotonin receptor activation which in turn lead to enhancement of serotoninergic transmission in the centres of feeding behavior located in the hypothalamus. This suppresses the appetite for carbohydrates. Fenfluramine was used as the hydrochloride for treatment of diabetes and obesity. It was withdrawn worldwide after reports of heart valve disease and pulmonary hypertension.	2.67	3	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; secondary amino compound	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE	4.06	14	0	aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation.	10.31	13	1	benzazepine	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
berotek Fenoterol: A synthetic adrenergic beta-2 agonist that is used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. fenoterol : A member of the class resorcinols that is 5-(1-hydroxyethyl)benzene-1,3-diol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propan-2-amino group. A beta2-adrenergic agonist, it is used (as the hydrobromide salt) as a bronchodilator in the management of reversible airway obstruction.	2.67	3	0	resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid.	5.32	7	2	anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines	adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart).	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines	anti-arrhythmia drug
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	7.25	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flufenamic acid Flufenamic Acid: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is used in musculoskeletal and joint disorders and administered by mouth and topically. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p16). flufenamic acid : An aromatic amino acid consisting of anthranilic acid carrying an N-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl substituent. An analgesic and anti-inflammatory, it is used in rheumatic disorders.	2.92	4	0	aromatic amino acid; organofluorine compound	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluphenazine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	9.13	44	6	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.39	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain.	3.36	7	0	fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species.	2.55	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide	androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent
foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity.	1.97	1	0	carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids	antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor
furegrelate furegrelate: structure given in UD 35:175:d	7.89	4	0	benzofurans
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	15.8	353	33	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
fusaric acid Fusaric Acid: A picolinic acid derivative isolated from various Fusarium species. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic applications but is primarily used as a research tool. Its mechanisms of action are poorly understood. It probably inhibits DOPAMINE BETA-HYDROXYLASE, the enzyme that converts dopamine to norepinephrine. It may also have other actions, including the inhibition of cell proliferation and DNA synthesis.	2.65	3	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
gemfibrozil [no description available]	2.72	3	0	aromatic ether	antilipemic drug
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	8.12	5	0
2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; a oxidative product of saligenin. 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid : A dihydroxybenzoic acid having the two hydroxy groups at the 2- and 5-positions.	2	1	0	dihydroxybenzoic acid	EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human metabolite; MALDI matrix material; mouse metabolite
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	2.38	2	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glutethimide Glutethimide: A hypnotic and sedative. Its use has been largely superseded by other drugs.	2.34	2	0	piperidines
glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group.	6.51	25	2	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
gö6983 [no description available]	2.96	4	0	indoles; maleimides
go 6976 [no description available]	3.73	10	0	indolocarbazole; organic heterohexacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
gossypol Gossypol: A dimeric sesquiterpene found in cottonseed (GOSSYPIUM). The (-) isomer is active as a male contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE) whereas toxic symptoms are associated with the (+) isomer.	1.98	1	0
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.05	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid.	9.14	73	1	azocanes; guanidines	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent
guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS.	9.16	5	0	acetamides
n-(2-(methylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines; sulfonamide
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	7.76	52	1	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
n-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)piperazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	isoquinolines
ha 1004 N-(2-guanidinoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source	2.91	1	0	isoquinolines
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	6.78	18	1	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	9.61	27	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	9.79	33	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	10.19	48	0	quaternary ammonium salt
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	3.41	7	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	16.81	149	4	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	12.68	98	27	benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
hydroxyurea [no description available]	7.58	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
mk 473 MK 473: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	3.39	7	0
ibudilast [no description available]	2.05	1	0	pyrazolopyridine
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	6.61	16	1	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	9.5	24	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
mephentermine Mephentermine: A sympathomimetic agent with specificity for alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It is used to maintain BLOOD PRESSURE in hypotensive states such as following SPINAL ANESTHESIA.	10.16	9	0	amphetamines
ifosfamide [no description available]	1.98	1	0	ifosfamides	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
imetit imetit: structure given in first source. imetit : An imidothiocarbamic ester that consists of isothiourea in which the thiol hydrogen is substituted by a 2-(imidazol-4-yl)ethyl group. An extremely potent, high affinity agonist at H3 and H4 receptors (Ki values are 0.3 and 2.7 nM respectively). Induces shape change in eosinophils with an EC50 of 25 nM. Centrally active following systemic administration.	2.13	1	0	imidazoles; imidothiocarbamic ester	H3-receptor agonist; H4-receptor agonist
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	4.95	12	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure.	7.9	4	0	bipyridines	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine.	4.18	5	0	indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
indole-3-carbinol indole-3-carbinol: occurs in edible cruciferous vegetables. indole-3-methanol : An indolyl alcohol carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It is a constituent of the cruciferous vegetables and had anticancer activity.	3.84	11	0	indolyl alcohol	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis.	15.52	537	10	aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole	analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic
iodixanol iodixanol: dimeric contrast media; structure given in first source. iodixanol : A dimeric, non-ionic, water-soluble, radiographic contrast agent, used particularly in coronary angiography.	3	4	0	organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
iohexol Iohexol: An effective non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiographic procedures. Its low systemic toxicity is the combined result of low chemotoxicity and low osmolality.. iohexol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an N-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)acetamido group at the 5-position.	2.92	4	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iomeprol iomeprol: structure given in first source. iomeprol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a glycoloyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iopromide iopromide: structure given in first source. iopromide : A dicarboxylic acid diamide that consists of N-methylisophthalamide bearing three iodo substituents at positions 2, 4 and 6, a methoxyacetyl substituent at position 5 and two 2,3-dihydroxypropyl groups attached to the amide nitrogens. A water soluble x-ray contrast agent for intravascular administration.	2.42	2	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; organoiodine compound	environmental contaminant; nephrotoxic agent; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
iothalamic acid Iothalamic Acid: A contrast medium in diagnostic radiology with properties similar to those of diatrizoic acid. It is used primarily as its sodium and meglumine (IOTHALAMATE MEGLUMINE) salts.	3.05	5	0	organic molecular entity
ioxaglate Ioxaglic Acid: A low-osmolar, ionic contrast medium used in various radiographic procedures.. ioxaglic acid : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and an acetyl(methyl)amino group at the 5-position.	2.41	2	0	benzenedicarboxamide; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound	radioopaque medium
avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension.	17.39	217	36	azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	4.97	39	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoflurane Isoflurane: A stable, non-explosive inhalation anesthetic, relatively free from significant side effects.	6.83	24	3	organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.03	1	0	tetrahydropyridine
isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC).	7.67	3	0	carbohydrazide	antitubercular agent; drug allergen
2-propanol 2-Propanol: An isomer of 1-PROPANOL. It is a colorless liquid having disinfectant properties. It is used in the manufacture of acetone and its derivatives and as a solvent. Topically, it is used as an antiseptic.. propan-2-ol : A secondary alcohol that is propane in which one of the hydrogens attached to the central carbon is substituted by a hydroxy group.	3.37	7	0	secondary alcohol; secondary fatty alcohol	protic solvent
propyphenazone propyphenazone: structure. propyphenazone : A pyrazolone derivative that is antipyrine substituted at C-4 by an isopropyl group.	1.98	1	0	pyrazolone	non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	16.1	614	14	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor.	2.36	2	0	alkylbenzene
isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure.	8.3	22	5	benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester
staurosporine aglycone staurosporine aglycone: metabolite from culture broth of Nocardiopsis sp.; a neurotrophin antag; inhibits BDNF TrkB receptor	2.93	4	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	8.98	14	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
ketanserin Ketanserin: A selective serotonin receptor antagonist with weak adrenergic receptor blocking properties. The drug is effective in lowering blood pressure in essential hypertension. It also inhibits platelet aggregation. It is well tolerated and is particularly effective in older patients.. ketanserin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline-2,4(1H,3H)-dione which is substituted at position 3 by a 2-[4-(p-fluorobenzoyl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group.	7.27	18	2	aromatic ketone; organofluorine compound; piperidines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiovascular drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively.	4	4	0	dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	3.23	6	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively.	2.21	1	0	amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
khellin Khellin: A vasodilator that also has bronchodilatory action. It has been employed in the treatment of angina pectoris, in the treatment of asthma, and in conjunction with ultraviolet light A, has been tried in the treatment of vitiligo. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1024). khellin : A furanochrome in which the basic tricyclic skeleton is substituted at positions 4 and 9 with methoxy groups and at position 7 with a methyl group. A major constituent of the plant Ammi visnaga it is a herbal folk medicine used for various illnesses, its main effect being as a vasodilator.	2.79	3	0	furanochromone; organic heterotricyclic compound; oxacycle	anti-asthmatic agent; bronchodilator agent; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
kinetin Kinetin: A furanyl adenine found in PLANTS and FUNGI. It has plant growth regulation effects.. cytokinin : A phytohormone that promote cell division, or cytokinesis, in plant roots and shoots.. kinetin : A member of the class of 6-aminopurines that is adenine carrying a (furan-2-ylmethyl) substituent at the exocyclic amino group.	2.08	1	0	6-aminopurines; furans	cytokinin; geroprotector
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	5.51	12	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5.	9.53	24	7	benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
beta-lapachone beta-lapachone: antineoplastic inhibitor of reverse transcriptase, DNA topoisomerase, and DNA polymerase. beta-lapachone : A benzochromenone that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[h]chromene-5,6-dione substituted by geminal methyl groups at position 2. Isolated from Tabebuia avellanedae, it exhibits antineoplastic and anti-inflammatory activities.	2.03	1	0	benzochromenone; orthoquinones	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
lavendustin a lavendustin A: from Streptomyces griseolavendus; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0	aromatic amine
lavendustin b [no description available]	2.01	1	0
leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide.	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide	antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
letrozole [no description available]	2.79	3	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
tetramisole 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole : An imidazothiazole that is imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole in which the double bonds at the 2-3 and 5-6 positions have been reduced to single bonds and in which one of the hydrogens at position 6 is replaced by a phenyl group.. tetramisole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levamisole and dexamisole.	2	1	0	imidazothiazole	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
nordefrin Nordefrin: A norepinephrine derivative used as a vasoconstrictor agent.	5.41	8	2	catecholamine
linopirdine linopirdine: acetylcholine releasing drug	2.03	1	0	indoles
losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position	24.59	2,431	133	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
loxoprofen loxoprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source. loxoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 4-[(2-oxocyclopentyl)methyl]phenyl group. A prodrug that is rapidly converted into its active trans-alcohol metabolite following oral administration.	7.25	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug
ly 171883 LY 171883: structure in first source; leukotriene receptor antagonist. tomelukast : A member of the class of acetophenones that is 1-phenylethanone substituted at position 2 by a hydroxy group, a propyl group at position 3 and a 4-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy group at position 4. A leukotriene antagonist, it exhibits anti-asthmatic activity.	2.38	2	0	acetophenones; aromatic ether; phenols; tetrazoles	anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	4.87	33	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione: structure given in first source; SRS-A & guanylate cyclase antagonist. 6-anilino-5,8-quinolinedione : A quinolone that is quinoline-5,8-dione in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by an anilino group.	2.43	2	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic amine; p-quinones; quinolone	antineoplastic agent; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor
manidipine [no description available]	5.07	10	1	diarylmethane
edaravone [no description available]	3.46	7	0	pyrazolone	antioxidant; radical scavenger
mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool.	5.26	17	0	primary aliphatic amine
mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR.	1.95	1	0	nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent
meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	5.68	81	0	aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.	3.21	6	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
vitamin k 3 Vitamin K 3: A synthetic naphthoquinone without the isoprenoid side chain and biological activity, but can be converted to active vitamin K2, menaquinone, after alkylation in vivo.	2.44	2	0	1,4-naphthoquinones; vitamin K	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; human urinary metabolite; nutraceutical
meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain.	2.63	3	0	ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound	antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic
meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603)	1.94	1	0	organic molecular entity
mescaline Mescaline: Hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from the flowering heads (peyote) of Lophophora (formerly Anhalonium) williamsii, a Mexican cactus used in Indian religious rites and as an experimental psychotomimetic. Among its cellular effects are agonist actions at some types of serotonin receptors. It has no accepted therapeutic uses although it is legal for religious use by members of the Native American Church.. mescaline : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is phenethylamine substituted at positions 3, 4 and 5 by methoxy groups.	2.64	3	0	methoxybenzenes; phenethylamine alkaloid; primary amino compound	hallucinogen
metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself.	3.45	8	0	aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	7.26	16	2	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4.	1.94	1	0	benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound
methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively).	2.38	2	0	aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; psoralens	antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
methoxyflurane Methoxyflurane: An inhalation anesthetic. Currently, methoxyflurane is rarely used for surgical, obstetric, or dental anesthesia. If so employed, it should be administered with NITROUS OXIDE to achieve a relatively light level of anesthesia, and a neuromuscular blocking agent given concurrently to obtain the desired degree of muscular relaxation. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p180). methoxyflurane : An ether in which the two groups attached to the central oxygen atom are methyl and 2,2-dichloro-1,1-difluoroethyl.	4.81	6	0	ether; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	hepatotoxic agent; inhalation anaesthetic; nephrotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic
methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825)	1.94	1	0	benzothiadiazine
nocodazole [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.	13.2	33	3	benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic
metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics.	2.36	2	0	organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor
metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1.	15.2	27	5	aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency.	11.64	30	0	aromatic ketone	antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor
mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere.	1.96	1	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist
miconazole Miconazole: An imidazole antifungal agent that is used topically and by intravenous infusion.. 1-[2-(2,4-dichlorobenzyloxy)-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]imidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(imidazol-1-yl)ethanol in which the hydroxyl hydrogen is replaced by a 2,4-dichlorobenzyl group.. miconazole : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-miconazole. Used (as its nitrate salt) to treat skin infections such as athlete's foot, jock itch, ringworm and other fungal skin infections. It inhibits the synthesis of ergosterol, a critical component of fungal cell membranes.	3.28	6	0	dichlorobenzene; ether; imidazoles
midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine.	2.41	1	0	amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol	alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
milrinone [no description available]	4.22	5	0	bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6.	6.31	21	0	dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound
mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression.	2.36	2	0	diarylmethane
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.72	3	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
molsidomine Molsidomine: A morpholinyl sydnone imine ethyl ester, having a nitrogen in place of the keto oxygen. It acts as NITRIC OXIDE DONORS and is a vasodilator that has been used in ANGINA PECTORIS.. molsidomine : A member of the class of oxadiazoles that is 1,2,3-oxadiazole substituted by morpholin-4-yl and (ethoxycarbonyl)azanidyl groups at positions 3 and 5, respectively. It is used as a vasodilator drug for the treatment of myocardial ischemic syndrome and congestive heart failure.	3.39	7	0	ethyl ester; morpholines; oxadiazole; zwitterion	antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312)	1.96	1	0	monoterpenoid
entinostat [no description available]	2.21	1	0	benzamides; carbamate ester; primary amino compound; pyridines; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	5.23	16	0	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
n-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloro-2-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; structure given in first source. N-(4-aminobutyl)-5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide : A sulfonamide that is 5-chloronaphthalene-2-sulfonamide in which one of the hydrogens of the nitrogen atom is substituted by a 4-aminobutyl group.	2.93	4	0	naphthalenes; organochlorine compound; primary amino compound; sulfonamide
n-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide N-(6-aminohexyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: calmodulin antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.07	5	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	8.76	11	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
clorgyline Clorgyline: An antidepressive agent and monoamine oxidase inhibitor related to PARGYLINE.. clorgyline : An aromatic ether that is the 2,4-dichlorophenyl ether of 3-aminopropan-1-ol in which the nitrogen is substituted by a methyl group and a prop-1-yn-3-yl group. A monoamine oxidase inhibitor, it was formerly used as an antidepressant.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidepressant; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor
deoxyepinephrine Deoxyepinephrine: Sympathomimetic, vasoconstrictor agent.	5.02	5	0	catecholamine
fenamic acid fenamic acid: has chloride and potassium channel-blocking activity; RN given refers to parent cpd. fenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is the N-phenyl derivative of anthranilic acid. It acts as a parent skeleton for the synthesis of several non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.	2.69	3	0	aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound	membrane transport modulator
apnea Apnea: A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	2.9	4	0	purine nucleoside
n 0840 N(6)-cyclopentyl-9-methyladenine: selective, orally active A(1) adenosine receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
nafamostat nafamostat: inhibitor of trypsin, plasmin, pancreatic kallikrein, plasma kallikrein & thrombin; strongly inhibits esterolytic activities of C1r & C1 esterase complement-mediated hemolysis; antineoplastic	4.06	3	1	benzoic acids; guanidines
activins Activins: Activins are produced in the pituitary, gonads, and other tissues. By acting locally, they stimulate pituitary FSH secretion and have diverse effects on cell differentiation and embryonic development. Activins are glycoproteins that are hetero- or homodimers of INHIBIN-BETA SUBUNITS.	4.04	14	0
naphazoline Naphazoline: An adrenergic vasoconstrictor agent used as a decongestant.	2.35	2	0	naphthalenes
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.21	6	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively.	8.17	38	3	benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound
niclosamide Niclosamide: An antihelmintic that is active against most tapeworms. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p48). niclosamide : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorosalicylic acid with the amino group of 2-chloro-4-nitroaniline. It is an oral anthelmintic drug approved for use against tapeworm infections.	2.03	1	0	benzamides; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; salicylanilides; secondary carboxamide	anthelminthic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antiparasitic agent; apoptosis inducer; molluscicide; piscicide; STAT3 inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	12.93	211	14	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
niflumic acid Niflumic Acid: An analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.	3.51	8	0	aromatic carboxylic acid; pyridines
nilvadipine [no description available]	3.8	2	1	dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester; nitrile
nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups.	3.67	9	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm.	3.78	11	0	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	2.39	2	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.	5.06	10	1	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester
nitrendipine Nitrendipine: A calcium channel blocker with marked vasodilator action. It is an effective antihypertensive agent and differs from other calcium channel blockers in that it does not reduce glomerular filtration rate and is mildly natriuretic, rather than sodium retentive.. nitrendipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a 3-nitrophenyl group at position 4, a ethoxycarbonyl group at position 3 and a methoxycarbonyl group at position 5. It is a calcium-channel blocker used in the treatment of hypertension.	7.81	35	6	C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	12.21	99	9	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	2.38	2	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
norfenefrine norfenefrine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	phenols
npc 15437 NPC 15437: interacts with th C1 doamin of protein kinase C	2.39	2	0
5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid: structure given in first source; chloride channel antagonist	2	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
ns 1619 NS 1619: structure given in first source. NS 1619 : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced are replaced by 2-hydroxy-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl and trifluoromethyl groups, respectively. It is an opener/activator of the large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (Bkca).	2.95	4	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; benzimidazoles; phenols	potassium channel opener
n-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide N-(2-cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl)methanesulfonamide: structure given in first source. NS-398 : A C-nitro compound that is N-methylsulfonyl-4-nitroaniline bearing an additional cyclohexyloxy substituent at position 2.	3.13	5	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor
nylidrin Nylidrin: A beta-adrenergic agonist. Nylidrin causes peripheral vasodilation, a positive inotropic effect, and increased gastric volume of gastric juice. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disorders and premature labor.	1.95	1	0	alkylbenzene
octopamine Octopamine: An alpha-adrenergic sympathomimetic amine, biosynthesized from tyramine in the CNS and platelets and also in invertebrate nervous systems. It is used to treat hypotension and as a cardiotonic. The natural D(-) form is more potent than the L(+) form in producing cardiovascular adrenergic responses. It is also a neurotransmitter in some invertebrates.. octopamine : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is phenol which is substituted at the para- position by a 2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl group. A biogenic phenylethanolamine which has been found to act as a neurotransmitter, neurohormone or neuromodulator in invertebrates.	8.33	7	0	phenylethanolamines; tyramines	neurotransmitter
ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication.	4.8	1	1	3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	8.38	1	1	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxonic acid Oxonic Acid: Antagonist of urate oxidase.	2.95	4	0	1,3,5-triazines; monocarboxylic acid
oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5.	1.96	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	6.21	45	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	3.5	8	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
oxprenolol Oxprenolol: A beta-adrenergic antagonist used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, arrhythmias, and anxiety.	3.04	5	0	aromatic ether
oxymetazoline Oxymetazoline: A direct acting sympathomimetic used as a vasoconstrictor to relieve nasal congestion. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1251). oxymetazoline : A member of the class of phenols that is 2,4-dimethylphenol which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl and tert-butyl groups, respectively. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with marked alpha-adrenergic activity, it is a vasoconstrictor that is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to relieve nasal congestion.	3.97	4	0	carboxamidine; imidazolines; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; nasal decongestant; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
fenclonine Fenclonine: A selective and irreversible inhibitor of tryptophan hydroxylase, a rate-limiting enzyme in the biosynthesis of serotonin (5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE). Fenclonine acts pharmacologically to deplete endogenous levels of serotonin.	1.95	1	0	phenylalanine derivative
pamidronate [no description available]	2.13	1	0	phosphonoacetic acid
papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum.	7.55	76	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines	antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	3.97	4	0	aromatic amine
patulin Patulin: 4-Hydroxy-4H-furo(3,2-c)pyran-2(6H)-one. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium. It is found in unfermented apple and grape juice and field crops. It has antibiotic properties and has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic and causes chromosome damage in biological systems.. patulin : A furopyran and lactone that is (2H-pyran-3(6H)-ylidene)acetic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 2 and 4 and in which the hydroxy group at position 4 has condensed with the carboxy group to give the corresponding bicyclic lactone. A mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium, it has antibiotic properties but has been shown to be carcinogenic and mutagenic.	2.03	1	0	furopyran; gamma-lactone; lactol	antimicrobial agent; Aspergillus metabolite; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite
pd 153035 4-((3-bromophenyl)amino)-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline: structure given in first source. PD-153035 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying a 3-bromophenylamino substituent at position 4 and two methoxy substituents at positions 6 and 7.	2.41	2	0	aromatic amine; aromatic ether; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary amino compound	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
pd 158780 [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; bromobenzenes; diamine; pyridopyrimidine; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
pd 169316 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-pyridinyl)-1H-imidazole: p38 MAP kinase inhibitor	2.08	1	0	imidazoles
pd 98059 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: inhibits MAP kinase kinase (MEK) activity, p42 MAPK and p44 MAPK; structure in first source. 2-(2-amino-3-methoxyphenyl)chromen-4-one : A member of the class of monomethoxyflavones that is 3'-methoxyflavone bearing an additional amino substituent at position 2'.	6.95	110	0	aromatic amine; monomethoxyflavone	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	11.56	66	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
pentoxifylline [no description available]	8.91	12	0	oxopurine
perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10.	1.96	1	0	N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
phenacetin Saridon: contains phenacetin, caffeine, propyphenazone & pyrithyldione	3.04	1	0	acetamides; aromatic ether	cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	10.04	10	1	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenolsulfonphthalein Phenolsulfonphthalein: Red dye, pH indicator, and diagnostic aid for determination of renal function. It is used also for studies of the gastrointestinal and other systems.. phenol red : 3H-2,1-Benzoxathiole 1,1-dioxide in which both of the hydrogens at position 3 have been substituted by 4-hydroxyphenyl groups. A pH indicator changing colour from yellow below pH 6.8 to bright pink above pH 8.2, it is commonly used as an indicator in cell cultures and in home swimming pool test kits. It is also used in the (now infrequently performed) phenolsulfonphthalein (PSP) test for estimation of overall blood flow through the kidney.	1.96	1	0	2,1-benzoxathiole; arenesulfonate ester; phenols; sultone	acid-base indicator; diagnostic agent; two-colour indicator
phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator.	8.51	156	0	aromatic amine
4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation.	3.05	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug
oxophenylarsine oxophenylarsine: inhibits protein-tyrosine-phosphatase. phenylarsine oxide : An arsine oxide derived from phenylarsine.	4.55	25	0	arsine oxides	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
phenyl biguanide phenyl biguanide: RN given refers to parent cpd. phenyl biguanide : A member of the class of biguanides that is biguanide in which one of the terminal nitrogen atoms is substituted by a phenyl group.	3.11	5	0	guanidines	central nervous system drug
phenylbutazone Phenylbutazone: A butyl-diphenyl-pyrazolidinedione that has anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, and analgesic activities. It has been used in ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and REACTIVE ARTHRITIS.. phenylbutazone : A member of the class of pyrazolidines that is 1,2-diphenylpyrazolidine-3,5-dione carrying a butyl group at the 4-position.	2.35	2	0	pyrazolidines	antirheumatic drug; EC 1.1.1.184 [carbonyl reductase (NADPH)] inhibitor; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; peripheral nervous system drug
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.87	4	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
phloretin [no description available]	2.64	3	0	dihydrochalcones	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
moxonidine moxonidine: structure given in first source	4.71	3	0	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
picotamide picotamide: has anticoagulant & fibrinolytic properties; structure	8.38	1	1	benzamides
pifithrin pifithrin: a tetrahydrobenzothiazol; inhibitor of P53 that protects mice from the side effects of cancer therapy; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
pimobendan pimobendan: produces arterial & venous dilatation in dogs; structure given in first source	4.33	3	0	benzimidazoles; pyridazinone	cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pinacidil Pinacidil: A guanidine that opens POTASSIUM CHANNELS producing direct peripheral vasodilatation of the ARTERIOLES. It reduces BLOOD PRESSURE and peripheral resistance and produces fluid retention. (Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed)	10.68	7	1	pyridines
pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol.	5.14	11	1	indoles; secondary amine	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity.	8.52	45	2	aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones	antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	6.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
pirenzepine Pirenzepine: An antimuscarinic agent that inhibits gastric secretion at lower doses than are required to affect gastrointestinal motility, salivary, central nervous system, cardiovascular, ocular, and urinary function. It promotes the healing of duodenal ulcers and due to its cytoprotective action is beneficial in the prevention of duodenal ulcer recurrence. It also potentiates the effect of other antiulcer agents such as CIMETIDINE and RANITIDINE. It is generally well tolerated by patients.	2.7	3	0	pyridobenzodiazepine	anti-ulcer drug; antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist
piretanide piretanide: potent inhibitor of chloride transport; structure	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	10.26	283	1	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	1.94	1	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	1.97	1	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ag 1879 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1H-pyrazolo(3,4-d)pyrimidin-4-amine: Fyn kinase inhibitor	3.83	11	0	aromatic amine; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazolopyrimidine	beta-adrenergic antagonist; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid pyridoxal phosphate-6-azophenyl-2',4'-disulfonic acid: a novel antagonist that selectively blocks P2 purinoceptor receptors; a useful tool to study co-transmission in tissues when ATP and coexisting neurotransmitters act in concert. 5'-phosphopyridoxal-6-azobenzene-2,4-disulfonic acid : An arenesulfonic acid that is pyridoxal 5'-phosphate carrying an additional 2,4-disulfophenylazo substituent at position 6.	2.71	3	0	arenesulfonic acid; azobenzenes; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; organic phosphate; pyridinecarbaldehyde	purinergic receptor P2X antagonist
practolol Practolol: A beta-1 adrenergic antagonist that has been used in the emergency treatment of CARDIAC ARRYTHMIAS.. practolol : N-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)acetamide in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 3-(isopropylaminoamino)-2-hydroxypropyl group. A selective beta blocker, it has been used in the emergency treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	4.3	6	0	acetamides; ethanolamines; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist
prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively.	12.18	148	9	aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
proadifen Proadifen: An inhibitor of drug metabolism and CYTOCHROME P-450 ENZYME SYSTEM activity.	3.75	11	0	diarylmethane
probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups.	5.21	4	1	benzoic acids; sulfonamide	uricosuric drug
probucol Probucol: A drug used to lower LDL and HDL cholesterol yet has little effect on serum-triglyceride or VLDL cholesterol. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p993).. probucol : A dithioketal that is propane-2,2-dithiol in which the hydrogens attached to both sulfur atoms are replaced by 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups. An anticholesteremic drug with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, it is used to treat high levels of cholesterol in blood.	7.92	4	0	dithioketal; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory drug; anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug
procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias.	2.65	3	0	benzamides	anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker
procaine Procaine: A local anesthetic of the ester type that has a slow onset and a short duration of action. It is mainly used for infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve block, and spinal block. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1016).. procaine : A benzoate ester, formally the result of esterification of 4-aminobenzoic acid with 2-diethylaminoethanol but formed experimentally by reaction of ethyl 4-aminobenzoate with 2-diethylaminoethanol.	3.33	7	0	benzoate ester; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; drug allergen; local anaesthetic; peripheral nervous system drug
procaterol Procaterol: A long-acting beta-2-adrenergic receptor agonist.	7.38	2	0	quinolines
prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position.	1.95	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic
proglumide Proglumide: A drug that exerts an inhibitory effect on gastric secretion and reduces gastrointestinal motility. It is used clinically in the drug therapy of gastrointestinal ulcers.. proglumide : A racemate composed of equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-proglumide. A non-selective CCK antagonist that was used primarily for treatment of stomach ulcers, but has been replaced by newer drugs.. N(2)-benzoyl-N,N-dipropyl-alpha-glutamine : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation of the alpha-carboxy group of N-benzoylglutamic acid with dippropylamine.	1.96	1	0	benzamides; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; glutamine derivative; racemate	anti-ulcer drug; cholecystokinin antagonist; cholinergic antagonist; delta-opioid receptor agonist; drug metabolite; gastrointestinal drug; opioid analgesic; xenobiotic metabolite
promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety.	3.04	5	0	phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative
propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.4	2	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	5.59	16	1	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	14.71	411	14	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation.	2.15	1	0	carbotricyclic compound	antidepressant
pyridinolcarbamate Pyridinolcarbamate: A drug that has been given by mouth in the treatment of atherosclerosis and other vascular disorders, hyperlipidemias, and thrombo-embolic disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1408)	2.35	2	0	pyridines
pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group.	3.68	10	0	aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative	H1-receptor antagonist
pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds	4.97	2	1	aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes	antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor
quetiapine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	2.38	2	0	piperazines; pyridines
7-chloro-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-8-ol [no description available]	2.15	1	0	benzazepine; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively.	2.03	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.08	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane 1,6-bis(cyclohexyloximinocarbonyl)hexane: selective inhibitor of canine platelet diglyceride lipase	3.48	8	0	carbamate ester; organonitrogen compound
risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
ritanserin Ritanserin: A selective and potent serotonin-2 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of a variety of syndromes related to anxiety and depression. The drug also improves the subjective quality of sleep and decreases portal pressure.. ritanserin : A thiazolopyrimidine that is 5H-[1,3]thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-one which is substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 6 by a 2-{4-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methylidene]piperidin-1-yl}ethyl group. A potent and long-acting seratonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) antagonist of the subtype 5-HT2 (Ki = 0.39 nM), it is used in the treatment of a variety of disorders including anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. It has little sedative action.	2.4	2	0	organofluorine compound; piperidines; thiazolopyrimidine	antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist
ro 31-8220 Ro 31-8220: a protein kinase C inhibitor	3.79	11	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; indoles; maleimides	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone 4-(3-Butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazolidinone: Inhibitor of phosphodiesterases.	2.38	2	0	methoxybenzenes
rofecoxib [no description available]	3.41	7	0	butenolide; sulfone	analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
rolipram [no description available]	2.78	3	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	antidepressant; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
4-bromotetramisole 4-bromotetramisole: available in levo & dextro form; L-form potent inhibitor of non specific alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.41	2	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sanguinarine benzophenanthridine alkaloid : A specific group of isoquinoline alkaloids that occur only in higher plants and are constituents mainly of the Papaveraceae family.	7.73	3	0	alkaloid antibiotic; benzophenanthridine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent
sarpogrelate sarpogrelate: structure given in first source	2.4	2	0	hemisuccinate; stilbenoid
sb 239063 SB 239063: structure in first source. SB-239063 : A member of the class of imidazoles carrying 4-hydroxycyclohexyl, 4-fluorophenyl and 2-methoxypyrimidin-4-yl substituents at positions 1, 4 and 5 respectively.	2.43	2	0	imidazoles
sb 202190 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazole: structure given in first source; inhibits p38 MAP kinase	4.55	9	0	imidazoles; organofluorine compound; phenols; pyridines	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
scriptaid scriptide: provokes translocation of GLUT4 to increase glucose uptake; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	isoquinolines
secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups.	1.94	1	0	barbiturates	anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	5.76	11	2	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
linsidomine linsidomine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.39	7	0	morpholines
sk&f 86002 6-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-(4-pyridinyl)imidazo(2,1-b)thiazole: inhibits p38 MAP kinase	2.72	3	0	imidazoles
sodium fluoride [no description available]	6.49	14	1	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	2.04	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias.	7.02	5	2	ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide	anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.37	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
fenofibrate [no description available]	2.11	1	0	benzochromenone; delta-lactone; naphtho-alpha-pyrone	platelet aggregation inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
imatinib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid.	2.86	4	0	quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent
sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position.	7.41	1	0
sulfinpyrazone Sulfinpyrazone: A uricosuric drug that is used to reduce the serum urate levels in gout therapy. It lacks anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and diuretic properties.	1.96	1	0	pyrazolidines; sulfoxide	uricosuric drug
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2.65	3	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	3.84	9	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulmazole sulmazole: structure given in first source. sulmazole : An imidazopyridine that is 1H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-methoxy-4-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl group. An A1 adenosine receptor antagonist, it was formerly used as a cardiotonic agent.	1.97	1	0	imidazopyridine; sulfoxide	adenosine A1 receptor antagonist; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.88	4	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults.	2.39	2	0	sulfonamide; tryptamines	serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	8.51	8	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source	4.77	10	0	azepine
tegafur [no description available]	5	9	1	organohalogen compound; pyrimidines
temozolomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia	2.4	2	0	furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent
terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.23	6	0	phenylethanolamines; resorcinols	anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent
terfenadine Terfenadine: A selective histamine H1-receptor antagonist devoid of central nervous system depressant activity. The drug was used for ALLERGY but withdrawn due to causing LONG QT SYNDROME.	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
tetracaine Tetracaine: A potent local anesthetic of the ester type used for surface and spinal anesthesia.. tetracaine : A benzoate ester in which 4-N-butylbenzoic acid and 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol have combined to form the ester bond; a local ester anaesthetic (ester caine) used for surface and spinal anaesthesia.	3.45	8	0	benzoate ester; tertiary amino compound	local anaesthetic
tetraethylammonium Tetraethylammonium: A potassium-selective ion channel blocker. (From J Gen Phys 1994;104(1):173-90)	4.44	22	0	quaternary ammonium ion
krypton Krypton: A noble gas that is found in the atmosphere. It has the atomic symbol Kr, atomic number 36, atomic weight 83.80, and has been used in electric bulbs.	3.89	13	0	monoatomic krypton; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group.	2.37	2	0	phthalimides; piperidones
theobromine Theobromine: 3,7-Dimethylxanthine. The principle alkaloid in Theobroma cacao (the cacao bean) and other plants. A xanthine alkaloid that is used as a bronchodilator and as a vasodilator. It has a weaker diuretic activity than THEOPHYLLINE and is also a less powerful stimulant of smooth muscle. It has practically no stimulant effect on the central nervous system. It was formerly used as a diuretic and in the treatment of angina pectoris and hypertension. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, pp1318-9). theobromine : A dimethylxanthine having the two methyl groups located at positions 3 and 7. A purine alkaloid derived from the cacao plant, it is found in chocolate, as well as in a number of other foods, and is a vasodilator, diuretic and heart stimulator.	2.66	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; bronchodilator agent; food component; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
thymeleatoxin thymeleatoxin: causes translocation & down-regulation of multiple protein kinase C isozymes	2.07	1	0
ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group.	3.16	5	0	monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE.	2.43	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
8-(n,n-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate 8-(N,N-diethylamino)octyl-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoate: intracellular calcium antagonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	4.54	25	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
tolazoline Tolazoline: A vasodilator that apparently has direct actions on blood vessels and also increases cardiac output. Tolazoline can interact to some degree with histamine, adrenergic, and cholinergic receptors, but the mechanisms of its therapeutic effects are not clear. It is used in treatment of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.. tolazoline : A member of the class of imidazoles that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole substituted by a benzyl group.	10.64	19	1	imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position.	2.87	4	0	N-sulfonylurea	human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker
n,n,n',n'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine: a zinc ion chelating agent; structure given in first source. N,N,N',N'-tetrakis(2-pyridylmethyl)ethylenediamine : An N-substituted diamine that is ethylenediamine in which the four amino hydrogens are replaced by 2-pyridylmethyl groups.	2.41	2	0	N-substituted diamine; pyridines; tertiary amino compound	apoptosis inducer; chelator; copper chelator
tramazoline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	tetralins
tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage.	2.04	1	0	amino acid
tremorine [no description available]	1.94	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema.	9.94	9	1	pteridines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	1.97	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
trichlormethiazide Trichlormethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p830). trichlormethiazide : A benzothiadiazine, hydrogenated at positions 2, 3 and 4 and substituted with an aminosulfonyl group at C-7, a chloro substituent at C-6 and a dichloromethyl group at C-3 and with S-1 as an S,S-dioxide. A sulfonamide antibiotic, it is used as a diuretic to treat oedema (including that associated with heart failure) and hypertension.	2.66	3	0	benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide antibiotic	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
trifluoperazine [no description available]	9.45	23	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
tripelennamine Tripelennamine: A histamine H1 antagonist with low sedative action but frequent gastrointestinal irritation. It is used to treat ASTHMA; HAY FEVER; URTICARIA; and RHINITIS; and also in veterinary applications. Tripelennamine is administered by various routes, including topically.	3.04	5	0	aromatic amine
troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity.	3.88	12	0	chromanes; thiazolidinone	anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
thenoyltrifluoroacetone Thenoyltrifluoroacetone: Chelating agent and inhibitor of cellular respiration.	2.08	1	0
tyramine [no description available]	9.84	153	2	monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines	EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
urapidil [no description available]	4.84	4	2	piperazines
5-methylurapidil [no description available]	2.02	1	0
urethane [no description available]	6.05	23	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vesnarinone [no description available]	3.08	1	0	organic molecular entity
w 7 W 7: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure; calmodulin antagonist	4.47	23	0
pirinixic acid pirinixic acid: structure	2.46	2	0	aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; pyrimidines
xylazine Xylazine: An adrenergic alpha-2 agonist used as a sedative, analgesic and centrally acting muscle relaxant in VETERINARY MEDICINE.. xylazine : A methyl benzene that is 1,3-dimethylbenzene which is substituted by a 5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3-thiazin-2-ylnitrilo group at position 2. It is an alpha2 adrenergic receptor agonist and frequently used in veterinary medicine as an emetic and sedative with analgesic and muscle relaxant properties.	3.8	3	0	1,3-thiazine; methylbenzene; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; emetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	4.77	2	1	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zm 336372 N-(5-(3-dimethylaminobenzamido)-2-methylphenyl)-4-hydroxybenzamide: an inhibitor of c-Raf; activates Raf-1; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzamides
zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.03	1	0	1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide	anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	12.43	35	4	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	13.52	400	6	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone.	9.97	9	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic
estriol hormonin: estrogen replacement; each tablet contains 600 ug micronized 17beta-estradiol, 270 ug estriol and 1.4 mg estrone. chlorapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3Cl.	3.05	5	0	16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	estrogen; human metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
lysergic acid diethylamide Lysergic Acid Diethylamide: Semisynthetic derivative of ergot (Claviceps purpurea). It has complex effects on serotonergic systems including antagonism at some peripheral serotonin receptors, both agonist and antagonist actions at central nervous system serotonin receptors, and possibly effects on serotonin turnover. It is a potent hallucinogen, but the mechanisms of that effect are not well understood.. lysergic acid diethylamide : An ergoline alkaloid arising from formal condensation of lysergic acid with diethylamine.	3.81	12	0	ergoline alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound	dopamine agonist; hallucinogen; serotonergic agonist
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	9.83	119	1	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
cephaloridine Cephaloridine: A cephalosporin antibiotic.. cefaloridine : A cephalosporin compound having pyridinium-1-ylmethyl and 2-thienylacetamido side-groups. A first-generation semisynthetic derivative of cephalosporin C.	1.95	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	12.4	259	5	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol).	3.23	6	0	glucitol	cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
alloxan Alloxan: Acidic compound formed by oxidation of URIC ACID. It is isolated as an efflorescent crystalline hydrate.. alloxan : A member of the class of pyrimidones, the structure of which is that of perhydropyrimidine substituted at C-2, -4, -5 and -6 by oxo groups.	4.16	5	0	pyrimidone	hyperglycemic agent; metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	5.93	102	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
floxuridine Floxuridine: An antineoplastic antimetabolite that is metabolized to fluorouracil when administered by rapid injection; when administered by slow, continuous, intra-arterial infusion, it is converted to floxuridine monophosphate. It has been used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.. floxuridine : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside compound having 5-fluorouracil as the nucleobase; used to treat hepatic metastases of gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas and for palliation in malignant neoplasms of the liver and gastrointestinal tract.	1.97	1	0	nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; radiosensitizing agent
benzimidazole 1H-benzimidazole : The 1H-tautomer of benzimidazole.	7.5	2	0	benzimidazole; polycyclic heteroarene
hydroxyproline Hydroxyproline: A hydroxylated form of the imino acid proline. A deficiency in ASCORBIC ACID can result in impaired hydroxyproline formation.. hydroxyproline : A proline derivative that is proline substituted by at least one hydroxy group.	10.85	36	0	4-hydroxyproline; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	6.42	33	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dibenzylchlorethamine Dibenzylchlorethamine: An alpha adrenergic antagonist.	3.81	12	0
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	3.2	6	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	8.52	198	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
norethindrone acetate norethisterone acetate : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is norethisterone in which the hydroxy group has been converted to its acetate ester.	4.86	2	1	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; terminal acetylenic compound	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7.	17.44	218	19	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
aldosterone [no description available]	27.82	3,629	304	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; steroid aldehyde	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pentolinium tartrate Pentolinium Tartrate: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocking agent in hypertension.. pentolinium tartrate : The bitartrate salt of pentolinium.	5.13	47	0	tartrate salt	antihypertensive agent
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	4.59	26	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
lynestrenol Lynestrenol: A synthetic progestational hormone used often in mixtures with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	4.25	4	1	steroid
tetrahydrocortisol [no description available]	4.36	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid.	5.82	7	1	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug
estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens.	2.9	4	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
androsterone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; C19-steroid	androgen; anticonvulsant; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; pheromone
etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone: The 5-beta-reduced isomer of ANDROSTERONE. Etiocholanolone is a major metabolite of TESTOSTERONE and ANDROSTENEDIONE in many mammalian species including humans. It is excreted in the URINE.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-androstan-17-one : An androstanoid that is 5beta-androstane substituted by an alpha-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a metabolite of testosterone in mammals.	1.94	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	13.98	28	2	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
methoxyflurane angiotensin II amide: a diuretic peptide; from the central nervous system of the leech Erpobdella octoculata	3.2	6	0
dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole Dichlororibofuranosylbenzimidazole: An RNA polymerase II transcriptional inhibitor. This compound terminates transcription prematurely by selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. It is used in research to study underlying mechanisms of cellular regulation.	2.69	3	0
penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group.	2.37	2	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope
metaraminol Metaraminol: A sympathomimetic agent that acts predominantly at alpha-1 adrenergic receptors. It has been used primarily as a vasoconstrictor in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. metaraminol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 2-amino-1-phenylethanol substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a phenolic hydroxy group at position 1. A sympathomimetic agent , it is used in the treatment of hypotension.	7.21	42	0	phenylethanolamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	8.89	13	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
dimethylphenylpiperazinium iodide Dimethylphenylpiperazinium Iodide: A selective nicotinic cholinergic agonist used as a research tool. DMPP activates nicotinic receptors in autonomic ganglia but has little effect at the neuromuscular junction.	3.84	12	0	N-arylpiperazine; organic iodide salt; piperazinium salt; quaternary ammonium salt	nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	4	14	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	4.62	27	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
(4-(m-chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium chloride (4-(m-Chlorophenylcarbamoyloxy)-2-butynyl)trimethylammonium Chloride: A drug that selectively activates certain subclasses of muscarinic receptors and also activates postganglionic nicotinic receptors. It is commonly used experimentally to distinguish muscarinic receptor subtypes.	1.97	1	0
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	4.55	26	0	dialkyl phosphate
biguanides Biguanides: Derivatives of biguanide (the structure formula HN(C(NH)NH2)2) that are primarily used as oral HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS for the treatment of DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2 and PREDIABETES.. biguanides : A class of oral hypoglycemic drugs used for diabetes mellitus or prediabetes treatment. They have a structure based on the 2-carbamimidoylguanidine skeleton.	3.26	6	0	guanidines
carbon tetrachloride Carbon Tetrachloride: A solvent for oils, fats, lacquers, varnishes, rubber waxes, and resins, and a starting material in the manufacturing of organic compounds. Poisoning by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption is possible and may be fatal. (Merck Index, 11th ed). tetrachloromethane : A chlorocarbon that is methane in which all the hydrogens have been replaced by chloro groups.	5.66	25	0	chlorocarbon; chloromethanes	hepatotoxic agent; refrigerant
cantharidin Cantharidin: A toxic compound, isolated from the Spanish fly or blistering beetle (Lytta (Cantharis) vesicatoria) and other insects. It is a potent and specific inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 (PP1) and 2A (PP2A). This compound can produce severe skin inflammation, and is extremely toxic if ingested orally.. cantharidin : A monoterpenoid with an epoxy-bridged cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride structure secreted by many species of blister beetle, and most notably by the Spanish fly, Lytta vesicatoria. Natural toxin inhibitor of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.	2.04	1	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; monoterpenoid	EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; herbicide
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	5.31	56	0	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	6.32	48	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
desoxycorticosterone acetate Desoxycorticosterone Acetate: The 21-acetate derivative of desoxycorticosterone.	5.51	18	0	corticosteroid hormone
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.36	2	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	6.56	39	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	6.2	10	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	10.15	47	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.66	10	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
chlorobutanol [no description available]	3.2	6	0	tertiary alcohol
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	10.41	20	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	4.71	30	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration.	8.6	26	6	17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	xenoestrogen
testosterone propionate Testosterone Propionate: An ester of TESTOSTERONE with a propionate substitution at the 17-beta position.. androgen : A sex hormone that stimulates or controls the development and maintenance of masculine characteristics in vertebrates by binding to androgen receptors.	2.07	1	0	steroid ester
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	3.82	12	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.89	4	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	5.32	18	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position.	1.95	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone	anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent
tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7.	1.94	1	0	benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound
puromycin aminonucleoside 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine: structure in first source. 3'-amino-3'-deoxy-N(6),N(6)-dimethyladenosine : Puromycin derivative that lacks the methoxyphenylalanyl group on the amine of the sugar ring.	5.22	9	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	6.66	30	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine [no description available]	3.22	6	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
uridine diphosphate Uridine Diphosphate: A uracil nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	2.47	2	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	4.88	13	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	2.92	4	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	3.1	5	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	17.39	694	27	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	5.7	11	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	10.4	103	3	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
tributyrin tributyrin: structure. tributyrin : A triglyceride obtained by formal acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol by butyric acid.	7.6	1	0	butyrate ester; triglyceride	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug; protective agent
p-dimethylaminoazobenzene p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene: A reagent used mainly to induce experimental liver cancer. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, p. 89) published in 1985, this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed)	2.01	1	0	azobenzenes
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.41	2	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	11.69	244	2	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.38	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.88	4	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
acepromazine Acepromazine: A phenothiazine that is used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. acepromazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine substituted by an acetyl group at position 2 and a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at position 10.	3.8	2	1	aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; phenothiazines; tertiary amino compound	phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
methoxamine Methoxamine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist that causes prolonged peripheral VASOCONSTRICTION.. methoxamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group and the phenyl ring is 2- and 5-substituted with methoxy groups. It is an antihypotensive agent (pressor), an agonist acting directly at alpha-adrenoceptors with selectivity for the alpha-1 adrenoceptor subtype similar to phenylephrine .	7.95	87	0	amphetamines	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypotensive agent
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	10.09	14	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methicillin Methicillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE but susceptible to a penicillin-binding protein. It is inactivated by gastric acid so administered by injection.. methicillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dimethoxybenzoyl group.	1.94	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	10.48	33	1	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
bretylium tosylate Bretylium Tosylate: An agent that blocks the release of adrenergic transmitters and may have other actions. It was formerly used as an antihypertensive agent, but is now proposed as an anti-arrhythmic.. bretylium tosylate : The tosylate salt of bretylium. It blocks noradrenaline release from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system, and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties for the acute management of ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation.	1.97	1	0	organosulfonate salt; quaternary ammonium salt	adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	7.11	134	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.46	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
methacholine chloride Methacholine Chloride: A quaternary ammonium parasympathomimetic agent with the muscarinic actions of ACETYLCHOLINE. It is hydrolyzed by ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE at a considerably slower rate than ACETYLCHOLINE and is more resistant to hydrolysis by nonspecific CHOLINESTERASES so that its actions are more prolonged. It is used as a parasympathomimetic bronchoconstrictor agent and as a diagnostic aid for bronchial asthma. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1116)	6.38	15	3	quaternary ammonium salt
2-aminoisobutyric acid 2-aminoisobutyric acid: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. 2-aminoisobutyric acid : A rare, non-protein amino acid and end-product of pyrimidine metabolism, excreted in urine and found in some antibiotics of fungal origin. With the exception of a few bacteria, it is non-metabolisable, and therefore used in bioassays.	1.99	1	0	2,2-dialkylglycine zwitterion; 2,2-dialkylglycine
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	13.24	20	3	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
uridine triphosphate Uridine Triphosphate: Uridine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A uracil nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.89	12	0	pyrimidine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate; uridine 5'-phosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	7.41	1	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	7.64	27	1	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.11	1	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	6.46	70	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
3-tolylcarbamide 3-tolylcarbamide: derivative of anticonvulsant phenylcarbamide; structure	1.98	1	0
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	19.13	329	3	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	5.53	22	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
gallamine triethiodide Gallamine Triethiodide: A synthetic nondepolarizing blocking drug. The actions of gallamine triethiodide are similar to those of TUBOCURARINE, but this agent blocks the cardiac vagus and may cause sinus tachycardia and, occasionally, hypertension and increased cardiac output. It should be used cautiously in patients at risk from increased heart rate but may be preferred for patients with bradycardia. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p198)	2.64	3	0
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	6.53	75	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	5.92	102	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	1.94	1	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
sodium citrate, anhydrous Sodium Citrate: Sodium salts of citric acid that are used as buffers and food preservatives. They are used medically as anticoagulants in stored blood, and for urine alkalization in the prevention of KIDNEY STONES.. sodium citrate : The trisodium salt of citric acid.	3.27	1	0	organic sodium salt	anticoagulant; flavouring agent
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	2.11	1	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen.	6.79	11	2	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
norethynodrel Norethynodrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions and uses similar to those of PROGESTERONE. It has been used in the treatment of functional uterine bleeding and ENDOMETRIOSIS. As a contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS), it has usually been administered in combination with MESTRANOL.	4.59	6	1	oxo steroid
benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74)	2.01	1	0	aromatic ketone
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	2.65	3	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
chlorisondamine Chlorisondamine: A nicotinic antagonist used primarily as a ganglionic blocker in animal research. It has been used as an antihypertensive agent but has been supplanted by more specific drugs in most clinical applications.	4.45	23	0	isoindoles
mannitol [no description available]	6.53	47	1	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.39	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
ornithine Ornithine: An amino acid produced in the urea cycle by the splitting off of urea from arginine.. ornithine : An alpha-amino acid that is pentanoic acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 5.	4.78	10	0	non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; ornithine	algal metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; mouse metabolite
dinitrofluorobenzene Dinitrofluorobenzene: Irritants and reagents for labeling terminal amino acid groups.. 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : The organofluorine compound that is benzene with a fluoro substituent at the 1-position and two nitro substituents in the 2- and 4-positions.	7.15	1	0	C-nitro compound; organofluorine compound	agrochemical; allergen; chromatographic reagent; EC 2.7.3.2 (creatine kinase) inhibitor; protein-sequencing agent; spectrophotometric reagent
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	5.49	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	6.43	57	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
medroxyprogesterone acetate [no description available]	2.69	3	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; corticosteroid; steroid ester	adjuvant; androgen; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; female contraceptive drug; inhibitor; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	18.03	282	44	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	4.25	18	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mestranol [no description available]	6.31	12	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; aromatic ether; terminal acetylenic compound	prodrug; xenoestrogen
methandrostenolone Methandrostenolone: A synthetic steroid with anabolic properties that are more pronounced than its androgenic effects. It has little progestational activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1188)	3.33	1	1	organic molecular entity
cordycepin [no description available]	2.9	3	0	3'-deoxyribonucleoside; adenosines	antimetabolite; nucleoside antibiotic
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	5.93	20	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	5.15	48	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	12.42	247	4	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl iodide methyl iodide: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd with MF of CH3-I. iodomethane : A member of the class of iodomethanes that is methane in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by iodine.	1.99	1	0	iodomethanes; methyl halides	fumigant insecticide
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	1.97	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.07	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
propane Propane: A three carbon alkane with the formula H3CCH2CH3.	2.13	1	0	alkane; gas molecular entity	food propellant
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	7.93	4	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
methylene chloride Methylene Chloride: A chlorinated hydrocarbon that has been used as an inhalation anesthetic and acts as a narcotic in high concentrations. Its primary use is as a solvent in manufacturing and food technology.. dichloromethane : A member of the class of chloromethanes that is methane in which two of the hydrogens have been replaced by chlorine. A dense, non-flammible colourless liquid at room temperature (b.p. 40degreeC, d = 1.33) which is immiscible with water, it is widely used as a solvent, a paint stripper, and for the removal of caffeine from coffee and tea.	2.06	1	0	chloromethanes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; polar aprotic solvent; refrigerant
acetyl chloride [no description available]	1.99	1	0	acyl chloride
phosgene Phosgene: A highly toxic gas that has been used as a chemical warfare agent. It is an insidious poison as it is not irritating immediately, even when fatal concentrations are inhaled. (From The Merck Index, 11th ed, p7304). phosgene : An acyl chloride obtained by substitution of both hydrogens of formaldehyde by chlorine.. chloroketone : A ketone containing a chloro substituent.	1.97	1	0	acyl chloride
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.66	3	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	3.08	5	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
methyl sulfate methyl sulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd. methyl sulfate : An alkyl sulfate that is the monomethyl ester of sulfuric acid.	1.98	1	0	alkyl sulfate; one-carbon compound
trichloroacetic acid Trichloroacetic Acid: A strong acid used as a protein precipitant in clinical chemistry and also as a caustic for removing warts.. trichloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which all three methyl hydrogens are substituted by chlorine.	2.35	2	0	monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound	carcinogenic agent; metabolite; mouse metabolite
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.94	4	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	4.8	1	1	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	3.34	7	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
3-mercaptopropionic acid 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid: An inhibitor of glutamate decarboxylase. It decreases the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID concentration in the brain, thereby causing convulsions.. 3-mercaptopropanoic acid : A mercaptopropanoic acid that is propanoic acid carrying a sulfanyl group at position 3.	3.76	11	0	mercaptopropanoic acid	algal metabolite
pentaerythritol tetranitrate Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a more prolonged duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1025). pentaerythritol tetranitrate : A pentaerythritol nitrate in which all four hydroxy groups of pentaerythritol have been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to those of glyceryl trinitrate, but with a more prolonged duration of action, and is used for treatment of angina pectoris. It is also one of the most powerful high explosives known and is a component of the plastic explosive known as Semtex.	7.05	1	0	pentaerythritol nitrate	explosive; vasodilator agent
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	2.31	1	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	2.4	2	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	4.8	1	1	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
pempidine Pempidine: A nicotinic antagonist most commonly used as an experimental tool. It has been used as a ganglionic blocker in the treatment of hypertension but has largely been supplanted for that purpose by more specific drugs.	2.35	2	0	piperidines
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	7.86	3	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
taurocholic acid Taurocholic Acid: The product of conjugation of cholic acid with taurine. Its sodium salt is the chief ingredient of the bile of carnivorous animals. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and cholerectic.. taurocholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurocholic acid.. taurocholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of cholic acid that usually occurs as the sodium salt of bile in mammals.	3.12	5	0	amino sulfonic acid; bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	5.17	2	1	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone.	12.35	20	2	6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	8.28	6	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action.	8.37	12	4	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
gramine gramine : An aminoalkylindole that is indole carrying a dimethylaminomethyl substituent at postion 3.	2.6	1	0	aminoalkylindole; indole alkaloid; tertiary amino compound	antibacterial agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	5.7	6	1	pyrrolidin-2-ones
xanthone xanthone : The parent compound of the xanthone class consisting of xanthene bearing a single oxo substituent at position 9.	2.11	1	0	xanthones	insecticide
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	6.06	28	1	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
phenidone phenidone: photographic developer; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.36	7	0
3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd	7.41	1	0	naphthoic acid
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	3.65	9	0	xanthene
synephrine [no description available]	7.35	2	0	ethanolamines; phenethylamine alkaloid; phenols	alpha-adrenergic agonist; plant metabolite
propylparaben Parabens: Methyl, propyl, butyl, and ethyl esters of p-hydroxybenzoic acid. They have been approved by the FDA as antimicrobial agents for foods and pharmaceuticals. (From Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11th ed, p872)	2.39	2	0	benzoate ester; paraben; phenols	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent
butylparaben [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic molecular entity
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.31	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
1,3-ditolylguanidine 1,3-ditolylguanidine: structure given in first source; a selective ligand for the sigma binding sites in the brain	1.98	1	0	toluenes
pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid Pyrrolidonecarboxylic Acid: A cyclized derivative of L-GLUTAMIC ACID. Elevated blood levels may be associated with problems of GLUTAMINE or GLUTATHIONE metabolism.. 5-oxo-L-proline : An optically active form of 5-oxoproline having L-configuration.	4.88	11	0	5-oxoproline; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	algal metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	2.11	1	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-bromophenacyl bromide 4-bromophenacyl bromide: phospholipidase A(2) inhibitor; structure	2.88	4	0
methylparaben methylparaben: used as a preservative in cosmetics but potentiates UV-induced damage of skin; RN given refers to parent cpd. methylparaben : A 4-hydroxybenzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol. It is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics. It occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.	2.04	1	0	paraben	antifungal agent; antimicrobial food preservative; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
4-nitroaniline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	nitroaniline	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
ethylbenzene [no description available]	4.8	1	1	alkylbenzene
benzylamine aminotoluene : Any member of the class of toluenes carrying one or more amino groups.	1.97	1	0	aralkylamine; primary amine	allergen; EC 3.5.5.1 (nitrilase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nicotinyl alcohol Nicotinyl Alcohol: Alcohol analog of NICOTINIC ACID which is a direct-acting peripheral vasodilator that causes flushing and may decrease blood pressure. It is used in vasospasm and threatened GANGRENE.. 3-pyridinemethanol : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted by a hydroxymethyl group at position 3 .	1.95	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; pyridines	antilipemic drug; vasodilator agent
quinuclidines Quinuclidines: A class of organic compounds which contain two rings that share a pair of bridgehead carbon atoms and contains an amine group.	2.9	4	0	quinuclidines; saturated organic heterobicyclic parent
pyridostigmine bromide Pyridostigmine Bromide: A cholinesterase inhibitor with a slightly longer duration of action than NEOSTIGMINE. It is used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the actions of muscle relaxants.	3.03	1	0	pyridinium salt
4-benzylphenol 4-benzylphenol: metabolite of diphenylmethane; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.04	1	0
phenylisothiocyanate phenylisothiocyanate: structure. phenyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenyl group attached to the nitrogen; used for amino acid sequencing in the Edman degradation.	2.03	1	0	isothiocyanate	allergen; reagent
4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide 4-vinyl-1-cyclohexene dioxide: activates caspase cascades; structure. 4-vinylcyclohexene dioxide : The diepoxide of 4-vinylcyclohexene.	3.08	4	0	epoxide	carcinogenic agent
acrolein [no description available]	7.76	3	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
2-bromoethylamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0
glyoxal [no description available]	2.59	2	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
isethionic acid Isethionic Acid: A colorless, syrupy, strongly acidic liquid that can form detergents with oleic acid.. isethionic acid : An alkanesulfonic acid in which the sulfo group is directly linked to a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.39	2	0	alkanesulfonic acid	human metabolite
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	2.31	1	0	alkane
biuret Biuret: Used as feed supplement for sheep and cattle since it is a good non-protein nitrogen source. In strongly alkaline solution biuret gives a violet color with copper sulfate.. biuret : A member of the class of condensed ureas that is the compound formed by the condensation of two molecules of urea; the parent compound of the biuret group of compounds. Used as a non-protein nitrogen source in ruminant feed.	2.46	2	0	condensed ureas
acetic anhydride acetic anhydride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. acetic anhydride : An acyclic carboxylic anhydride derived from acetic acid.	1.96	1	0	acyclic carboxylic anhydride	metabolite; reagent
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.41	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.17	1	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
diisobutyl ketone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	ketone
n-pentanoic acid n-pentanoic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd. valeric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid containing five carbon atoms.	2.25	1	0	short-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	plant metabolite
diethylamine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	secondary aliphatic amine
ethyl formate ethyl formate : A formate ester resulting from the formal condensation of formic acid with ethanol.. ethoxycarbonyl group : An organyl group of formula -COOEt.	2.15	1	0	ethyl ester; formate ester	fumigant; plant metabolite
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	10.85	69	9	pyrrole; secondary amine
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	12.75	91	13	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2-heptanone heptan-2-one : A dialkyl ketone with methyl and pentyl as the alkyl groups.	2.03	1	0	dialkyl ketone; methyl ketone	mouse metabolite; pheromone
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	2.31	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
methyl palmitate [no description available]	2.06	1	0	fatty acid methyl ester	metabolite
ergotamine Ergotamine: A vasoconstrictor found in ergot of Central Europe. It is a serotonin agonist that has been used as an oxytocic agent and in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. ergotamine : A peptide ergot alkaloid that is dihydroergotamine in which a double bond replaces the single bond between positions 9 and 10.	4.03	15	0	peptide ergot alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; mycotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; oxytocic; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent
methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed)	1.99	1	0	ergoline alkaloid
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.52	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	6.54	15	1	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
benzoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	benzoins; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor
scoparone scoparone: structure. scoparone : A member of the class of coumarins that is esculetin in which the two hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 7 are replaced by methoxy groups. It is a major constituent of the Chinese herbal medicine Yin Chen Hao, and exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-tumor activities.	7.63	2	0	aromatic ether; coumarins	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antilipemic drug; immunosuppressive agent; plant metabolite
vanillic acid Vanillic Acid: A flavoring agent. It is the intermediate product in the two-step bioconversion of ferulic acid to vanillin. (J Biotechnol 1996;50(2-3):107-13).. vanillic acid : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is 4-hydroxybenzoic acid substituted by a methoxy group at position 3.	2.53	2	0	methoxybenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid	plant metabolite
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	4.07	14	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
diatrizoate meglumine Diatrizoate Meglumine: A versatile contrast medium used for DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY RADIOLOGY.. meglumine amidotrizoate : The N-methylglucamine salt of amidotrizoic acid. Both the sodium and the meglumine salts of amidotrizoic acid have been widely used as water-soluble radioopaque media in diagnostic radiography. The use of a mixture of the two salts is often preferred, as adverse effects can be reduced.	2.68	3	0	monocarboxylic acid anion	radioopaque medium
meglumine Meglumine: 1-Deoxy-1-(methylamino)-D-glucitol. A derivative of sorbitol in which the hydroxyl group in position 1 is replaced by a methylamino group. Often used in conjunction with iodinated organic compounds as contrast medium.. N-methylglucamine : A hexosamine that is D-glucitol in which the hydroxy group at position 1 is substituted by the nitrogen of a methylamino group. A crystalline base, it is used in preparing salts of certain acids for use as diagnostic radiopaque media, while its antimonate is used as an antiprotozoal in the treatment of leishmaniasis.	2.68	3	0	hexosamine; secondary amino compound
iodohippuric acid Iodohippuric Acid: An iodine-containing compound used in pyelography as a radiopaque medium. If labeled with radioiodine, it can be used for studies of renal function.. 2-iodohippuric acid : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-iodobenzoic acid with the amino group of glycine.	4.65	9	0	benzamides; N-acylglycine; organoiodine compound
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	1.97	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.42	2	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
n,n-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine: RN given refers to parent cpd. N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)glycine : A bicine that is a Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.35 at 20 degreeC.	1.95	1	0	bicine
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	7.69	2	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cupric acetate [no description available]	2.08	1	0
sodium cyanide Sodium Cyanide: A highly poisonous compound that is an inhibitor of many metabolic processes and is used as a test reagent for the function of chemoreceptors. It is also used in many industrial processes.. sodium cyanide : A cyanide salt containing equal numbers of sodium cations and cyanide anions.	2.15	1	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; sodium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor
pregnenolone [no description available]	11.5	36	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
20-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 20-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 20-alpha-reduced metabolite of PROGESTERONE. It is converted from progesterone to 20-alpha-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one by the 20-ALPHA-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASE in the CORPUS LUTEUM and the PLACENTA.	3.46	2	0	20-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	6.54	63	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
3-o-methylglucose 3-O-Methylglucose: A non-metabolizable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase. 3-O-Methylglucose is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems. (J Neurochem 1993;60(4):1498-504). 3-O-methyl-D-glucose : A D-aldohexose that is D-glucose in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group at position 3 has been substituted by a methyl group. It is a non-metabolisable glucose analogue that is not phosphorylated by hexokinase and is used as a marker to assess glucose transport by evaluating its uptake within various cells and organ systems.	1.97	1	0	D-aldohexose derivative
2-chloroadenosine 5-chloroformycin A: structure given in first source	2	1	0	purine nucleoside
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	3.52	8	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt 1,2-Dihydroxybenzene-3,5-Disulfonic Acid Disodium Salt: A colorimetric reagent for iron, manganese, titanium, molybdenum, and complexes of zirconium. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	3.89	12	0	organic molecular entity
potassium cyanide [no description available]	2.89	4	0	cyanide salt; one-carbon compound; potassium salt	EC 1.15.1.1 (superoxide dismutase) inhibitor; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; neurotoxin
methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups.	3.8	2	1	acetylenic compound; barbiturates	drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic
dydrogesterone [no description available]	1.95	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid	progestin
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	4.71	27	0	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	6.48	58	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
acridines Acridines: Compounds that include the structure of acridine.. acridine : A polycyclic heteroarene that is anthracene in which one of the central CH groups is replaced by a nitrogen atom.	4.42	8	0	acridines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent; polycyclic heteroarene	genotoxin
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	6.47	13	1	indazole
benzofuran benzofuran: RN & structure given in first source. 1-benzofuran : A benzofuran consisting of fused benzene and furan rings. It is the parent compound of the class of 1-benzofurans.	2.01	1	0	1-benzofurans; benzofuran
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	3.01	4	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	4.96	12	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.54	8	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	5.45	20	0	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	7.74	50	1	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	5.68	25	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
ethynodiol diacetate Ethynodiol Diacetate: A synthetic progestational hormone used alone or in combination with estrogens as an oral contraceptive (CONTRACEPTIVES, ORAL).	2.35	2	0	steroid ester; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; estrogen receptor modulator; synthetic oral contraceptive
nitroblue tetrazolium Nitroblue Tetrazolium: Colorless to yellow dye that is reducible to blue or black formazan crystals by certain cells; formerly used to distinguish between nonbacterial and bacterial diseases, the latter causing neutrophils to reduce the dye; used to confirm diagnosis of chronic granulomatous disease.	2.67	3	0	organic cation
triphenyltetrazolium triphenyltetrazolium: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium : An organic cation that is tetrazole carrying three phenyl substituents at positions 2, 3 and 5.	2.25	1	0	organic cation
indopan indopan: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. alpha-methyltryptamine : A tryptamine derivative having a methyl substituent at the alpha-position.	1.97	1	0	tryptamines
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.38	2	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively.	12.81	19	2	phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines	bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
muscarine Muscarine: A toxic alkaloid found in Amanita muscaria (fly fungus) and other fungi of the Inocybe species. It is the first parasympathomimetic substance ever studied and causes profound parasympathetic activation that may end in convulsions and death. The specific antidote is atropine.	3.48	8	0	monosaccharide
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	7.5	40	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	1.99	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
hemicholinium 3 Hemicholinium 3: A potent inhibitor of the high affinity uptake system for CHOLINE. It has less effect on the low affinity uptake system. Since choline is one of the components of ACETYLCHOLINE, treatment with hemicholinium can deplete acetylcholine from cholinergic terminals. Hemicholinium 3 is commonly used as a research tool in animal and in vitro experiments.	3.05	5	0
dexamethasone 21-phosphate dexamethasone 21-phosphate: has anti-inflammatory activity. dexamethasone phosphate : A steroid phosphate that is the 21-O-phospho derivative of dexamethasone.	1.96	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; fluorinated steroid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	glucocorticoid receptor agonist
evans blue Evans Blue: An azo dye used in blood volume and cardiac output measurement by the dye dilution method. It is very soluble, strongly bound to plasma albumin, and disappears very slowly.. Evans blue : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 6,6'-{(3,3'-dimethyl[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diyl)bis[diazene-2,1-diyl]}bis(4-amino-5-hydroxynaphthalene-1,3-disulfonate). It is sometimes used as a counterstain, especially in fluorescent methods to suppress background autofluorescence.	3.7	10	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
monocrotaline Monocrotaline: A pyrrolizidine alkaloid and a toxic plant constituent that poisons livestock and humans through the ingestion of contaminated grains and other foods. The alkaloid causes pulmonary artery hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, and pathological changes in the pulmonary vasculature. Significant attenuation of the cardiopulmonary changes are noted after oral magnesium treatment.	4.49	23	0	pyrrolizidine alkaloid
aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio.	5.35	19	0	mixture	bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug
azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia.	2.99	4	0	N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent
diazomethane Diazomethane: A diazonium compound with the formula CH2N2.. diazomethane : The simplest diazo compound, in which a diazo group is attached to a methylene group.	2.03	1	0	diazo compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; poison
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	1.97	1	0	aromatic ketone
galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils.	1.97	1	0	benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS.	2.03	1	0	steroid ester
aminoimidazole carboxamide Aminoimidazole Carboxamide: An imidazole derivative which is a metabolite of the antineoplastic agents BIC and DIC. By itself, or as the ribonucleotide, it is used as a condensation agent in the preparation of nucleosides and nucleotides. Compounded with orotic acid, it is used to treat liver diseases.. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide : An aminoimidazole in which the amino group is at C-5 with a carboxamido group at C-4.	3.57	8	0	aminoimidazole; monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
methysergide Methysergide: An ergot derivative that is a congener of LYSERGIC ACID DIETHYLAMIDE. It antagonizes the effects of serotonin in blood vessels and gastrointestinal smooth muscle, but has few of the properties of other ergot alkaloids. Methysergide is used prophylactically in migraine and other vascular headaches and to antagonize serotonin in the carcinoid syndrome.. methysergide : A synthetic ergot alkaloid, structurally related to the oxytocic agent methylergonovine and to the potent hallucinogen LSD and used prophylactically to reduce the frequency and intensity of severe vascular headaches.	6.71	30	0	ergoline alkaloid
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	2.44	2	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	8.62	9	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
betamethasone Betamethasone: A glucocorticoid given orally, parenterally, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. Its lack of mineralocorticoid properties makes betamethasone particularly suitable for treating cerebral edema and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p724)	3.93	13	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-asthmatic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent
prenylamine Prenylamine: A drug formerly used in the treatment of angina pectoris but superseded by less hazardous drugs. Prenylamine depletes myocardial catecholamine stores and has some calcium channel blocking activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1406)	3.44	2	0	diarylmethane
lithocholic acid Lithocholic Acid: A bile acid formed from chenodeoxycholate by bacterial action, usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is used as cholagogue and choleretic.. lithocholic acid : A monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid with a alpha-hydroxy substituent at position 3. It is a bile acid obtained from chenodeoxycholic acid by bacterial action.. lithocholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of lithocholic acid.	1.97	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; monohydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
nandrolone Nandrolone: C18 steroid with androgenic and anabolic properties. It is generally prepared from alkyl ethers of ESTRADIOL to resemble TESTOSTERONE but less one carbon at the 19 position.. nandrolone : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is estr-4-en-3-one substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 17.	6.21	6	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	human metabolite
xanthinol niacinate Xanthinol Niacinate: A vasodilator used in peripheral vascular disorders and insufficiency. It may cause gastric discomfort and hypotension.	2.65	3	0
hydantoins Hydantoins: Compounds based on imidazolidine dione. Some derivatives are ANTICONVULSANTS.. imidazolidine-2,4-dione : An imidazolidinone with oxo groups at position 2 and 4.	10.17	3	1	imidazolidine-2,4-dione
fluorobenzenes Fluorobenzenes: Derivatives of BENZENE that contain FLUORINE.. monofluorobenzene : The simplest member of the class of monofluorobenzenes that is benzene carrying a single fluoro substituent.. fluorobenzenes : Any fluoroarene that is a benzene or a substituted benzene carrying at least one fluoro group.	3.85	11	0	monofluorobenzenes	NMR chemical shift reference compound
homocystine [no description available]	2	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocystines	human metabolite
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	3.81	12	0	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
methylguanidine Methylguanidine: A product of putrefaction. Poisonous.. methylguanidine : A guanidine in which one of the amino hydrogens of guanidine itself is substituted by a methyl group.	1.99	1	0	guanidines	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; metabolite; uremic toxin
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	1.98	1	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.04	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
boldine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	aporphine alkaloid
rhein [no description available]	2.53	2	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
epitestosterone Epitestosterone: The 17-alpha isomer of TESTOSTERONE, derived from PREGNENOLONE via the delta5-steroid pathway, and via 5-androstene-3-beta,17-alpha-diol. Epitestosterone acts as an antiandrogen in various target tissues. The ratio between testosterone/epitestosterone is used to monitor anabolic drug abuse.. epitestosterone : An androstanoid that is the C-17 epimer of testosterone.	1.95	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen antagonist; human metabolite
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.25	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
imperatorin imperatorin: tumor necrosis factor antagonist; furanocoumarin from West African medicinal plant Clausena anisata; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3005. imperatorin : A member of the class of psoralens that is psoralen substituted by a prenyloxy group at position 8. Isolated from Angelica dahurica and Angelica koreana, it acts as a acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	3.03	4	0	psoralens	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.95	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
osthol osthol: from Cnidium monnieri and Angelica pubescens (both Apiaceae); structure given in first source	7.51	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; coumarins	metabolite
dihydralazine Dihydralazine: 1,4-Dihydrazinophthalazine. An antihypertensive agent with actions and uses similar to those of HYDRALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p354)	10.78	12	2	phthalazines
ninhydrin Ninhydrin: 2,2-Dihydroxy-1H-indene-1,3-(2H)-dione. Reagent toxic to skin and mucus membranes. It is used in chemical assay for peptide bonds, i.e., protein determinations and has radiosensitizing properties.. ninhydrin : A member of the class of indanones that is indane-1,3-dione bearing two additional hydroxy substituents at position 2.	2.66	3	0	aromatic ketone; beta-diketone; indanones; ketone hydrate	colour indicator; human metabolite
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	11.34	21	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.69	10	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	3.04	4	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
phenylpropanolamine Phenylpropanolamine: A sympathomimetic that acts mainly by causing release of NOREPINEPHRINE but also has direct agonist activity at some adrenergic receptors. It is most commonly used as a nasal vasoconstrictor and an appetite depressant.. phenylpropanolamine : An amphetamine in which the parent 1-phenylpropan-2-amine skeleton is substituted at position 1 with an hydroxy group. A decongestant and appetite suppressant, it is commonly used in prescription and over-the-counter cough and cold preparations.. (-)-norephedrine : An amphetamine that is propylbenzene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1 and by an amino group at position 2 (the 1R,2S-stereoisomer). It is a plant alkaloid.	1.95	1	0	amphetamines; phenethylamine alkaloid	plant metabolite
sodium carbonate sodium carbonate: used topically for dermatitides, mouthwash, vaginal douche; veterinary use as emergency emetic; RN given refers to carbonic acid, di-Na salt; structure	2.01	1	0	carbonate salt; organic sodium salt
alpha-aminopyridine alpha-aminopyridine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #485. aminopyridine : Compounds containing a pyridine skeleton substituted by one or more amine groups.	2.91	4	0
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	3.93	13	0	thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2.94	4	0
oleanolic acid [no description available]	3.33	6	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	plant metabolite
tetranitromethane [no description available]	1.95	1	0	organonitrogen compound
dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension.	4.26	4	1	ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative	dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
hematoxylin Hematoxylin: A dye obtained from the heartwood of logwood (Haematoxylon campechianum Linn., Leguminosae) used as a stain in microscopy and in the manufacture of ink.	2.89	3	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; oxacycle; polyphenol; tertiary alcohol	histological dye; plant metabolite
podophyllotoxin Podophyllum: A genus of poisonous American herbs, family BERBERIDACEAE. The roots yield PODOPHYLLOTOXIN and other pharmacologically important agents. The plant was formerly used as a cholagogue and cathartic. It is different from the European mandrake, MANDRAGORA.	1.95	1	0	furonaphthodioxole; lignan; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.85	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms").	1.95	1	0	organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid	fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist
medroxyprogesterone [no description available]	4.36	2	2	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
dihydrotestosterone Dihydrotestosterone: A potent androgenic metabolite of TESTOSTERONE. It is produced by the action of the enzyme 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE.. 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4-5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with unspecified configuration at position 5.. 17beta-hydroxy-5alpha-androstan-3-one : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 4,5 double bond has been reduced to a single bond with alpha-configuration at position 5.	4.75	9	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxyandrostan-3-one; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
luminol Luminol: 5-Amino-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione. Substance that emits light on oxidation. It is used in chemical determinations.	2.94	1	0
gluconic acid gluconic acid: zinc gluconate has anti-inflammatory activity; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; all RRs refers to (D)-isomer unless otherwise noted. ketogluconic acid : A gluconic acid that contains a ketonic carbonyl group.. D-gluconic acid : A gluconic acid having D-configuration.	1.99	1	0	gluconic acid	chelator; Penicillium metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.87	4	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	2.13	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
syringic acid syringic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in third source. syringic acid : A dimethoxybenzene that is 3,5-dimethyl ether derivative of gallic acid.	2.07	1	0	benzoic acids; dimethoxybenzene; phenols	plant metabolite
chlormethiazole Chlormethiazole: A sedative and anticonvulsant often used in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal. Chlormethiazole has also been proposed as a neuroprotective agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic activity is not entirely clear, but it does potentiate GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptors response and it may also affect glycine receptors.	1.97	1	0	thiazoles
methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol Methoxyhydroxyphenylglycol: Synthesized from endogenous epinephrine and norepinephrine in vivo. It is found in brain, blood, CSF, and urine, where its concentrations are used to measure catecholamine turnover.	3.23	6	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	3.45	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
uranyl acetate uranyl acetate: used after fixation in uranaffin procedure; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
pentamethonium pentamethonium: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentamethonium : A quarternary ammonium cation that is cadaverine in which the terminal amino hydrogens are substituted methyl groups. Its bromide and iodide salt exhibits ganglionic blocking activity and used in the treatment of hypertension.	1.98	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	7.76	85	2	dialdehyde	biomarker
cadmium acetate cadmium acetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.99	1	0
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2.67	3	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid Trinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid: A reagent that is used to neutralize peptide terminal amino groups.. 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid : The arenesulfonic acid that is benzenesulfonic acid with three nitro substituents in the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.48	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; C-nitro compound	epitope; explosive; reagent
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.89	3	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.01	1	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
paeonol paeonol: structure	7.6	1	0	methoxybenzenes; phenols	metabolite
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	1.95	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
lithium carbonate Lithium Carbonate: A lithium salt, classified as a mood-stabilizing agent. Lithium ion alters the metabolism of BIOGENIC MONOAMINES in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM, and affects multiple neurotransmission systems.	3.4	1	1	carbonate salt; lithium salt	antimanic drug
4-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate 4-Chloromercuribenzenesulfonate: A cytotoxic sulfhydryl reagent that inhibits several subcellular metabolic systems and is used as a tool in cellular physiology.	2.39	2	0	arenesulfonic acid; arylmercury compound
trimesic acid trimesic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid : A tricarboxylic acid that consists of benzene substituted by carboxy groups at positions 1, 3 and 5.	2.08	1	0	benzoic acids; tricarboxylic acid
18-hydroxycorticosterone [no description available]	9.47	39	4	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-hydroxyflavone 3-hydroxyflavone: structure given in first source. flavonol : A monohydroxyflavone that is the 3-hydroxy derivative of flavone.	3.44	7	0	flavonols; monohydroxyflavone
diphenylamine Diphenylamine: In humans it may be irritating to mucous membranes. Methemoglobinemia has been produced experimentally. In veterinary use, it is one of active ingredients in topical agents for prevention and treatment of screwworm infestation. An indicator in tests for nitrate poisoning.. diphenylamine : An aromatic amine containing two phenyl substituents. It has been used as a fungicide for the treatment of superficial scald in apples and pears, but is no longer approved for this purpose within the European Union.	1.98	1	0	aromatic amine; bridged diphenyl fungicide; secondary amino compound	antifungal agrochemical; antioxidant; carotogenesis inhibitor; EC 1.3.99.29 [phytoene desaturase (zeta-carotene-forming)] inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	2.48	2	0	organic sulfide
megestrol acetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; steroid ester	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
alpha-naphthoflavone alpha-naphthoflavone: inhibits P4501A1 and P4501A2; stimulates some activities of P4503A4. alpha-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the h side of flavone. A synthetic compound, it is an inhibitor of aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14).	2.39	2	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; aryl hydrocarbon receptor antagonist; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
galactitol [no description available]	1.99	1	0	hexitol	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	6.73	54	1	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine Dicarbethoxydihydrocollidine: 1,4-Dihydro-2,4,6-trimethyl-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid diethyl ester.. 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine : A dihydropyridine that is 2,4,6-trimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by ethoxycarbonyl groups at positions 3 and 5.	3.37	2	0	dihydropyridine; ethyl ester	hepatic steatosis inducing agent
clopamide Clopamide: A sulfamoylbenzamide piperidine. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic.	2.64	3	0	sulfonamide
glycochenodeoxycholic acid Glycochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from chenodeoxycholate and glycine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. glycochenodeoxycholate : A N-acylglycinate that is the conjugate base of glycochenodeoxycholic acid.. glycochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid glycine conjugate having 3alpha,7alpha-dihydroxy-5beta-cholan-24-oyl as the bile acid component.	2.07	1	0	bile acid glycine conjugate	human metabolite
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.94	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	6.25	11	1	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dibutyldichlorotin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.03	1	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	2.15	1	0
levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis.	6.66	6	3	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound	contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
phosfolan phosfolan: structure	2.06	1	0	phosphoric ester
deoxycytidine [no description available]	2.45	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testolactone Testolactone: An antineoplastic agent that is a derivative of progesterone and used to treat advanced breast cancer.	3.38	1	1	3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; seco-androstane
canrenone Canrenone: A synthetic pregnadiene compound with anti-aldosterone activity.	1.95	1	0	steroid lactone
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.98	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nicotinamide mononucleotide Nicotinamide Mononucleotide: 3-Carbamoyl-1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl pyridinium hydroxide-5'phosphate, inner salt. A nucleotide in which the nitrogenous base, nicotinamide, is in beta-N-glycosidic linkage with the C-1 position of D-ribose. Synonyms: Nicotinamide Ribonucleotide; NMN.	7.52	2	0	nicotinamide mononucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
tetramethylpyrazine tetramethylpyrazine: found in Ligusticum chuanxiong. tetramethylpyrazine : A member of the class of pyrazines that is pyrazine in which all four hydrogens have been replaced by methyl groups. An alkaloid extracted from Chuanxiong (Ligusticum wallichii).	3.93	12	0	alkaloid; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
phenazocine Phenazocine: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1095)	1.98	1	0
calcium peroxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	calcium oxides
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	2.49	2	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	2.35	2	0	alkali metal hydroxide
manganese dioxide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	manganese molecular entity; metal oxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	10.35	3	1	zinc molecular entity
thorium dioxide Thorium Dioxide: Thorium oxide (ThO2). A radiographic contrast agent that was used in the early 1930s through about 1954. High rates of mortality have been linked to its use and it has been shown to cause liver cancer.	1.94	1	0	thorium molecular entity
arsenic trioxide Arsenic Trioxide: An inorganic compound with the chemical formula As2O3 that is used for the treatment of ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA in patients who have relapsed from, or are resistant to, conventional drug therapy.	7.55	2	0
ammonium hydroxide Ammonium Hydroxide: The hydroxy salt of ammonium ion. It is formed when AMMONIA reacts with water molecules in solution.. ammonium hydroxide : A solution of ammonia in water.	1.99	1	0	inorganic hydroxy compound	food acidity regulator
nsc 65346 sangivamycin: RN given refers to parent cpd. sangivamycin : A nucleoside analogue that is adenosine in which the nitrogen at position 7 is replaced by a carbamoyl-substituted carbon. It is a potent inhibitor of protein kinase C.	1.98	1	0	nucleoside analogue	protein kinase inhibitor
glycyrrhizic acid glycyrrhizinic acid : A triterpenoid saponin that is the glucosiduronide derivative of 3beta-hydroxy-11-oxoolean-12-en-30-oic acid.	2.73	3	0	enone; glucosiduronic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid; tricarboxylic acid; triterpenoid saponin	EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; plant metabolite
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	5.43	19	0	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.03	1	0
3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid [no description available]	2.07	1	0
amidephrine amidephrine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	sulfonamide
4-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide [no description available]	1.97	1	0
vincamine Vincamine: A major alkaloid of Vinca minor L., Apocynaceae. It has been used therapeutically as a vasodilator and antihypertensive agent, particularly in cerebrovascular disorders.	1.96	1	0	alkaloid ester; hemiaminal; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; vinca alkaloid	antihypertensive agent; metabolite; vasodilator agent
azaperone Azaperone: A butyrophenone used in the treatment of PSYCHOSES.. azaperone : An N-arylpiperazine that is 2-(piperazin-1-yl)pyridine in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a 3-(4-fluobenzoyl)propyl group. Used mainly as a tranquiliser for pigs and elephants.	1.96	1	0	aminopyridine; aromatic ketone; monofluorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
nitrofen nitrofen: structure	1.99	1	0	organic molecular entity	EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
ethyldimethylaminopropyl carbodiimide Ethyldimethylaminopropyl Carbodiimide: Carbodiimide cross-linking reagent.	1.96	1	0
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	3.14	5	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	4	4	0	tertiary amine
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.91	4	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.	2.37	2	0	benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide	cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic
amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid.	9.8	98	3	aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines	diuretic; sodium channel blocker
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	7.25	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group.	2.89	4	0	benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound	antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
benperidol Benperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It has been used in the treatment of aberrant sexual behavior. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p567)	2.34	2	0	aromatic ketone
1,6-diaminohexane 1,6-diaminohexane: Russian drug; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. hexane-1,6-diamine : A C6 alkane-alpha,omega-diamine.	1.98	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	human xenobiotic metabolite
azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid azetidyl-2-carboxylic acid: a proline analog (with 4-membered ring in place of 5); a toxic non-protein amino acid that is misincorporated into protein in place of proline; induces nonfunctional heat-shock proteins; inhibits acquired thermotolerance; RN given refers to (L)-isomer; found in beets and Liliaceae. (S)-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid : The (S)-enantiomer of azetidine-2-carboxylic acid.. azetidinecarboxylic acid : A member of the class of azetidines that is azetidine substituted by at least one carboxy group at unspecified position.	3.83	11	0	azetidine-2-carboxylic acid
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	3.61	9	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
flupenthixol Flupenthixol: A thioxanthene neuroleptic that, unlike CHLORPROMAZINE, is claimed to have CNS-activating properties. It is used in the treatment of psychoses although not in excited or manic patients. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p595). flupenthixol : A thioxanthene derivative having a trifluoromethyl substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)propylidene group at the 10-position with undefined double bond stereochemistry.	1.95	1	0	thioxanthenes
acadesine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-ribosylimidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole; nucleoside analogue	antineoplastic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor
ddms DDMS: a water soluble and highly specific inhibitor of cytochrome P-450 omega-hydroxylase	3.11	5	0	chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes
fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate Fluorescein-5-isothiocyanate: Fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins. It is used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.. fluorescein 5-isothiocyanate : The 5-isomer of fluorescein isothiocyanate. Acts as a fluorescent probe capable of being conjugated to tissue and proteins; used as a label in fluorescent antibody staining procedures as well as protein- and amino acid-binding techniques.	3.52	8	0	fluorescein isothiocyanate
benzolamide Benzolamide: Selective renal carbonic anhydrase inhibitor. It may also be of use in certain cases of respiratory failure.	3.98	4	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.99	4	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.43	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	6.52	62	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
zinc carbonate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	organooxygen compound
megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17.	2.35	2	0	17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
cyclazocine Cyclazocine: An analgesic with mixed narcotic agonist-antagonist properties.	1.95	1	0
ecdysone [no description available]	1.94	1	0	14alpha-hydroxy steroid; 22-hydroxy steroid; 25-hydroxy steroid; 2beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-sterol; 6-oxo steroid; ecdysteroid	prohormone
cyclic cmp Cyclic CMP: A cyclic nucleotide formed from CYTIDINE TRIPHOSPHATE by the action of cytidylate cyclase. It is a potential cyclic nucleotide intracellular mediator of signal transductions.. 3',5'-cyclic CMP : A 3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide having cytosine as the nucleobase.	3.67	3	0	3',5'-cyclic pyrimidine nucleotide	human metabolite
tranylcypromine Tranylcypromine: A propylamine formed from the cyclization of the side chain of amphetamine. This monoamine oxidase inhibitor is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in panic and phobic disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311). tranylcypromine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (1R,2S)- and (1S,2R)-2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine. An irreversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor that is used as an antidepressant (INN tranylcypromine).. (1R,2S)-tranylcypromine : A 2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine that is the (1R,2S)-enantiomer of tranylcypromine.	3.47	8	0	2-phenylcyclopropan-1-amine
streptomycin [no description available]	6.95	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins	antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	2.91	4	0	carbon oxoanion
dideoxyadenosine Dideoxyadenosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is an inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase. Its principal side effect is nephrotoxicity. In vivo, dideoxyadenosine is rapidly metabolized to DIDANOSINE (ddI) by enzymatic deamination; ddI is then converted to dideoxyinosine monophosphate and ultimately to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, the putative active metabolite.	2.03	1	0	adenosines; purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.1 (adenylate cyclase) inhibitor
cyanoketone Cyanoketone: 2 alpha-Cyano-17 beta-hydroxy-4,4',17 alpha-trimethylandrost-5-ene-3-one. An androstenolone-nitrile compound with steroidogenesis-blocking activity.	1.96	1	0
tabersonine [no description available]	7.41	1	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
st 91 ST 91: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	substituted aniline
metanephrine Metanephrine: Product of epinephrine O-methylation. It is a commonly occurring, pharmacologically and physiologically inactive metabolite of epinephrine.	2.39	2	0	catecholamine
trimetazidine Trimetazidine: A vasodilator used in angina of effort or ischemic heart disease.	2.05	1	0	aromatic amine
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.96	4	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
5,6-dihydroxytryptamine 5,6-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 6. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacologic research.	2.37	2	0
norleucine Norleucine: An unnatural amino acid that is used experimentally to study protein structure and function. It is structurally similar to METHIONINE, however it does not contain SULFUR.. L-norleucine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino group at C-2. It does not occur naturally.	2.91	4	0	2-aminohexanoic acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
diadenosine tetraphosphate P(1),P(4)-bis(5'-adenosyl) tetraphosphate : A diadenosyl tetraphosphate compound having the two 5'-adenosyl residues attached at the P(1)- and P(4)-positions.	2.9	4	0	diadenosyl tetraphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iodinated glycerol iodinated glycerol: secretolytic agent; RN given refers to cpd without iodine locant	6.89	9	1	dioxolane
dimethindene Dimethindene: A histamine H1 antagonist. It is used in hypersensitivity reactions, in rhinitis, for pruritus, and in some common cold remedies.	1.94	1	0	indene
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	5.22	15	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
enbucrilate Enbucrilate: A tissue adhesive that is applied as a monomer to moist tissue and polymerizes to form a bond. It is slowly biodegradable and used in all kinds of surgery, including dental.	2.05	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; nitrile
levodopa methyl ester levodopa methyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd(L)-isomer	1.98	1	0	tyrosine derivative
trimethaphan Trimethaphan: A nicotinic antagonist that has been used as a ganglionic blocker in hypertension, as an adjunct to anesthesia, and to induce hypotension during surgery.. trimethaphan : A complex heterocyclic sulfonium compound with an imidazolium core, used to treat hypertension.	5.49	22	0	sulfonium compound	anaesthesia adjuvant; antihypertensive agent; nicotinic antagonist; vasodilator agent
hepes [no description available]	7.67	3	0	HEPES; organosulfonic acid
lanthanum [no description available]	4.57	26	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	7.58	45	1	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	6.79	20	1	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
molybdenum Molybdenum: A metallic element with the atomic symbol Mo, atomic number 42, and atomic weight 95.95. It is an essential trace element, being a component of the enzymes xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and nitrate reductase.	5.18	3	1	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.37	2	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	2.52	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	10.4	3	1	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
tantalum Tantalum: A rare metallic element, atomic number 73, atomic weight 180.948, symbol Ta. It is a noncorrosive and malleable metal that has been used for plates or disks to replace cranial defects, for wire sutures, and for making prosthetic devices.	2.31	1	0	vanadium group element atom
technetium Technetium: The first artificially produced element and a radioactive fission product of URANIUM. Technetium has the atomic symbol Tc, and atomic number 43. All technetium isotopes are radioactive. Technetium 99m (m=metastable) which is the decay product of Molybdenum 99, has a half-life of about 6 hours and is used diagnostically as a radioactive imaging agent. Technetium 99 which is a decay product of technetium 99m, has a half-life of 210,000 years.	3.91	13	0	manganese group element atom
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	7.36	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	5.36	3	1	titanium group element atom
tungsten Tungsten: A metallic element with the atomic symbol W, atomic number 74, and atomic weight 183.85. It is used in many manufacturing applications, including increasing the hardness, toughness, and tensile strength of steel; manufacture of filaments for incandescent light bulbs; and in contact points for automotive and electrical apparatus.	2.11	1	0	chromium group element atom	micronutrient
actinium Actinium: A trivalent radioactive element and the prototypical member of the actinide family. It has the atomic symbol Ac, and atomic number 89. Its principal isotope is 227 and it decays primarily by beta-emission.	2.03	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; scandium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.75	3	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	5.98	36	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	2.01	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.42	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	4.15	16	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	6.09	9	1	copper group element atom; elemental gold
helium Helium: A noble gas with the atomic symbol He, atomic number 2, and atomic weight 4.003. It is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas that is not combustible and does not support combustion. It was first detected in the sun and is now obtained from natural gas. Medically it is used as a diluent for other gases, being especially useful with oxygen in the treatment of certain cases of respiratory obstruction, and as a vehicle for general anesthetics.	2.42	2	0	monoatomic helium; noble gas atom; s-block element atom	food packaging gas
uranium Uranium: A radioactive element of the actinide series of metals. It has an atomic symbol U, atomic number 92, and atomic weight 238.03. U-235 is used as the fissionable fuel in nuclear weapons and as fuel in nuclear power reactors.	3.96	4	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom; monoatomic uranium
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	7.66	3	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
xenon Xenon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Xe, atomic number 54, and atomic weight 131.30. It is found in the earth's atmosphere and has been used as an anesthetic.	6.82	25	1	monoatomic xenon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom
ytterbium Ytterbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Yb, atomic number 70, and atomic weight 173. Ytterbium has been used in lasers and as a portable x-ray source.	2.66	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
californium Californium: A man-made radioactive actinide with atomic symbol Cf, atomic number 98, and atomic weight 251. Its valence can be +2 or +3. Californium has medical use as a radiation source for radiotherapy.	1.97	1	0	actinoid atom; f-block element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	1.97	1	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	5.09	14	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
mercuric chloride Mercuric Chloride: Mercury chloride (HgCl2). A highly toxic compound that volatizes slightly at ordinary temperature and appreciably at 100 degrees C. It is corrosive to mucous membranes and used as a topical antiseptic and disinfectant.. mercury dichloride : A mercury coordination entity made up of linear triatomic molecules in which a mercury atom is bonded to two chlorines. Water-soluble, it is highly toxic. Once used in a wide variety of applications, including preserving wood and anatomical specimens, embalming and disinfecting, as an intensifier in photography, as a mordant for rabbit and beaver furs, and freeing gold from lead, its use has markedly declined as less toxic alternatives have been developed.	9.01	4	0	mercury coordination entity	sensitiser
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	7.81	3	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
galactosamine 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-galactopyranose : The pyranose form of D-galactosamine.. D-galactosamine : The D-stereoisomer of galactosamine.	4.88	2	1	D-galactosamine; primary amino compound	toxin
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	1.96	1	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.21	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	3.01	4	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
camptothecin NSC 100880: carboxylate (opened lactone) form of camptothecin; RN refers to (S)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.72	3	0	delta-lactone; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; quinoline alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; genotoxin; plant metabolite
nickel chloride nickel chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Ni-Cl2. nickel dichloride : A compound of nickel and chloride in which the ratio of nickel (in the +2 oxidation state) to chloride is 1:2.	2.67	3	0	nickel coordination entity	calcium channel blocker; hapten
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	1.99	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.05	5	0	diatomic bromine
zinc sulfate Zinc Sulfate: A compound given in the treatment of conditions associated with zinc deficiency such as acrodermatitis enteropathica. Externally, zinc sulfate is used as an astringent in lotions and eye drops. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1995). zinc sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having zinc(2+) as the counterion.	5.01	2	1	metal sulfate; zinc molecular entity	fertilizer
sodium sulfate [no description available]	3.48	2	0	inorganic sodium salt
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	5.97	7	1	calcium phosphate
chromates Chromates: Salts of chromic acid containing the CrO(2-)4 radical.. chromate(2-) : A chromium oxoanion resulting from the removal of two protons from chromic acid.	1.94	1	0	chromium oxoanion; divalent inorganic anion	oxidising agent
copper sulfate Copper Sulfate: A sulfate salt of copper. It is a potent emetic and is used as an antidote for poisoning by phosphorus. It also can be used to prevent the growth of algae.. copper(II) sulfate : A metal sulfate compound having copper(2+) as the metal ion.	2.21	1	0	metal sulfate	emetic; fertilizer; sensitiser
metoprine metoprine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist	2.02	1	0
sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio.	5.16	11	1	inorganic sodium salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	3.75	11	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	8.35	7	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	6.31	12	1	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	6.97	1	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
molybdate ion molybdate : A divalent inorganic anion obtained by removal of both protons from molybdic acid	2.05	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; molybdenum oxoanion	Escherichia coli metabolite
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	3.45	2	0
poloxalene Poloxalene: A copolymer of polyethylene and polypropylene ether glycol. It is a non-ionic polyol surface-active agent used medically as a fecal softener and in cattle for prevention of bloat.. pluronic : A triblock copolymer composed of a central hydrophobic chain of poly(propylene oxide) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of poly(ethylene oxide).	2.05	1	0	epoxide
hexadimethrine bromide Hexadimethrine Bromide: A synthetic polymer which agglutinates red blood cells. It is used as a heparin antagonist.	1.99	1	0
vasotocin Vasotocin: A nonapeptide that contains the ring of OXYTOCIN and the side chain of ARG-VASOPRESSIN with the latter determining the specific recognition of hormone receptors. Vasotocin is the non-mammalian vasopressin-like hormone or antidiuretic hormone regulating water and salt metabolism.. vasotocin : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is homologous to oxytocin and vasopressin. It is a pituitary hormone that acts as an endocrine regulator for water balance, osmotic homoeostasis and is involved in social and sexual behavior in non-mammalian vertebrates.	6.77	47	0
ozone Ozone: The unstable triatomic form of oxygen, O3. It is a powerful oxidant that is produced for various chemical and industrial uses. Its production is also catalyzed in the ATMOSPHERE by ULTRAVIOLET RAY irradiation of oxygen or other ozone precursors such as VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS and NITROGEN OXIDES. About 90% of the ozone in the atmosphere exists in the stratosphere (STRATOSPHERIC OZONE).. ozone : An elemental molecule with formula O3. An explosive, pale blue gas (b.p. -112degreeC) that has a characteristic, pungent odour, it is continuously produced in the upper atmosphere by the action of solar ultraviolet radiation on atmospheric oxygen. It is an antimicrobial agent used in the production of bottled water, as well as in the treatment of meat, poultry and other foodstuffs.	2.03	1	0	elemental molecule; gas molecular entity; reactive oxygen species; triatomic oxygen	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; electrophilic reagent; greenhouse gas; mutagen; oxidising agent; tracer
cadmium chloride Cadmium Chloride: A cadmium halide in the form of colorless crystals, soluble in water, methanol, and ethanol. It is used in photography, in dyeing, and calico printing, and as a solution to precipitate sulfides. (McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). cadmium dichloride : A cadmium coordination entity in which cadmium(2+) and Cl(-) ions are present in the ratio 2:1. Although considered to be ionic, it has considerable covalent character to its bonding.	2.68	3	0	cadmium coordination entity
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	3.68	10	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
chlormerodrin Chlormerodrin: A mercurial compound that has been used as a diuretic but is now superseded by more potent and less toxic drugs. The radiolabeled form has been used as a diagnostic and research tool.. chlormerodrin : Urea in which one of the hydrogens is substituted by a 3-chloromercury-2-methoxyprop-1-yl group. It was formerly used as a diuretic, but more potent and less toxic drugs are now available. Its radiolabelled ((197)Hg, (203)Hg) forms were used in diagnostic aids in renal imaging and brain scans.	1.94	1	0	organomercury compound; ureas	diagnostic agent; diuretic
trolamine salicylate Arthritis: Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	2.68	3	0
clodronic acid Clodronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification.. clodronic acid : An organochlorine compound that is methylene chloride in which both hydrogens are replaced by phosphonic acid groups. It inhibits bone resorption and soft tissue calcification, and is used (often as the disodium salt tetrahydrate) as an adjunct in the treatment of severe hypercalcaemia associated with malignancy, and in the management of osteolytic lesions and bone pain associated with skeletal metastases.	2.11	1	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); one-carbon compound; organochlorine compound	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent
ammonium chloride Ammonium Chloride: An acidifying agent that has expectorant and diuretic effects. Also used in etching and batteries and as a flux in electroplating.. ammonium chloride : An inorganic chloride having ammonium as the counterion.	5.1	17	0	ammonium salt; inorganic chloride	ferroptosis inhibitor
ethionine L-ethionine : An S-ethylhomocysteine that has S-configuration at the chiral centre.	1.94	1	0	S-ethylhomocysteine	antimetabolite; carcinogenic agent
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	3.06	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	5.36	3	1	titanium oxides	food colouring
diacerein diacerein: chelates with bivalent metals; a quinone which possesses redox properties; metabolized to active rhein; proposed mechanisms include inhibiting IL1 and metalloproteinases; called a slow acting symptomatic drug in osteoarthritis; no effect of cyclooxygenase;	2.41	1	0	anthraquinone
tiletamine Tiletamine: Proposed anesthetic with possible anticonvulsant and sedative properties.	2.03	1	0	aralkylamine
tiletamine hydrochloride Cyclohexanones: Cyclohexane ring substituted by one or more ketones in any position.. cyclohexanones : Any alicyclic ketone based on a cyclohexane skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	3.69	10	0
etorphine Etorphine: A narcotic analgesic morphinan used as a sedative in veterinary practice.	1.97	1	0
selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl.	1.97	1	0	selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound	geroprotector
levamisole Levamisole: An antihelminthic drug that has been tried experimentally in rheumatic disorders where it apparently restores the immune response by increasing macrophage chemotaxis and T-lymphocyte function. Paradoxically, this immune enhancement appears to be beneficial in rheumatoid arthritis where dermatitis, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia, and nausea and vomiting have been reported as side effects. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p435-6). levamisole : A 6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole that has S configuration. It is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to treat parasitic worm infections in pigs, sheep and cattle and was formerly used in humans as an adjuvant to chemotherapy for the treatment of various cancers. It is also widely used as an adulterant to coccaine.	2.03	1	0	6-phenyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole	antinematodal drug; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; immunological adjuvant; immunomodulator
cromolyn sodium Cromolyn Sodium: A chromone complex that acts by inhibiting the release of chemical mediators from sensitized MAST CELLS. It is used in the prophylactic treatment of both allergic and exercise-induced asthma, but does not affect an established asthmatic attack.. disodium cromoglycate : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of cromoglycic acid.	2.71	3	0	organic sodium salt	anti-asthmatic drug; drug allergen
isosorbide-5-mononitrate isosorbide-5-mononitrate: for prevention of angina pectoris; structure given in first source; a Russian drug	5.21	4	3	glucitol derivative; nitrate ester	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	7.95	311	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
sodium bisulfide sodium bisulfide: RN given refers to sodium sulfide (Na(SH)); see also record for sodium sulfide (Na2S)	2.79	3	0
gold tetrachloride, acid gold tetrachloride, acid: used in root canal therapy; RN given refers to (SP-4-1)	2.02	1	0
fluorides [no description available]	3.76	11	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
oxdralazine oxdralazine: RN & N1 given for parent; oxdralazine, L-6150, & DL 150 IT are for di-HCl; hydrazinopyridazine is used as shortened name for this cpd; named as 3-hydrazino- or 6-hydrazino- depending on which numbering system used; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #862	1.96	1	0
deslanoside Deslanoside: Deacetyllanatoside C. A cardiotonic glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata.. deslanoside : A cardenolide glycoside that is lanatoside C with the acetoxy group replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.76	2	1	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; cardenolide glycoside; tetrasaccharide derivative	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7.	1.96	1	0	carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid	dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist
lisuride Lisuride: An ergot derivative that acts as an agonist at dopamine D2 receptors (DOPAMINE AGONISTS). It may also act as an antagonist at dopamine D1 receptors, and as an agonist at some serotonin receptors (SEROTONIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS).	1.97	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; serotonergic agonist
cresyl violet cresyl violet: RN given refers to chloride. cresyl violet : A cationic heterotetracyclic fluorescent dye derived from benzo[a]phenoxazine.	2.42	2	0
dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11h)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide Dibenz(b,f)(1,4)oxazepine-10(11H)-carboxylic acid, 8-chloro-, 2-acetylhydrazide: Inhibits the activity of prostaglandins.	2.36	2	0
iodine [no description available]	2.87	4	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	7.38	2	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
lofexidine lofexidine: reduces narcotic withdrawal symptoms; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #6247	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxamidine; dichlorobenzene; imidazoles	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent
phosphotyrosine Phosphotyrosine: An amino acid that occurs in endogenous proteins. Tyrosine phosphorylation and dephosphorylation plays a role in cellular signal transduction and possibly in cell growth control and carcinogenesis.. O(4)-phospho-L-tyrosine : A non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid that is L-tyrosine phosphorylated at the phenolic hydroxy group.	10.23	50	0	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O(4)-phosphotyrosine	Escherichia coli metabolite; immunogen
carbimazole Carbimazole: An imidazole antithyroid agent. Carbimazole is metabolized to METHIMAZOLE, which is responsible for the antithyroid activity.. carbimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that is methimazole in which the nitrogen bearing a hydrogen is converted into its ethoxycarbonyl derivative. A prodrug for methimazol, carbimazole is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	1.95	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones; carbamate ester	antithyroid drug; prodrug
bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion.	7.06	26	1	indole alkaloid	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	5.84	31	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	4.08	3	1	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
2,5-dimethylpyrazine [no description available]	2.03	1	0	pyrazines
triamcinolone Triamcinolone: A glucocorticoid given, as the free alcohol or in esterified form, orally, intramuscularly, by local injection, by inhalation, or applied topically in the management of various disorders in which corticosteroids are indicated. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p739). triamcinolone : A C21-steroid hormone that is 1,4-pregnadiene-3,20-dione carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 11beta, 16alpha, 17alpha and 21 as well as a fluoro substituent at position 9. Used in the form of its 16,17-acetonide to treat various skin infections.	2.03	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 16alpha-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid hormone; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity.	7.92	36	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid	adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug
ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3.	8.28	6	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	2.4	2	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
4-methoxyamphetamine 4-methoxyamphetamine: para-methoxy derivative to amphetamine with hallucinogenic properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on line & INDEX MEDICUS search AMPHETAMINES (75-86); RN given refers to parent compound without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	6.2	53	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	8.5	8	0
alkenes [no description available]	2.06	1	0
calcium oxalate Calcium Oxalate: The calcium salt of oxalic acid, occurring in the urine as crystals and in certain calculi.. calcium oxalate : The calcium salt of oxalic acid, which in excess in the urine may lead to formation of oxalate calculi (kidney stones).	2.46	2	0	organic calcium salt
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	7.83	74	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
alovudine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	2.42	2	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.08	1	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.91	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.67	10	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
adenosine diphosphate ribose Adenosine Diphosphate Ribose: An ester formed between the aldehydic carbon of RIBOSE and the terminal phosphate of ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE. It is produced by the hydrolysis of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by a variety of enzymes, some of which transfer an ADP-ribosyl group to target proteins.	4.23	18	0	ADP-sugar	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	2.7	3	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
indoramin Indoramin: An alpha-1 adrenergic antagonist that is commonly used as an antihypertensive agent.	1.95	1	0	tryptamines
penfluridol Penfluridol: One of the long-acting ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS used for maintenance or long-term therapy of SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS.	2.72	3	0	diarylmethane
nicergoline Nicergoline: An ergot derivative that has been used as a cerebral vasodilator and in peripheral vascular disease. It may ameliorate cognitive deficits in CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS.	1.94	1	0	organic heterotetracyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
nigericin Nigericin: A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). nigericin : A polyether antibiotic which affects ion transport and ATPase activity in mitochondria. It is produced by Streptomyces hygroscopicus.	3.36	7	0	polycyclic ether	antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate 1-(9-fluorenyl)methyl chloroformate: used for tagging silica-based derivatization reagents in HPLC	2.67	3	0
be 2254 BE 2254: produces blockade of central receptors for norepinephrine; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.95	1	0	tetralins
zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase.	2.42	2	0	azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor
acetylgalactosamine Acetylgalactosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of galactosamine.	3.7	1	0	N-acetyl-D-hexosamine; N-acetylgalactosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
zolazepam Zolazepam: A pyrazolodiazepinone with pharmacological actions similar to ANTI-ANXIETY AGENTS. It is commonly used in combination with TILETAMINE to obtain immobilization and anesthesia in animals.	2.03	1	0
5,7-dihydroxytryptamine 5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine: Tryptamine substituted with two hydroxyl groups in positions 5 and 7. It is a neurotoxic serotonin analog that destroys serotonergic neurons preferentially and is used in neuropharmacology as a tool.	2.66	3	0
3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl 3,4,3',4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl: RN given refers to parent cpd. 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl : A tetrachlorobiphenyl that is biphenyl in which the hydrogens at position 3 and 4 on each phenyl group are replaced by chlorines.	2.06	1	0	dichlorobenzene; tetrachlorobiphenyl
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	5.48	8	2	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	3.23	6	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	11.38	170	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure.	7.39	21	1	catecholamine; secondary amine	beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
tertatolol tertatolol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0	thiochromane
4-methylhistamine 4-methylhistamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. 4-methylhistamine : An aralkylamino compound that is histamine bearing a methyl substituent at the 5 position on the ring.	1.95	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	histamine agonist; metabolite
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	10.25	51	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
fluorescamine Fluorescamine: A nonfluorescent reagent for the detection of primary amines, peptides and proteins. The reaction products are highly fluorescent.	7.37	2	0
ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis.	1.95	1	0	aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes	antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic
guanadrel guanadrel: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. guanadrel : A spiroketal resulting from the formal condensation of the keto group of cyclohexanone with the hydroxy groups of 1-(2,3-dihydroxypropyl)guanidine. A postganglionic adrenergic blocking agent formerly used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the management of hypertension, it has been largely superseded by other drugs less likely to cause orthostatic hypotension (dizzy spells on standing up or stretching).	3.77	2	1	guanidines; spiroketal	adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent
nolinium bromide nolinium bromide: structure	1.96	1	0
methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	9.29	33	2	L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent
bezafibrate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic
sq-11725 Nadolol: A non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist with a long half-life, used in cardiovascular disease to treat arrhythmias, angina pectoris, and hypertension. Nadolol is also used for MIGRAINE DISORDERS and for tremor.. nadolol : Nadolol is a diastereoisomeric mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of the four possible 2,3-cis-isomers of 5-[3-(tert-butylamino)-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-2,3-diol.	3.23	6	0
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	9.21	57	6	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
nimustine Nimustine: Antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors. The resistance which brain tumor cells acquire to the initial effectiveness of this drug can be partially overcome by the simultaneous use of membrane-modifying agents such as reserpine, calcium antagonists such as nicardipine or verapamil, or the calmodulin inhibitor, trifluoperazine. The drug has also been used in combination with other antineoplastic agents or with radiotherapy for the treatment of various neoplasms.. nimustine : An organochlorine compound that is urea in which the two hydrogens on one of the amino groups are replaced by nitroso and 2-chloroethyl groups and one hydrogen from the other amino group is replaced by a 4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-ylmethyl] group. An antineoplastic agent especially effective against malignant brain tumors.	2.37	2	0	aminopyrimidine; N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium: An active neurotoxic metabolite of 1-METHYL-4-PHENYL-1,2,3,6-TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE. The compound reduces dopamine levels, inhibits the biosynthesis of catecholamines, depletes cardiac norepinephrine and inactivates tyrosine hydroxylase. These and other toxic effects lead to cessation of oxidative phosphorylation, ATP depletion, and cell death. The compound, which is related to PARAQUAT, has also been used as an herbicide.. N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium : A pyridinium ion that is N-methylpyridinium having a phenyl substituent at the 4-position.	2.43	2	0	pyridinium ion	apoptosis inducer; herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
vecuronium bromide Vecuronium Bromide: Monoquaternary homolog of PANCURONIUM. A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with shorter duration of action than pancuronium. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination as well as its short duration of action and easy reversibility provide advantages over, or alternatives to, other established neuromuscular blocking agents.. vecuronium bromide : The organic bromide salt of a 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidinino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents.	1.98	1	0	organic bromide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist
ng-nitroarginine methyl ester NG-Nitroarginine Methyl Ester: A non-selective inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase. It has been used experimentally to induce hypertension.	20.8	468	7	alpha-amino acid ester; L-arginine derivative; methyl ester; N-nitro compound	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
tiamenidine [no description available]	3.06	1	0	organochlorine compound
amafolone amafolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; NM refers to HCl	1.96	1	0
pirfenidone pirfenidone : A pyridone that is 2-pyridone substituted at positions 1 and 5 by phenyl and methyl groups respectively. An anti-inflammatory drug used for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.	11.18	5	0	pyridone	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.41	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
muzolimine Muzolimine: A pyrazole diuretic with long duration and high capacity of action. It was proposed for kidney failure and hypertension but was withdrawn worldwide because of severe neurological effects.	4.6	3	2	dichlorobenzene
torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure.	5.33	7	2	aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic
eg 626 phthalazinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with phthalazinol: 62054-23-3; thromboxane A2 antagonist	1.96	1	0	phthalazines
prenalterol Prenalterol: A partial adrenergic agonist with functional beta 1-receptor specificity and inotropic effect. It is effective in the treatment of acute CARDIAC FAILURE, postmyocardial infarction low-output syndrome, SHOCK, and reducing ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION in the SHY-RAGER SYNDROME.	1.96	1	0	aromatic ether
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	5.56	23	0
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	1.96	1	0
cefonicid Cefonicid: A second-generation cephalosporin administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its bactericidal action results from inhibition of cell wall synthesis. It is used for urinary tract infections, lower respiratory tract infections, and soft tissue and bone infections.. cefonicid : A cephalosporin bearing {[1-(sulfomethyl)-1H-tetrazol-5-yl]sulfanyl}methyl and (R)-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton.	6.98	1	0	cephalosporin	antibacterial drug
paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor
captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug.	21.95	1,301	78	alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
progabide acid progabide acid: RN given refers to NA salt; structure	3.06	1	0
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	1.98	1	0	diarylmethane
indalpine indalpine: selective 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	indoles
mezlocillin Kassinin: Dodecapeptide tachykinin found in the central nervous system of the amphibian Kassina senegalensis. It is similar in structure and action to other tachykinins, but is especially effective in contracting smooth muscle tissue and stimulating the micturition reflex.	2.66	3	0
nicorandil Nicorandil: A derivative of the NIACINAMIDE that is structurally combined with an organic nitrate. It is a potassium-channel opener that causes vasodilatation of arterioles and large coronary arteries. Its nitrate-like properties produce venous vasodilation through stimulation of guanylate cyclase.. nicorandil : A pyrimidinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen is replaced by a 2-(nitrooxy)ethyl group. It has both nitrate-like and ATP-sensitive potassium channel activator properties, and is used for the prevention and treatment of angina pectoris.	2.68	3	0	nitrate ester; pyridinecarboxamide	potassium channel opener; vasodilator agent
bw-755c 4,5-Dihydro-1-(3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1H-pyrazol-3-amine: A dual inhibitor of both cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways. It exerts an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the formation of prostaglandins and leukotrienes. The drug also enhances pulmonary hypoxic vasoconstriction and has a protective effect after myocardial ischemia.	3.47	8	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	13.92	162	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
buserelin Buserelin: A potent synthetic analog of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-serine substitution at residue 6, glycine10 deletion, and other modifications.	4.06	3	1	oligopeptide
bucindolol bucindolol: an indolyl-tert-butyl-phenoxypropanolamine benzonitrile derivative	1.96	1	0
sulotroban sulotroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist	2.38	2	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	14.44	208	5	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
darodipine darodipine: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
dazoxiben dazoxiben: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.43	2	0
lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom).	3.52	8	0	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug
tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	naphthalenes	EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor
dazmegrel [no description available]	3.98	14	0
enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE.	2	1	0	aromatic ketone
bm 13505 daltroban: thromboxane antagonist	1.98	1	0
simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug.	9.63	46	2	delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic)	EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug
idazoxan Idazoxan: A benzodioxane-linked imidazole that has alpha-2 adrenoceptor antagonist activity.. idazoxan : A benzodioxine that is 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxine in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 has been replaced by a 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl group.	3.68	10	0	benzodioxine; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia.	2.03	1	0	dimethoxybenzene
quinpirole Quinpirole: A dopamine D2/D3 receptor agonist.. quinpirole : A pyrazoloquinoline that is (4aR,8aR)-4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a,9-octahydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-g]quinoline substituted by a propyl group at position 5. It acts as a dopamine agonist.	7.89	4	0	pyrazoloquinoline	dopamine agonist
pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin.	6.61	14	4	3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic)	anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic
losulazine hydrochloride losulazine hydrochloride: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	12.18	48	9	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
raloxifene hydrochloride Raloxifene Hydrochloride: A second generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) used to prevent osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. It has estrogen agonist effects on bone and cholesterol metabolism but behaves as a complete estrogen antagonist on mammary gland and uterine tissue.. raloxifene hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt resulting from the reaction of equimolar amounts of raloxifene and hydrogen chloride.	2.51	2	0	hydrochloride	bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
cicletanine [no description available]	3.08	5	0	organochlorine compound
mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME.	3.94	13	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound	abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive
moexiprilat moexiprilat: RN given refers to (3S-(2(R(R)),3R*))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 6/89; structure given in first source	2.69	3	0
pirmagrel pirmagrel: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
oxodipine [no description available]	2.41	2	0
cilazapril, anhydrous Cilazapril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors) used for hypertension. It is a prodrug that is hydrolyzed after absorption to its main metabolite cilazaprilat.. cilazapril : A pyridazinodiazepine resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of cilazaprilat with ethanol. It is a drug used in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	10.24	49	7	dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; pyridazinodiazepine	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
salmeterol xinafoate Salmeterol Xinafoate: A selective ADRENERGIC BETA-2 RECEPTOR agonist that functions as a BRONCHODILATOR when administered by inhalation. It is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA and CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE.	4.8	1	1	naphthoic acid
ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina.	2.06	1	0	aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol
brequinar brequinar : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline substituted by 2'-fluoro[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl, methyl, carboxy and fluoro groups at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6, respectively. It is an inhibitor of dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that is required for de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis. The compound exhibits antineoplastic and antiviral properties.	1.98	1	0	biphenyls; monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; EC 1.3.5.2 [dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor
fura-2 Fura-2: A fluorescent calcium chelating agent which is used to study intracellular calcium in tissues.	10.72	83	0
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	2.02	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
naxagolide naxagolide: structure given in first source. naxagolide : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (4aR,10bR)-3,4,4a,5,6,10b-hexahydro-2H-naphtho[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine substituted by propyl and hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 9, respectively. It is a potent dopamine D2-receptor agonist and its hydrochloride salt was under clinical development by Merck & Co as a potential antiparkinsonian agent (now discontinued).	1.97	1	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist
pemirolast pemirolast: RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source; antiallergic drug	1.99	1	0	pyridopyrimidine
fadrozole Fadrozole: A selective aromatase inhibitor effective in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease including breast cancer.	3	4	0	imidazopyridine
esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound
aromasil [no description available]	2.03	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
enalkiren [no description available]	6.17	10	1	peptide
clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks.	8.33	6	0	methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine	anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
mibefradil Mibefradil: A benzimidazoyl-substituted tetraline that selectively binds and inhibits CALCIUM CHANNELS, T-TYPE.	3.72	10	0	tetralins	T-type calcium channel blocker
gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer.	2.45	2	0	organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
dup 532 DuP 532: angiotensin I receptor antagonist	5.07	10	1
technetium tc 99m mertiatide Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide: A technetium diagnostic aid used in renal function determination.	1.99	1	0
monatepil monatepil: structure in first source; RN refers to 1:1 maleate salt (AJ 2615)	1.98	1	0	dibenzothiepine
atorvastatin [no description available]	9.36	45	5	aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic)	environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
befloxatone befloxatone: selectively inhibits monoamine oxidase A; structure in first source; RN given refers to (R)-isomer	2.21	1	0
aptiganel aptiganel: NMDA receptor antagonist used to study the effects of stroke; structure given in first source; RN given refers to hydrochloride	3.78	2	1	naphthalenes
pobilukast pobilukast: a leukotriene receptor antagonist; an antiasthmatic agent; structure in first source; RN refers to (R-(R,S)-isomer	1.97	1	0
valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity.	18.12	282	44	biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms.	2.03	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines	antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
3-iodobenzylguanidine 3-Iodobenzylguanidine: A guanidine analog with specific affinity for tissues of the sympathetic nervous system and related tumors. The radiolabeled forms are used as antineoplastic agents and radioactive imaging agents. (Merck Index, 12th ed) MIBG serves as a neuron-blocking agent which has a strong affinity for, and retention in, the adrenal medulla and also inhibits ADP-ribosyltransferase.	3.8	2	1	organoiodine compound
simendan Simendan: A hydrazone and pyridazine derivative; the levo-form is a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, calcium-sensitizing agent, and inotropic agent that is used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.	9.39	3	0
tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source	5.4	5	3	biphenyls
mk 0591 MK 0591: structure given in first source; MK 0591 was previously L-686,708; inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase activating protein	2.03	1	0
relcovaptan relcovaptan: a nonpeptide vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	proline derivative
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	12.99	147	2	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	2.46	2	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
nitrogen trioxide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	nitrogen oxide
vanadates Vanadates: Oxyvanadium ions in various states of oxidation. They act primarily as ion transport inhibitors due to their inhibition of Na(+)-, K(+)-, and Ca(+)-ATPase transport systems. They also have insulin-like action, positive inotropic action on cardiac ventricular muscle, and other metabolic effects.. vanadate(3-) : A vanadium oxoanion that is a trianion with formula VO4 in which the vanadium is in the +5 oxidation state and is attached to four oxygen atoms.	4.35	20	0	trivalent inorganic anion; vanadium oxoanion	EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor
florisil Florisil: hard, porous, granular substance used in vitamin analysis, chromatography, & antibiotic processing	6.96	1	0
scarlet red Scarlet Red: structure. Sudan IV : A bis(azo) compound that is 2-naphthol substituted at position 1 by a {2-methyl-4-[(2-methylphenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl group. A fat-soluble dye predominantly used for demonstrating triglycerides in frozen sections, but which may also stain some protein bound lipids in paraffin sections.	2.07	1	0	azobenzenes; bis(azo) compound; naphthols	carcinogenic agent; fluorochrome; histological dye
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
carbogen carbogen: mixture of 95% O2 & 5% CO2	2.38	2	0
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	1.97	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
3,4,5,3',4'-pentachlorobiphenyl 3,3',4,4',5-pentachlorobiphenyl : A pentachlorobiphenyl in which the chlorines are located at the 3, 4, 5, 3', and 4' positions.	2.02	1	0	pentachlorobiphenyl; trichlorobenzene
rolofylline rolofylline: selective antagonist for adenosine receptors; a cardiovascular agent	2.01	1	0	oxopurine
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	8.1	25	1	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
mevastatin mevastatin: antifungal metabolite from Penicillium brevicopactum; potent inhibitory activity to sterol synthesis; structure. mevastatin : A carboxylic ester that is pravastatin that is lacking the allylic hydroxy group. A hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) isolated from Penicillium citrinum and from Penicillium brevicompactum, its clinical use as a lipid-regulating drug ceased following reports of toxicity in animals.	2.41	2	0	2-pyranones; carboxylic ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring)	antifungal agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; Penicillium metabolite
lanthanum chloride lanthanum chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	3	0
cilazaprilat cilazaprilat: InChIKey: UVAUYSRYXACKSC-ULQDDVLXSA-N	4.29	4	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
terlakiren terlakiren: RN given for (R-(R,S))-isomer	1.99	1	0	peptide
ursolic acid [no description available]	7.17	1	0	hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	3.63	9	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone 18-hydroxydeoxycorticosterone: structure given in first source	8.19	22	1	18-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid
baicalin [no description available]	3.28	5	0	dihydroxyflavone; glucosiduronic acid; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative	antiatherosclerotic agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.7.48 (RNA-directed RNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant metabolite; prodrug
plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma.	2.57	2	0	azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant
allicin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	4.43	20	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.02	1	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
cholesteryl succinate cholesteryl succinate: RN given refers to (3beta)-isomer. cholesteryl hemisuccinate : A dicarboxylic acid monoester resulting from the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of cholesterol with one of the carboxy groups of succinic acid. A detergent that is often used to replace cholesterol in protein crystallography, biochemical studies of proteins, and pharmacology.	1.96	1	0	cholestane ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; hemisuccinate	detergent
25-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	3.26	6	0	25-hydroxy steroid; oxysterol	human metabolite
10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium 10,10'-dimethyl-9,9'-biacridinium: chemoluminescent probe; RN given refers to dinitrate; Lucigenin refers to dinitrate	4.32	7	0
aica ribonucleotide AICA ribonucleotide: purine precursor that has antineoplastic activity. AICA ribonucleotide : A 1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide that is acadesine in which the hydroxy group at the 5' position has been converted to its monophosphate derivative.	3.45	7	0	1-(phosphoribosyl)imidazolecarboxamide; aminoimidazole	cardiovascular drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
testosterone undecanoate [no description available]	2.15	1	0	steroid ester
5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-galactoside: enzyme substrate for beta-galactosidase. 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl beta-D-galactoside : An indolyl carbohydrate that is the beta-D-galactoside of 3-hydroxy-1H-indole in which the indole moiety is substituted at positions 4 and 5 by chlorine and bromine, respectively. It is used to test for the presence of an enzyme, beta-galactosidase, which cleaved the glycosidic bond to give 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-hydroxy-1H-indole, which immediately dimerises to give an intensely blue product.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-galactoside; D-aldohexose derivative; indolyl carbohydrate; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound	chromogenic compound
1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose pentagalloylglucose: pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose; a phytogenic antineoplastic agent and antibacterial agent. 1,2,3,4,6-pentakis-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucose : A galloyl-beta-D-glucose compound having five galloyl groups in the 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.66	2	0	gallate ester; galloyl beta-D-glucose	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
inositol hexasulfate inositol hexasulfate: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0
pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate pyrrolidine dithiocarbamic acid: spelled pyrolidine in J Nutr 1979 reference; RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is the N-dithiocarboxy derivative of pyrrolidine.	4.06	14	0	dithiocarbamic acids; pyrrolidines	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; NF-kappaB inhibitor; radical scavenger
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	5.62	9	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	3.43	7	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
iopamidol Iopamidol: A non-ionic, water-soluble contrast agent which is used in myelography, arthrography, nephroangiography, arteriography, and other radiological procedures.. iopamidol : A benzenedicarboxamide compound having N-substituted carbamoyl groups at the 1- and 3-positions, iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and a (2S)-2-hydroxypropanamido group at the 5-position.	2.05	1	0	benzenedicarboxamide; organoiodine compound; pentol	environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic
4-aminomethylbenzoic acid [no description available]	1.97	1	0	benzoic acids
cephalosporin c cephalosporin C: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #1937. cephalosporin C : A cephalosporin antibiotic carrying a 3-acetoxymethyl substituent and a 6-oxo-N(6)-L-lysino group at position 7.	1.99	1	0	cephalosporin	fungal metabolite
tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol: (3alpha,5beta)-isomer has angiostatic activity	3.4	1	1	21-hydroxy steroid
mespirenone mespirenone: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
zabiciprilat zabiciprilat: potentiates bradykinin relaxation in isolated porcine resistance artery	1.97	1	0
rutecarpine rutacarpine: from Evodia rutaecarpa; an ingredient in zhuyu hewei zhitong capsules	3	4	0	beta-carbolines
flutonidine flutonidine: RN given refers to parent cpd	3.06	1	0
atrinositol [no description available]	2.69	3	0
lercanidipine [no description available]	7.77	3	0	diarylmethane
web 2086 WEB 2086: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	7.67	3	0	organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound
bepafant bepafant: RN given from Toxlit 6/90; PAF antagonist	2.4	2	0
nebracetam nebracetam: RN given refers to parent cpd; agonist for muscarinic receptors	1.97	1	0
goralatide goralatide: from fetal calf bone marrow; exerts a high inhibitory activity on the proliferation of hematopoietic pluripotent stem cells. goralatide : A tetrapeptide that is Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro in which the N-terminal amino group carries an acetyl group. It is selective inhibitor of primitive haematopoietic cell proliferation and exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and pro-angiogenic properties.	7.45	21	1	oligopeptide; tetrapeptide	anti-inflammatory agent; pro-angiogenic agent
azelnidipine azelnidipine: structure given in first source	3.77	10	0	isopropyl ester
idrapril idrapril: structure given in first source	4.33	2	2
telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension.	14.89	127	9	benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
methacycline [no description available]	5.53	13	0	1,2-diglyceride
dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects.	3.13	1	0	fenfluramine	appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
allyl methyl sulfide [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic sulfide
xenon radioisotopes Xenon Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of xenon that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Xe atoms with atomic weights 121-123, 125, 127, 133, 135, 137-145 are radioactive xenon isotopes.	3.47	8	0
2-methoxyestradiol 2-methoxy-17beta-estradiol : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid, being 17beta-estradiol methoxylated at C-2.	3.27	5	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-methylestradiol 2-methylestradiol: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer	2.11	1	0
naphthalimides Naphthalimides: Compounds with three fused rings that appear like a naphthalene fused to piperidone or like a benz(de)isoquinoline-1,3-dione (not to be confused with BENZYLISOQUINOLINES which have a methyl separating the naphthyl from the benzyl rings). Members are CYTOTOXINS.	2.11	1	0
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	3.99	14	0	phenanthroline
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	10.94	33	0	1,2,3-triazole
6-methyladenine 6-methyladenine: structure. 6-methyladenine : A methyladenine that is 9H-purin-6-amine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.25	1	0	6-alkylaminopurine; methyladenine	human metabolite
pinocembrin pinocembrin : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7. A natural product found in Piper sarmentosum and Cryptocarya chartacea.	2.49	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; dihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
ibopamine ibopamine: structure given in UD 31;67a & in 2nd source	5.02	5	0	benzoate ester; phenols
medetomidine Medetomidine: An agonist of RECEPTORS, ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 that is used in veterinary medicine for its analgesic and sedative properties. It is the racemate of DEXMEDETOMIDINE.	2.02	1	0	imidazoles
fluorodeoxyglucose f18 Fluorodeoxyglucose F18: The compound is given by intravenous injection to do POSITRON-EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY for the assessment of cerebral and myocardial glucose metabolism in various physiological or pathological states including stroke and myocardial ischemia. It is also employed for the detection of malignant tumors including those of the brain, liver, and thyroid gland. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1162)	5.28	3	1	2-deoxy-2-((18)F)fluoro-D-glucose; 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-aldehydo-D-glucose
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.03	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
rilmenidine Rilmenidine: Oxazole derivative that acts as an agonist for ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION.	8.51	2	0	isourea
zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position.	2.48	2	0	1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles	bone density conservation agent
epristeride epristeride: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	steroid acid
11-bromovincamine 11-bromovincamine: RN given refers to (3alpha,14beta,16alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0	alkaloid
schizandrol b schizandrol B: from Schizandra chinensis, plant used as tonic in traditional Chinese medicine	2.78	3	0	tannin
delta sleep-inducing peptide Delta Sleep-Inducing Peptide: A nonapeptide that is found in neurons, peripheral organs, and plasma. This neuropeptide induces mainly delta sleep in mammals. In addition to sleep, the peptide has been observed to affect electrophysiological activity, neurotransmitter levels in the brain, circadian and locomotor patterns, hormonal levels, psychological performance, and the activity of neuropharmacological drugs including their withdrawal.	2.37	2	0
dienogest [no description available]	3.4	1	1	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; aliphatic nitrile; steroid hormone	progesterone receptor agonist; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
beta-hydroxyisovaleric acid 3-hydroxyisovaleric acid : A 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is isovaleric acid substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group. Used as indicator of biotin deficiency.	3.36	2	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	2	1	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
indole-3-carboxylic acid indole-3-carboxylic acid : An indole-3-carboxylic acid carrying a carboxy group at position 3.	2.6	1	0	indol-3-yl carboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite; human metabolite
morpholinopropane sulfonic acid 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 7.2 at 20 degreeC.	1.95	1	0	MOPS; morpholines; organosulfonic acid
n-methylscopolamine N-Methylscopolamine: A muscarinic antagonist used to study binding characteristics of muscarinic cholinergic receptors.	2.37	2	0
cromakalim Cromakalim: A potassium-channel opening vasodilator that has been investigated in the management of hypertension. It has also been tried in patients with asthma. (Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p352)	6.23	19	2
adimolol [no description available]	6.96	1	0
rentiapril rentiapril: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.88	4	0
zabicipril zabicipril: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
libenzapril libenzapril: structure given in first source	4.06	3	1	dipeptide
uk 68798 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker
bindarit [no description available]	2.13	1	0
masoprocol Masoprocol: A potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. The compound also inhibits formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase to a lesser extent. It also serves as an antioxidant in fats and oils.. masoprocol : The meso-form of nordihydroguaiaretic acid. An antioxidant found in the creosote bush, Larrea divaricata, it is a potent lipoxygenase inhibitor that interferes with arachidonic acid metabolism. It also inhibits (though to a lesser extent) formyltetrahydrofolate synthetase, carboxylesterase, and cyclooxygenase.	3.68	10	0	nordihydroguaiaretic acid	antineoplastic agent; hypoglycemic agent; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite
prizidilol prizidilol: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms prizidilol & SK&F 92657 refer to di-HCl	1.96	1	0
alacepril [no description available]	4.87	8	1	dipeptide; thioacetate ester	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
nipradilol [no description available]	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
epanolol epanolol: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0	acetamides
perindoprilat perindoprilat : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of one of the carboxy groups of N-[(1S)-1-carboxyethyl]-L-norvaline with the amino group of (2S,3aS,7aS)-octahydroindole-2-carboxylic acid. The major active metabolite of perindopril.	12.06	14	2	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; L-alanine derivative; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
terlipressin terlivaz: first FDA approved injection to improve kidney function in adults with hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) with rapid reduction in kidney function.	6.52	5	1	polypeptide
gr 117289 GR 117289: angiotensin AT1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. zolasartan : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 3-bromo-1-benzofuran which is substituted by a 2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl group at position 2 and by a (2-butyl-5-carboxy-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl group at position 5. It is an angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1) antagonist and was in clinical trials for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	4.98	9	1	1-benzofurans; biaryl; imidazolyl carboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; tetrazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
ubenimex ubenimex: growth inhibitor	4.61	27	0
hesperetin [no description available]	7.1	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
4-o-methyl-12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
honokiol [no description available]	7.59	2	0	biphenyls
sesamin (+)-sesamin : A lignan that consists of tetrahydro-1H,3H-furo[3,4-c]furan substituted by 1,3-benzodioxole groups at positions 1 and 4 (the 1S,3aR,4S,6aR stereoisomer). Isolated from Cinnamomum camphora, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	7.86	3	0	benzodioxoles; furofuran; lignan	antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
nobiletin nobiletin : A methoxyflavone that is flavone substituted by methoxy groups at positions 5, 6, 7, 8, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.05	1	0	methoxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
mesoporphyrin ix mesoporphyrin IX: RN given refers to parent cpd; mesoheme is the iron salt of mesoporphyrin IX. mesoporphyrin IX : A member of the class of mesoporphyrins obtained by formal hydrogenation of the two vinyl groups in protoporphyrin.	2.21	1	0
daphnodorin a daphnodorin A: structure in first source; isolated from the root and bark of Daphne odora	2.4	2	0
daphnodorin b daphnodorin B: structure given in first source; isolated from the root and bark of Daphne odora	7	1	0
daphnodorin c daphnodorin C: structure given in first source; isolated from the root and bark of Daphne odora	7	1	0
leupeptin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
2,2'-dithiobis(n-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide) 2,2'-dithiobis(N-2-hydroxypropylbenzamide): platelet aggregation inhibitor; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
tetrandrine tetrandrine: a bisbenzylisoquinoline that exhibits antifibrogenic activity	3.25	6	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines
5-(n-methyl-n-isobutyl)amiloride 5-(N-methyl-N-isobutyl)amiloride: inhibitor of the Na+-H+ antiporter	2.69	3	0
calpeptin [no description available]	2.54	2	0	amino acid amide
gallein gallein: do not confuse with gallin; structure. gallein : A xanthene dye that is fluoran carrying four hydroxy substituents at positions 3', 4', 5' and 6'.	2.11	1	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorochrome; G-protein-coupled receptor antagonist; histological dye
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.41	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
perfluorooctane sulfonic acid perfluorooctane-1-sulfonic acid : A perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid that is octane-1-sulfonic acid in which all seventeen of the hydrogens that are attached to carbons hvae been replaced by fluorines.	7.41	1	0	perfluoroalkanesulfonic acid	antilipemic drug; persistent organic pollutant
ethylene diurea [no description available]	2.08	1	0
2-naphthylamide naphthalene-2-carboxamide: structure in first source. naphthalene-2-carboxamide : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-naphthoic acid with ammonia.	3.46	1	1	naphthalenecarboxamide
octadecyl palmitate octadecyl palmitate: found in psoriatic nail, but not in normal nails. stearyl palmitate : A palmitate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of palmitic acid with the hydroxy group of stearyl alcohol.	1.94	1	0	hexadecanoate ester; wax ester	coral metabolite; cosmetic
c.i. direct red 80 Solophenyl red 3BL: structure in first source. Sirius red F3B : An organic sodium salt resulting from the formal condensation of Sirius red F3B (acid form) with six equivalents of sodium hydroxide. A polyazo dye used principally in staining methods for collagen and amyloid.	2.42	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine: histamine H1 receptor agonist inducing cross-tolerance to histamine; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.97	1	0	aminoalkylpyridine; primary amine	histamine agonist; metabolite
proxyl nitroxide proxyl nitroxide: structure	2.11	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidines	radical scavenger
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.02	1	0
rosiglitazone [no description available]	6.41	38	1	aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones	EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug
pyruvamide [no description available]	2.04	1	0
bexarotene [no description available]	7.8	3	0	benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid	antineoplastic agent
s20098 [no description available]	2.31	1	0	acetamides
bisecurin i Bisecurin I: bisecurin tablets contain 1 mg ethynodiol acetate & 0.1 mg mestranol; see also bisecurin II	1.95	1	0
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.02	1	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis.	2.17	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic
5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid 5,5-dimethylthiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid: used as a proline analog in spectroscopic studies; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure given in first source	6.97	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid 3',5-dichlorodiphenylamine-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
coenzyme a [no description available]	2.73	3	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole 2-(2-aminoethyl)thiazole: receptor H1 agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	1,3-thiazoles
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	7.34	85	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	9.71	25	3	iditol	fungal metabolite
moexipril [no description available]	2.39	2	0	peptide
17-alpha-hydroxypregnenolone 17-alpha-Hydroxypregnenolone: A 21-carbon steroid that is converted from PREGNENOLONE by STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE. It is an intermediate in the delta-5 pathway of biosynthesis of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES and the adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS.. 17alpha-hydroxypregnenolone : A hydroxypregnenolone carrying an alpha-hydroxy group at position 17.	1.96	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; hydroxypregnenolone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
equol Equol: A non-steroidal ESTROGEN generated when soybean products are metabolized by certain bacteria in the intestines.	2.03	1	0	hydroxyisoflavans
cytidylyl-3',5'-adenosine cytidylyl adenosine: CPA removed as SY because it is also used as an abbreviation for N6-cyclopentyladenosine, CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, and cyclopiazonic acid	2	1	0	nucleoside analogue; purines
acid green 50 [no description available]	1.98	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycol: noradrenaline metabolite in mouse brain; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyleneglycol : A tetrol composed of ethyleneglycol having a 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl group at the 1-position.	2.89	4	0	catechols; tetrol	metabolite; mouse metabolite
5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate 5'-adenylyl (beta,gamma-methylene)diphosphonate: do not confuse with alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate	2.92	4	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	6.87	20	1	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.69	10	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
methylglucoside [no description available]	2.42	2	0
acetylsalicylic acid lysinate acetylsalicylic acid lysinate: RN given refers to (L)-lysine, unspecified salicylate salt	3.06	5	0
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-amp 8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-AMP: lowers cAMP in heart & fat cells; cAMP-dependent kinase inhibitor. 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	2.89	4	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound	protein kinase agonist
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2.05	1	0
zofenopril zofenopril: structure given in first source; SQ 26900 refers to K salt & SQ 26991 to Ca salt. zofenopril : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-3-(benzoylsulfanyl)-2-methylpropanoyl group. A prodrug for zofenoprilat.	7.13	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thioester	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug; vasodilator agent
mci 9038 [no description available]	2.01	1	0	peptide
uvaol uvaol: from Vauquelinia corymbosa (Rosaceae)	2.07	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
5-alpha-dihydroprogesterone 5-alpha-Dihydroprogesterone: A biologically active 5-alpha-reduced metabolite of plasma PROGESTERONE. It is the immediate precursor of 5-alpha-pregnan-3-alpha-ol-20-one (ALLOPREGNANOLONE), a neuroactive steroid that binds with GABA(A) RECEPTOR.. 5alpha-pregnane-3,20-dione : A C21-steroid hormone that is 5alpha-pregnane substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 20. It is a metabolite of progestrone.	1.96	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-5alpha-steroid; C21-steroid hormone	human metabolite; progestogen
arginine methyl ester arginine methyl ester: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.49	2	0	alpha-amino acid ester
aspartyl-phenylalanine aspartyl-phenylalanine: metabolite of aspartame; may inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme; RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.94	1	0	dipeptide	human blood serum metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite
hippuryl-histidyl-leucine hippuryl-histidyl-leucine: synthetic substrate for angiotensin converting enzyme; used in affinity chromatography	3.58	9	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	2.01	1	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde 2,3-naphthalenedicarboxaldehyde: used in colorimetric determination of cholesterol; RN from CA Form Index Vol 90; N1 same as NM	1.99	1	0
benzoylphenylalanine N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanine : An N-acyl-L-phenylalanine that is L-phenylalanine in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a benzoyl group.	2.91	4	0	2-(benzoylamino)-3-phenylpropanoic acid; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine
diosgenin [no description available]	7.88	3	0	3beta-sterol; hexacyclic triterpenoid; sapogenin; spiroketal	antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; metabolite
n-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate N-succinimidyl-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate: acylates free amino groups on proteins	1.96	1	0
3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine 3,7-dimethyl-1-propargylxanthine: potent & selective in vivo antagonist of adenosine analogs	2	1	0
phorbolol myristate acetate [no description available]	2.98	1	0
kemptide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
enkephalinamide-met, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Met, Ala(2)-: synthetic enkephalin analog;	1.98	1	0
n-acetyldopamine N-acetyldopamine : A secondary carboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of acetic acid with the amino group of dopamine. A dopamine metabolite.	1.99	1	0	acetamides; catechols; N-(fatty acyl)-dopamine; secondary carboxamide	human urinary metabolite; marine metabolite
n-hydroxysuccinimide suberic acid ester disuccinimidyl suberate: used as protein cross-linking agent	2.88	4	0
4,4'-azobis(phenol) 4,4'-azobis(phenol): isolated from fungus Agaricus xanthodermus; structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
erythrodiol [no description available]	2.07	1	0	diol; pentacyclic triterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	plant metabolite
pregnanetriol Pregnanetriol: A metabolite of 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYPROGESTERONE, normally produced in small quantities by the GONADS and the ADRENAL GLANDS, found in URINE. An elevated urinary pregnanetriol is associated with CONGENITAL ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA with a deficiency of STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE.	2.86	4	0	corticosteroid hormone
n-methyladenosine N-methyladenosine: is a inhibitor of cell differentiation. N(6)-methyladenosine : A methyladenosine compound with one methyl group attached to N(6) of the adenine nucleobase.	2.31	1	0	methyladenosine
leucine-beta-naphthylamide leucine-beta-naphthylamide: aminopeptidase substrate. L-leucine 2-naphthylamide : An L-leucine derivative that is the amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of L-leucine with the amino group of 2-naphthylamine.	2.01	1	0	amino acid amide; L-leucine derivative; N-(2-naphthyl)carboxamide	chromogenic compound
2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionitrile: a selective estrogen receptor beta agonist or modulator. also called DPN compound. 2,3-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionitrile : A nitrile that is acetonitrile in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a 4-hydroxyphenyl group while a second hydrogen is replaced by a 4-hydroxybenzyl group. It is a specific agonist for estrogen receptor beta (ERbeta).	2.47	2	0	nitrile; phenols	estrogen receptor agonist
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	5.5	22	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
p-methoxy-n-methylphenethylamine p-Methoxy-N-methylphenethylamine: A potent mast cell degranulator. It is involved in histamine release.. N,O-dimethyltyramine : A secondary amino compound that is tyramine in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by a methyl group.	5.08	14	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound	metabolite
fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer.	4.56	9	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist
uftoral UFT(R) drug: a drug containing tegafur and uracil; a biochemical modulator of 5-fluorouracil; used for postoperative chemotherapy of colon cancer; reported to cause severe liver injury; do not confuse with 1-UFT protocol	2.71	3	0
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	4.31	19	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
yttrium radioisotopes Yttrium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of yttrium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Y atoms with atomic weights 82-88 and 90-96 are radioactive yttrium isotopes.	2.38	2	0
monocrotaline pyrrole monocrotaline pyrrole: RN given refers to (13alpha,14alpha)-isomer	3.09	5	0
desethylamiodarone desethylamiodarone: metabolite of amiodarone; structure given in first source	2.06	1	0	aromatic ketone
enkephalin, d-penicillamine (2,5)- Enkephalin, D-Penicillamine (2,5)-: A disulfide opioid pentapeptide that selectively binds to the DELTA OPIOID RECEPTOR. It possesses antinociceptive activity.. DPDPE : A heterodetic cyclic peptide that is a cyclic enkephalin analogue, having D-penicillaminyl residues located at positions 2 and 5, which form the heterocycle via a disulfide bond.	2.91	4	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	delta-opioid receptor agonist
u 73122 1-(6-((3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione: structure given in first source. U-73122 : An aza-steroid that is 3-O-methyl-17beta-estradiol in which the 17beta-hydroxy group is replaced by a 6-(maleimid-1-yl)hexylamino group. An inibitor of phospholipase C.	4.69	28	0	aromatic ether; aza-steroid; maleimides	EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphoinositide phospholipase C) inhibitor
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.7	3	0	oligopeptide
1,4-dihydropyridine [no description available]	4.47	7	0
quin2 Quin2: fluorescent highly selective Ca indicator, binding Ca 1:1; structure given in first source	4.16	17	0
sr141716 [no description available]	2.96	4	0	amidopiperidine; carbohydrazide; dichlorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles	anti-obesity agent; appetite depressant; CB1 receptor antagonist
s-nitrosoglutathione [no description available]	7.78	3	0	glutathione derivative; nitrosothio compound	bronchodilator agent; nitric oxide donor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; signalling molecule
bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS.	9.07	46	3	primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide	antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	2.01	1	0
cp-55,940 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
diacetyldichlorofluorescein diacetyldichlorofluorescein: stable storage form of dichlorofluorescein	2.76	3	0
u 74389f U 74389F: a 21-aminosteroid antioxidant (lazaroids); inhibitor of iron-dependent lipid peroxidation; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
cp 96345 CP 96345: structure given in first source; potent nonpeptide antagonist of the substance P (NK1) receptor; CP 96344 is enantiomer of CP 96345	2.68	3	0
ly 117018 LY 117018: from Eli Lilly; less estrogenic & more estrogen-antagonistic than tamoxifen & trioxifene in rats & mice; LY 139478 is the HCl salt of LY 117018; LY 139478 is an estrogen agonist; structure in first source; a raloxifene analog. LY 117018 : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is raloxifene in which the piperidin-1-yl group has been replaced by a pyrrolidin-1-yl group.	2	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-alkylpyrrolidine; phenols	bone density conservation agent; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1h-imidazole 1-(2-(3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propoxy)-4-methoxyphenylethyl)-1H-imidazole: inhibits platelet aggregation & Ca2+ entry into platelets. SKF-96365 free base : An ether that is 2-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)-1-(4-methoxyphenyl)ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group has been substituted by a 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl group.	3.63	9	0	ether; imidazoles; monomethoxybenzene	TRP channel blocker
chlorethylclonidine chlorethylclonidine: RN refers to 2-chloroethyl derivative	2.02	1	0
sr 48968 SR 48968: structure given in first source; neurokinin A antagonist; tachykinin receptor antagonist; SR 48965 is the inactive R-enantiomer of SR 48968	2.4	2	0
fluo-3 Fluo-3: fluorescent Ca(2+) indicator; permits continuous monitoring of Ca without interference with use of UV-sensitive caged compounds	3.26	6	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
fpl 55712 FPL 55712: inhibitor of SRS-A and LTC4 and LTD4 receptors	3.06	5	0	aromatic ketone
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	4.49	23	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
prolinedithiocarbamate prolinedithiocarbamate: do not confuse with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate which is also abbreviated PDTC	3.12	5	0
fructose 2,6-diphosphate fructose 2,6-diphosphate: phosphofructokinase activator synthesized via Mg-ATP & fructose-6-P. beta-D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate : A D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	1.98	1	0	D-fructofuranose 2,6-bisphosphate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
artesunic acid [no description available]	2.31	1	0
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.35	2	0
bradykinin, des-arg(9)- bradykinin, des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to parent cpd	5.2	9	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist
indo-1 indo-1: structure given in first source	3.78	11	0	indoles	fluorochrome
pregnenolone sulfate pregnenolone sulfate: RN given refers to (3 beta)-isomer	7.41	2	0	steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite
fura-2-am fura-2-am: pentaester precursor of fura-2	3.78	11	0
quin2-acetoxymethyl ester Quin2-acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.37	2	0
u 78517f U 78517F: iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation inhibitor; structure given in first source; RN given is for diHCl	1.99	1	0
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	3.36	7	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
cv 3988 CV 3988: platelet activating factor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
bremazocine bremazocine: potent, log-acting opiate kappa-agonist & centrally acting analgesic; RN given refers to (2R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
cgp 35348 CGP 35348: antagonizes both GABA-A and GABA-B receptors	2.05	1	0
22-hydroxycholesterol [no description available]	2.9	4	0	cholanoid
inositol 1-phosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1-phosphate : An inositol having myo- configuration substituted at position 1 by a phosphate group.	3.07	5	0
racecadotril racecadotril: parenterally active enkephalinase inhibitor	2.68	3	0	N-acyl-amino acid
inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphates placed in the 1-, 3-, 4- and 5-positions.	2.66	3	0	inositol phosphate
methoctramine methoctramine: structure given in first source. methoctramine : A tetramine that is N,N'-bis(6-aminohexyl)octane-1,8-diamine where the primary amino groups both carry 2-methoxybenzyl substituents.. methoctramine tetrahydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining methoctramine with four molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride	muscarinic antagonist
arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: corresponds to cell attachment site of fibronectin; located near carboxyl-terminal region of alpha-chain of fibrinogen; inhibits platelet aggregation & fibrinogen binding to activated platelets	1.99	1	0
1,1-dimethylheptyl-11-hydroxytetrahydrocannabinol HU 211: structure given in first source; HU 211 is active & HU 210 is inactive as canibinoids; functional N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor blocker; RN given is for (6aS-trans)-isomer	2.02	1	0
gr 127935 GR 127935: a 5-HT 1D receptor antagonist. GR 127935 : A member of the class of benzamides obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2'-methyl-4'-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-carboxylic acid and the anilino group of 4-methoxy-3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)aniline. Potent and selective 5-HT1B/1D receptor antagonist (pKi values are 8.5 for both guinea pig 5-HT1D and rat 5-HT1B receptors). Displays > 100-fold selectivity over 5HT1A, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C receptors and other receptor types. Centrally active following oral administration.	1.99	1	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; benzamides; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine
perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline	13	85	9	alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
fr 139317 FR 139317: endothelin receptor A antagonist; structure given in first source	3.24	6	0
enkephalin, ser(2), leu(5), thr(6)- enkephalin, Ser(2), Leu(5), Thr(6)-: specific probe for the delta-opiate receptor subtype in brain membranes	2	1	0	oligopeptide
phorbol-12-myristate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate 12-deoxyphorbol 13-isobutyrate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1aalpha,1bbeta,4abeta,7aalpha,7balpha,8alpha,9aalpha))-isomer	2.38	2	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	2.72	3	0	proanthocyanidin
s-methylthiocitrulline S-methylthiocitrulline: a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor; structure in first source. S-methyl-L-thiocitrulline : An L-arginine derivative in which the guanidino NH2 group of L-arginine is replaced by a methylsufanyl group.	3.53	8	0	imidothiocarbamic ester; L-arginine derivative; L-ornithine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
fingolimod hydrochloride Fingolimod Hydrochloride: A sphingosine-derivative and IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT that blocks the migration and homing of LYMPHOCYTES to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM through its action on SPHINGOSINE 1-PHOSPHATE RECEPTORS. It is used in the treatment of MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS.. fingolimod hydrochloride : The hydrochloride salt of 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl) ethyl]-1,3-propanediol (fingolimod).	3.2	5	0	hydrochloride	immunosuppressive agent; prodrug; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist
n(g)-iminoethylornithine [no description available]	2.1	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid
triptolide [no description available]	7.58	2	0	diterpenoid; epoxide; gamma-lactam; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	antispermatogenic agent; plant metabolite
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	1.97	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
quinaprilat quinaprilat: metabolite of quinapril. quinaprilat : A dicarboxylic acid resulting from the hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group of quinapril to give the corresponding dicarboxylic acid. The active angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) of the prodrug quinapril.	6.92	16	5	dicarboxylic acid; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
1h-indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1s,2r,3s)- 1H-Indene-2-carboxylic acid, 1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-3-(2- (carboxymethoxy)-4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-dihydro-5-propoxy-, (1S,2R,3S)-: an ET(A) and ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.5	8	0
cobaltiprotoporphyrin cobaltiprotoporphyrin: RN given refers to cobalt protoporphyrin IX	3.31	6	0
r 56865 R 56865: prevents electrical & mechanical signs of ouabain intoxication in guinea pig papillary muscle	1.97	1	0
sri 63-441 SRI 63-441: structure given in first source; PAF antagonist	2.66	3	0
ml 9 [no description available]	3.26	6	0
proanthocyanidin proanthocyanidin: RN given refers to proanthocyanidin A; Cannabinoid Receptor CB1 antagonist. proanthocyanidin : A flavonoid oligomer obtained by the the condensation of two or more units of hydroxyflavans.	7.01	1	0
parthenolide [no description available]	7.97	4	0	germacranolide
rx 821002 2-methoxyidazoxan: 2-methoxy analog of idazoxan. 2-methoxyidazoxan : A benzodioxine that is idazoxan substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group.	2	1	0	benzodioxine; cyclic ketal; imidazolines	alpha-adrenergic antagonist
11-hydroxyandrostenedione 11-hydroxyandrostenedione: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
benzamil [no description available]	3.71	10	0	guanidines; pyrazines
schizandrin b schizandrin B: a phytogenic antineoplastic agent with anti-inflammatory activity; isolated from Schisandra plant	7.59	2	0
senktide [no description available]	2.38	2	0
kt 5823 KT 5823: indolocarbazole; activates human neutrophils & fails to inhibit cGMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylation of vimentin. KT 5823 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-methoxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1-methyl-1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.92	4	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound	EC 2.7.11.12 (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
1-hexadecyl-2-acetyl-glycero-3-phosphocholine Platelet Activating Factor: A phospholipid derivative formed by PLATELETS; BASOPHILS; NEUTROPHILS; MONOCYTES; and MACROPHAGES. It is a potent platelet aggregating agent and inducer of systemic anaphylactic symptoms, including HYPOTENSION; THROMBOCYTOPENIA; NEUTROPENIA; and BRONCHOCONSTRICTION.. 2-O-acetyl-1-O-hexadecyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine which has hexadecyl as the alkyl group. PAF is a potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leukocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.	8.42	55	0	2-acetyl-1-alkyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine	antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; bronchoconstrictor agent; hematologic agent; vasodilator agent
sr 140333 SR 140333: SR-140603 is the (R)-antipode of SR-140333; a neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist	2.69	3	0
exp3174 losartan carboxylic acid: structure given in first source. losartan carboxylic acid : A biphenylyltetrazole that is losartan with the hydroxymethyl group at position 5 on the imidazole ring replaced with a carboxylic acid.	10.93	98	7	biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles; organochlorine compound	metabolite
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	5.43	20	0
tadalafil [no description available]	2.42	2	0	benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
3-chloro-L-tyrosine 3-chloro-L-tyrosine : A chloroamino acid comprising a tyrosine core with a chloro- substituent ortho to the phenolic hydroxy group.	2.05	1	0	chloroamino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monochlorobenzenes; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	biomarker; human metabolite
st 587 St 587: clonidine derivative which is selective alpha(1)-adrenoceptor stimulator with lipophilic properties; structure in first source	2.67	3	0
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	4.8	1	1	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
kahweol [no description available]	2.31	1	0	diterpenoid; furans; organic heteropentacyclic compound; primary alcohol; tertiary alcohol	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
valerates Valerates: Derivatives of valeric acid, including its salts and esters.	3.81	4	0	short-chain fatty acid anion; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	plant metabolite
u 73343 U 73343: an inactive analog of U 73122	2.4	2	0
liquiritigenin liquiritigenin: structure given in first source; isolated from Pterocarpus marsupium. 4',7-dihydroxyflavanone : A dihydroxyflavanone in which the two hydroxy substituents are located at positions 4' and 7.. liquiritigenin : A dihydroxyflavanone compound having the two hydroxy substituents at the 4'- and 7-positions. Isolated from the root of Glycyrrhizae uralensis, it is a selective agonist for oestrogen receptor beta.	2.31	1	0	4',7-dihydroxyflavanone	hormone agonist; plant metabolite
t 61 T 61: for euthanasia of animals; each milliliter contains 200 mg of N-(2-(m-methoxyphenyl)-2-ethylbutyl)-gamma- hydroxybutyramide, 50 mg of 4,4'-methylenebis(cyclohexyltrimethylammonium iodide), 5 mg of tetracaine HCl, with 0.6 ml dimethylformamide in distilled water	1.99	1	0
thromboxanes thromboxane : A class of oxygenated oxane derivatives, originally derived from prostaglandin precursors in platelets, that stimulate aggregation of platelets and constriction of blood vessels.	8.59	45	0
pd 123177 PD 123177: nonpeptide angiotensin AII-2 inhibitor	13.78	118	0	diarylmethane
opc 21268 OPC 21268: structure given in first source; vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist	2.67	3	0
tanshinone tanshinone: from root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge; RN given refers to tanshinone I; cardioprotective agent and neuroprotective agent	4.09	14	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane 1-(carboxymethylthio)tetradecane: structure given in first source; alkylthio acetic acid, non-beta-oxidizable	2.44	2	0	straight-chain fatty acid
pterosin b pterosin B: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
ici 198615 ICI 198615: an LTD4 receptor antagonist; SRS-A antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
ginkgolide a [no description available]	2.41	1	0	diterpene lactone
stachydrine stachydrine: RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt (S)-isomer; structure. L-proline betaine : An amino acid betaine that is L-proline zwitterion in which both of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups.	2.51	2	0	alkaloid; amino-acid betaine; N-methyl-L-alpha-amino acid	food component; human blood serum metabolite; plant metabolite
sophocarpine [no description available]	2.25	1	0
gamma-glutamyl dopa [no description available]	1.99	1	0
4-bromo-a-23187 4-bromo-A-23187: ionophore with enhanced calcium ion transport specificity	2.01	1	0
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	4.59	8	0
nitroaspirin nitroaspirin: a nitric oxide donor	2	1	0	carbonyl compound
3-mercaptopicolinic acid 3-mercaptopicolinic acid: gluconeogenesis inhibitor; may also inhibit ATP-dependentphosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase	2.36	2	0
efonidipine efonidipine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-efonidipine. It is a antihypertensive drug and a dual T-type and L-type calcium channel blocker.. 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethyl 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(5,5-dimethyl-2-oxido-1,3,2-dioxaphosphinan-2-yl)-2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of 2-[benzyl(phenyl)amino]ethanol.	4.35	4	1	C-nitro compound; carboxylic ester; dihydropyridine; tertiary amino compound
testosterone-17-succinate testosterone-17-succinate: RN given refers to (17beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0
dioscin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hexacyclic triterpenoid; spiroketal; spirostanyl glycoside; trisaccharide derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
astilbin astilbin: dihydroflavonol from Kohki tea processed from Engelhardtia chrysolepis (huang-qui); astilbin is the (2R-trans)-isomer; neoisoastilbin is the (2S-cis)-isomer and is Sweetening Agents; isoastilbin is the (2R-cis)-isomer; structure in first source;. astilbin : A flavanone glycoside that is (+)-taxifolin substituted by a alpha-L-rhamnosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage.	7.07	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; alpha-L-rhamnoside; flavanone glycoside; monosaccharide derivative; tetrahydroxyflavanone	anti-inflammatory agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol 2-aminomethyl-4-t-butyl-6-iodophenol: has gastric antisecretory activity; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.38	2	0
ginsenoside rh2 ginsenoside Rh2: from leaves of Panax ginseng C; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rh2 : A ginsenoside found in Panax species that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	2.6	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
cd 349 CD 349: structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
arg-3-hyp-7-phe-bradykinin NPC 567: bradykinin receptor antagonist. NPC-567 : A ten-membered oligopeptide comprising D-arginyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, (4R)-4-hydroxy-L-prolyl, glycyl, L-phenylalanyl, L-seryl, D-phenylalanyl, L-phenylalanyl and L-arginine residues joined in sequence.	2.15	1	0	oligopeptide	bradykinin receptor antagonist
iodofiltic acid iodofiltic acid: labeled with 123 I for myocardial imaging; RN given refers to unlabeled, non-isomeric cpd	2.02	1	0
mozavaptan mozavaptan: aquaretic agent; vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.8	2	1	benzamides	aquaretic
n,n-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride N,N-dipropyl-2-(4-methoxy-3-(2-phenylethoxy)phenyl)ethylamine monohydrochloride: structure given in first source; a sigma receptor ligand	2.08	1	0
nitroflurbiprofen nitroflurbiprofen: a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. nitroflurbiprofen : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of flurbiprofen with the free hydroxy group of 4-(nitrooxy)butanol. It is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent showing inhibitory effects against the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2.	2.02	1	0	biphenyls; carboxylic ester; nitrate ester; organofluorine compound	cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; vasodilator agent
caprylates Caprylates: Derivatives of caprylic acid. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that contain a carboxy terminated eight carbon aliphatic structure.. octanoate : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of octanoic acid (caprylic acid); believed to block adipogenesis.	2.38	2	0	fatty acid anion 8:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid anion	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ah 6809 6-isopropoxy-9-oxoxanthene-2-carboxylic acid: structure given in UD	2.05	1	0	xanthones
argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)- argipressin, deaminopenicillamine(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-: vasopressin antagonist; RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Arg)-isomer	2.37	2	0
valdecoxib [no description available]	2.03	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide	antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
ym 12617 YM 12617: RN given refers to HCl salt; RN from Toxline; RN not in Chemline 5/85; structure given in first source. 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide : A secondary amino compound that is ammonia in which nitrogen is substituted by a 1-(4-methoxy-3-sulfamoylphenyl)propan-2-yl group and a 2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl group.	1.97	1	0	aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide
ips 339 IPS 339: RN refers to mono-HCl without isomeric designation; structure	1.95	1	0
sch 39370 Sch 39370: RN given refers to (D)-hydroxy-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 9/89; structure given in first source; inhibits neutral metalloendopeptidase	3.82	4	0
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate inositol-3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. 1D-myo-inositol 3,4,5,6-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the four phosphate groups placed at the 3-, 4-, 5- and 6-positions.	1.97	1	0	myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate	mouse metabolite
rges peptide [no description available]	1.99	1	0
ly 134046 LY 134046: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in first source	1.96	1	0
beta-casomorphin 7 beta-casomorphin 7: opioid peptide isolated from casein peptone; corresponds to sequence 60-66 of beta-casein; from a variety of organisms; see also record for general term beta-casomorphin	2.8	3	0
inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate inositol-1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate: for cpd without numerical locants of phosphate groups, index INOSITOL PHOSPHATES. myo-inositol 1,3,4,6-tetrakisphosphate : A myo-inositol tetrakisphosphate having the phosphate groups placed at the 1-, 3-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.37	2	0
methylthio-adp [no description available]	2.05	1	0
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-me-tyr(4)- [no description available]	1.97	1	0
cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl) cyclo(7-aminoheptanoylphenylalanyl-tryptophyl-lysyl-benzylthreonyl): cyclic pentapeptide somatostatin analog with reduced gastric inhibitory activity	1.98	1	0
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Ile(5)-: RN given refers to (5-L-Ile)-isomer	5.02	41	0
tetrahydroaldosterone tetrahydroaldosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta,11beta)-isomer	1.96	1	0	steroid lactone
dopamine 3-o-sulfate dopamine 3-O-sulfate: end product of L-Dopa metabolism in Parkinson patients; see also record for dopamine 4-O-sulfate. dopamine 3-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.38	2	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
pyroglutamyl-glutamyl-proline amide pyroglutamyl-glutamyl-proline amide: found in rabbit prostate complex; structurally related to TRH; RN refers to all (L)-isomer; a fertilization promoting peptide (FPP)	3.81	3	0	oligopeptide
pd 142893 PD 142893: functional antagonist of endothelin-stimulated vasoconstriction	2.92	4	0
1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)pyridinium: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.02	1	0
kadsurenone kadsurenone: platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist from Chinese herbal plant, haifenteng; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2s-(2alpha,3beta,3aalpha))-isomer	1.97	1	0	benzofurans
l 659989 L 659989: structure given in first source; platelet activating factor receptor antagonist; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0
luzindole luzindole: melatonin receptor antagonist; structure given in first source. luzindole : A member of the class of indoles that is tryptamine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by an acetyl group while the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a benzyl group.	2.13	1	0	acetamides; indoles	melatonin receptor antagonist
neo-kyotorphin neo-kyotorphin: isolated from bovine brain; opioid peptide	3.06	1	0
kallidin, des-arg(10)- kallidin, des-Arg(10)-: includes both L and D isomers of Phe(8)	2.03	1	0
5-(dimethylamino)-n-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide 5-(dimethylamino)-N-(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)-1-naphthalenesulfonamide: structure in first source; endothelin receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine: anorexigenic peptide isolated from urine of patients with anorexia nervosa & from urine of fasted rats & mice	2	1	0
1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(o-ethyl-tyr)-4-val-9-des-gly-arginine vasopressin 1-((beta-mercapto-beta)beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(O-ethyl-Tyr)-4-Val-9-des-Gly-arginine vasopressin: vasopressin receptor antagonist; RN given refers to (D-Tyr)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89	1.97	1	0
inositol cyclic phosphate inositol cyclic phosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate : A myo-inositol cyclic phosphate that is the 1,2-cyclic phosphate derivative of 1D-myo-inositol.	1.97	1	0	myo-inositol cyclic phosphate	epitope
n-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal N-benzyloxycarbonylprolylprolinal: inhibitor of prolyl endopeptidase	2.08	1	0
decanoyl acetaldehyde decanoyl acetaldehyde: structure	2.1	1	0	fatty aldehyde
astragaloside a [no description available]	3.23	5	0
celastrol [no description available]	2.86	3	0	monocarboxylic acid; pentacyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor; metabolite
chaetoglobosins chaetoglobosins: like CYTOCHALASINS but with an indoyl in place of a phenyl ring at C10; chaetoglobosins A-J; metabolites of Chaetomium species; RN given refers to chaetoglobosin A; structure. chaetoglobosin A : A cytochalasan alkaloid isolated from Chaetomium globosum and Calonectria morganii.	1.98	1	0
carbene carbene: electrically neutral species H2C: and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons; carbene is the name of the parent hydride :CH2 ; hence, the name dichlorocarbene for :CCl2. However, names for acyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons containing one or more divalent carbon atoms are derived from the name of the corresponding all-4-hydrocarbon using the suffix -ylidene; methylene carbene also available. carbene : The electrically neutral species H2C(2.) and its derivatives, in which the carbon is covalently bonded to two univalent groups of any kind or a divalent group and bears two nonbonding electrons, which may be spin-paired (singlet state) or spin-non-paired (triplet state).	7.03	1	0	carbene; methanediyl
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	5.82	28	0	nitrogen oxoacid
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.04	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
imatinib mesylate imatinib methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate (mesylate) salt that is the monomesylate salt of imatinib. Used for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours.	3.34	6	0	methanesulfonate salt	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
gefitinib [no description available]	2.52	2	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
13-azaprostanoic acid 13-azaprostanoic acid: RN given refers to (1S-trans)-isomer	1.96	1	0
rhod-2 rhod-2: calcium indicator	2.04	1	0
n(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-n-methylcarboxamidoadenosine N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine: structure given in first source; a selective A(3) adenosine receptor agonist. 3-iodobenzyl-5'-N-methylcarboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and one of the hydrogens of the exocyclic amino function is substituted by a 3-iodobenzyl group.	2.15	1	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide; organoiodine compound	adenosine A3 receptor agonist
1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine 1-(1-(2-benzo(b)thienyl)cyclohexyl)piperidine: structure given in first source. 1-[1-(1-benzothiophen-2-yl)cyclohexyl]piperidine : A tertiary amino compound that consists of cyclohexane having piperidin-1-yl and benzothiophen-2-yl groups attached at position 1. A potent dopamine re-uptake inhibitor with a behavioral profile different from that of phencyclidine (PCP) and similar to that of cocaine.	2.15	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
diadenosine 5',5''''-p1,p6-hexaphosphate diadenosine 5',5''''-P1,P6-hexaphosphate: inhibits the action of ribonuceotide reductase on ADP. P(1),P(6)-bis(5'-adenosyl)hexaphosphate : A diadenosyl hexaphosphate in which the two adenosin-5'-yl groups are attached at the P(1) and P(6) positions.	2.9	4	0	diadenosyl hexaphosphate	vasoconstrictor agent
5-hydroxy-1-methyl-2--(di-n-propylamino)tetralin methyl ether UH 232: RN given refers to cis-isomer; RN not in Chemline 9/85; RN and structure given in first source	2.05	1	0
(3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline (3,4-dihydroxyphenylamino)-2-imidazoline: potent agonist at dopamine receptors mediating neuronal inhibition; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in UD indicates phenyl-imino group	2.43	2	0
5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetate 5,5'-dimethyl-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetate: calcium chelator; do not confuse with calcium specific chelator (MAPTAM buffer). 5,5'-dimethyl-BAPTA : A polyamino carboxylic acid, the structure of which is that of BAPTA carrying methyl substituents at C-5 and C-5'.	1.99	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid	chelator
2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid 2-mercaptomethyl-3-guanidinoethylthiopropionic acid: RN given refers to (+-)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.66	3	0
1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(o-ethyl-tyr)-4-val-arginine vasopressin 1-(beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-2-(O-ethyl-Tyr)-4-Val-arginine vasopressin: RN refers to (L-Tyr-L-Val-L-Arg)-isomer ; vasopressin antagonist	2.67	3	0
sq 28603 SQ 28603: a selective neutral endopeptidase inhibitor	3.08	5	0
noradrenaline sulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0	catecholamine
argipressin, beta-mercapto-beta,beta cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)- [no description available]	3.58	3	0
argipressin (4-9) argipressin (4-9): principal metabolite of argipressin; RN given refers to (all-L)-isomer	1.98	1	0
neurotensin (8-13) neurotensin (8-13): binds in human brain to the same site as neurotensin but with higher affinity	2.13	1	0
proctolin proctolin: neurotransmitter in arthropods or invertebrates	2.02	1	0
ru-28362 11,17-dihydroxy-6-methyl-17-(1-propynyl)androsta-1,4,6-triene-3-one: glucocorticoid receptor agonist; RN given refers to (11beta,17beta)-isomer	2.9	4	0
cgp 42112a CGP 42112A: a hexapeptide analog of angiotensin II; activation of Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2 results in vasodilation. CGP-42112A : A hexapeptide consisting of L-tyrosine, L-lysine, L-histidine, L-proline and L-isoleucine amino acid residues coupled in sequence and in which the amino group of the L-tyrosyl residue is substituted by a (pyridin-3-ylcarbonyl)nitrilo group and in which the L-lysyl side chain amino group is substituted by a {N(2)-[(benzyloxy)carbonyl]-L-arginyl}nitrilo group. It is a potent angiotensin II receptor type 2 (AT2 receptor) agonist.	8.04	168	0	benzyl ester; oligopeptide; pyridinecarboxamide	angiotensin receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; neuroprotective agent; vasodilator agent
deltorphin ii, ala(2)- deltorphin II, Ala(2)-: isolated from skin extracts of frogs belonging to the genus Phyllomedusa; has affinity to opioid receptors	1.99	1	0
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide: endogenous opioid antagonist octapeptide from bovine brain	2.44	2	0
angiotensin ii, des-phe(8)- Ile(5)-angiotensin II (1-7) : An angiotensin compound consisting of the linear heptapeptide sequence L-Asp-L-Arg-L-Val-L-Tyr-L-Ile-L-His-L-Pro.	20.82	715	14	amino acid zwitterion; angiotensin	vasodilator agent
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	1.99	1	0
angiotensin ii, des-asp(1)-des-arg(2)-ile(5)- angiotensin II, des-Asp(1)-des-Arg(2)-Ile(5)-: 3-8 hexapeptide fragment of angiotensin II; smallest potent angiotensin II antagonist	13.73	288	4	organic molecular entity
n,n-dimethylarginine N,N-dimethylarginine: asymmetric dimethylarginine; do not confuse with N,N'-dimethylarginine. N(omega),N(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups both attached to the primary amino moiety of the guanidino group.	6.31	19	0	dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
hoe 694 3-methylsulfonyl-4-piperidinobenzoyl guanidine: structure given in first source; a potent inhibitor of the Na+/H+ exchanger	8.1	5	0
cyclic adp-ribose Cyclic ADP-Ribose: A pyridine nucleotide that mobilizes CALCIUM. It is synthesized from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) by ADP RIBOSE CYCLASE.	8.42	7	0	cyclic purine nucleotide; nucleotide-sugar	metabolite; ryanodine receptor agonist
bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)suberate: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
3-tyr-octreotide 3-Tyr-octreotide: cyclic octapeptide analog of somatostatin; potent somatostatin agonist; RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 3/90	1.98	1	0
interleukin-1beta (163-171) interleukin-1beta (163-171): nonapeptide which has in vivo immunostimulating activity	2.07	1	0
ramatroban [no description available]	2.4	2	0	organic molecular entity
benzoylarginine ethyl ester benzoylarginine ethyl ester: used as substrate for trypsin; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.01	1	0
sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate: structure given on p.19451 of first source. sodium-binding benzofuran isophthalate : A crown compound that is 1,4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane in which the hydrogens of the amino groups at position 7 and 13 are replaced by 2-(2,4-dicarboxyphenyl)-5-methoxy-1-benzofuran-6-yl groups. It is a cell-impermeant fluorescent sodium indicator.	2.68	3	0	1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; crown compound; tetracarboxylic acid	fluorochrome
tak 044 TAK 044: endothelin receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0
bradykinin, leu(8)-des-arg(9)- bradykinin, Leu(8)-des-Arg(9)-: RN given refers to (L)-isomer	2.38	2	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.04	1	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
enkephalin, met(2)-pronh2(5)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
head activator peptide head activator peptide: undecapeptide from hydra which acts as head inducing morphogen; also isolated from sea anemone, mammalian brain & intestine	1.96	1	0
bq 610 BQ 610: endothelin A receptor antagonist; endothelin-1 antagonist	2	1	0
hydroxycitric acid hydroxycitric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	1.96	1	0	carbonyl compound
statine statine: amine component of pepstatin; structure	1.99	1	0
indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester Indo-1 pentaacetoxymethyl ester: calcium-specific chelating agent; calcium ion fluorescent probe	1.99	1	0
dopamine 4-o-sulfate dopamine 4-O-sulfate: possible precursor of free norepinephrin; see also record for dopamine 3-O-sulfate. dopamine 4-O-sulfate : An aryl sulfate that is dopamine in which the phenolic hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a sulfo group.	2.38	2	0	aryl sulfate; phenols; primary amino compound; zwitterion	human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite
neurokinin a (4-10), beta-ala(8)- neurokinin A (4-10), beta-Ala(8)-: selective NK-2 tachykinin receptor	2.4	2	0
naadp nicotinic acid-adenine dinucleotide phosphate : A nicotinic acid dinucleotide that is NADP(+) in which the carboxamide group on the pyridine ring is replaced by a carboxy group.	2.77	3	0	nicotinic acid dinucleotide	calcium channel agonist; metabolite; signalling molecule
pd 145065 PD 145065: a non-selective endothelin(A)/endothelin(B) antagonist	3.72	10	0
b 4162 B 4162: bradykinin inhibitor	3.36	7	0
27-hydroxycholesterol (25R)-cholest-5-ene-3beta,26-diol : A 26-hydroxycholesterol in which the 25-position has R-configuration.	2.15	1	0	26-hydroxycholesterol	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
zd 7288 ICI D2788: a sinoatrial node modulator; may be of use in treatment of ischaemic heart disease by increasing heart rate without impairing cardiac function	2.08	1	0
substance p (5-11), pglu(5)-mephe(8)-megly(9)- [no description available]	2	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	4.68	28	0
dibutyryl cyclic-3',5'-cytidine monophosphate [no description available]	3.43	2	0
n-carbobenzoxyglycyl-prolyl-4-methylcoumarinyl amide N-carbobenzoxyglycyl-prolyl-4-methylcoumarinyl amide: fluorogenic substrate for post-proline cleaving enzyme	1.99	1	0
lvv-hemorphin-7 LVV-hemorphin-7: a morphinomimetic peptide; amino acid sequence given in first source; isolated from ventricular cerebrospinal fluid of patients with cerebrovascular bleedings	11.03	21	0
vv-hemorphin-7 VV-hemorphin-7: a morphinomimetic peptide	2.01	1	0
l 012 L 012: used as a chemiluminescent probe for the assay of human fibroblast growth factor; structure given in first source	2.94	1	0
methotrexate [no description available]	4.24	18	0	dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines	abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
19-noraldosterone [no description available]	3.5	2	0	21-hydroxy steroid
reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER.	3.41	1	1	aromatic ether
n-nitrosoarginine N-nitrosoarginine: may play role in nitric oxide synthesis	2	1	0
3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2(5h)-furanone 3-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-4-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-2(5H)-furanone: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0
2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2'-nitrosophenyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.52	2	0
dihydroethidium dihydroethidium: RN given is for the (+-)-isomer	3.28	6	0
delphinidin delphinidin: RN given refers to parent cpd;. delphinidin : An anthocyanidin cation consisting of benzopyrylium with hydroxy substituents at the 3-, 5- and 7-positions and a 3,4,5-trihydroxyphenyl group at the 2-position. It is a plant pigment responsible for the colours of the plants of the genera Viola and Delphinium.	2.25	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; plant metabolite
sdz pco 400 SDZ PCO 400: a potassium channel opening drug	1.98	1	0	1-benzopyran
s-nitrosocaptopril S-nitrosocaptopril: manifests nitrovasodilatory activity, inhibits angiotensin converting enzyme activity & inhibits platelet aggregation	1.97	1	0
sq 29072 SQ 29072: neutral endopeptidase inhibitor	1.98	1	0
18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone 18-hydroxy-19-norcorticosterone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
wl 19 WL 19: structure given in first source; angiotensin II type 2 receptor antagoinst	8.77	11	0
exp7711 EXP7711: to search, use E#P7711(nm); angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.9	4	0
18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone 18,19-dihydroxycorticosterone: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION.	11.08	40	4	biphenyls
mag-fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester Mag-Fura-2-acetoxymethyl ester: used to measure intracellular free magnesium concentration	2	1	0
bibs 39 BIBS 39: structure given in first source; angiotensin II receptor antagonist	2.39	2	0
sc 51316 SC 51316: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	3.77	3	0
cgs 22652 CGS 22652: has thromboxane receptor antagonism combined with thromboxane synthase inhibition; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3-((2'-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-2-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 3-((2'-carboxybiphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-2-cyclopropyl-7-methyl-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: a non-peptide angiotensin II-receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.7	10	0
sch 42495 [no description available]	3.37	1	1
l 694247 L 694247: a 5-HT(1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source	1.99	1	0	tryptamines
1-hexadecyl-3-trifluoroethylglycero-sn-2-phosphomethanol [no description available]	2.07	1	0
ch 66 CH 66: a renin inhibitor	1.97	1	0
a 81988 A 81988: angiotensin II antagonist selective for type 1 receptors	3.69	10	0
bibs 222 BIBS 222: structure given in first source; angiotensin II receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
ici d8731 ICI D8731: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	2.9	4	0
forasartan forasartan: structure given in first source; an angiotensin AT(1) receptor antagonist; angiotensin II receptor antagonist; used in treatment of congestive heart failure. forasartan : A member of the class of pyridines that is pyridine which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by o-(tetrazol-5-yl)phenyl and (3,5-dibutyl-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)methyl groups, respectively. It is a nonpeptide antagonist of angiotensin II, type 1 (AT1) receptors, used for the treatment of hypertension.	5.09	10	1	benzenes; pyridines; tetrazoles; triazoles	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
sc 51089 SC 51089: structure in first source; dinoprostone antagonist	2.43	2	0
up 269-6 UP 269-6: structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	5.68	7	3
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	11.87	92	16	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
fk 906 FK 906: an orally active human renin inhibitor; used for the long-term treatment of patients with essential hypertension; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
hemorphin 7 hemorphin 7: opioid peptide fragment of hemoglobin; blood plasma levels of hemorphin-7 increases after long distance running; acts as neurotransmitter antagonist	2.01	1	0
abiraterone [no description available]	7.13	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; pyridines	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.99.9 (steroid 17alpha-monooxygenase) inhibitor
ivabradine Ivabradine: A benzazepine derivative and selective HYPERPOLARIZATION-ACTIVATED CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-GATED CHANNELS inhibitor that lowers the heart rate. It is used in the treatment of CHRONIC STABLE ANGINA in patients unable to take BETA-ADRENERGIC BLOCKERS, and in the treatment of HEART FAILURE.. ivabradine : A member of the class of benzazepines that is 7,8-dimethoxy-1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepin-2-one in which the amide hydrogen is replaced by a [{[(7S)-3,4-dimethoxybicyclo[4.2.0]octa-1,3,5-trien-7-yl]methyl}(methyl)amino]propyl} group. Used (as its hydrochloride salt) to treat patients with angina who have intolerance to beta blockers and/or heart failure.	2.75	3	0	aromatic ether; benzazepine; carbobicyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	cardiotonic drug
embusartan [no description available]	4.63	6	1
mk 996 MK 996: an AT1-selective angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	4.01	4	0
ba 41899 BA 41899: a 1,5-benzodiazocine derivative; a positive inotropic Ca(2+)-sensitizing agent; CGP-48506 is the (+)-isomer; CGP-48508 is the (-)-isomer; structure given in first source	3.14	1	0
isoteolin isoteolin: mixture of isomers isoboldine (RN 3019-51-0) & bracteoline (RN 25651-04-1)	1.96	1	0	aporphine alkaloid
18-ethynyldeoxycorticosterone [no description available]	1.98	1	0
h 77 H 77: angiotensinogen (6-13)-octapeptide in which the peptide bond -CO-NH- at the Leu(9)-Leu(11) linkage is replaced by a -CH2-NH- bond; RN given refers to (D)-isomer	4.46	7	0
mdl 100240 MDL 100240: a prodrug of MDL 100173; MDL 100142 is the (R)-isomer; MDL 100240 is the (S)-isomer; structure in first source	10.04	5	2
febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout.	8.79	3	0	1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile	EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
butoxamine Butoxamine: A beta-2 selective adrenergic antagonist. It is used primarily in animal and tissue experiments to characterize BETA-2 ANDRENERGIC RECEPTORS.	1.96	1	0
triiodothyronine L-homocysteine thiolactone : A thiolactone arising from formal condensation of the mercapto (sulfanyl) and carboxylic acid groups of L-homocysteine.	2.03	1	0	tetrahydrothiophenes; thiolactone	human metabolite
aspartame [no description available]	2.11	1	0	carboxylic acid; dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide; methyl ester	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; micronutrient; nutraceutical; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
cycloastragenol [no description available]	2.21	1	0
h 142 H 142: decapeptide inhibitor of human renin; RN given refers to all L-isomer	5.36	4	1
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	14.52	245	12	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cucurbitaceae Cucurbitaceae: The gourd plant family of the order Violales, subclass Dilleniidae, class Magnoliopsida. It is sometimes placed in its own order, Cucurbitales. 'Melon' generally refers to CUCUMIS; CITRULLUS; or MOMORDICA.	2.17	1	0
3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2h)-isoquinolinone 3,4-dihydro-5-methyl-1(2H)-isoquinolinone: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	isoquinolines
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2	1	0
aclacinomycin aklavin: antibiotic prepared from culture liquids of streptomycete (A 1129); possessing antiphage activity; structure. aclacinomycin T : An anthracycline that is aklavinone having an alpha-L-rhodosaminyl residue attached at position 4 via a glycosidic linkage.	6.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; methyl ester; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; polyketide; tertiary alcohol; tetracenequinones; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer).	2.88	3	0	azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound	anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite
alanine-4-nitroanilide alanine-4-nitroanilide: substrate for aminopeptidase M	2.03	1	0
4-aminophenylalanine 4-aminophenylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-amino-L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of 4-aminophenylalanine.. 4-aminophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine carrying an amino group at position 4 on the benzene ring.	2.01	1	0	4-aminophenylalanine; amino acid zwitterion
conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH).	3.15	1	0	benzazepine	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
cariporide cariporide: a selective sodium-hydrogen exchange subtype 1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.94	4	0
tezosentan tezosentan: structure in first source	2.74	3	0
evodiamine [no description available]	2	1	0	beta-carbolines
histidylproline His-Pro : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-proline residues.	2.39	2	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents.	2.41	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug
mn(iii) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(n-methylpyridinium-2-yl)porphyrin [no description available]	2.04	1	0
ruboxistaurin ruboxistaurin: inhibits protein kinase C beta; structure in first source	3.84	2	1
phorbols Phorbols: The parent alcohol of the tumor promoting compounds from CROTON OIL (Croton tiglium).	3.76	11	0	diterpene; terpenoid fundamental parent
xamoterol Xamoterol: A phenoxypropanolamine derivative that is a selective beta-1-adrenergic agonist.	5.67	3	1	morpholines
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.67	3	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
birb 796 [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aromatic ether; morpholines; naphthalenes; pyrazoles; ureas	EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.53	8	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
satavaptan satavaptan: a vasopressin V2 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2	1	0
25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol 25-hydroxyprotopanaxadiol: anti-cancer ginsenoside; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866	9.93	69	3	biphenylyltetrazole	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
edotreotide Edotreotide: DOTA - 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecanetetracetic acid; structure given in first source; may be labelled with various radioisotopes	4.72	1	1
torcetrapib [no description available]	2.51	2	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; carbamate ester; quinolines	anticholesteremic drug; CETP inhibitor
celastrol methyl ester celastrol methyl ester: isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii; potent inhibitory activity on both Kir2.1 and ERG1 potassium channels, leading to LONG QT SYNDROME	2.6	1	0	carboxylic ester
atrasentan Atrasentan: A pyrrolidine and benzodioxole derivative that acts a RECEPTOR, ENDOTHELIN A antagonist. It has therapeutic potential as an antineoplastic agent and for the treatment of DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES.	5.08	16	0	pyrrolidines
singlet oxygen Singlet Oxygen: An excited state of molecular oxygen generated photochemically or chemically. Singlet oxygen reacts with a variety of biological molecules such as NUCLEIC ACIDS; PROTEINS; and LIPIDS; causing oxidative damages.	2.25	1	0	chalcogen; monoatomic oxygen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
cryptotanshinone cryptotanshinone: from Salvia miltiorrhiza	2.1	1	0	abietane diterpenoid	anticoronaviral agent
cyc 202 seliciclib : 2,6-Diaminopurine carrying benzylamino, (2R)-1-hydroxybutan-2-yl and isopropyl substituents at C-6, C-2-N and N-9 respectively. It is an experimental drug candidate in the family of pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors.	2.73	3	0	2,6-diaminopurines	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.11.22 (cyclin-dependent kinase) inhibitor
angiotensin ii, asp(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Asp(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to (L-Asp-L-Val)-isomer	4.23	18	0
prostaglandins b Prostaglandins B: Physiologically active prostaglandins found in many tissues and organs. They are potent pressor substances and have many other physiological activities.	2.36	2	0
leonurine leonurine: has neuroprotective activity; isolated from leaves of Leonurus artemisia; has uterotonic effect; structure	3.37	5	0	trihydroxybenzoic acid
ampelopsin ampelopsin: hepatoprotective agent; isolated from Hovenia dulcis; RN given for (2R-trans)-isomer; structure in first source. (+)-dihydromyricetin : An optically active form of dihydromyricetin having (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.11	1	0	dihydromyricetin; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
lysyl-tryptophyl-alpha-lysine lysyl-tryptophyl-alpha-lysine: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to (all-L)-isomer; KWK-CO2 is the positively charged oligopeptide	1.98	1	0	oligopeptide
platycodin d platycodin D: triterpenoid saponin from a root of Platycodon grandiflorum; RN refers to (2beta,3beta,16alpha)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	triterpenoid saponin	metabolite
tibalosin tibalosin: structure given in first source	3.35	1	1
asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration.	7.31	1	0	5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole
sclareol sclareol: structure given in first source. sclareol : A labdane diterpenoid that is labd-14-ene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 8 and 13. It has been isolated from Salvia sclarea.	7.6	1	0	labdane diterpenoid	antifungal agent; antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; fragrance; plant metabolite
renin inhibitory peptide, 4-amino-5-cyclohexyl-3-hydroxypentanoic acid [no description available]	2.67	3	0
neurokinin a (4-10), nle(10)- [no description available]	2.15	1	0
substance p, sar(9)-met(o2)(11)- substance P, Sar(9)-Met(O2)(11)-: a neurokinin-1 receptor agonist	2.15	1	0
angiotensin ii (3-7) [no description available]	8.94	13	0
bradykinin, sar-(d-phe(8))des-arg(9) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
trityrosine trityrosine: structure in first source	1.99	1	0
thymidine 5'-4-nitrophenyl phosphate thymidine 5'-4-nitrophenyl phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd. p-nitrophenyl thymidine 5'-monophosphate : A pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate that is the mono-p-nitrophenyl ester of thymidine 5'-monophosphate.	2.44	2	0	aryl phosphate; C-nitro compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate
19-norcorticosterone [no description available]	3.1	1	0
diadenosine triphosphate [no description available]	2.68	3	0	diadenosyl triphosphate	mouse metabolite
technetium tc 99m pentetate Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate: A technetium imaging agent used in renal scintigraphy, computed tomography, lung ventilation imaging, gastrointestinal scintigraphy, and many other procedures which employ radionuclide imaging agents.	2.67	3	0
2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-n-oxide-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxide-4-amino-4-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.73	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
ec 27 [no description available]	2.69	3	0
nardosinone nardosinone: sesquiterpene peroxide; structure	7.08	1	0
symmetric dimethylarginine N(omega),N'(omega)-dimethyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative having two methyl groups at the N(omega)- and N'(omega)-positions	2.06	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dimethylarginine; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor
17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS.	2.03	1	0	corticosteroid hormone
aminochrome 1 dopaminechrome: structure given in first source. dopaminechrome (enol form) : A member of the class of indolones that is 3,5-dihydro-2H-indole substituted by an oxo group at position 5 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. dopaminechrome (keto form) : A member of the class of indoledione that is 2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-1H-indole carrying oxo groups at positions 5 and 6; major microspecies at pH 7.3. It is an endogenous compound formed during dopamine oxidation and can induce neurotoxicity under certain aberrant conditions and induce Parkinson-like syndrome.	2	1	0	indoledione; orthoquinones	neurotoxin
21-deoxyaldosterone 21-deoxyaldosterone: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer	1.98	1	0
prorenone prorenone: RN given refers to (6 beta,7 beta,17 beta)-isomer	2.37	2	0
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-val(5)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Val(5)-: RN given refers to L-Val	2.88	4	0
angiotensin pentapeptide [no description available]	2.69	3	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	10.04	13	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
argipressin,beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-val(4)- argipressin,beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-Val(4)-: potent, selective inhibitor of vasopressor response to arginine vasopressin	1.96	1	0
(4r)-3-((2s)-3-mercapto-2-methylpropanoyl)-4- thiazolidinecarboxylic acid [no description available]	2.65	3	0
magnesium-pyridoxal-5'-phosphate glutamate [no description available]	1.99	1	0
6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f1alpha 6,15-diketo-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F1alpha: prostacyclin metabolite; RN given refers to (9alpha,11alpha)-isomer	2.36	2	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	14.79	183	0
sb 203580 [no description available]	5.1	42	0	imidazoles; monofluorobenzenes; pyridines; sulfoxide	EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
sb 216763 [no description available]	2.53	2	0	indoles; maleimides
zm 241385 ZM 241385: a high affinity radioligand selective for the A2a adenosine receptor	2.44	2	0	diamino-1,3,5-triazine
erlotinib hydrochloride [no description available]	2.52	2	0	hydrochloride; terminal acetylenic compound	antineoplastic agent; protein kinase inhibitor
cilengitide Cilengitide: an alphaVbeta3 integrin antagonist that paralyzes cancer cells	2.21	1	0	oligopeptide
corynoline corynoline : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid that is chelidonine substituted by a methyl group at position 13. Isolated from the aerial parts of Corydalis incisa, it acts as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and also exhibits antineoplastic and hepatoprotective activity.	2.41	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; cyclic acetal; isoquinolines; organic heterohexacyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
lu 135252 [no description available]	6.72	13	1
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	6.35	4	1	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
antalarmin antalarmin : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is 7H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-amine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2, 5, and 6, by a mesityl group at position 7, and in which the amino substituent at position 4 has been substituted by ethyl and butyl groups. It is an antagonist of corticotropin-releasing factor 1 (CRF-1) receptors (Ki = 1 nM).	2.03	1	0	pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist
me 3221 ME 3221: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
ly 231617 LY 231617: structure given in first source; LY 231617 is the HCl salt; RN given refers to the parent compound	1.99	1	0
dizocilpine [no description available]	2.15	1	0	secondary amino compound; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
l 158809 L 158809: RN & structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	6.72	74	0
propargylglycine propargylglycine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.11	1	0
emd 53998 EMD 53998: EMD 53998 is racemic; EMD 57439 is the (-)-isomer; EMD 57033 is the (+)-isomer	3.14	1	0
aspartimide aspartimide: formed under acid or basic conditions in the synthesis of aspartic acid-containing peptides	2.1	1	0	dicarboximide; primary amino compound; pyrrolidinone	Maillard reaction product
histidylleucine His-Leu : A dipeptide formed from L-histidine and L-leucine residues.	1.96	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
ceronapril ceronapril: structure given in first source; RN given for (S)-isomer	2.9	4	0	N-acyl-amino acid
cp 71362 [no description available]	2	1	0
es 8891 ES 8891: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-o-(1-thiotriphosphate) 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure.	2.15	1	0
s 8308 S 8308: inhibits binding of angiotensin II to its receptors; structure given in first source	4.17	5	0	organic molecular entity
anabasine Anabasine: A piperidine botanical insecticide.. (S)-anabasine : The (S)-enantiomer of anabasine.. anabasine : A pyridine alkaloid that is pyridine substituted by a piperidin-2-yl group at position 3.	1.98	1	0	anabasine
bmy 7378 [no description available]	2.93	4	0
nk3201 NK3201: inhibits vascular proliferation in grafted vein	4.23	5	0
deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions.	2.06	1	0	benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles	iron chelator
bms204352 BMS204352: a calcium-sensitive opener of maxi-K potassium channels; structure in first source	2.06	1	0
dabigatran Dabigatran: A THROMBIN inhibitor which acts by binding and blocking thrombogenic activity and the prevention of thrombus formation. It is used to reduce the risk of stroke and systemic EMBOLISM in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.. dabigatran : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{[(4-carbamimidoylphenyl)amino]methyl}-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazole-5-carboxylic acid with the secondary amoino group of N-pyridin-2-yl-beta-alanine. The active metabolite of the prodrug dabigatran etexilate, it acts as an anticoagulant which is used for the prevention of stroke and systemic embolism.	2.61	2	0	aromatic amide; benzimidazoles; beta-alanine derivative; carboxamidine; pyridines	anticoagulant; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor
tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	benzodioxoles
tolvaptan [no description available]	8.63	2	0	benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide	aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist
lenalidomide [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator
cholic acid Cholic Acid: A major primary bile acid produced in the liver and usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. It facilitates fat absorption and cholesterol excretion.. cholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid bearing three alpha-hydroxy substituents at position 3, 7 and 12.	1.99	1	0	12alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid; 7alpha-hydroxy steroid; bile acid; C24-steroid; trihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
erythritol [no description available]	1.95	1	0	butane-1,2,3,4-tetrol	antioxidant; human metabolite; plant metabolite
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	4.6	6	1	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
estradiol 3-benzoate 17beta-estradiol 3-benzoate : A benzoate ester resulting from the formal condensation of benzoic acid with the phenolic hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol.	2.41	2	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; benzoate ester	estrogen receptor agonist; xenoestrogen
cortisone [no description available]	5.06	14	0	11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fludrocortisone acetate fludrocortisone acetate : An acetate ester resulting from the formal condensation of the primary hydroxy group of fludrocortisone with acetic acid. A synthetic corticosteroid, it has glucocorticoid actions about 10 times as potent as hydrocortisone, while its mineralocorticoid actions are over 100 times as potent. It is used in partial replacement therapy for primary and secondary adrenocortical insufficiency in Addison's disease and for the treatment of salt-losing adrenal hyperplasia.	4.61	3	2	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetate ester; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	5.05	40	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
sodium sulfide sodium sulfide: see also record for sodium bisulfide; actisoufre is the sodium sulfide component of sulfur-containing thermal springs which is also found in Saccharomyces cerevisiae	1.97	1	0
19-hydroxy-4-androstene-3,17-dione [no description available]	3.06	5	0	17-oxo steroid; 19-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; androstanoid	mouse metabolite
nsc 74859 NSC 74859: inhibits Stat3 binding activity; structure in first source. S3I-201 : An amidobenzoic acid obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of [(4-methylbenzene-1-sulfonyl)oxy]acetic acid with the amino group of 4-amino-2-hydroxybenzoic acid.	2.53	2	0	amidobenzoic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; tosylate ester	STAT3 inhibitor
anisomycin Anisomycin: An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.. (-)-anisomycin : An antibiotic isolated from various Streptomyces species. It interferes with protein and DNA synthesis by inhibiting peptidyl transferase or the 80S ribosome system.	2.41	2	0	monohydroxypyrrolidine; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; bacterial metabolite; DNA synthesis inhibitor; protein synthesis inhibitor
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	5.26	52	0
metribolone Metribolone: A synthetic non-aromatizable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.. 17beta-hydroxy-17-methylestra-4,9,11-trien-3-one : A synthetic non-aromatisable androgen and anabolic steroid. It binds strongly to the androgen receptor and has therefore also been used as an affinity label for this receptor in the prostate and in prostatic tumors.	2.02	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid	androgen
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	3.35	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
wortmannin [no description available]	5.11	43	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
ibogaine Ibogaine: One of several indole alkaloids extracted from Tabernanthe iboga, Baill. It has a complex pharmacological profile, and interacts with multiple systems of neurotransmission. Ibogaine has psychoactive properties and appears to modulate tolerance to opiates.. ibogaine : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is ibogamine in which the indole hydrogen para to the indole nitrogen has been replaced by a methoxy group.	1.96	1	0
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	3.35	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid: metabolite of caffeic acid; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 3-phenylpropionic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4. Also known as dihydrocaffeic acid, it is a metabolite of caffeic acid and exhibits antioxidant activity.	2.07	1	0	(dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid	antioxidant; human xenobiotic metabolite
taurochenodeoxycholic acid Taurochenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of chenodeoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It acts as detergent to solubilize fats in the small intestine and is itself absorbed. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurochenodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurochenodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. taurochenodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of chenodeoxycholic acid.	2.97	4	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
bortezomib [no description available]	5.88	6	1	amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines	antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor
jib-04 JIB-04: structure in first source	2.25	1	0
bardoxolone methyl methyl 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0	cyclohexenones
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	15.36	63	6
protoverin Protoveratrines: Mixtures of closely related hypotensive alkaloids from Veratrum album (Liliaceae). They have been used in the treatment of hypertension but have largely been replaced by drugs with fewer adverse effects.	3.04	1	0
germine germine: alkamine; present in many polyester alkaloids which occur in Veratrum & Zydadenus species; may be used medically as an antihypertensive agent; minor descriptor (75-83); on-line & Index Medicus search CEVANES (75-83); RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	3.52	8	0
carboplatin [no description available]	7	1	0
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	3.59	9	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
s-adenosylhomocysteine S-Adenosylhomocysteine: 5'-S-(3-Amino-3-carboxypropyl)-5'-thioadenosine. Formed from S-adenosylmethionine after transmethylation reactions.. S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine : An organic sulfide that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-homocysteine.	2.25	1	0	adenosines; amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine derivative; homocysteines; organic sulfide	cofactor; EC 2.1.1.72 [site-specific DNA-methyltransferase (adenine-specific)] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.79 (cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase) inhibitor; epitope; fundamental metabolite
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	4.11	16	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.96	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
mannose-6-phosphate beta-D-mannose 6-phosphate : A D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	3.1	1	0	D-mannopyranose 6-phosphate
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	11.4	13	1	peptide
bradykinin [no description available]	20.87	1,097	28	oligopeptide	human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.9	4	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
glucosamine 6-phosphate glucosamine 6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose 6-phosphate	human metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
elastin [no description available]	8.74	77	0	oligopeptide
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	3.96	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
mevalonic acid Mevalonic Acid: A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid and precursor in the biosynthetic pathway known as the mevalonate pathway, which produces terpenes and steroids that are vital for diverse cellular functions.. mevalonic acid : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-mevalonic acid.. (R)-mevalonic acid : The (R)-enantiomer of mevalonic acid.	2.73	3	0	3,5-dihydroxy-3-methylpentanoic acid
raffinose Raffinose: A trisaccharide occurring in Australian manna (from Eucalyptus spp, Myrtaceae) and in cottonseed meal.. raffinose : A trisaccharide composed of alpha-D-galactopyranose, alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-fructofuranose joined in sequence by 1->6 and 1<->2 glycosidic linkages, respectively.	1.98	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; trisaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.08	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	2.6	1	0
oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour.	13.37	228	2	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone	oxytocic; vasodilator agent
theanine theanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; precursor of ethylamine; found in green tea. N(5)-ethyl-L-glutamine : A N(5)-alkylglutamine where the alkyl group is ethyl. It has been isolated from green tea.	7.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; N(5)-alkyl-L-glutamine	geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid: from S. miltiorhiza Bge; dilates coronary artery; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.02	1	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; catechols
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	11.07	167	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	11.14	147	1	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
amastatin amastatin: structure; inhibits aminopeptidase. amastatin : A tetrapeptide comprising (2S,3R)-3-amino-2-hydroxy-5-methylhexanoyl, L-valyl, L-valyl and L-aspartic acid units joined in sequence	4.65	28	0	tetrapeptide	EC 3.4.11.* (aminopeptidase) inhibitor; protease inhibitor
casein hydrolysate casein hydrolysate: an ingredient of trypticase soy broth; casitone is a tryptic digest of casein	3.42	1	1
puromycin [no description available]	4.09	16	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
stachyose stachyose: RN given refers to parent cpd. stachyose : A tetrasaccharide consisting of sucrose having an alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->6)-alpha-D-galactosyl moiety attached at the 6-position of the glucose.	2	1	0	raffinose family oligosaccharide; tetrasaccharide	mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	2.59	2	0	taxifolin	metabolite
tosylphenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone Tosylphenylalanyl Chloromethyl Ketone: An inhibitor of Serine Endopeptidases. Acts as alkylating agent and is known to interfere with the translation process.. N-tosyl-L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone : The N-tosyl derivative of L-phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone.	2.39	2	0	alpha-chloroketone; sulfonamide	alkylating agent; serine proteinase inhibitor
pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia.	1.98	1	0	coformycins	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor
monoiodotyrosine Monoiodotyrosine: A product from the iodination of tyrosine. In the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (THYROXINE and TRIIODOTHYRONINE), tyrosine is first iodized to monoiodotyrosine.. iodotyrosine : A tyrosine derivative which has at least one iodo-substituent on the benzyl moiety.. monoiodotyrosine : An iodotyrosine carrying a single iodo substituent.. 3-iodo-L-tyrosine : The monoiodotyrosine that is L-tyrosine carrying an iodo-substituent at position C-3 of the benzyl group.	1.94	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-tyrosine derivative; monoiodotyrosine; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
taurolithocholic acid Taurolithocholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver from lithocholic acid conjugation with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It solubilizes fats for absorption and is itself absorbed. It is a cholagogue and choleretic.. taurolithocholic acid : The bile acid taurine conjugate of lithocholic acid.	2.68	3	0	bile acid taurine conjugate; monocarboxylic acid amide	human metabolite
nicotinamide-beta-riboside N-ribosylnicotinamide : A pyridine nucleoside consisting of nicotinamide with a beta-D-ribofuranosyl moiety at the 1-position.	2.25	1	0	N-glycosylnicotinamide; pyridine nucleoside	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	8.19	81	1	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
inositol 4-phosphate inositol 4-phosphate: RN given refers to (DL-myo)-isomer	1.97	1	0	inositol phosphate
adenosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) adenosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate): RN given refers to cpd with unspecified locant for thio group; see also records for 1-thio & 2-thio-isomers. adenosine 5'-[gamma-thio]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is ATP in which one of the oxygens attached to 3-phosphate group is replaced by sulfur.	2.68	3	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
cortodoxone Cortodoxone: 17,21-Dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione. A 17-hydroxycorticosteroid with glucocorticoid and anti-inflammatory activities.. 11-deoxycortisol : A deoxycortisol that is cortisol in which the hydroxy group at position 11 has been replaced by a hydrogen.	5.15	11	1	deoxycortisol; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
elymoclavine elymoclavine: ergot alkaloid isolated from cultures of fungi parasitic on Elymis mollis Trin; toxic alkaloid produced by Claviceps purpurea; structure	2.37	2	0	alkaloid
fructans (2->6)-beta-D-fructan : A fructan compound consisting of repeating (2->6)-beta-linked fructofuranose units.	2.1	1	0
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.1	1	0	cellotriose
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	3.75	3	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy.	3.67	10	0	cinchona alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	1.95	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	4.06	15	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain.	5.36	4	1	cardenolide glycoside	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
pentazocine Pentazocine: The first mixed agonist-antagonist analgesic to be marketed. It is an agonist at the kappa and sigma opioid receptors and has a weak antagonist action at the mu receptor. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1991, p97)	2.08	1	0	benzazocine
pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant.	1.95	1	0	acetate ester; steroid ester	cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
hyperforin hyperforin: a prenylated acylphloroglucinol derivative; antibiotic component of novoimanine; psychoactive agent in St. John's wort; Russian; structure;. hyperforin : A cyclic terpene ketone that is a prenylated carbobicyclic acylphloroglucinol derivative produced by St. John's Wort, Hypericum perforatum.	2.08	1	0
trimethaphan camsylate trimethaphan camsylate : The (S)-camphorsulfonate salt of trimethaphan.	2.37	2	0
indican [no description available]	2.07	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; exopolysaccharide; indolyl carbohydrate
ryanodine Ryanodine: A methylpyrrole-carboxylate from RYANIA that disrupts the RYANODINE RECEPTOR CALCIUM RELEASE CHANNEL to modify CALCIUM release from SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM resulting in alteration of MUSCLE CONTRACTION. It was previously used in INSECTICIDES. It is used experimentally in conjunction with THAPSIGARGIN and other inhibitors of CALCIUM ATPASE uptake of calcium into SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM.. ryanodine : An insecticide alkaloid isolated from South American plant Ryania speciosa.	4.3	19	0
ginsenoside re [no description available]	2.63	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; nephroprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
ginsenoside rg1 [no description available]	7.55	2	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	neuroprotective agent; pro-angiogenic agent
phorbol phorbol: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9b beta))-isomer; synonym isophorbol refers to (4a alpha)-isomer; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7143. phorbol : A diterpenoid with the structure of tigliane hydroxylated at C-4, -9, -12(beta), -13 and -20, with an oxo group at C-3 and unsaturation at the 1- and 6-positions.	1.97	1	0	cyclic ketone; enone; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid
picrotoxinin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; picrotoxane sesquiterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	GABA antagonist; plant metabolite; serotonergic antagonist
farrerol farrerol: expectorant principle isolated from leaves of Rhododendron dauricum L; structure	2.59	2	0	organic molecular entity	metabolite
genipin [no description available]	7.13	1	0	iridoid monoterpenoid	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cross-linking reagent; hepatotoxic agent; uncoupling protein inhibitor
naringin [no description available]	2.54	2	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
swertiamarin swertiamarin: seco-iridoid glucoside from Swertia japonica;	7.13	1	0	glycoside
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	2.39	2	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
lignans Lignans: A class of dibenzylbutane derivatives which occurs in higher plants and in fluids (bile, serum, urine, etc.) in man and other animals. These compounds, which have a potential anti-cancer role, can be synthesized in vitro by human fecal flora. (From Singleton & Sainsbury, Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, 2d ed)	4.1	14	0
schizandrin c schizandrin C: from Schizandra chinensis Baill & Fructus schisandrae; protects liver from carbon tetrachloride injury;	2.21	1	0	tannin
acriflavine Acriflavine: 3,6-Diamino-10-methylacridinium chloride mixt. with 3,6-acridinediamine. Fluorescent dye used as a local antiseptic and also as a biological stain. It intercalates into nucleic acids thereby inhibiting bacterial and viral replication.	2.21	1	0
acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal: a proteasome inhibitor. acetylleucyl-leucyl-norleucinal : A tripeptide composed of N-acetylleucyl, leucyl and norleucinal residues joined in sequence.	2.03	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	cysteine protease inhibitor
bq 485 BQ 485: an endothelin ET(A)receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.62	3	0	peptide
temocaprilat temocaprilat: the diacid of temocapril; active metabolite of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (CS-622); RN refers to (2S-(2alpha,6beta(R*))) isomer; structure in first source	4.09	3	1	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
bq 123 cyclo(Trp-Asp-Pro-Val-Leu): derived from the modification of a natural lead of BE-18257B, an endothelin A receptor antagonist; has neuroprotective activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	11.21	74	5	cyclic peptide
n-formylmethionine leucyl-phenylalanine N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine: A formylated tripeptide originally isolated from bacterial filtrates that is positively chemotactic to polymorphonuclear leucocytes, and causes them to release lysosomal enzymes and become metabolically activated.. N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine : A tripeptide composed of L-Met, L-Leu and L-Phe in a linear sequence with a formyl group at the amino terminus. It acts as a potent inducer of leucocyte chemotaxis and macrophage activator as well as a ligand for the FPR receptor.	4.18	5	0	tripeptide
teprotide Teprotide: A synthetic nonapeptide (Pyr-Trp-Pro-Arg-Pro-Gln-Ile-Pro-Pro) which is identical to the peptide from the venom of the snake, Bothrops jararaca. It inhibits kininase II and ANGIOTENSIN I and has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.	12.23	184	2	peptide
candoxatrilat candoxatrilat: USAN lists candoxatrilat (UK-73,967) with RN 123122-54-3. candoxatrilat : A dicarboxylic acid monoamide obtained by formal condensation between the amino group of cis-4-aminocyclohexanecarboxylic acid and the cyclopentanecarboxylic acid group of 1-[(2S)-2-carboxy-3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propyl]cyclopentanecarboxylic acid. A potent inhibitor of neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11), it is used as its 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester prodrug in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	4.33	2	2
diprenorphine Diprenorphine: A narcotic antagonist similar in action to NALOXONE. It is used to remobilize animals after ETORPHINE neuroleptanalgesia and is considered a specific antagonist to etorphine.	1.97	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
sodium arsenite sodium arsenite : An inoganic sodium salt with formula with formula NaAsO2.	2.15	1	0	arsenic molecular entity; inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; herbicide; insecticide; rodenticide
mepirodipine mepirodipine: RN & structure given in first source; RN refers to (S,S)-isomer	1.98	1	0	dihydropyridine
eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	8.3	29	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester	aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent
temocapril hydrochloride temocapril hydrochloride: structure given in first source	5.97	14	2	dipeptide
ergonovine Ergonovine: An ergot alkaloid (ERGOT ALKALOIDS) with uterine and VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE contractile properties.. ergometrine : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is lysergamide in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amide nitrogen is substituted by a 1-hydroxypropan-2-yl group (S-configuration). An ergot alkaloid that has a particularly powerful action on the uterus, its maleate (and formerly tartrate) salt is used in the active management of the third stage of labour, and to prevent or treat postpartum of postabortal haemorrhage caused by uterine atony: by maintaining uterine contraction and tone, blood vessels in the uterine wall are compressed and blood flow reduced.	5.94	8	1	ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	diagnostic agent; fungal metabolite; oxytocic; toxin
vinpocetine vinpocetine: whole issue of Arzneim Forsch (23 articles) discuss this drug; Arzneim Forsch 26(10a);1976; RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation	2.98	4	0	alkaloid	geroprotector
colforsin daropate colforsin daropate: structure in first source. colforsin daropate : A carboxylic ester resuting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N,N-dimethyl-beta-alanine with the 6-hydroxy group of forskolin. It is an adenylate cyclase activator.	7.02	1	0	acetate ester; carboxylic ester; cyclic ketone; diol; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	adenylate cyclase agonist; antihypertensive agent; cardiotonic drug; vasodilator agent
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.55	8	0	cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.5	2	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
tapi-2 TAPI-2: analog of TAPI inhibitor with the naphthyl-alanine side chain replaced by a tert-butyl group	2.11	1	0
trichostatin a trichostatin A: chelates zinc ion in the active site of histone deacetylases, resulting in preventing histone unpacking so DNA is less available for transcription; do not confuse with TRICHOSANTHIN which is a protein; found in STREPTOMYCES	8.58	8	0	antibiotic antifungal agent; hydroxamic acid; trichostatin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; geroprotector
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	4.3	18	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	10.72	181	1	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
prostaglandin h2 Prostaglandin H2: A cyclic endoperoxide intermediate produced by the action of CYCLOOXYGENASE on ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is further converted by a series of specific enzymes to the series 2 prostaglandins.	4.32	6	0	olefinic compound; oxylipin; prostaglandins H; secondary alcohol	mouse metabolite
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.03	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
phosphoramidon phosphoramidon: a membrane metallo-endopeptidase & endothelin-converting enzyme inhibitor; thermolysin inhibitor from culture filtrate of Streptomyces tanashiensis; structure. phosphoramidon : A dipeptide isolated from the cultures of Streptomyces tanashiensis.	8.86	12	0	deoxyaldohexose phosphate; dipeptide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.24.11 (neprilysin) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.71 (endothelin-converting enzyme 1) inhibitor
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	5.04	38	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).	4.5	7	0	retinol; vitamin A	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	1.98	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	5.23	16	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	5.45	19	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
phenylalanine amide phenylalanine amide: inhibits an isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase; RN given for cpd without isomeric designation. L-phenylalanine amide : An amino acid amide derived from L-phenylalanine.	6.94	1	0	amino acid amide; phenylalanine derivative
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	7.78	3	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity.	11.95	7	2	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic)
rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer).	2.03	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	7.69	88	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	3.93	13	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
thapsigargin Thapsigargin: A sesquiterpene lactone found in roots of THAPSIA. It inhibits SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM CALCIUM-TRANSPORTING ATPASES.. thapsigargin : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a hexa-oxygenated 6,7-guaianolide isolated fron the roots of Thapsia garganica L., Apiaceae. A potent skin irritant, it is used in traditional medicine as a counter-irritant. Thapsigargin inhibits Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase mediated uptake of calcium ions into sarcoplasmic reticulum and is used in experimentation examining the impacts of increasing cytosolic calcium concentrations.	5.78	87	0	butyrate ester; organic heterotricyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	calcium channel blocker; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases.	5.14	14	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic
tetragastrin Tetragastrin: L-Tryptophyl-L-methionyl-L-aspartyl-L-phenylalaninamide. The C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin. It is the smallest peptide fragment of gastrin which has the same physiological and pharmacological activity as gastrin.. tetragastrin : A tetrapeptide composed of L-tryptophan, L-methione, L-aspartic acid and L-phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence.	2.39	2	0	peptidyl amide; tetrapeptide	anxiogenic; human metabolite
gw 6471 GW 6471: a PPARalpha antagonist; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
lycopene [no description available]	7.11	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections.	4.72	1	1	macrolide antibiotic	antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate: RN given refers to (E,E,E)-isomer. geranylgeranyl diphosphate : A polyprenol diphosphate having geranylgeranyl as the polyprenyl component.. 2-trans,6-trans,10-trans-geranylgeranyl diphosphate : The all-trans-isomer of geranylgeranyl diphosphate.	2.04	1	0	geranylgeranyl diphosphate	mouse metabolite
stigmatellin stigmatellin: isolated from myxobacterium Stigmatella aurantiaca; structure in first source. stigmatellin A : A member of the class of chromones that is isolated from Stigmatella aurantiaca Sg a15.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; chromones; olefinic compound; phenols	bacterial metabolite; quinol oxidation site inhibitor
gw 3965 GW 3965: a liver X receptor ligand	2.03	1	0	diarylmethane
t0901317 T0901317: an LXRalpha and LXRbeta agonist	2.74	3	0
hts 466284 HTS 466284: a TGFbeta-RI inhibitor; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	pyrazoles; pyridines; quinolines	TGFbeta receptor antagonist
n-(4-methoxybenzyl)-n'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea N-(4-methoxybenzyl)-N'-(5-nitro-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)urea: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
y 27632 Y 27632: RN given for di-HCl salt; inhibits Rho-associated protein kinase; inhibits calcium sensitization to affect smooth muscle relaxation; structure in first source. Y-27632 : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is trans-[(1R)-1-aminoethyl]cyclohexanecarboxamide in which one of the nitrogens of the aminocarbony group is substituted by a pyridine nucleus. It has been shown to exhibit inhibitory activity against Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) enzyme.	6.16	40	0	aromatic amide
adenosine-5'-(n-ethylcarboxamide) Adenosine-5'-(N-ethylcarboxamide): A stable adenosine A1 and A2 receptor agonist. Experimentally, it inhibits cAMP and cGMP phosphodiesterase activity.. N-ethyl-5'-carboxamidoadenosine : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by an N-ethylcarboxamido group.	3.13	5	0	adenosines; monocarboxylic acid amide	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; adenosine A2A receptor agonist; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
mln 4760 2-(1-carboxy-2-(3-(3,5-dichlorobenzyl)-3H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylamino)-4-methylpentanoic acid: MLN-4760 is the (S,S)-isomer; an ACE2 inhibitor; structure in first source. MLN-4760 : A L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which a hydrogen of the primary amino group is substituted by a (1S)-1-carboxy-3-methylbutyl group and the ring NH group is substituted by a 3,5-dichlorobenzyl group. It is a potent and selective human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) inhibitor (IC50 = 0.44 nM) which was in clinical development for the treatment of ulcerative colitis.	5	14	0	dichlorobenzene; L-histidine derivative; L-leucine derivative	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.4.17.23 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) inhibitor
prostaglandin d2 Prostaglandin D2: The principal cyclooxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid. It is released upon activation of mast cells and is also synthesized by alveolar macrophages. Among its many biological actions, the most important are its bronchoconstrictor, platelet-activating-factor-inhibitory, and cytotoxic effects.. prostaglandin D2 : A member of the class of prostaglandins D that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9 and 15 and an oxo group at position 11 (the 5Z,9alpha,13E,15S- stereoisomer).	4.4	21	0	prostaglandins D	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	10.62	25	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
epothilone a Epothilones: A group of 16-member MACROLIDES which stabilize MICROTUBULES in a manner similar to PACLITAXEL. They were originally found in the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum, now renamed to Polyangium (MYXOCOCCALES).	2.03	1	0	epothilone; epoxide	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent; tubulin modulator
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	4.1	15	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
imidazolidines [no description available]	7.41	22	6	azacycloalkane; imidazolidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
aclarubicin Aclarubicin: An anthracycline produced by Streptomyces galilaeus. It has potent antineoplastic activity.. aclacinomycin A : An anthracycline antibiotic that is produced by Streptomyces galilaeus and also has potent antineoplastic activity.	1.97	1	0	aminoglycoside; anthracycline; methyl ester; phenols; polyketide; tetracenequinones; trisaccharide derivative; zwitterion	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
thymopentin Thymopentin: Synthetic pentapeptide corresponding to the amino acids 32-36 of thymopoietin and exhibiting the full biological activity of the natural hormone. It is an immunomodulator which has been studied for possible use in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, AIDS, and other primary immunodeficiencies.	2.25	1	0	oligopeptide
decitabine [no description available]	2.08	1	0	2'-deoxyribonucleoside
phorbol-12,13-didecanoate phorbol-12,13-didecanoate: RN given refers to (1aR-(1a alpha,1b beta,4a beta,7a alpha,7b alpha,8 alpha,9 beta,9a alpha))-isomer	2.4	2	0
steviol steviol: aglucon of stevioside; RN given refers to (4alpha)-isomer. steviol : An ent-kaurane diterpenoid that is 5beta,8alpha,9beta,10alpha-kaur-16-en-18-oic acid in which the hydrogen at position 13 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	bridged compound; ent-kaurane diterpenoid; monocarboxylic acid; tertiary allylic alcohol; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	3.01	4	0
kt 5720 KT 5720: indolocarbazole; synthetic derivative of K 252a. KT 5720 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of hexyl (3S)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2R,3S,5S product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	2.7	3	0	carboxylic ester; gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; organic heterooctacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.11 (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	5.44	63	0	actinomycin	mutagen
gamma-sitosterol clionasterol : A member of the class of phytosterols that is poriferast-5-ene carrying a beta-hydroxy substituent at position 3.	2.88	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols	marine metabolite; plant metabolite
5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline 5-carboxy-8-hydroxyquinoline: a JmjC histone demethylase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	quinolines
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.02	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring.	6.96	1	0	L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	8.58	77	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde benzyloxycarbonylleucyl-leucyl-leucine aldehyde: proteasome inhibitor. N-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal : A tripeptide that is L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucine in which the C-terminal carboxy group has been reduced to the corresponding aldehyde and the N-terminal amino group is protected as its benzyloxycarbonyl derivative.	3.44	7	0	amino aldehyde; carbamate ester; tripeptide	proteasome inhibitor
acetylshikonin acetylshikonin: from roots of Boraginacea; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.17	1	0
lisofylline lisofylline: metabolite of pentoxifylline; structure given in first source. (R)-lisofylline : A 1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione that has (R)-configuration. A synthetic small molecule which was under development for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus.	7.01	1	0	1-(5-hydroxyhexyl)-3,7-dimethyl-3,7-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6-dione	anti-inflammatory agent; immunomodulator
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	9.88	11	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid 2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyloxy-3-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid
3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-n-oxyl 3-carbamoyl-2,2,5,5-tetramethyl-1-pyrrolidinyl-N-oxyl: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0	aminoxyls; pyrrolidinecarboxamide
dipyrone Dipyrone: A drug that has analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is the sodium sulfonate of AMINOPYRINE.. metamizole sodium : An organic sodium salt of antipyrine substituted at C-4 by a methyl(sulfonatomethyl)amino group, commonly used as a powerful analgesic and antipyretic.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	anti-inflammatory agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug; prodrug
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	enal
cholestane-3,5,6-triol cholestane-3,5,6-triol: structure; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.53	2	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
carbenoxolone sodium Carbenoxolone: An agent derived from licorice root. It is used for the treatment of digestive tract ulcers, especially in the stomach. Antidiuretic side effects are frequent, but otherwise the drug is low in toxicity.	4.47	7	0	triterpenoid
glycosides [no description available]	3.74	10	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	3.67	9	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.92	13	0	isomethyleugenol
piplartine piplartine: Antineoplastic Agent, Phytogenic; alkaloid from Piper; structure in first source	2.63	2	0	cinnamamides; dicarboximide
piperine piperine : A N-acylpiperidine that is piperidine substituted by a (1E,3E)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-5-oxopenta-1,3-dien-5-yl group at the nitrogen atom. It is an alkaloid isolated from the plant Piper nigrum.	2.15	1	0	benzodioxoles; N-acylpiperidine; piperidine alkaloid; tertiary carboxamide	food component; human blood serum metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor; plant metabolite
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	5.12	42	0	stilbene
isoliquiritigenin [no description available]	7.89	3	0	chalcones	antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; GABA modulator; geroprotector; metabolite; NMDA receptor antagonist
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.43	2	0
xanthohumol xanthohumol: from hop plant, Humulus lupulus. xanthohumol : A member of the class of chalcones that is trans-chalcone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 2' and 4', a methoxy group at position 6' and a prenyl group at position 3'. Isolated from Humulus lupulus, it induces apoptosis in human malignant glioblastoma cells.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; chalcones; polyphenol	anti-HIV-1 agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.3.1.20 (diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor; metabolite
cardamonin cardamonin: found in Zingiberaceae; structure in first source	7.1	1	0	chalcones
n-acetylneuraminoyllactose [no description available]	2.41	1	0
cannabidiol Cannabidiol: Compound isolated from Cannabis sativa extract.. cannabidiol : An cannabinoid that is cyclohexene which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1, a 2,6-dihydroxy-4-pentylphenyl group at position 3, and a prop-1-en-2-yl group at position 4.	2.31	1	0	olefinic compound; phytocannabinoid; resorcinols	antimicrobial agent; plant metabolite
lypressin Lypressin: The porcine antidiuretic hormone (VASOPRESSINS). It is a cyclic nonapeptide that differs from ARG-VASOPRESSIN by one amino acid, containing a LYSINE at residue 8 instead of an ARGININE. Lys-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.	6.97	24	1	cyclic peptide
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	18.88	774	33	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
sea 0400 SEA 0400: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
gw9662 2-chloro-5-nitrobenzanilide: pretreatment of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors with GW9662 results in the irreversible loss of ligand binding	3.87	11	0	benzamides
s 1033 [no description available]	2.06	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	2.4	2	0	phosphocholines	detergent
amygdalin [no description available]	7.31	1	0
trilostane trilostane: inhibits conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone; adrenal blocking agent used in treatment of Cushing's syndrome. trilostane : An epoxy steroid that is 3,17beta-dihydroxy-5alpha-androst-2-ene-2-carbonitrile in which the oxygen of the epoxy group is joined to the 4alpha and 5 alpha positions.	2.07	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; androstanoid; epoxy steroid; nitrile	abortifacient; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.210 [3beta(or 20alpha)-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase] inhibitor
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	2.9	4	0
canrenoic acid Canrenoic Acid: A synthetic pregnadiene derivative with anti-aldosterone activity.	4.28	7	0	3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; monocarboxylic acid; steroid acid
omapatrilat omapatrilat: structure in first source	12.8	12	3	dipeptide
tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine.	2.01	1	0	indolyl carboxylic acid
benidipine hydrochloride [no description available]	1.97	1	0
benidipine benidipine: RN refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer	2.04	1	0
tram 34 TRAM 34: inhibits IKCa1; structure in first source	2.48	2	0	organochlorine compound
propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group.	1.94	1	0	pyrimidinethione	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist
nsc 4347 NSC 4347: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
n(6)-cyclopentyladenosine [no description available]	3.26	6	0
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	3.76	10	0
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	7.39	2	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.	2.38	2	0	aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
methylthiouracil Methylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent that inhibits the synthesis of thyroid hormone. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism.	2.37	2	0	pyrimidone
sb 366791 N-(3-methoxyphenyl)-4-chlorocinnamanilide: a TRPV1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ag-213 tyrphostin 47: inhibits protein-tyrosine kinase activity of EGF-R both in vitro and in living cells;	2.39	2	0
3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene 3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene: demethyl derivative of isorhapontigenin; structure in first source; a Syk kinase inhibitor; found in heartwood of FABACEAE; inhibitor of photosynthesis in spinach chloroplasts; may be inhibitor of plant growth; RN given refers to (E)-isomer. piceatannol : A stilbenol that is trans-stilbene in which one of the phenyl groups is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4, while the other phenyl group is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 5.	2.42	2	0	catechols; polyphenol; resorcinols; stilbenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
bemesetron [no description available]	2.15	1	0
phenylthiourea Phenylthiourea: Phenylthiourea is a THIOUREA derivative containing a phenyl ring. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans can find it either bitter-tasting or tasteless.. N-phenylthiourea : A member of the class of thioureas that is thiourea in which one of the hydrogens is replaced by a phenyl group. Depending on their genetic makeup, humans find it either very bitter-tasting or tasteless. This unusual property resulted in N-phenylthiourea being used in paternity testing prior to the advent of DNA testing.	2.86	4	0	thioureas	EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	3.13	5	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
alpha-naphthyl thiourea alpha-naphthyl thiourea: structure	2.88	4	0	naphthalenes
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	1.98	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	4.23	16	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
2-thio-6-azathymine [no description available]	2.01	1	0
2-thioxanthene [no description available]	2.21	1	0
5-(4-ethylbenzylidene)-2-thioxothiazolidin-4-one [no description available]	2.15	1	0
thiohydantoins Thiohydantoins: Sulfur analogs of hydantoins with one or both carbonyl groups replaced by thiocarbonyl groups.	4.94	2	1
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.37	2	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
urb 597 cyclohexyl carbamic acid 3'-carbamoylbiphenyl-3-yl ester: a fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.45	2	0	biphenyls
cinnarizine Cinnarizine: A piperazine derivative having histamine H1-receptor and calcium-channel blocking activity with vasodilating and antiemetic properties but it induces PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS.	3.76	3	0	diarylmethane; N-alkylpiperazine; olefinic compound	anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; calcium channel blocker; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions.	2.01	1	0	monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide	analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	11.07	22	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
enclomiphene Enclomiphene: The trans or (E)-isomer of clomiphene.	3.37	1	1
metiamide Metiamide: A histamine H2 receptor antagonist that is used as an anti-ulcer agent.	2.64	3	0	imidazoles
3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone 3-((3-trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-5-((3-carboxyphenyl)methylene)-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone: a cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
oxazolone Oxazolone: Immunologic adjuvant and sensitizing agent.	2.06	1	0
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	5.4	3	1	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
fatostatin fatostatin: inhibits activation of SREBP; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	thiazoles
thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia.	1.96	1	0	2-aminopurines	anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
1,3-dimethylthiourea [no description available]	2.08	1	0
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	7.57	25	1	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
safranine t safranin O : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-diamino-2,8-dimethyl-5-phenylphenazin-5-ium as the counterion. It is commonly used for staining Gram negative bacteria.	2	1	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	8.15	45	1	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
thioacetamide Thioacetamide: A crystalline compound used as a laboratory reagent in place of HYDROGEN SULFIDE. It is a potent hepatocarcinogen.. thioacetamide : A thiocarboxamide consiting of acetamide having the oxygen replaced by sulfur.	3.06	4	0	thiocarboxamide	hepatotoxic agent
unithiol Unithiol: A chelating agent used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning.	1.95	1	0
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.71	3	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning.	2.01	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid	chelator
digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small.	10.47	32	2	cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
n-hydroxy-n'-(4-butyl-2-methylphenyl)formamidine HET0016: 20-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic Acid synthesis inhibitor	2.96	4	0	toluenes
capsazepine capsazepine: modified capsaicin molecule; a capsaicin receptor antagonist. capsazepine : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 7 and 8 and on the nitrogen atom by a 2-(p-chlorophenyl)ethylaminothiocarbonyl group. A synthetic analogue of capsaicin, it was the first reported capsaicin receptor antagonist.	2.46	2	0	benzazepine; catechols; monochlorobenzenes; thioureas	capsaicin receptor antagonist
tamoxifen [no description available]	5.07	9	1	stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
nadp [no description available]	13.11	51	0
hc-067047 HC-067047: a TRPA1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
stattic [no description available]	2.08	1	0	1-benzothiophenes; C-nitro compound; sulfone	antineoplastic agent; radiosensitizing agent; STAT3 inhibitor
krn 7000 KRN 7000: has an alpha-galactosylceramide structure; structure given in first source. alpha-galactosylceramide : A galactosylceramide in which the galactosyl residue has alpha anomeric conofiguration.. 1-O-(alpha-D-galactosyl)-N-hexacosanoylphytosphingosine : A glycophytoceramide having an alpha-D-galactosyl residue at the O-1 position and a hexacosanoyl group attached to the nitrogen.	2.21	1	0	glycophytoceramide; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylphytosphingosine	allergen; antigen; antineoplastic agent; epitope; immunological adjuvant
sirtinol [no description available]	2.06	1	0	aldimine; benzamides; naphthols	anti-inflammatory agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Sir2 inhibitor
methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan methyl-thiohydantoin-tryptophan: structure in first source	2.59	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
4,6-dimorpholino-n-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine 4,6-dimorpholino-N-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3,5-triazin-2-amine: an mTOR activator; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
10074-g5 10074-G5: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
zeranol Zeranol: A non-steroidal estrogen analog.	2.02	1	0	macrolide
rhyncophylline rhyncophylline: an oxindole; RN given refers to (7beta,16E,20alpha)-isomer	2.04	1	0
valinomycin Valinomycin: A cyclododecadepsipeptide ionophore antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fulvissimus and related to the enniatins. It is composed of 3 moles each of L-valine, D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleric acid, D-valine, and L-lactic acid linked alternately to form a 36-membered ring. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) Valinomycin is a potassium selective ionophore and is commonly used as a tool in biochemical studies.. valinomycin : A twelve-membered cyclodepsipeptide composed of three repeating D-alpha-hydroxyisovaleryl-D-valyl-L-lactoyl-L-valyl units joined in sequence. An antibiotic found in several Streptomyces strains.	8.35	7	0	cyclodepsipeptide; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; antiviral agent; bacterial metabolite; potassium ionophore
thiopental Thiopental: A barbiturate that is administered intravenously for the induction of general anesthesia or for the production of complete anesthesia of short duration.. thiopental : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of 2-thiobarbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.98	14	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative; xenobiotic
estrone sulfate estrone sulfate: sulfoconjugated estrone; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.06	1	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease.	4.83	4	2	C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound	anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
gomisin j gomisin J: a lignan from Schizandra fruits	7.11	1	0
toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue.	2.03	1	0	aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine	antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	5.7	30	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
rwj 67657 RWJ 67657: inhibits p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane.	2.15	1	0	iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt	cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist
cv 11194 CV 11194: structure given in first source; an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	1.98	1	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	11.27	77	10	alkali metal atom
thiobutabarbital thiobutabarbital: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.41	2	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	3.39	7	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	2.7	3	0	nitrogen oxide
nitromifene Nitromifene: A non-steroidal estrogen antagonist (as the 1:1 citrate) most commonly used as a research tool in animal studies.	2	1	0
dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units.	2.39	2	0	amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate
spiraprilat SCH 33861: RN given refers to (8S-(7(R(R)),8R*))-isomer. spiraprilat : An azaspiro compound that is spirapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid group. It is the active metabolite of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor spirapril.	1.97	1	0	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; dithioketal; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
droloxifene [no description available]	3.4	1	1	stilbenoid
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.83	3	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
quinine [no description available]	3.47	8	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
aprikalim [no description available]	2.41	2	0
zofenoprilate zofenoprilate: RN given refers to ((1(R*),2alpha,4alpha)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 9/90. zofenoprilat : A proline derivative that is 4-(phenylsulfanyl)-L-proline in which the amine proton is replaced by a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. The active metabolite of zofenopril.	2.08	1	0	aryl sulfide; L-proline derivative; N-acyl-L-amino acid; thiol	anticonvulsant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
surugatoxin surugatoxin: marine toxin isolated from japanese ivory shell, Babylonia japonica; structure	1.95	1	0	pteridines
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester [no description available]	3.8	11	0
rtki cpd RTKI cpd: preferentially inhibits human glioma cells expressing truncated rather than wild-type epidermal growth factor receptors	4.63	26	0
2,4-dinitrofluorobenzene sulfonic acid [no description available]	2.15	1	0
bradykinin, met-lys- [no description available]	2.66	3	0
pksi 527 PKSI 527: structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
8-bromoguanosino-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate [no description available]	2.4	2	0
thioperamide thioperamide: structure given in first source; histamine H3 receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0	primary aliphatic amine
l 158338 L 158338: structure given in first source; angiotensin receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0
cystine [no description available]	2.88	4	0
u-50488 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer: A non-peptide, kappa-opioid receptor agonist which has also been found to stimulate the release of adrenocorticotropin (ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE) via the release of hypothalamic arginine vasopressin (ARGININE VASOPRESSIN) and CORTICOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1997;280(1):416-21). U50488 : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation between the carboxy group of 3,4-dichlorophenylacetic acid and the secondary amino group of (1R,2R)-N-methyl-2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)cyclohexanamine	2.82	3	0	dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-alkylpyrrolidine	analgesic; antitussive; calcium channel blocker; diuretic; kappa-opioid receptor agonist
acth (11-24) [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dimoxamine dimoxamine: butyl analog of DOM (2-amino-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)propane)	1.95	1	0
ifetroban ifetroban: thromboxane receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; a 7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptane derivative	2.42	2	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid
methenolone Methenolone: A synthetic steroid that has been used for its anabolic action.	1.94	1	0	3-hydroxy steroid	androgen
safingol safingol: RN given refers to the (R-(R,S))-isomer	2	1	0	amino alcohol
ha 1100 HA 1100: intracellular calcium antagonist	2.01	1	0
zelandopam zelandopam: structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
oxalylglycine oxalylglycine: structure given in first source. N-oxalylglycine : An amino dicarboxylic acid that is iminodiacetic acid with an oxo substituent. It is used as an inhibitor of alpha-ketoglutarate dependent (EC 1.14.11.*) enzymes.	2.46	2	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.* (oxidoreductase acting on paired donors, 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, incorporating 1 atom each of oxygen into both donors) inhibitor
carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone carbonyl 3-chlorophenylhydrazone: inhibitor of ATP synthesis; inhibits iron-containing nitrile hydratases	2.1	1	0
4-azidophenylalanine 4-azidophenylalanine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer. 4-azido-L-phenylalanine : A 4-azidophenylalanine that has L-configuration. It is used as a bioorthogonal click-chemistry reagent.. 4-azidophenylalanine : A phenylalanine derivative that is phenylalanine substituted by an azido group at position 4.	2.03	1	0
dmp 811 DMP 811: angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	7.91	4	0
sr 144528 SR 144528: a CB2 cannabinoid receptor antagonist; structure in first source. SR 144528 : A secondary carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-(4-chloro-3-methylphenyl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid with the amino group of (1S,2S,4R)-1,3,3-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-amine. A potent and selective cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2 receptor) inverse agonist (Ki = 0.6 nM).	2.02	1	0	bridged compound; monochlorobenzenes; pyrazoles; secondary carboxamide	CB2 receptor antagonist; EC 2.3.1.26 (sterol O-acyltransferase) inhibitor
angiotensin i, ile(5)- [no description available]	2.88	4	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
angiotensin i, des-leu(10)- angiotensin I, des-Leu(10)-: major product of platelet-dependent angiotensin I metabolism; RN given refers to 5-Val cpd	2.89	4	0
7-o-ethyl fangchinoline 7-O-ethyl fangchinoline: RN given refers to the (1beta)-isomer;	1.97	1	0
oxytocin, phe(2)-orn(8)- oxytocin, Phe(2)-Orn(8)-: RN given refers to all (L)-isomer	1.97	1	0
angiotensin iii, 5-ile- [no description available]	2.88	4	0	peptide
ici 199441 ICI 199441: structure given in first source; RN refers to (monohydrochloride, (S))-isomer; a potent & selective kappa agonist	2.07	1	0
amanitins Amanitins: Cyclic peptides extracted from carpophores of various mushroom species. They are potent inhibitors of RNA polymerases in most eukaryotic species, blocking the production of mRNA and protein synthesis. These peptides are important in the study of transcription. Alpha-amanitin is the main toxin from the species Amanitia phalloides, poisonous if ingested by humans or animals.	2.37	2	0
cytellin cytellin: a phytosterol preparation of mainly B-sitosterol, that was marketed by Eli Lilly to lower cholesterol 1957 to 1982	2.53	2	0
salinomycin salinomycin: from Streptomyces albus; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.31	1	0	polyketide; spiroketal	animal growth promotant; potassium ionophore
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	4.12	14	0
argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-val(4)- argipressin, beta-mercapto beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid(1)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-Val(4)-: vasopressin antagonist	1.98	1	0
2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-n-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine 2-(4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine: A2 adenosine receptor agonist; structure given in first source. CGS-21680 : A derivative of adenosine in which the 5'-hydroxymethyl group is replaced by N-ethylcarboxamido and the hydrogen at position 2 on the adenine is replaced by a 4-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino group.	2.91	4	0	adenosines; dicarboxylic acid monoamide; monocarboxylic acid	adenosine A2A receptor agonist; anti-inflammatory agent
phosphothreonine Phosphothreonine: The phosphoric acid ester of threonine. Used as an identifier in the analysis of peptides, proteins, and enzymes.. O-phospho-L-threonine : A L-threonine derivative phosphorylated at the side-chain hydroxy function.	2.69	3	0	L-threonine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	3.73	10	0
nafadotride nafadotride: structure given in first source. nafadotride : A naphthalenecarboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of 4-cyano-1-methoxynaphthalene-2-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of 1-(1-butylpyrrolidin-2-yl]methanamine. It is a highly potent, competitive, preferential dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, centrally active upon systemic administration.	2.04	1	0	aromatic ether; naphthalenecarboxamide; nitrile; pyrrolidines; tertiary amino compound	dopaminergic antagonist
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	2.91	4	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
sto 609 STO 609: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	naphthoic acid
blister blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ketone; pyrroloquinoline; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	inhibitor
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	2.11	1	0
rs 100329 RS 100329: an alpha(1A)-adrenoceptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	piperazines
mtt formazan MTT formazan: a blue MEM-insoluble mitochondrial byproduct; used to determine viability of cells with active mitochondrial dehydrogenase enzymes	2	1	0
sb 242084 6-chloro-5-methyl-1-((2-(2-methylpyrid-3-yloxy)pyrid-5-yl)carbamoyl)indoline: 5-HT(2C) receptor inverse agonist (antagonist); structure in first source	2.01	1	0
l 663536 MK-886: orally active leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitor. 3-[3-(tert-butylsulfanyl)-1-(4-chlorobenzyl)-5-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-2,2-dimethylpropanoic acid : A member of the class of indoles that is 1H-indole substituted by a isopropyl group at position 5, a tert-butylsulfanediyl group at position 3, a 4-chlorobenzyl group at position 1 and a 2-carboxy-2-methylpropyl group at position 2. It acts as an inhibitor of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase.	3.26	6	0	aryl sulfide; indoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist
rs 102221 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	aromatic ketone
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.61	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
zinc protoporphyrin ix [no description available]	2.94	4	0
3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3h)-quinazolinone 3-(2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)-2-sulfanyl-4(3H)-quinazolinone: a mitochondrial division inhibitor	2.91	3	0
sb 225002 [no description available]	2.72	2	0	nitrophenol
a 61603 A 61603: a potent alpha1-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	tetralins
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	6.43	34	0
ferrostatin-1 ferrostatin-1: inhibits ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of nonapoptotic cell death; structure in first source. ferrostatin-1 : An ethyl ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 3-amino-4-(cyclohexylamino)benzoic acid with ethanol. It is a potent inhibitor of ferroptosis, a distinct non-apoptotic form of cell death caused by lipid peroxidation. It is also a radical-trapping antioxidant and has the ability to reduce the accumulation of lipid peroxides and chain-carrying peroxyl radicals.	7.76	2	0	ethyl ester; primary arylamine; substituted aniline	antifungal agent; antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radiation protective agent; radical scavenger
4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione 4-benzyl-2-methyl-1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione: a GSK3beta inhibitor. TDZD-8 : A member of the class of thiadiazolidines that is 1,2,4-thiadiazolidine-3,5-dione which is substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and by a benzyl group at position 4. It is a non-ATP competitive inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta). An experimental compound which was being developed for the potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease.	2.15	1	0	benzenes; thiadiazolidine	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.26 (tau-protein kinase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
minoxidil sulfate ester minoxidil sulfate ester: metabolite of minoxidil; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0
17-ketosteroids 17-Ketosteroids: Steroids that contain a ketone group at position 17.. 17-oxo steroid : Any oxo steroid carrying the oxo group at position 17.	4.83	11	0
d 609 [no description available]	2	1	0
pyrazolidine-3,5-dione pyrazolidine-3,5-dione: structure in first source	2	1	0
sc 560 SC560 : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole which is substituted at positions 1, 3 and 5 by 4-methoxyphenyl, trifluoromethyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups, respectively. Unlike many members of the diaryl heterocycle class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, SC-560 is selective for COX-1.	3.14	5	0	aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; pyrazoles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
sodium borohydride sodium borohydride: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.05	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; metal tetrahydridoborate
digitoxigenin Digitoxigenin: 3 beta,14-Dihydroxy-5 beta-card-20(22)enolide. A cardenolide which is the aglycon of digitoxin. Synonyms: Cerberigenin; Echujetin; Evonogenin; Thevetigenin.. digitoxigenin : A 5beta-cardenolide that is 5beta-cardanolide with hydroxy substituents at the 3beta- and 14beta-positions and double bond unsaturation at C(20)-C(22).	1.95	1	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid
osteoprotegerin Osteoprotegerin: A secreted member of the TNF receptor superfamily that negatively regulates osteoclastogenesis. It is a soluble decoy receptor of RANK LIGAND that inhibits both CELL DIFFERENTIATION and function of OSTEOCLASTS by inhibiting the interaction between RANK LIGAND and RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR-KAPPA B.	3.94	12	0	long-chain fatty acid
cathepsin g Cathepsin G: A serine protease found in the azurophil granules of NEUTROPHILS. It has an enzyme specificity similar to that of chymotrypsin C.	6.74	18	0
1-cyclohexyl-3-dodecylurea [no description available]	2.02	1	0
flosequinan [no description available]	3.39	1	1	quinolines
4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1h-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide 4-(5-benzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl-4-pyridin-2-yl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)benzamide: a TGF-beta type I receptor kinase activity inhibitor	3.01	4	0	benzamides; benzodioxoles; imidazoles; pyridines	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	2.69	3	0
7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole-phallacidin: fluorescent probe for actin	2.37	2	0
2-mercaptoacetate 2-mercaptoacetate: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.08	1	0	monocarboxylic acid anion
ex 527 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide: structure in first source. 6-chloro-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole-1-carboxamide : A member of the class of carbazoles that is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazole which is substituted at position 1 by an aminocarbohyl group and at position 6 by a chlorine.	2.54	2	0	carbazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide; organochlorine compound
benzyl cinnamate benzyl cinnamate: structure in first source. benzyl cinnamate : The cinnamate ester derived from cinnamic acid and benzyl alcohol. Occuring in Balsam of Peru and Tolu balsam, in Sumatra and Penang benzoin, and as the main constituent of copaiba balsam, it is used in heavy oriental perfumes, as a fixative and as a flavouring agent.	2.04	1	0	cinnamate ester	antigen; epitope; fixative; flavouring agent; fragrance
quercetin 3-o-glucuronide quercetin 3-O-glucuronide: structure in first source. miquelianin : A quercetin O-glycoside that consists of quercetin attached to a beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl moiety at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Salvia and Phaseolus vulgaris, it exhibits antioxidant and antidepressant activities.	2.01	1	0	beta-D-glucosiduronic acid; quercetin O-glycoside	antidepressant; antioxidant; metabolite
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	6.21	25	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.89	33	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	5.58	17	1	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
dinoprostone prostaglandin E2 : Prostaglandin F2alpha in which the hydroxy group at position 9 has been oxidised to the corresponding ketone. Prostaglandin E2 is the most common and most biologically potent of mammalian prostaglandins.	14.41	308	11	prostaglandins E	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; oxytocic
dinoprost Dinoprost: A naturally occurring prostaglandin that has oxytocic, luteolytic, and abortifacient activities. Due to its vasocontractile properties, the compound has a variety of other biological actions.. prostaglandin F2alpha : A prostaglandins Falpha that is prosta-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15. It is a naturally occurring prostaglandin used to induce labor.	11.6	152	4	monocarboxylic acid; prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.66	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
formononetin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
arachidonyltrifluoromethane arachidonyltrifluoromethane: structure given in first source; inhibits 85-kDa phospholipase A2. AACOCF3 : A fatty acid derivative that is arachidonic acid in which the OH part of the carboxy group has been replaced by a trifluoromethyl group	2.01	1	0	fatty acid derivative; ketone; olefinic compound; organofluorine compound	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor
acacetin 5,7-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyflavone : A monomethoxyflavone that is the 4'-methyl ether derivative of apigenin.	2.41	1	0	dihydroxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone	anticonvulsant; plant metabolite
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.48	2	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	6.22	9	1	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone 7,3'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxyisoflavone: isolated from Astragali radix; structure in first source. calycosin : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone which is substituted by an additional hydroxy group at the 3' position and a methoxy group at the 4' position.	2.57	2	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antioxidant; metabolite
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	8.39	7	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes	5.74	19	1	D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol	antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
scopoletin [no description available]	2.87	4	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
vitamin k semiquinone radical vitamin K semiquinone radical: found in active preparations of vitamin K-dependent carboxylase. vitamin K : Any member of a group of fat-soluble 2-methyl-1,4-napthoquinones that exhibit biological activity against vitamin K deficiency. Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of prothrombin and certain other blood coagulation factors.	2.37	2	0
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	3.18	5	0	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
11-cis-retinal Rhodopsin: A purplish-red, light-sensitive pigment found in RETINAL ROD CELLS of most vertebrates. It is a complex consisting of a molecule of ROD OPSIN and a molecule of 11-cis retinal (RETINALDEHYDE). Rhodopsin exhibits peak absorption wavelength at about 500 nm.. 11-cis-retinal : A retinal having 2E,4Z,6E,8E-double bond geometry.	3.12	5	0	retinal	chromophore; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene b4 Leukotriene B4: The major metabolite in neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes. It stimulates polymorphonuclear cell function (degranulation, formation of oxygen-centered free radicals, arachidonic acid release, and metabolism). (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene B4 : A leukotriene composed of (6Z,8E,10E,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid having (5S)- and (12R)-hydroxy substituents. It is a lipid mediator of inflammation that is generated from arachidonic acid via the 5-lipoxygenase pathway.	8.24	6	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leukotriene; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasoconstrictor agent
leukotriene c4 Leukotriene C4: The conjugation product of LEUKOTRIENE A4 and glutathione. It is the major arachidonic acid metabolite in macrophages and human mast cells as well as in antigen-sensitized lung tissue. It stimulates mucus secretion in the lung, and produces contractions of nonvascular and some VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene C4 : A leukotriene that is (5S,7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-5-hydroxyicosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid in which a glutathionyl group is attached at position 6 via a sulfide linkage.	9.5	5	1	leukotriene	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thromboxane a2 Thromboxane A2: An unstable intermediate between the prostaglandin endoperoxides and thromboxane B2. The compound has a bicyclic oxaneoxetane structure. It is a potent inducer of platelet aggregation and causes vasoconstriction. It is the principal component of rabbit aorta contracting substance (RCS).. thromboxane A2 : A thromboxane which is produced by activated platelets and has prothrombotic properties: it stimulates activation of new platelets as well as increases platelet aggregation.	12.31	116	5	epoxy monocarboxylic acid; thromboxanes A	mouse metabolite
hymecromone Hymecromone: A coumarin derivative possessing properties as a spasmolytic, choleretic and light-protective agent. It is also used in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES for the determination of NITRIC ACID.	2.15	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	antineoplastic agent; hyaluronic acid synthesis inhibitor
daphnetin [no description available]	2.41	1	0	hydroxycoumarin
8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic Acid: A 20-carbon-chain fatty acid, unsaturated at positions 8, 11, and 14. It differs from arachidonic acid, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid, only at position 5.. all-cis-icosa-8,11,14-trienoic acid : An icosatrienoic acid having three cis double bonds at positions 8, 11 and 14.	4.47	22	0	fatty acid 20:3; long-chain fatty acid	fungal metabolite; human metabolite; nutraceutical
alprostadil [no description available]	7.94	36	2	prostaglandins E	anticoagulant; human metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
5-hydroxy-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5(S)-HETE : A HETE having a (5S)-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.. 5-HETE : A HETE having a 5-hydroxy group and (6E)-, (8Z)-, (11Z)- and (14Z)-double bonds.	2.66	3	0	HETE	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa.	4.8	5	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D	bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide
stigmasterol stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol: isolated from freeze-dried powder of Blackberries (Rubus ursinus L.) which showed an activity on inhibition of chemocarcinogen. stigmasterol : A 3beta-sterol that consists of 3beta-hydroxystigmastane having double bonds at the 5,6- and 22,23-positions.	2.11	1	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; phytosterols; stigmastane sterol	plant metabolite
cholecalciferol Cholecalciferol: Derivative of 7-dehydroxycholesterol formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. It differs from ERGOCALCIFEROL in having a single bond between C22 and C23 and lacking a methyl group at C24.. calciol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is (5Z,7E)-9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a hydroxy group. It is the inactive form of vitamin D3, being hydroxylated in the liver to calcidiol (25-hydroxyvitamin D3), which is then further hydroxylated in the kidney to give calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3), the active hormone.	5.72	10	2	D3 vitamins; hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane; secondary alcohol; steroid hormone	geroprotector; human metabolite
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	2.73	3	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
kaempferol [no description available]	7.58	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; flavonols; tetrahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
leukotriene d4 Leukotriene D4: One of the biologically active principles of SRS-A. It is generated from LEUKOTRIENE C4 after partial hydrolysis of the peptide chain, i.e., cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl portion. Its biological actions include stimulation of vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, and increases in vascular permeability. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene D4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and a L-cysteinylglycinyl group at position 6 (6R).	4.01	4	0	dipeptide; leukotriene; organic sulfide	bronchoconstrictor agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
leukotriene e4 Leukotriene E4: A biologically active principle of SRS-A that is formed from LEUKOTRIENE D4 via a peptidase reaction that removes the glycine residue. The biological actions of LTE4 are similar to LTC4 and LTD4. (From Dictionary of Prostaglandins and Related Compounds, 1990). leukotriene E4 : A leukotriene that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5 (5S) and an L-cystein-S-yl group at position 6 (6R).	2	1	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; L-cysteine thioether; leukotriene; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; secondary alcohol
6-ketoprostaglandin f1 alpha 6-Ketoprostaglandin F1 alpha: The physiologically active and stable hydrolysis product of EPOPROSTENOL. Found in nearly all mammalian tissue.. 6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha that is prostaglandin F1alpha bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	15.6	113	4	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
6-ketoprostaglandin e1 6-ketoprostaglandin E1: potent direct dilator of pulmonary & systemic circulations of newborn lamb. 6-oxoprostaglandin E1 : A prostaglandin E that is prostaglandin E1 bearing a keto substituent at the 6-position.	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins E	metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
11-dehydro-thromboxane b2 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2: structure given in first source. 11-dehydro-thromboxane B2 : A thromboxane obtained by formal oxidation of the hemiacetal hydroxy function of thromboxane B2.	3.39	1	1	thromboxane	human metabolite
arachidonic acid omega-9 hydroperoxide 12-HPETE: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; 12-HPETE may be used inconsistently in literature as synonym for cpds with various tetraene-locants; caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries. 12(S)-HPETE : The (S)-enantiomer of 12-HPETE.	2.67	3	0	HPETE	mouse metabolite
lipoxin a4 lipoxin A4: an antifibrolytic agent; structure given in first source; a role in ASPIRIN antiinflammatory activity. lipoxin A4 : A C20 hydroxy fatty acid having (5S)-, (6R)- and (15S)-hydroxy groups as well as (7E)- (9E)-, (11Z)- and (13E)-double bonds.	2.44	2	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; lipoxin; long-chain fatty acid	human metabolite; metabolite
gamma-linolenic acid gamma-Linolenic Acid: An omega-6 fatty acid produced in the body as the delta 6-desaturase metabolite of linoleic acid. It is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid, a biosynthetic precursor of monoenoic prostaglandins such as PGE1. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). gamma-linolenic acid : A C18, omega-6 acid fatty acid comprising a linolenic acid having cis- double bonds at positions 6, 9 and 12.	7.89	4	0	linolenic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite
alpha-linolenic acid linolenic acid : A two-membered subclass of octadecatrienoic acid comprising the (9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (6Z,9Z,12Z)-isomers. Linolenic acids are nutrients essential to the formation of prostaglandins and are also used in making paints and synthetic resins.. linolenate : A polyunsaturated fatty acid anion obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of either alpha- or gamma-linolenic acid.	2.25	1	0	linolenic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
prostaglandin f1 prostaglandin F1: was EN to PROSTAGLANDINS F (75-81); RN given refers to (9 alpha,11 alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	3.48	8	0	prostaglandins Falpha	human metabolite
genistein [no description available]	6.98	71	1	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections.	3.22	6	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic	antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite
pyrvinium pyrvinium: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonyms vanquin & vankin refer to pamoate[2:1]; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7810. pyrvinium : A quinolinium ion that is 1-methylquinolinium substituted by dimethylamino group at position 6 and a (E)-2-(2,5-dimethyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrrol-3-yl)ethenyl at position 2. It is a anthelminthic drug active against pinworms. The salts of pyrvinium can also be used as anticancer agents.	2.11	1	0	quinolinium ion	anthelminthic drug; antineoplastic agent
eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure.	12.02	63	12	dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist	2.17	1	0	aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines	anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist
entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group.	7.01	1	0	2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile	antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor
paricalcitol [no description available]	4.64	4	0	hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane	antiparathyroid drug
butein [no description available]	2.01	1	0	chalcones; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; radiosensitizing agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
fucoxanthin fucoxanthin: RN given refers to (3S,3'S,5R,5'R,6S,6'R)-isomer. fucoxanthin : An epoxycarotenol that is found in brown seaweed and which exhibits anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-oxidative and neuroprotective properties.	2.6	1	0
lutein Lutein: A xanthophyll found in the major LIGHT-HARVESTING PROTEIN COMPLEXES of plants. Dietary lutein accumulates in the MACULA LUTEA.. xanthophyll : A subclass of carotenoids consisting of the oxygenated carotenes.	7.31	1	0	carotenol	food colouring; plant metabolite
geranylgeraniol (E,E,E)-geranylgeraniol : A geranylgeraniol in which all four double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.11	1	0	geranylgeraniol
esculetin esculetin: used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light; structure. esculetin : A hydroxycoumarin that is umbelliferone in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is used in filters for absorption of ultraviolet light.	3.16	5	0	hydroxycoumarin	antioxidant; plant metabolite; ultraviolet filter
humulene humulene: structure given in first source. (1E,4E,8E)-alpha-humulene : The (1E,4E,8E)-isomer of alpha-humulene.	4.88	2	1	alpha-humulene
harpagoside harpagoside: glycoside of a cyclopenta[c]pyran from root of S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #5281, 7th ed #9921; Harpagophytum extract WS 1531 is plant extract containing harpagoside; Antidiabetic Agent	7.31	1	0	terpene glycoside
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.5	2	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
baicalein [no description available]	4.07	15	0	trihydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.13.11.31 (arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor; EC 4.1.1.17 (ornithine decarboxylase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hormone antagonist; plant metabolite; prostaglandin antagonist; radical scavenger
diosmin [no description available]	2.52	2	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
fisetin [no description available]	7.44	2	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; 7-hydroxyflavonol; tetrahydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; metabolite; plant metabolite
hyperoside quercetin 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranoside : A quercetin O-glycoside that is quercetin with a beta-D-galactosyl residue attached at position 3. Isolated from Artemisia capillaris, it exhibits hepatoprotective activity.	2.94	3	0	beta-D-galactoside; monosaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
3-methylquercetin isorhamnetin : A monomethoxyflavone that is quercetin in which the hydroxy group at position 3' is replaced by a methoxy group.	3	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; monomethoxyflavone; tetrahydroxyflavone	anticoagulant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; metabolite
kuwanon h kuwanon H: a non-peptide bombesin receptor antagonist; RN refers to (1S-(1alpha,5alpha,6beta))-isomer; structure given in first source. kuwanone H : A tetrahydroxyflavone isolated from the plant species of the genus Morus.	2	1	0	resorcinols; tetrahydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
morusin morusin: from Morus root bark; structure given in first source. morusin : An extended flavonoid that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4', a prenyl group at position 3 and a 2,2-dimethyl pyran group across positions 7 and 8.	2	1	0	extended flavonoid; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
myricetin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.75	3	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
caffeic acid phenethyl ester phenethyl caffeate : An alkyl caffeate ester in which 2-phenylethyl is the alkyl component.	2.41	2	0	alkyl caffeate ester	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiviral agent; immunomodulator; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
licoisoflavone a licoisoflavone A: from Sophra mooracroftiana; structure in first source. licoisoflavone A : A member of the class of 7-hydroxyisoflavones that is 7-hydroxyisoflavone substituted by additional hydroxy groups at positions 5, 2' and 4' and a prenyl group at position 3'.	2.25	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	7.94	3	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
salvianolic acid a salvianolic acid A: a nootropic depside from Salvia miltiorrhizia	7.79	3	0	stilbenoid
wedelolactone wedelolactone: antihepatotoxic coumestan from Eclipta prostrata and Wedelia calendulacea (both Asteraceae); structure given in first source. wedelolactone : A member of the class of coumestans that is coumestan with hydroxy substituents as positions 1, 8 and 9 and a methoxy substituent at position 3.	2.21	1	0	aromatic ether; coumestans; delta-lactone; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
rottlerin rottlerin: an angiogenesis inhibitor; an inhibitor of protein kinase Cdelta (PKCdelta) and calmodulin kinase III; RN refers to (E)-isomer; do not confuse this chalcone with an anthraquinone that is also called rottlerin (RN 481-72-1);. rottlerin : A chromenol that is 2,2-dimethyl-2H-chromene substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5 and 7, a 3-acetyl-2,4,6-trihydroxy-5-methylbenzyl group at position 6 and a (1E)-3-oxo-1-phenylprop-1-en-3-yl group at position 8. A potassium channel opener, it is isolated from Mallotus philippensis.	3.28	6	0	aromatic ketone; benzenetriol; chromenol; enone; methyl ketone	anti-allergic agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; K-ATP channel agonist; metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
prostaglandin a1 [no description available]	1.96	1	0	prostaglandins A
coenzyme q10 coenzyme Q10: Ubiquinone ring with a chain of 10 isoprene units; redox equilibrium with ubiqunol serving in mitochondrial inner membrane to transfer electrons; presence during reconstitution of acetylcholine receptor into phospholipid vesicles yields vesicles active in catalyzing carbamylcholine-sensitive Na+ flux; coenzyme Q10 depletion has been noted with use of statins. coenzyme Q10 : A ubiquinone having a side chain of 10 isoprenoid units. In the naturally occurring isomer, all isoprenyl double bonds are in the E- configuration.	2.52	2	0	ubiquinones	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite
anandamide anandamide : An N-acylethanolamine 20:4 resulting from the formal condensation of carboxy group of arachidonic acid with the amino group of ethanolamine.	7.97	4	0	endocannabinoid; N-acylethanolamine 20:4	human blood serum metabolite; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
cilnidipine [no description available]	5.04	9	1	2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug
tranilast tranilast: antiallergic drug; potent inhibitor of homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. tranilast : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 3,4-dimethoxycinnamoyl group.	3.14	5	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; dimethoxybenzene; secondary carboxamide	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug; antineoplastic agent; aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; calcium channel blocker; hepatoprotective agent; nephroprotective agent
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	2.41	2	0	stilbenoid
4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dinitro-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0	4,4'-dinitrostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid
10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid 10-nitro-9,12-octadecadienoic acid: a nitric oxide donor; structure in first source	2.49	2	0	nitro fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
8-epi-prostaglandin f2alpha 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha: a potent preglomerular vasoconstrictor acting principally through thromboxane A2 receptor activation. 8-epi-prostaglandin F2alpha : An isoprostane that is prostaglandin F2alpha having inverted stereochemistry at the 8-position.	5.98	25	1	F2-isoprostane	biomarker; bronchoconstrictor agent; vasoconstrictor agent
glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol.	4.3	5	0	2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid	human metabolite
isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases.	2.07	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent
misoprostol Misoprostol: A synthetic analog of natural prostaglandin E1. It produces a dose-related inhibition of gastric acid and pepsin secretion, and enhances mucosal resistance to injury. It is an effective anti-ulcer agent and also has oxytocic properties.. misoprostol : A diastereoisomeric mixture composed of approximately equal amounts of a double racemate of four of the sixteen possible diastereoisomers of methyl (13E)-11,16-dihydroxy-16-methyl-9-oxoprost-13-en-1-oate that is racemic prostaglandin E1 which is lacking the hydroxy group at position 15, but which has an additional hydroxy group at position 16. It is a synthetic prostaglandin E1 analogue, used in the treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers. A weak abortifacient, it is also used for cervical ripening prior to surgical termination of pregnancy. The (11R,16S)-diastereoisomer is the pharmacologically active form.	2.04	1	0
ozagrel ozagrel: RN refers to (E)-isomer	3.23	6	0	cinnamic acids
pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise.	5.7	10	2	cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic)	antioxidant
zinostatin Zinostatin: An enediyne that alkylates DNA and RNA like MITOMYCIN does, so it is cytotoxic.	2.68	3	0
15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin f2alpha 15-keto-13,14-dihydroprostaglandin F2alpha: main metabolite of PGF2alpha in plasma after allergen provoked asthma; RN given refers to (5Z,9alpha,11alpha)-isomer; structure. 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha : A prostaglandin Falpha obtained by formal oxidation of the 15-hydroxy group and hydrogenation of the 13,14-double bond of prostaglandin F2alpha.	3.12	1	0	ketone; prostaglandins Falpha	metabolite
11-deoxyprostaglandin e1 11-deoxyprostaglandin E1: RN given refers to (13E,15S)-isomer	2	1	0	prostanoid
16,16-dimethylprostaglandin e2 16,16-Dimethylprostaglandin E2: A synthetic prostaglandin E analog that protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers. The protective effect is independent of acid inhibition. It is also a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors.. 16,16-dimethylprostaglandin E2 : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin E2 in which both of the hydrogens at position 16 have been replaced by methyl groups. A synthetic analogue of prostaglandin E2, it is a potent inhibitor of pancreatic function and growth of experimental tumors. It also protects the gastric mucosa, prevents ulceration, and promotes the healing of peptic ulcers.	1.96	1	0	cyclopentanones; monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug; radiation protective agent
2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin f1alpha 2,3-dinor-6-ketoprostaglandin F1alpha: formed from 6-keto-PGF1alpha by Mycobacterium rhodochrous; RN given refers to (1R-(1alph,2beta(1E,3S*)))-isomer; structure given in first source. 2,3-dinor-6-oxoprostaglandin F1alpha : A prostanoid that is prostaglandin F1alpha lacking two methylenes in the carboxyalkyl chain and bearing an oxo group at the 6-position.	2.37	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; prostanoid; secondary alcohol	metabolite
prostaglandin e2 ethanolamide prostaglandin E2 ethanolamide: structure in first source	2.07	1	0	prostanoid
thromboxane b2 Thromboxane B2: A stable, physiologically active compound formed in vivo from the prostaglandin endoperoxides. It is important in the platelet-release reaction (release of ADP and serotonin).. thromboxane B2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes B that is (5Z,13E)-thromboxa-5,13-dien-1-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 9, 11 and 15.	9.48	89	5	thromboxanes B	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,3-dinor-thromboxane b2 [no description available]	1.97	1	0	thromboxane
14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid (5Z,8Z,11Z)-14,15-dihydroxyicosatrienoic acid : A DHET obtained by formal dihydroxylation across the 14,15-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.49	2	0	DHET; diol; secondary allylic alcohol	mouse metabolite
20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 20-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer. 20-HETE : A HETE that consists of arachidonic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 20.	7.42	34	0	HETE; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide arachidonic acid 5-hydroperoxide: 5-HPETE is used inconsistently in literature as syn for cpds with various tetraene locants; RN given refers to (6,8,11,14)-isomer; RN in CA Vol 91 Form Index for (E,Z,Z,Z)-isomer: 70968-82-0; RN for (5,8,11,13)-isomer: 71133-12-5; in Merck, arachidonic acid is the (5,8,11,14)-isomer. 5-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (6E,8Z,11Z,14Z)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 5.	1.97	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
5,6-epoxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 5,6-epoxy-8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 5,6-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 5,6-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2.9	4	0	EET	mouse metabolite
8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid 8,9-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 8,9-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 8,9-double bond of arachidonic acid.	2	1	0	EET	mouse metabolite
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	5.97	19	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	5.76	15	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
cholesteryl oleate cholesteryl oleate: RN given refers to ((Z)-isomer). cholesteryl oleate : The (Z)-stereoisomer of cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate.	1.97	1	0	CE(18:1); cholesteryl octadec-9-enoate	mouse metabolite
phenylephrine hydrochloride Nose: A part of the upper respiratory tract. It contains the organ of SMELL. The term includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, and the PARANASAL SINUSES.. phenylephrine hydrochloride : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride salt of phenylephrine.	1.97	1	0	hydrochloride
diminazene aceturate diminazene diaceturate : An N-acetylglycinate salt resulting from the reaction of diminazene with 2 mol eq. of N-acetylglycine.	4.02	12	0	N-acetylglycinate salt	antiparasitic agent; trypanocidal drug
dorzolamide dorzolamide: topically effective ocular hypotensive carbonic anhydrase inhibitor; RN refers to mono-HCl (4S-trans)-isomer. dorzolamide : 5,6-Dihydro-4H-thieno[2,3-b]thiopyran-2-sulfonamide 7,7-dioxide in which hydrogens at the 4 and 6 positions are substituted by ethylamino and methyl groups, respectively (4S, trans-configuration). A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it is used as the hydrochloride in ophthalmic solutions to lower increased intraocular pressure in the treatment of open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.	2.08	1	0	sulfonamide; thiophenes	antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor
erythrityl tetranitrate Erythrityl Tetranitrate: A vasodilator with general properties similar to NITROGLYCERIN. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1020). erythrityl tetranitrate : Erythritol in which each of the hydroxy groups has been converted to the corresponding nitrate ester. It is a vasodilator with properties similar to nitroglycerin. It is usually used diluted with lactose or other suitable inert excipients, in order to minimise the risk of explosion; undiluted erythrityl tetranitrate can be exploded by percussion or excessive heat.	1.94	1	0	nitrate ester	explosive; vasodilator agent
ethisterone Ethisterone: 17 alpha-Hydroxypregn-4-en-20-yn-3-one. A synthetic steroid hormone with progestational effects.. ethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the 17beta hydrogen is replaced by an ethynyl group. Ethisterone was the first orally active progestin and is a metabolite of danazol.	1.94	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol	drug metabolite; progestin
granisetron Granisetron: A serotonin receptor (5HT-3 selective) antagonist that has been used as an antiemetic for cancer chemotherapy patients.. granisetron : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 1-methyl-1H-indazole-3-carboxylic acid with the primary amino group of (3-endo)-9-methyl-9-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-3-amine. A selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, it is used (generally as the monohydrochloride salt) to manage nausea and vomiting caused by cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and to prevent and treat postoperative nausea and vomiting.	3.37	1	1	aromatic amide; indazoles
nalorphine Nalorphine: A narcotic antagonist with some agonist properties. It is an antagonist at mu opioid receptors and an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Given alone it produces a broad spectrum of unpleasant effects and it is considered to be clinically obsolete.	2.35	2	0	morphinane alkaloid
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	6.93	56	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	11.38	37	1	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
brefeldin a [no description available]	3.42	7	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
geldanamycin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; cysteine protease inhibitor; Hsp90 inhibitor
17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin 17-(dimethylaminoethylamino)-17-demethoxygeldanamycin: structure in first source. alvespimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle that is geldanamycin in which the methoxy group attached to the benzoquinone moiety has been replaced by a 2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethylamino group.	2.57	2	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	Hsp90 inhibitor
lobeline Lobeline: An alkaloid that has actions similar to NICOTINE on nicotinic cholinergic receptors but is less potent. It has been proposed for a variety of therapeutic uses including in respiratory disorders, peripheral vascular disorders, insomnia, and smoking cessation.	1.94	1	0
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	7.35	62	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
as 605240 5-quinoxalin-6-ylmethylenethiazolidine-2,4-dione: a PI3Kgamma inhibitor; structure in first source. (5Z)-5-(quinoxalin-6-ylmethylidene)-1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione : A quinoxaline derivative that is quinoxaline in which the hydrogen at position 6 is replaced by a (2,4-dioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-5-ylidene)methyl group. It is a potent inhibitor of the PI3Kgamma, with an IC50 of 8 nM and inhibits the progression of joint inflammation and damage in both lymphocyte-independent and dependent mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis.	2.17	1	0	quinoxaline derivative; thiazolidinediones	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
2-methylthio-atp 2-methylthio-ATP: purinergic receptors agonist; relaxes mammalian gut preparations; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0
a 192621 A 192621: ET(B) receptor antagonist	2.94	4	0
arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide arachidonyl-2-chloroethylamide: a potent and selective agonist of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor; structure in first source. arachidonyl-2'-chloroethylamide : A fatty amide obtained by the formal condensation of arachidonic acid with 2-chloroethanamine. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 1.4 nM) and also has a low affinity for the CB2 receptor (Ki = 3100 nM).	2.85	3	0	fatty amide; organochlorine compound; secondary carboxamide; synthetic cannabinoid	CB1 receptor agonist; CB2 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
atosiban [no description available]	2.08	1	0	oligopeptide
bay u9773 BAY u9773: a leukotriene C4 antagonist. BAYu9773 : A dicarboxylic acid that is that is (7E,9E,11Z,14Z)-icosa-7,9,11,14-tetraenoic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at position 4S and a (4-carboxyphenyl)sulfanediyl group at 5R. It is a dual cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist that acts at the CysLT1 and CysLT2 receptors (IC50 = 0.44 and 0.30 muM, respectively).	2	1	0	benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; polyunsaturated fatty acid; secondary alcohol	leukotriene antagonist
beta-funaltrexamine beta-funaltrexamine: RN given refers to parent cpd(E)-isomer; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
bibo 3457 BIBO 3304: BIBO-3457 is the inactive enantiomer	2.04	1	0
bibp 3226 BIBP 3226: a selective non-peptide neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source; BIBP-3435 is the S-enantiomer	2.06	1	0
cicaprost cicaprost: RN given refers to (3aS-(2E,3aalpha,4alpha(3R,4R),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer	2.93	4	0	monoterpenoid
cp 99994 3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenylpiperidine: selective NK(1) receptor antagonist; CP-100263 is the inactive enantiomer	2.4	2	0
deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR.	7.35	35	1	heterodetic cyclic peptide	diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
desoximetasone Desoximetasone: A topical anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid used in DERMATOSES, skin allergies, PSORIASIS, etc.. desoximetasone : Dexamethasone in which the hydroxy group at the 17alpha position is substituted by hydrogen. A synthetic corticosteroid with glucocorticoid activity, it is used as an anti-inflammatory and anti-pruritic in the treatment of various skin disorders, including skin allergies and psoriasis.	3.05	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; fluorinated steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	anti-inflammatory drug; antipruritic drug
endomorphin 1 endomorphin 1: isolated from bovine brain	2.44	2	0	oligopeptide
endomorphin 2 endomorphin 2: isolated from bovine brain	2.46	2	0
fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis.	4.8	1	1	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester	anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug
herbimycin herbimycin: herbicidal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces sp.; see also herbimycin B; structure for herbimycin A in second source. herbimycin : A 19-membered macrocyle incorporating a benzoquinone ring and a lactam functionality. It is an ansamycin antibiotic that induces apoptosis and displays antitumour effects.	3.38	7	0	1,4-benzoquinones; lactam; macrocycle	antimicrobial agent; apoptosis inducer; herbicide; Hsp90 inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kallidin Kallidin: A decapeptide bradykinin homolog cleaved from kininogen by kallikreins. It is a smooth-muscle stimulant and hypotensive agent that acts by vasodilatation.	9.39	49	1	peptide
iloprost Iloprost: An eicosanoid, derived from the cyclooxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism. It is a stable and synthetic analog of EPOPROSTENOL, but with a longer half-life than the parent compound. Its actions are similar to prostacyclin. Iloprost produces vasodilation and inhibits platelet aggregation.. iloprost : A carbobicyclic compound that is prostaglandin I2 in which the endocyclic oxygen is replaced by a methylene group and in which the (1E,3S)-3-hydroxyoct-1-en-1-yl side chain is replaced by a (3R)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl group. A synthetic analogue of prostacyclin, it is used as the trometamol salt (generally by intravenous infusion) for the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.	4.34	20	0	carbobicyclic compound; monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol	platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
preclamol preclamol: centrally acting dopamine receptor agonist with selectivity for autoreceptors	1.97	1	0
l 745870 3-((4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)-1H-pyrrolo(2,3-b)pyridine: selective for D(4) receptors; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	piperazines
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	3.28	6	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lacidipine [no description available]	5.16	3	1	cinnamate ester; tert-butyl ester
lysophosphatidic acid lysophosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate : A 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate having oleoyl as the 1-O-acyl group.. lysophosphatidic acid : A member of the class of lysophosphatidic acids obtained by hydrolytic removal of one of the two acyl groups of any phosphatidic acid. A 'closed' class.	3.29	6	0	1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	3.71	10	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes.	2.77	3	0
n-(n-(3,5-difluorophenacetyl)alanyl)phenylglycine tert-butyl ester DAPT : A dipeptide consisting of alanylphenylglycine derivatised as a 3,5-difluorophenylacetamide at the amino terminal and a tert-butyl ester at the carboxy terminal. A gamma-secretase inhibitor.	3.48	7	0	carboxylic ester; difluorobenzene; dipeptide; tert-butyl ester	EC 3.4.23.46 (memapsin 2) inhibitor
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	4.28	19	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
neurokinin a Neurokinin A: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ B with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the BRONCHI.	3.77	11	0
neurokinin b Neurokinin B: A mammalian neuropeptide of 10 amino acids that belongs to the tachykinin family. It is similar in structure and action to SUBSTANCE P and NEUROKININ A with the ability to excite neurons, dilate blood vessels, and contract smooth muscles, such as those in the URINARY BLADDER and UTERUS.	8.38	7	0	polypeptide
neurotensin [no description available]	2.13	1	0
ono 3708 ONO 3708: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.38	2	0
alatriopril alatriopril: shows promise for the treatment of various cardiovascular & salt-retention disorders	1.97	1	0
pd 123319 PD123319 : An imidazopyridine consisting of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1H-imidazo[4,5-c]pyridine having 4-(dimethylamino)-3-methylbenzyl, diphenylacetyl and carboxy and groups at positions 1, 5 and 6 respectively	14.7	647	4	imidazopyridine	angiotensin receptor antagonist; endothelin receptor antagonist; vasoconstrictor agent
exp 655 [no description available]	1.97	1	0
11-dehydrocorticosterone 11-dehydrocorticosterone : An 11-oxo steroid that is corticosterone in which the hydroxy substituent at the 11beta position has been oxidised to give the corresponding ketone.	3.48	2	0	11-oxo steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
calyculin a calyculin A: RN given refers to (5S-(5alpha(2R(1S,3S,4S,5R,6R,7E,9E,11E,13Z),3R),7beta(E(S)),*beta,9alpha))-isomer	3.25	6	0
u 44069 U 44069: has contractile effect on rat pulmonary veins & arteries; a thromboxane-A2 mimetic	3.36	7	0	prostanoid
thromboxane a2, carbocyclic carbocyclic thromboxane A2 : A member of the class of thromboxanes that is thromboxane A2 in which the bridging oxygen has been replaced by a methylene group.	3.6	3	0
sq 30741 SQ 30741: antithrombotic; structure given in first source; thromboxane A2 antagonist	2.68	3	0
r 715 [no description available]	2.08	1	0
spirapril spirapril: structure given in first source	5.79	8	3	azaspiro compound; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; dithioketal; ethyl ester; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
sq 29548 SQ 29548: SQ-26538 is the ((1S-1alpha,2beta(5Z),3beta(1E,3R*),4alpha))-isomer; thromboxane A2 antagonist; thromboxane receptor antagonist	4.63	27	0
sr 142948 SR 142948: structurally similar to SR-48692	2.13	1	0	N-acyl-amino acid
bradyzide bradyzide: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
kn 93 KN 93: reduces dopamine content in PC12h cells. KN-93 : A sulfonamide resulting from the formal condensation of p-methoxybenzenesulfonic acid with the anilino nitrogen of 2-(aminomethyl)-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)aniline in which the hydrogens of the primary amino group have been replaced by methyl and p-chlorocinnamyl groups. KN-93 is a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II.	4.04	14	0	monochlorobenzenes; monomethoxybenzene; primary alcohol; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound	EC 2.7.11.17 (Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
kn 62 KN 62: inhibitor of Ca/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II	2.4	2	0	piperazines
ciprokiren ciprokiren: a renin inhibitor; prevents neointima formation to the same extent as cilazapril	2	1	0
su 6656 SU 6656: a c-Src kinase inhibitor; used to probe growth signaling; structure in first source. SU6656 : A member of the class of oxindoles that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which the hydrogeh at position 5 has been replaced by a dimethylaminosulfonyl group and in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group has been replaced by a 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-indol-2-yl group. It is a specific inhibitor of Src family kinase.	2.46	2	0
sulprostone sulprostone: structure	2.44	2	0	prostanoid
biliverdine [no description available]	2.96	4	0
syringin syringin: a phenylpropanoid glycoside; see also eleutherosides & lyoniside for eleutheroside A: 474-58-8. syringin : A monosaccharide derivative that is trans-sinapyl alcohol attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 1 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.15	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; dimethoxybenzene; monosaccharide derivative; primary alcohol	hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
linarin linarin: flavone glycoside isolated from leaves of Linaria japonica MIQ	2.08	1	0
andrographolide [no description available]	7.6	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
isorhapontigenin isorhapontigenin: isolated from the seeds of Aiphanes aculeata Willd. (Arecaceae); structure in first source	2.02	1	0	stilbenoid
icariin [no description available]	8.25	5	0	flavonols; glycosyloxyflavone	antioxidant; bone density conservation agent; EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen
licochalcone a licochalcone A: has both anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic activities; structure given in first source; isolated from root of Glycyrrhiza inflata; RN given refers to (E)-isomer	7.21	1	0	chalcones
ligustilide ligustilide: found in Umbelliferae plants; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure in first source	7.31	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
nerolidol nerolidol: sesquiterpene; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; nerol is also available. nerolidol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-1,6,10-triene which carries methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It is a natural product that is present in various flowers and plants with a floral odor. Chemically, it exists in two geometric isomers, trans and cis forms. It is widely used in cosmetics (e.g. shampoos and perfumes), in non-cosmetic products (e.g. detergents and cleansers) and also as a food flavoring agent.. (6Z)-nerolidol : A nerolidol in which the double bond at position 6 adopts a cis-configuration.	2.31	1	0	nerolidol
artemetin [no description available]	2.06	1	0	ether; flavonoids
tiliroside tiliroside: isolated from seeds of Eremocarpus setigerus	2.6	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; trihydroxyflavone	plant metabolite
praeruptorin c praeruptorin C: isolated from root of Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn; RN from Toxlit; structure given in first source	7.41	2	0
tilianin tilianin: from several medicinal plants including Agastache rugosa and Dracocephalum moldavia	7.15	1	0
trilinolein trilinolein: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. 1,2,3-trilinoleoylglycerol : A triglyceride formed by acylation of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with linoleic acid.	7.02	1	0	1,2-diacyl-3-linoleoylglycerol; 1,3-diacyl-2-linoleoylglycerol; linoleoyl containing 1,2,3-triacyl-sn-glycerol; TG(18:2/18:2/18:2); triglyceride	mouse metabolite
1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3h-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone 1-(4-(6-bromobenzo(1,3)dioxol-5-yl)-3a,4,5,9b-tetrahydro-3H-cyclopenta(c)quinolin-8-yl)ethanone: G-1 was able to induce both c-fos expression and proliferation in the ERalpha-negative/GPR30-positive SKBR3 breast cancer cells, the requirement for ERalpha expression in GPR30/EGFR signaling may depend on the specific cellular context of different tumor types	3.35	6	0	agonist
fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder.	2.1	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime	antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	4.21	6	0
spd-304 SPD-304: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
erbstatin erbstatin: from actinomycetes; an inhibitor of EGF-receptor kinase & other protein-tyrosine kinases; structure in first source	2	1	0
ag 99 tyrphostin A46: epidermal growth factor-urogastrone receptor antagonist	2.02	1	0
tyrphostin ag-494 AG 494: tyrphostin that blocks Cdk2 activation; structure in first source	2	1	0
ag-490 [no description available]	4.77	30	0	catechols; enamide; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; STAT3 inhibitor
bosutinib 4-((2,4-dichloro-5-methoxyphenyl)amino)-6-methoxy-7-(3-(4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)propoxy)-3-quinolinecarbonitrile: a Src kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	7.41	1	0	aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; dichlorobenzene; N-methylpiperazine; nitrile; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
semaxinib semaxanib : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethylpyrrol-2-yl group.	2.76	3	0	olefinic compound; oxindoles; pyrroles	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
su 11248 [no description available]	6.1	3	2	monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	5.22	16	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	6.97	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
12-hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 12-Hydroxy-5,8,10,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid: A lipoxygenase metabolite of ARACHIDONIC ACID. It is a highly selective ligand used to label mu-opioid receptors in both membranes and tissue sections. The 12-S-HETE analog has been reported to augment tumor cell metastatic potential through activation of protein kinase C. (J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1995; 274(3):1545-51; J Natl Cancer Inst 1994; 86(15):1145-51)	5.86	31	0
13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid 13-hydroperoxy-9,11-octadecadienoic acid: RN given refers to (E,Z)-isomer; RN for unspecified isomer not in Chemline 8/12/83. 13-HPODE : An HPODE (hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid) in which the double bonds are at positions 9 and 11 (E and Z geometry, respectively) and the hydroperoxy group is at position 13.	2.11	1	0	hydroperoxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; octadecadienoic acid
15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent & selective inhibitor of platelet lipoxygenase; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.89	4	0
5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given is for cpd without isomeric designation; an arachidonate metabolite which stimulates neutrophils to mobilize Ca and promotes PMN degranulation responses	2.11	1	0
4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid 4-amylcinnamoylanthranilic acid: phospholipase A2 inhibitor. N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid : An amidobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the anilino hydrogens is replaced by a 4-pentylcinnamoyl group. It is a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel blocker and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor.	1.98	1	0	amidobenzoic acid; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide	EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; TRP channel blocker
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	3.46	7	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
bay 11-7085 BAY11-7085 : A sulfone that is benzene substituted by [(E)-2-cyanoethenyl]sulfonyl and tert-butyl groups at position 1 and 4, respectively. It is an irreversible inhibitor of IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells (IC50 = 10 muM) and prevents the activation of NF-kappaB.	2.42	2	0	benzenes; nitrile; sulfone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor
carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide carboxycinnamic acid bishydroxamide: inhibits histone decacetylase I & 3; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate methyl 2,5-dihydroxycinnamate: structure given in first source. 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid methyl ester : A cinnamate ester that is the methyl ester of 2,5-dihydroxycinnamic acid.	2	1	0	cinnamate ester; hydroquinones; methyl ester	EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound
5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolocarbocyanine: structure given in first source. 1,1',3,3'-tetraethyl-5,5',6,6'-tetrachloroimidacarbocyanine : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 1,3-diethyl-5,6-dichloroindoleinine units at each end.	2.08	1	0	cyanine dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	1.96	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene 2,4,3',5'-tetramethoxystilbene: potent inhibitor of human cytochrome P450 1B1; an antihypertensive agent; structure in first source	2.78	3	0
15-hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic acid 15-Hydroxy-11 alpha,9 alpha-(epoxymethano)prosta-5,13-dienoic Acid: A stable prostaglandin endoperoxide analog which serves as a thromboxane mimetic. Its actions include mimicking the hydro-osmotic effect of VASOPRESSIN and activation of TYPE C PHOSPHOLIPASES. (From J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1983;224(1): 108-117; Biochem J 1984;222(1):103-110)	8.41	100	1
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	8.24	6	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	6.35	64	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
mevinphos Mevinphos: An organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide.	2.08	1	0
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	4.88	36	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.68	9	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	11.45	14	1	alkaline earth metal atom
bismuth Bismuth: A metallic element that has the atomic symbol Bi, and atomic number 83. Its principal isotope is Bismuth 209.	4.8	1	1	metal atom; pnictogen
arsenic Arsenic: A shiny gray element with atomic symbol As, atomic number 33, and atomic weight 75. It occurs throughout the universe, mostly in the form of metallic arsenides. Most forms are toxic. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), arsenic and certain arsenic compounds have been listed as known carcinogens. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	4.74	30	0	metalloid atom; pnictogen	micronutrient
naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence.	3.78	11	0	cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough.	2.07	1	0	6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene	antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2.03	1	0	boron group element atom
delapril delapril: RN refers to HCl; structure given in first source	6.12	17	2	peptide
lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure.	14.66	146	15	dipeptide	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	14.13	32	8	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles.	13.2	126	20	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug
candoxatril candoxatril : The 2,3-dihydro-1H-inden-5-yl ester of the active enantiomer of candoxatrilat. Candoxatril is an orally active prodrug of candoxatrilat, a potent neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin) inhibitor used in the treatment of chronic heart failure.	6.15	7	5
indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability.	2.73	3	0	dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide	HIV protease inhibitor
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	9.94	2	1	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid 4-phenyl-3-butenoic acid: an inhibitor of peptidyl glycine hydroxylase (peptide amidating enzyme); RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.01	1	0
veratrine Veratrine: A voltage-gated sodium channel activator.	3.47	8	0	alkaloid
puerarin [no description available]	4.87	7	1	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
sanglifehrin a sanglifehrin A: binds cyclophilin A; isolated from Streptomyces; structure in first source	2.13	1	0
enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration).	19.21	509	92	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug
sinomenine sinomenine: isolated from root of Sinomenium acutum; antirheumatic, antineuralgic	7.13	1	0	morphinane alkaloid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	1.99	1	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	13.42	71	8	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	1.94	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.13	24	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	1.94	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	10.22	12	1	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- [no description available]	2.48	2	0	peptide
enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate.	13.37	156	10	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
benazeprilat benazeprilat: structure given in first source. benazeprilat : A benzazepine that is 1,3,4,5-tetrahydro-2H-1-benzazepin-2-one in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a carboxy methyl group and in which the 3-pro-S hydrogen is replaced by the amino group of (2S)-2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid. An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, it is used as its monoester prodrug benazepril in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure.	5.32	13	1	benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid; lactam	EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
ramiprilat ramiprilat : A dipeptide that is the active metabolite of ramipril. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.	10.28	17	0	azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide	bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor
trandolaprilat trandolaprilat: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; RN 87679-71-8 refers to trandolaprilat. trandolaprilat : A heterobicyclic compound that is trandolapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of the prodrug trandolapril.	1.99	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite
irigenin irigenin: a phytoestrogen derived from Belamcanda chinensis with an antiproliferative effect on prostate cancer cells in vitro. irigenin : A hydroxyisoflavone that is isoflavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 5, 7 and 3' and methoxy groups at positions 6, 4' and 5' respectively.	7.31	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; hydroxyisoflavone	plant metabolite
ditekiren ditekiren: orally active renin inhibitor	1.97	1	0
imidapril imidapril: structure given in first source. imidapril : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is (4S)-1-methyl-2-oxoimidazolidine-4-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the imidazolidine nitrogen has been substituted by (1S)-1-{[(2S)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl]amino}ethyl group. It is the prodrug for imidaprilat, an ACE inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic heart failure.	7.32	20	6	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
imidaprilat imidaprilat: structure given in first source; active metabolite of imidapril. imidaprilat : A member of the class of imidazolidines that is imidapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding acid group. It is the active metabolite of imidapril used to treat hypertension.	2.44	2	0	dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide; imidazolidines; N-acylurea; secondary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor
bakuchiol bakuchiol: chief component of Psoralea corylifolia Linn; structure	2.17	1	0
s-trans,trans-farnesylthiosalicylic acid farnesylthiosalicylic acid: structure in first source	2.03	1	0	sesquiterpenoid
demethoxycurcumin demethoxycurcumin: corresponds to curcumin with one methoxy group replaced by hydrogen; isolated from rhizomes of Curcuma longa. demethoxycurcumin : A beta-diketone that is curcumin in which one of the methoxy groups is replaced by hydrogen. It is found in Curcuma zedoaria and Etlingera elatior.	2.13	1	0	beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
panaxynol [no description available]	7	1	0	long-chain fatty alcohol
cinanserin Cinanserin: A serotonin antagonist with limited antihistaminic, anticholinergic, and immunosuppressive activity.. cinanserin : An aryl sulfide that is (2E)-3-phenyl-N-(2-sulfanylphenyl)prop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen of the thiol group is substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. It is a 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonist and an inhibitor of SARS-CoV replication.	2.36	2	0	aryl sulfide; cinnamamides; secondary carboxamide; tertiary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antiviral agent; EC 3.4.22.69 (SARS coronavirus main proteinase) inhibitor
pepstatin pepstatin: inhibits the aspartic protease endothiapepsin	4.98	7	0	pentapeptide; secondary carboxamide	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.4.23.* (aspartic endopeptidase) inhibitor
norbinaltorphimine norbinaltorphimine: kappa opiate receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	2.7	3	0	isoquinolines
ici 118551 ICI 118551: RN given refers to (R,R)-(+-)-isomer; structure in first source; ICI 111581 is hydrochloride of ICI 118551. ICI 118551 : An indane substituted at position 7 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a 3-(isopropylamino)-2-hydroxybutoxy group (the 2R,3S-diastereomer).	3.69	10	0	aromatic ether; indanes; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic antagonist
trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension.	8.94	22	3	dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug
dermorphin dermorphin: opiate-like peptide present in amphibian skin	1.96	1	0	oligopeptide
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	1.97	1	0
strontium radioisotopes Strontium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of strontium that decay or disintegrate spontaneously emitting radiation. Sr 80-83, 85, and 89-95 are radioactive strontium isotopes.	2.65	3	0
sinigrin sinigrin: glucosinate in mustard seeds etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd. sinigrin : An alkenylglucosinolic acid that consists of 1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranose having a 4-[(sulfooxy)imino]but-1-en-4-yl group attached to the anomeric sulfur.	7.31	1	0	alkenylglucosinolic acid
enkephalin-leu, ala(2)-cys(6)- enkephalin-Leu, Ala(2)-Cys(6)-: affinity label for delta-opiate receptors	1.98	1	0
sch 32615 [no description available]	2.01	1	0
litorin litorin: nona-peptide similar to bombesin isolated from skin of Litoria aurea	1.96	1	0
enkephalinamide-leu, ala(2)- enkephalinamide-Leu, Ala(2)-: RN given refers to (L-leucinamide)-isomer	2.1	1	0
pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues.	2.25	1	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker
5,6-dichloro-1-beta-d-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole-3',5'-monophosphorothioate: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
jmv 390-1 JMV 390-1: a metallopeptidase inhibitor	2.13	1	0
n-(2-(mercaptomethyl)-3-phenylbutanoyl)-l-alanine N-(2-(mercaptomethyl)-3-phenylbutanoyl)-L-alanine: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
3,8-dihydroxy-6h-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one 3,8-dihydroxy-6H-dibenzo(b,d)pyran-6-one: metabolite of ellagic acid	2.17	1	0	coumarins	geroprotector
uroguanylin uroguanylin: amino acid sequence given in first source; stimulates intestinal guanylate cyclase; GenBank Z83746 (pig)	3.14	1	0
(asparaginyl-alanyl-asparaginyl-proline)3 (asparaginyl-alanyl-asparaginyl-proline)3: 12-amino acid synthetic peptide derived from the repeating amino acid sequence found in the surface circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites; consists of 3 repeating units of Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro	2.01	1	0
guanylin guanylin: from rat jejunum; contains 15 amino acids; activator of intestinal guanylate cyclase; stimulates this enzyme through the same receptor binding region as the heat-stable enterotoxins; amino acid sequence given in first source; GenBank Z73607 (pig)	3.14	1	0
diallylnormorphinium bromide diallylnormorphinium bromide: RN given refers to bromide (5alpha,6alpha)-isomer	1.96	1	0
oxyhyponitrite oxyhyponitrite: nitrosating agent; structure given in first source; RN given refers to parent acid	2.78	3	0
aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position.	13.42	71	8	monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene	antihypertensive agent
n-acetylsphingosine N-acetylsphingosine: inhibits phospholipase D. N-acetylsphingosine : A N-acylsphingosine that has an acetamido group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	1.97	1	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
naltrindole naltrindole: delta opioid receptor antagonist	2.4	2	0	isoquinolines
guanabenz Guanabenz: An alpha-2 selective adrenergic agonist used as an antihypertensive agent.	10.03	13	0	dichlorobenzene
bafilomycin a [no description available]	2.07	1	0
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	8.21	5	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
n-caproylsphingosine N-(hexanoyl)sphing-4-enine : An N-acylsphingosine consisting of sphing-4-enine bearing a hexanoyl group on nitrogen.	2.03	1	0	N-acylsphingosine
3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine: RN given refers to parent cpd. dilC18(3)(1+) : The cationic form of a C3 cyanine dye having 3,3-dimethyl-1-octadecylindoleinine units at each end.	1.98	1	0	Cy5 dye; indolium ion	fluorochrome
4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-n-methylpyridinium 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium: fluorescent probe; structure given in first source. 4-(4-diethylaminostyryl)-1-methylpyridinium iodide : An organic iodide salt consisting of pyridinium iodide having a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 4-diethylaminostyryl substituent at the 4-position.	2.07	1	0	organic iodide salt; pyridinium salt	fluorochrome
carbocyanines Carbocyanines: Compounds that contain three methine groups. They are frequently used as cationic dyes used for differential staining of biological materials.	2.92	4	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid 4,4'-dibenzamido-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid: anion transport inhibitor; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0
salubrinal salubrinal: prevents dephosphorylation of eIF2alpha; structure in first source. salubrinal : A member of the class of quinolines that is a mixed aminal resulting from the formal condensation oftrichloroacetaldehyde with the amide nitrogen of trans-cinnamamide and the primary amino group of 1-quinolin-8-ylthiourea. It is a selective inhibitor of cellular complexes that dephosphorylate eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit alpha (eIF2alpha).	2.03	1	0	aminal; organochlorine compound; quinolines; secondary carboxamide; thioureas
n-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate N-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-alanyl-alanyl-phenylalanine-4-aminobenzoate: inhibitor of Endopeptidase-24.15	1.98	1	0
angiotensin ii, 1-sar-5-ile-8-ala- [no description available]	3.07	5	0
4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-n-methylpyridium 4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridium: RN refers to iodide. 4-(4-dihexadecylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridium : A pyridinium cation with a methyl substituent at the 1-position and a 4-(dihexadecylamino)styryl substituent at the 4-position.	2.03	1	0	pyridinium ion; tertiary amine	fluorochrome
zearalenol zearalenol: RN given refers to (3S-(3R,7S,11E))-isomer	7.02	1	0
6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2h-pyran-2-one 6-(bromomethylene)tetrahydro-3-(1-naphthaleneyl)-2H-pyran-2-one: structure given in first source; potent irreversible, mechanism-based inhibitor of myocardial calcium-independent phospholipase A2	2.41	2	0	naphthalenes
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	9.14	17	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid: An inhibitor of anion conductance including band 3-mediated anion transport.	3.5	8	0
mastoparan [no description available]	2.05	1	0	mastoparans; peptidyl amide	antimicrobial agent
ro 42-5892 remikiren : An L-histidine derivative that is L-histidine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a (2S)-2-[(2-methylpropane-2-sulfonyl)methyl]-3-phenylpropanoyl group and the carboxy group is replaced by a [(2S,3R,4S)-1-cyclohexyl-4-cyclopropyl-3,4-dihydroxybutan-2-yl]amino group. It is a renin inhibitor which was under development for the treatment of hypertension (now discontinued).	7.72	12	5	cyclopropanes; diol; L-histidine derivative; secondary carboxamide; sulfone	antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.23.15 (renin) inhibitor; peptidomimetic; vasodilator agent
saralasin Saralasin: An octapeptide analog of angiotensin II (bovine) with amino acids 1 and 8 replaced with sarcosine and alanine, respectively. It is a highly specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin II that is used in the diagnosis of HYPERTENSION.	15.82	1,092	7	oligopeptide
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	11.84	51	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
tabernanthine tabernanthine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.67	3	0
1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine 1,1-diethyl-2-hydroxy-2-nitrosohydrazine: RN given in first source; RN refers to ion(1-); do not confuse with DEA-NO cpd	2.72	3	0	organic anion
(3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid Fluvastatin: An indole-heptanoic acid derivative that inhibits HMG COA REDUCTASE and is used to treat HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA. In contrast to other statins, it does not appear to interact with other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4.. (3S,5S,6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid diastereoisomer in which both chiral centres have S configuration.. fluvastatin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (3R,5S)- and (3S,5R)-fluvastatin. An HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, it is used (often as the corresponding sodium salt) to reduce triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol, and increase HDL-chloesterol, in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia.	5.95	9	3	(6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid
maxacalcitol maxacalcitol: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0	organic molecular entity
fk 409 FK 409: structure given in first source; from Streptomyces griseoporeus	2	1	0
budralazine [no description available]	6.96	1	0
dihydroergotoxine Dihydroergotoxine: A mixture of three different hydrogenated derivatives of ERGOTAMINE: DIHYDROERGOCORNINE; DIHYDROERGOCRISTINE; and DIHYDROERGOCRYPTINE. Dihydroergotoxine has been proposed to be a neuroprotective agent and a nootropic agent. The mechanism of its therapeutic actions is not clear, but it can act as an alpha-adrenergic antagonist and a dopamine agonist. The methanesulfonate salts of this mixture of alkaloids are called ERGOLOID MESYLATES.	5.55	5	1
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	8.1	5	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	2.65	3	0	amidobenzoic acid
pregnanediol [no description available]	3.05	5	0
beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate beta-aminopropionitrile fumarate: RN given refers to unspecified fumarate	2.86	3	0
24,25-dihydroxyvitamin d 3 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D 3: A physiologically active metabolite of VITAMIN D. The compound is involved in the regulation of calcium metabolism, alkaline phosphatase activity, and enhancing the calcemic effect of CALCITRIOL.	1.98	1	0
4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroperoxy-2-nonenal: RN in first source for 4-hydroxyperoxy-trans-2-nonenal	2.11	1	0	fatty aldehyde
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	2.25	1	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.01	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
bafilomycin a1 bafilomycin A1: from Streptomyces griseus; structure given in first source. bafilomycin A1 : The most used of the bafilomycins, a family of toxic macrolide antibiotics derived from Streptomyces griseus.	3.42	7	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide antibiotic; oxanes	apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; fungicide; potassium ionophore; toxin
carboprostacyclin carboprostacyclin: potent stable prostacyclin analog which inhibits platelet aggretation; do not confuse with carboprost (15-methyl-PGF2alpha); RN given refers to (3aS-(2Z,3aalpha,4alpha(1E,R*),5beta,6aalpha))-isomer; structure given in first source	2.41	2	0	prostanoid
ebelactone b ebelactone B: esterase inhibitor; structure given in first source; see also ebelactone A	1.99	1	0
1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol [no description available]	3.93	13	0	1,2-diglyceride
15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid 15-hydroperoxy-5,8,11,13-eicosatetraenoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; (S-(E,Z,Z,Z))-isomer caused dose-dependent constriction of cat coronary arteries; structure in first source. 15-HPETE : A HPETE that consists of (5Z,8Z,11Z,13E)-icosatetraenoic acid in which the hydroperoxy group is located at position 15.	1.97	1	0	HPETE	human xenobiotic metabolite
myxothiazol myxothiazol: strobilurin analogue; methoxyacrylamide derivative; antifungal antibiotic from Myxococcus fulvus; structure given in first source. myxothiazol : A 2,4'-bi-1,3-thiazole substituted at the 4-position with a (1E,3S,4R,5E)-7-amino-3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-7-oxohepta-1,5-dien-1-yl] group and at the 2'-position with a (2S,3E,5E)-7-methylocta-3,5-dien-2-yl group. It is an inhibitor of coenzyme Q - cytochrome c reductase.	2.44	2	0
piriprost piriprost: structure given in first source	2.88	4	0
ly 53857 LY 53857: RN given refers to maleate[1:1](8beta)-isomer	1.99	1	0
2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid 2-methyl-3-(4-(3-pyridinylmethyl)phenyl)-2-propenoic acid: RN refers to (E)-isomer	2.66	3	0
sphingosine phosphorylcholine sphingosine phosphorylcholine: a wound healing agent	2.06	1	0
concanamycin a concanamycin A: from Streptomyces diastatochromogenes S-45; inhibits vacuolar H+ ATPase. concanamycin A : A concanamycin in which the lactone ring contains 4 double bonds and is substituted by 4 methyl groups, 2 hydroxy groups, 2 methoxy groups and an ethyl group.	2.06	1	0	carbamate ester; concanamycin	antifungal agent; EC 3.6.3.14 (H(+)-transporting two-sector ATPase) inhibitor; metabolite
manumycin manumycin: an NSAID; RN given for (1S-(1alpha,3(2E,4E,6S*),5alpha,5(1E,3E,5E),6alpha))-isomer; a farnesyl protein transferase inhibitor; from Streptomyces parvulus; MF C31-H38-N2-O7; structure given in first source. manumycin A : A polyketide with formula C31H38N2O7 initially isolated from Streptomyces parvulus as a result of a random screening program for farnesyl transferase (FTase) inhibitors. It is a natural product that exhibits anticancer and antibiotic properties.	1.99	1	0	enamide; epoxide; organic heterobicyclic compound; polyketide; secondary carboxamide; tertiary alcohol	antiatherosclerotic agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; bacterial metabolite; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.58 (protein farnesyltransferase) inhibitor; marine metabolite
bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol bis(1,3-dibutylbarbiturate)trimethine oxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	2.41	2	0
7-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-(4'-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)-7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid 7-(3-(3-hydroxy-4-(4'-iodophenoxy)-1-butenyl)-7-oxabicyclo(2.2.1)heptan-2-yl)-5-heptenoic acid: structure given in first source; thromboxane A2/prostaglandin H2 receptor agonist; RN given refers to the (125I) labeled cpd	1.99	1	0
cholesteryl oleyl ether cholesteryl oleyl ether: not as rapidly degraded as the cholesterol esters; RN given refers to (3beta(Z))-isomer	2.03	1	0
2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-o-glucopyranoside 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene 2-O-glucopyranoside: isolated from dried root tubers of Polygonum multiflorum; structure in first source	2.79	3	0
1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium 1,1'-(4,4,7,7-tetramethyl-4,7-diazaundecamethylene)bis-4-(3-methyl-2,3-dihydro(benzo-1,3-thiazole)-2-methylidene)quinolinium: cpd is non-fluorescent in solution but forms highly fluorescent complex with double-stranded DNA; RN given refers to the tetraiodide cpd	2	1	0	cyanine dye; organic iodide salt	fluorochrome
19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid 19-hydroxy-5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid: potent stimulator of renal sodium, potassium atpase; RN given is for the (all-Z) isomer	2.44	2	0
copiamycin [no description available]	2	1	0
5,6-dihydroprostacyclin 5,6-dihydroprostacyclin: RN given refers to (6S,9alpha,11alpha,13E,15S)-isomer	2.36	2	0
marein marein: hypoglycemic from Coreopsis tinctoria; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	flavonoids; glycoside
vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-val-8-arg- vasopressin, 1-deamino-4-Val-8-Arg-: highly potent & specific antidiuretic possessing protracted effects; RN given refers to (L-Val-L-Arg)-isomer	1.98	1	0
everolimus [no description available]	9.37	4	1	cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
beta-acaridial beta-acaridial: female sex pheromone in Caloglyphus polyphylaae (Acari: Acaridae)	2.04	1	0
emerin emerin: a serine-rich protein; responsible for Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD)	2.15	1	0
prostaglandin f-main urinary metabolite prostaglandin F-main urinary metabolite: urinary metabolites of PGF2alpha in rats	1.95	1	0
hydroxysafflor yellow a hydroxysafflor yellow A: from Carthamus tinctorius; structure given in first source. hydroxysafflor yellow A : A C-glycosyl compound that is 3,4,5-trihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-one which is substituted by beta-D-glucosyl groups at positions 2 and 4, and by a p-hydroxycinnamoyl group at position 6. It is the main bioactive compound of a traditional Chinese medicine obtained from safflower (Carthamus tinctorius).	2.8	3	0
4-oxo-2-nonenal 4-oxo-2-nonenal: reacts with 2'-deoxyguanosine; a product of lipid peroxidation; structure in first source. (E)-4-oxonon-2-enal : The enal that is (E)-non-2-enal substituted with an oxo group at C-4.	4.09	4	0	enal; enone	human metabolite
pai 039 tiplaxtinin: inhibitor of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1	2.02	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids
salvianolic acid B salvianolic acid B: isolated from Salvia miltiorrhiza. salvianolic acid B : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is an antioxidant and free radical scavenging compound extracted from S. miltiorrhiza	3.66	8	0	1-benzofurans; catechols; dicarboxylic acid; enoate ester; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; hepatoprotective agent; hypoglycemic agent; neuroprotective agent; osteogenesis regulator; plant metabolite
i(3)so3-galactosylceramide Sulfoglycosphingolipids: GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS with a sulfate group esterified to one of the sugar groups.. 1-(3-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactosyl)-N-tetracosanoylsphingosine : A D-galactosyl-N-acylsphingosine having a sulfo group at the 3-position on the galactose ring and tetracosanoyl as the N-acyl group.	2.21	1	0	galactosylceramide sulfate; N-acyl-beta-D-galactosylsphingosine
cyclosporin g cyclosporin G: similar immunosuppressive actions as cyclosporin, but without nephrotoxic side effects; cyclosporin A analog; MW 1217	2.03	1	0
beta-escin Escin: Pentacyclic triterpene saponins, biosynthesized from protoaescigenin and barringtogenol, occurring in the seeds of AESCULUS. It inhibits edema formation and decreases vascular fragility.	2.7	3	0	triterpenoid saponin
cyclosporin h cyclosporin H: non-immunophilin-binding cyclosporin; RN given for (D)-Val	2.42	2	0
tanespimycin CP 127374: analog of herbimycin A	2.03	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones; ansamycin; carbamate ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; Hsp90 inhibitor
verlukast verlukast: LTD4 receptor antagonist	3.1	5	0
gw 1929 GW 1929: activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	benzophenones
2-[(3-iodophenyl)methylthio]-5-pyridin-4-yl-1,3,4-oxadiazole [no description available]	2.03	1	0	aryl sulfide
beta-escin [no description available]	7.28	31	1
4,5-diaminofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.71	3	0
l 162313 L 162313: a biphenylimidazole derivative; a non-peptide angiotensin agonist; no further information available 2/95	3.39	7	0
s-nitroso-n-acetylpenicillamine S-Nitroso-N-Acetylpenicillamine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is one of the NITRIC OXIDE DONORS.	4.57	25	0	nitroso compound; nitrosothio compound	nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent
sb 222200 [no description available]	2.15	1	0	quinolines
am 404 [no description available]	2.02	1	0	anilide
sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	sulfonamide
omdm-2 cpd OMDM-2 cpd: structure in first source	2.02	1	0
lactacystin [no description available]	2.43	2	0	lactam; S-substituted L-cysteine
peplomycin Peplomycin: An antineoplastic agent derived from BLEOMYCIN.	8.22	6	0	glycopeptide
gadolinium dtpa Gadolinium DTPA: A complex of gadolinium with a chelating agent, diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid (DTPA see PENTETIC ACID), that is given to enhance the image in cranial and spinal MRIs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p706)	2.93	4	0	gadolinium coordination entity	MRI contrast agent
morphinans Morphinans: Compounds based on a partially saturated iminoethanophenanthrene, which can be described as ethylimino-bridged benzo-decahydronaphthalenes. They include some of the OPIOIDS found in PAPAVER that are used as ANALGESICS.	2.41	2	0	isoquinoline alkaloid fundamental parent; morphinane alkaloid
ergoline Ergolines: A series of structurally-related alkaloids that contain the ergoline backbone structure.. ergoline : An indole alkaloid whose structural skeleton is found in many naturally occurring and synthetic ergolines which are known to bind to neurotransmitter receptors, such as dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin receptors and function as unselective agonists or antagonists at these receptors.	3.66	10	0	diamine; ergoline alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound
adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate adenosine-3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate: RP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A inhibitor; SP-cAMP-S is a protein kinase A agonist. (Sp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).. (Rp)-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having adenine as the nucleobase (the Rp-stereoisomer).	3.39	7	0	nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate
sq-23377 Ionomycin: A divalent calcium ionophore that is widely used as a tool to investigate the role of intracellular calcium in cellular processes.. ionomycin : A very long-chain fatty acid that is docosa-10,16-dienoic acid which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 4, 6, 8, 12, 14, 18 and 20, by hydroxy groups at positions 11, 19 and 21, and by a (2',5-dimethyloctahydro-2,2'-bifuran-5-yl)ethanol group at position 21. An ionophore produced by Streptomyces conglobatus, it is used in research to raise the intracellular level of Ca(2+) and as a research tool to understand Ca(2+) transport across biological membranes.	5.35	57	0	cyclic ether; enol; polyunsaturated fatty acid; very long-chain fatty acid	calcium ionophore; metabolite
inositol 1,4,5-triphosphorothioate inositol 1,4,5-triphosphorothioate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
fk 866 N-(4-(1-benzoylpiperidin-4-yl)butyl)-3-(pyridin-3-yl)acrylamide: inhibits nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; structure in first source	2.04	1	0	benzamides; N-acylpiperidine
enkephalin, leucine-2-alanine Enkephalin, Leucine-2-Alanine: A delta-selective opioid (ANALGESICS, OPIOID). It can cause transient depression of mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate.	2.68	3	0
nocloprost nocloprost: phalloidin transport inhibitor	1.97	1	0
pentopril CGS 13945: structure given in first source	3.47	2	0
mc 838 MC 838: RN given refers to Ca[2:1]salt(R-(R*,S))-isomer; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0
ci 940 leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.	2.03	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leptomycin	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
beraprost beraprost: stable prostacyclin analog; structure given in first source. beraprost : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is (3aS,8bS)-2,3,3a,8b-tetrahydro-1H-benzo[b]cyclopenta[d]furan in which the hydrogens at positions 1R, 2R and 5 are replaced by (3S)-3-hydroxy-4-methyloct-1-en-6-yn-1-yl, hydroxy and 3-carboxypropyl groups, respectively. It is a prostaglandin receptor agonist which is approved to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in Asia.	2.7	3	0	enyne; monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol; secondary allylic alcohol	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin receptor agonist; vasodilator agent
rhc 3659 pivalopril: structure given in first source	3.46	2	0	N-acyl-amino acid
bufogenin bufogenin: respiratory stimulant; from toad; structure. bufogenin : A steroid lactone of Chan su (toad venom), a Chinese medicine obtained from the skin venom gland of toads. A specific Na/K-ATPase protein inhibitor, it is used as a cardiotonic and central nervous system (CNS) respiratory agent, an analgesic and anesthetic, and as a remedy for ulcers.	2.04	1	0	epoxy steroid; steroid lactone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
ginsenoside rb2 [no description available]	2.17	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antiviral agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
vapiprost vapiprost: thromboxane receptor antagonist; prostaglandin receptor antagonist	2.68	3	0
dexniguldipine niguldipine: structure given in first source; clinical modulator of multidrug resistance	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
itasetron itasetron: a potent 5HT-3 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland.	2.02	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
hexarelin hexarelin: a synthetic growth hormone releasing peptide; structurally similar to GHRP-6, with the substitution of D-Trp with its 2-methyl derivative; more potent & stable and less toxic than GHRP-6	3.26	6	0
beta-elemene beta-elemene: increases tumor cell immunogenicity by inducing, at least in part, elevated expression of heat shock protein 70 on tumor cell surface. beta-elemene : A sesquiterpene that consists of cyclohexane bearing methyl and vinyl substituents at position 1 as well as two isopropenyl substituents at positions 2 and 4.. (-)-beta-elemene : The (-)-enantiomer of beta-elemene that has (1S,2S,4R)-configuration.	7.45	2	0	beta-elemene	antineoplastic agent
pd 184352 2-(2-chloro-4-iodophenylamino)-N-cyclopropylmethoxy-3,4-difluorobenzamide: inhibits MAP kinase kinase; structure in first source	2.47	2	0	aminobenzoic acid
dalcetrapib dalcetrapib: inhibits cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)	2.05	1	0	anilide
corosolic acid [no description available]	2.21	1	0	triterpenoid	metabolite
valyltyrosine valyltyrosine: from sardine muscle hydrolyzate. Val-Tyr : A dipeptide formed from L-valine and L-tyrosine residues.	4.65	6	1	dipeptide	metabolite
epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)-lysine: cross-link in proteins. epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine : An N(6)-acyl-L-lysine derivative in which the acyl group is specified as gamma-glutamyl.	2.17	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; N(6)-acyl-L-lysine
4-benzoylphenylalanine 4-benzoylphenylalanine: structure in first source; do not confuse with N-benzoylphenylalanine	2.05	1	0
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	10.65	77	0	ammonium ion derivative
chloralose Chloralose: A derivative of CHLORAL HYDRATE that was used as a sedative but has been replaced by safer and more effective drugs. Its most common use is as a general anesthetic in animal experiments.	9.43	23	0
4-oxo-6-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-4h-pyran-3-yl 4-nitrobenzoate 4-oxo-6-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-4H-pyran-3-yl 4-nitrobenzoate: structure in first source	2.31	1	0	nitrobenzoic acid
bufalin bufalin: cardiotonic; powerful anesthetic & one of the active constituents of the Chinese drug ch'an su(senso); in Japan prepared from skin of Bufo bufo garfarizans; RN given refers to (3beta,5beta)-isomer. bufalin : A 14beta-hydroxy steroid that is bufan-20,22-dienolide having hydroxy substituents at the 5beta- and 14beta-positions. It has been isolated from the skin of the toad Bufo bufo.	2.41	2	0	14beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid	animal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; cardiotonic drug
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	8.09	5	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.1	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
rhosin rhosin: contains two aromatic rings tethered by a linker, no other info available 2/2014. rhosin : A D-tryptophan derivative obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of D-tryptophan with the amino group of (quinoxalin-6-yl)methylidenehydrazide. It directly targets the Rho GEF binding domain, thereby preventing Rho from interacting with its GEFs	2.31	1	0	D-tryptophan derivative; hydrazone; quinoxaline derivative	antineoplastic agent; RhoA inhibitor; RhoC inhibitor
formazans Formazans: Colored azo compounds formed by the reduction of tetrazolium salts. Employing this reaction, oxidoreductase activity can be determined quantitatively in tissue sections by allowing the enzymes to act on their specific substrates in the presence of tetrazolium salts.	2	1	0
pirsidomine pirsidomine: a sydnonimine with direct vasodilating and nitric oxide-donating properties; structure given in first source	2	1	0
naloxonazine naloxonazine: binds irreversibly to opiate receptor sites; structure given in first source	2	1	0
s-nitrosocysteine S-nitrosocysteine: A sulfur-containing alkyl thionitrite that is a nitric oxide donor.. S-nitroso-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine derivative in which the sulfur atom carries a nitroso substituent. A cell-permeable low-molecular-weight nitrosothiol and nitric oxide donor.	2.06	1	0	L-cysteine derivative; nitrosothio compound	hematologic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
8-bromoadenosine-3',5'-cyclic monophosphorothioate (Sp)-8-bromo-cAMPS : A nucleoside 3',5'-cyclic phosphorothioate having 8-bromoadenine as the nucleobase (the Sp-stereoisomer).	2.02	1	0
utibapril utibapril: structure given in first source; prodrug for FPL 63547 diacid	1.99	1	0
gw 501516 GW 501516: a selective PPARdelta agonist; structure in first source. GW 501516 : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and at position 4 by a (1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethyl)sulfanediyl group, and in which the 1,3-thiazolyl group is substituted at positions 2 and 4 by p-trifluoromethylphenyl and methyl groups, respectively.	3.18	5	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic ether; aryl sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound	carcinogenic agent; PPARbeta/delta agonist
celivarone celivarone: antiarrhythmic agent; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
bay 58-2667 BAY 58-2667: activates guanylyl cyclase; structure in first source. cinaciguat : A benzoic acid that is 4-(aminomethyl)benzoic acid in which the amino group is substituted by 4-carboxybutyl and 2-(2-{[4-(2-phenylethyl)benzyl]oxy}phenyl)ethyl groups. It is a soluble guanylate cyclase activator, used for the treatment of acute decompensated heart failure.	3.88	2	1	aromatic ether; benzoic acids; dicarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound	antihypertensive agent; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
norleu3-a(1-7) norLeu3-A(1-7): accelerates healing, reduction of fibrotic scar, and normalization of tissue architecture	5.66	5	0
sacubitril [no description available]	7.76	2	0	biphenyls
ts-011 N-(3-chloro-4-morpholin-4-yl) phenyl-N'-hydroxyimido formamide: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
valyl-prolyl-proline Val-Pro-Pro : A tripeptide composed of L-valine and two L-proline units joined by peptide linkages.	4.4	4	1	tripeptide	metabolite
niravoline niravoline: a kappa-opioid agonist	1.99	1	0
euk-134 EUK-134: antioxidant; structure in first source	2.48	2	0
kb r7943 2-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzyloxy)phenyl)ethyl)isothiourea methanesulfonate: inhibits the reverse mode of Na+/Ca++ exchange in cells expressing NCX1; structure in first source	3.27	6	0
ono 8711 ONO 8711: a prostaglandin E receptor EP1 antagonist; structure in first source	2.08	1	0
zd 7155 [no description available]	4.46	22	0
rxp 407 RXP 407: inhibits angiotensin I converting enzyme	2.43	2	0
seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide seryl-leucyl-isoleucyl-glycyl--arginyl-leucinamide: a proteinase-activated receptor-2-activating peptide; SL-NH2 is NOT Ser-Leu-NH2 here	2.42	2	0
jasplakinolide jasplakinolide: cyclodepsipeptide isolated from marine sponge Jaspis; active against Candida; RN refers to 2S-(2R,4E,6S,8R*)-isomer; structure in first source. jaspamide : A cyclodepsipeptide isolated from Jaspis splendens and has been shown to exhibit antineoplastic activity. It is an actin polymerization and stabilization inducer.	2.44	2	0	cyclodepsipeptide; phenols	actin polymerisation inducer; animal metabolite; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; marine metabolite; neuroprotective agent
anatibant LF 16-0687: a potent non-peptide bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.03	1	0	proline derivative
sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas.	3.48	8	0	oligopeptide
vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(o- methyl-l-tyrosine)-8-l-arginine- vasopressin, 1-(1-mercaptocyclohexaneacetic acid)-2-(O- methyl-L-tyrosine)-8-L-arginine-: highly potent antagonist of vasopressor response to arginine-vasopressin; structure in first source	4.89	36	0
n(6)-cyclohexyladenosine N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine: structure given in first source; receptors, purinergic P1 agonist	3.24	6	0
muromonab-cd3 xestospongin C: was indexed to xestospongin A; from Xestospongia sponge; empties the ER calcium store but does not inhibit InsP3-induced Ca2+ release. xestospongin C : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is isolated from the marine sponge Xestospongia exigua.	2.47	2	0	alkaloid; macrocycle; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound; oxacycle; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; IP3 receptor antagonist; marine metabolite
ursodoxicoltaurine tauroursodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of tauroursodeoxycholic acid arising from deprotonation of the sulfonate OH group; major species at pH 7.3.. tauroursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate derived from ursoodeoxycholic acid.	2.97	4	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	anti-inflammatory agent; apoptosis inhibitor; bone density conservation agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
ave 0991 AVE 0991: structure in first source	4.28	17	0
gambogic acid gambogic acid: RN given refers to (1R-(1alpha,1(Z),3abeta,5alpha,11beta,14aS*))-isomer	7.21	1	0	pyranoxanthones	metabolite
l 163491 L 163491: structure given in first source	2.68	3	0
pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid.	4.44	7	0	organic molecular entity
conophylline conophylline: isolated from the leaves of Ervatamia microphylla; a ras function inhibitor; structure given in first source	7.31	1	0
flag peptide FLAG peptide: engineered as a tag for immunoaffinity purification of genetically-engineered proteins; amino acid sequence given in first source; a polar octapeptide. FLAG peptide : An eight amino acid peptide consisting of L-aspartic acid, L-tyrosine, L-lysine, four L-aspartic acid residues, and L-lysine joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is widely used as a fusion tag for the purification and detection of a wide variety of recombinant proteins.	2.08	1	0	peptide
phenylalanyl-leucyl-phenylalanyl-glutaminyl-prolyl-glutaminyl-arginyl-phenylalaninamide [no description available]	2.13	1	0
sc-75416 SC-75416: a benzopyran (chromene) COX-2 inhibitor	2.08	1	0
knk 437 KNK 437: inhibits thermotolerance acquisition and heat shock protein induction in colon carcinoma cells; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
cgs 35066 CGS 35066: an endothelin-converting enzyme-1 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.02	1	0
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	11.08	27	1	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
mirabegron mirabegron: a beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist; structure in first source. mirabegron : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-ylacetic acid with the anilino group of (1R)-2-{[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]amino}-1-phenylethanol. Used for the treatment of overactive bladder syndrome.	2.15	1	0	1,3-thiazoles; aromatic amide; ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide	beta-adrenergic agonist
sc 236 4-(5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(trifluoromethyl)-1H-pyrazol-1-yl)benzenesulfonamide: SC58236 = SC236 re email from Harris, Ray	2.45	2	0
cp 105696 CP 105696: a leukotriene B4 receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.05	1	0
fimasartan fimasartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist	4.37	1	1	biphenyls
ticagrelor Ticagrelor: An adenosine triphosphate analogue and reversible P2Y12 PURINORECEPTOR antagonist that inhibits ADP-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used for the prevention of THROMBOEMBOLISM by patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME or a history of MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.. ticagrelor : A triazolopyrimidine that is an adenosine isostere; the cyclopentane ring is similar to ribose and the nitrogen-rich [1,2,3]triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine moiety resembles the nucleobase adenine. A platelet aggregation inhibitor which is used for prevention of thromboembolic events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.	2.59	2	0	aryl sulfide; hydroxyether; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; triazolopyrimidines	P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor
eprosartan mesylate dihydrate eprosartan mesylate dihydrate: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
rivaroxaban Rivaroxaban: A morpholine and thiophene derivative that functions as a FACTOR XA INHIBITOR and is used in the treatment and prevention of DEEP-VEIN THROMBOSIS and PULMONARY EMBOLISM. It is also used for the prevention of STROKE and systemic embolization in patients with non-valvular ATRIAL FIBRILLATION, and for the prevention of atherothrombotic events in patients after an ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. rivaroxaban : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-chlorothiophene-2-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 4-{4-[(5S)-5-(aminomethyl)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]phenyl}morpholin-3-one. An anticoagulant used for prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with knee or hip replacement surgery.	3.58	7	0	aromatic amide; lactam; monocarboxylic acid amide; morpholines; organochlorine compound; oxazolidinone; thiophenes	anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.6 (coagulation factor Xa) inhibitor
nicotianamine nicotianamine: an angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitor from soy sauce. (S,S,S)-nicotianamine : The (S,S,S)-stereoisomer of nicotianamine.	2.05	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; nicotianamine	chelator; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; plant metabolite
dapagliflozin [no description available]	8.25	4	0	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
ema400 [no description available]	2.85	3	0
gw 4064 [no description available]	2.04	1	0	stilbenoid
lu 302872 LU 224332: endothelin-A/B receptor antagonist	2.42	2	0
ginsenoside rb1 [no description available]	7.82	3	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
sucrose monolaurate sucrose monolaurate: RN given refers to monolaurate	1.99	1	0
ginsenoside rg3 ginsenoside Rg3: from Red ginseng; inhibits lung metastasis of tumor cells; structure given in first source. (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding beta-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	7.31	1	0	ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; plant metabolite
ym-254890 YM-254890: structure in first source	2.04	1	0
pifithrin-alpha [no description available]	2.03	1	0
n-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2h)-carboxamide N-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-4-(3-chloropyridin-2-yl)tetrahydropyrazine-1(2H)-carboxamide: a vanilloid receptor 1 antagonist and analgesic; structure in first source	2.05	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
gw0742 GW 610742: structure in first source	2.75	3	0	monocarboxylic acid
ema401 [no description available]	2.13	1	0
eht 1864 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
terutroban terutroban: a thromboxan receptor antagonist	2.75	3	0
darapladib darapladib: a selective lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A(2) (Lp-PLA(2)) inhibitor, on biomarkers of cardiovascular (CV) risk	2.31	1	0
neuromedin n neuromedin N: peptide from porcine spinal cord with amino acid sequence homologous to COOH-terminal sequence of neurotensin	1.98	1	0
isoleucyl-prolyl-proline [no description available]	4.4	4	1	oligopeptide
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	4.8	1	1
rs 102895 [no description available]	2.07	1	0	benzoxazine
l 159884 L 159884: structure in first source	2.69	3	0
cgp 20712a CGP 20712A: structure given in first source; CGP 26505, a beta1-selective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, is the (S)-isomer of CGP 20712A	2.42	2	0
n-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine N-(1-methylethyl)-1,1,2-trimethylpropylamine: an ATP-sensitive potassium channel opener	2.44	2	0
n-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide N-methylsulfonyl-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide: inhibits rat renal microsomal arachidonic acid epoxidation	2.46	2	0
2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone 2-(beta-(3-iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)ethylaminomethyl)tetralone: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
linagliptin Linagliptin: A purine and quinazoline derivative that functions as an INCRETIN and DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBTOR. It is used as a HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT in the treatment of TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS.. linagliptin : A xanthine that is 7H-xanthine bearing (4-methylquinazolin-2-yl)methyl, methyl, but-2-yn-1-yl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 7 and 8 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used for treatment of type II diabetes.	2.89	3	0	aminopiperidine; quinazolines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
fmrfamide FMRFamide: A molluscan neuroactive peptide which induces a fast excitatory depolarizing response due to direct activation of amiloride-sensitive SODIUM CHANNELS. (From Nature 1995; 378(6558): 730-3)	2.02	1	0
tribulus Tribulus: A plant genus of the family ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. Members contain steroidal saponins. Ingestion by grazing animals causes PHOTOSENSITIVITY DISORDERS called geeldikkop (yellow thick head) in South Africa.	2.52	2	0
azd 6244 AZD 6244: a MEK inhibitor	2.1	1	0	benzimidazoles; bromobenzenes; hydroxamic acid ester; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	5.27	9	0
artenimol artenimol: derivative of antimalarial drug artemisinin (quinghaosu)	2.41	1	0
ys 49 YS 49: structure given in first source	7.04	1	0
trans-sodium crocetinate trans-sodium crocetinate: vitamin A-analog that increases diffusivity of oxygen in aqueous solutions, including plasma	3.3	6	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	7.03	1	0
eledoisin Eledoisin: A peptide extracted from the posterior salivary glands of certain small octopi (Eledone spp., Mollusca), or obtained by synthesis. Its actions resemble those of SUBSTANCE P; it is a potent vasodilator and increases capillary permeability. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1364)	7.39	65	0	peptide
angiotensin amide Angiotensin Amide: The octapeptide amide of bovine angiotensin II used to increase blood pressure by vasoconstriction.	7.31	60	2	oligopeptide
sc 26304 SC 26304: spirolactone aldosterone antagonist	2.37	2	0	steroid lactone
cgs 24012 CGS 24012: adenosine agonist with both high affinity & selectivity for the adenosine A2 receptor	1.98	1	0
2-furoyl-ligrlo-amide 2-furoyl-LIGRLO-amide: a potent and selective proteinase-activated receptor 2 agonist	2.06	1	0
le 135 LE 135: structure given in first source	2.01	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
sb 215505 SB 215505: a neuroleptic with equivalent or higher antagonist affinity for 5-HT2 than for dopamine D2 receptor	2.04	1	0
indolapril hydrochloride Indolapril: structure given in first source	3.06	1	0
glaucocalyxin a glaucocalyxin A: chemical constituent of Rabdosia japonica var. glaucocalyx	7.17	1	0
etc-1002 8-hydroxy-2,2,14,14-tetramethylpentadecanedioic acid: inhibits ATP citrate lyase (ACL); has anti-atherosclerotic activity. bempedoic acid : An alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid that is pentadecanedioic acid which is substituted by methyl groups groups at positions 2 and 14, and by a hydroxy group at position 8. It is a drug used for the treatment of high LDL cholesterol, which is sometimes referred to as 'bad cholesterol'.	3.01	2	0	alpha,omega-dicarboxylic acid	antilipemic drug; EC 2.3.3.8 (ATP citrate synthase) inhibitor; prodrug
5s,12r,18r-trihydroxy-6z,8e,10e,14z,16e-eicosapentaenoic acid 5S,12R,18R-trihydroxy-6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E-eicosapentaenoic acid: a bioactive oxygenated product of EPA, was identified in human plasma and prepared by total organic synthesis; structure in first source. resolvin E1 : A resolvin that is (6Z,8E,10E,14Z,16E)-icosa-6,8,10,14,16-pentaenoic acid which is substituted at positions 5, 12 and 18 by hydroxy groups (the 5S,12R,18R stereoisomer).	2.6	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; long-chain fatty acid; nonclassic icosanoid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; human xenobiotic metabolite
isotocin isotocin: hormone found in some teleosts; Gln in position 4 of oxytocin replaced by Ser & Leu in position 8 by Ile; structure	7.41	2	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	7.01	23	1
mumefural mumefural: structure in first source	2.01	1	0	carbonyl compound
ucn 1028 c calphostin C: structure given in first source; isolated from Cladosporium cladosporioides	5.78	34	0
hydroxymatairesinol hydroxymatairesinol: a plant lignan from Norway spruce (Picea abies); structure in first source	2.05	1	0
ribose ribopyranose : The pyranose form of ribose.	2.06	1	0	D-ribose; ribopyranose
buccalin buccalin: colocalized with the small cardioactive peptides to neuron B15; bioactive at the ARC neuromuscular junction	2	1	0
calpain inhibitor iii calpain inhibitor III: potential anticataract drug	2.11	1	0
wp1066 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
abt-737 [no description available]	2.25	1	0	aromatic amine; aryl sulfide; biphenyls; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-arylpiperazine; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-allergic agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
phenylnitrene [no description available]	2.03	1	0
brimonidine tartrate Brimonidine Tartrate: A quinoxaline derivative and ADRENERGIC ALHPA-2 RECEPTOR AGONIST that is used to manage INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE associated with OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA and OCULAR HYPERTENSION.	5.62	18	1
elagolix [no description available]	2.21	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
fg-4592 roxadustat: structure in first source. roxadustat : An N-acylglycine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of glycine with the carboxy group of 4-hydroxy-1-methyl-7-phenoxyisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. It is an inhibitor of hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase (HIF-PH).	2.31	1	0	aromatic ether; isoquinolines; N-acylglycine	EC 1.14.11.2 (procollagen-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.11.29 (hypoxia-inducible factor-proline dioxygenase) inhibitor
nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species.	3.09	5	0	nystatins
pirarubicin [no description available]	4.07	3	1	anthracycline
linoleic acid hydroperoxide linoleic acid hydroperoxide: RN refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. linoleic acid hydroperoxide : A HPODE that is a mono-hydroperoxy derivative of linoleic acid	2.11	1	0
resolvin d2 resolvin D2: structure in first source; a potent endogenous regulator of excessive inflammatory responses that acts via multiple cellular targets to stimulate resolution and preserve immune vigilance. resolvin D2 : A member of the class of resolvins that is (4Z,8E,10Z,12E,14E,19Z)-docosahexaenoic acid carrying three hydroxy substituents at positions 7, 16 and 17 (the 7S,16R,17S-stereoisomer).	7.6	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; secondary allylic alcohol; triol	anti-inflammatory agent; anti-obesity agent; estrogen receptor agonist; human xenobiotic metabolite; rat metabolite
ks370g KS370G: antihyperglycemic; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
alogliptin alogliptin: structure in first source. alogliptin : A piperidine that is 3-methyl-2,4-dioxo-3,4-dihydropyrimidine carrying additional 2-cyanobenzyl and 3-aminopiperidin-1-yl groups at positions 1 and 2 respectively (the R-enantiomer). Used in the form of its benzoate salt for treatment of type 2 diabetes.	2.31	1	0	nitrile; piperidines; primary amino compound; pyrimidines	EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
cgs 35601 CGS 35601: a single molecule triple vasopeptidase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.42	2	0
cp 154526 CP 154526: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
dorsomorphin dorsomorphin: an AMPK inhibitor. dorsomorphin : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine which is substituted at positions 3 and 6 by pyridin-4-yl and p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]phenyl groups, respectively. It is a potent, selective, reversible, and ATP-competitive inhibitor of AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase, EC 2.7.11.31) and a selective inhibitor of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling.	2.77	3	0	aromatic ether; piperidines; pyrazolopyrimidine; pyridines	bone morphogenetic protein receptor antagonist; EC 2.7.11.31 {[hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase (NADPH)] kinase} inhibitor
ro 31-8425 Ro 31-8425: structure given in first source	2.43	2	0
2,5-dimethylcelecoxib 2,5-dimethylcelecoxib: non-COX-2 inhibitory structural analog of celecoxib	7.31	1	0
carfilzomib [no description available]	4.8	1	1	epoxide; morpholines; tetrapeptide	antineoplastic agent; proteasome inhibitor
fonsartan fonsartan: an angiotensin II receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	3.6	9	0
sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.	4.42	7	0
7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine 7-(2-(4-(4-nitrobenzene)piperazinyl)ethyl)-1,3-dimethylxanthine: vasorelaxant; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
pf 573228 6-(4-(3-(methylsulfonyl)benzylamino)-5-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-3,4-dihydroquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source	2.06	1	0	quinolines
veratridine Veratridine: A benzoate-cevane found in VERATRUM and Schoenocaulon. It activates SODIUM CHANNELS to stay open longer than normal.	8.37	7	0
cgp 57380 CGP 57380: inhibits the mitogen-activated protein kinase-interacting kinase Mnk1	2.01	1	0	pyrazolopyrimidine
ginsenoside rd ginsenoside Rd: RN refers to (3beta,12beta)-isomer. ginsenoside Rd : A ginsenoside found in Panax ginseng and Panax japonicus var. major that is (20S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in which the hydroxy group at position 20 has been converted to its beta-D-glucopyranoside.	2.25	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	anti-inflammatory drug; apoptosis inducer; immunosuppressive agent; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; vulnerary
phytic acid inositol pentaphosphate: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.97	1	0	inositol phosphate
sauchinone sauchinone: isolated from Saururus chinensis; structure in first source	7.25	1	0
losartan potassium Erythropoietin: Glycoprotein hormone, secreted chiefly by the KIDNEY in the adult and the LIVER in the FETUS, that acts on erythroid stem cells of the BONE MARROW to stimulate proliferation and differentiation.	11.95	76	5
d-arg-dmt-lys-phe-nh2 [no description available]	2.06	1	0
empagliflozin [no description available]	12.96	10	2	aromatic ether; C-glycosyl compound; monochlorobenzenes; tetrahydrofuryl ether	hypoglycemic agent; sodium-glucose transport protein subtype 2 inhibitor
calcimycin Calcimycin: An ionophorous, polyether antibiotic from Streptomyces chartreusensis. It binds and transports CALCIUM and other divalent cations across membranes and uncouples oxidative phosphorylation while inhibiting ATPase of rat liver mitochondria. The substance is used mostly as a biochemical tool to study the role of divalent cations in various biological systems.	9.24	142	0	benzoxazole
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	2.65	3	0
indocyanine green Indocyanine Green: A tricarbocyanine dye that is used diagnostically in liver function tests and to determine blood volume and cardiac output.	5.77	12	2	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	4.18	17	0
marinobufagenin marinobufagenin: an endogenous digitalis-like factor; a Na(+),K(+)-ATPase inhibitor and cardiotonic agent; structure given in first source. marinobufagenin : A cardiotonic steroid secreted by the toad Bufo rubescens and other related species such as Bufo marinus. An endogenous Na/K-ATPase inhibitor, it is a vasoconstrictor with effects similar to digitalis.	7.94	4	0	epoxy steroid; steroid hormone	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope
cinobufagin cinobufagin: isolated from Chinese medicinal preparation ch'an su; derived from toad venom	2.07	1	0	steroid lactone
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	21.99	1,249	35
cyclohexylalanine cyclohexylalanine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	7.4	2	0
phytosterols Phytosterols: A class of organic compounds known as sterols or STEROIDS derived from plants.. phytosterols : Sterols similar to cholesterol which occur in plants and vary only in carbon side chains and/or presence or absence of a double bond.	2.31	1	0
dihydrotachysterol Dihydrotachysterol: A VITAMIN D that can be regarded as a reduction product of vitamin D2.. dihydrotachysterol : A hydroxy seco-steroid that is 9,10-secoergosta-5,7,22-triene substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3. A synthetic analogue of vitamin D that acts a bone density conservation agent.	2.37	2	0
oleanonic acid oleanonic acid: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
ouabagenin ouabagenin: inhibitor of ATPASE; structure. ouabagenin : A hexahydroxy steroidal lactone obtained by hydrolysis of ouabain.	1.97	1	0	1-hydroxy steroid; 11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 19-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid	EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor
ginsenoside rb3 [no description available]	7.76	3	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antidepressant; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; plant metabolite
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	3.57	9	0
argipressin, des-glynh2(9)- argipressin, des-GlyNH2(9)-: RN given refers to (L-Arg)-isomer	1.97	1	0
ants Ants: Insects of the family Formicidae, very common and widespread, probably the most successful of all the insect groups. All ants are social insects, and most colonies contain three castes, queens, males, and workers. Their habits are often very elaborate and a great many studies have been made of ant behavior. Ants produce a number of secretions that function in offense, defense, and communication. (From Borror, et al., An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed, p676)	2.01	1	0
felypressin Felypressin: A synthetic analog of LYPRESSIN with a PHENYLALANINE substitution at residue 2. Felypressin is a vasoconstrictor with reduced antidiuretic activity.. felypressin : A synthetic nonapeptide comprising cysteinyl, phenylalanyl, phenylalanyl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, cysteinyl, prolyl, lysyl, and glycinamide residues in sequence, with a disulfide bridge joining the two cysteine residues. Its antidiuretic effects are less than those of vasopressin. It is used as a vasoconstrictor in local anaesthetic injections for dental use, and is an ingredient of preparations that have been used for treatment of pain and inflammation of the mouth.	4.43	7	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide	vasoconstrictor agent; vasopressin receptor agonist
kt 5926 KT 5926: indolocarbazole; structure given in first source. KT 5926 : An organic heterooctacyclic compound that is 5-propoxy-1H,1'H-2,2'-biindole in which the nitrogens have undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 2 and 5 of methyl (3R)-3-hydroxy-2-methyltetrahydrofuran-3-carboxylate (the 2S,3R,5R product), and in which the 3 and 3' positions of the biindole moiety have also undergone formal oxidative coupling to positions 3 and 4 of 1,5-dihydro-2H-pyrrol-2-one.	1.98	1	0	gamma-lactam; hemiaminal; indolocarbazole; methyl ester; organic heterooctacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
angiotensin ii, sar(1)-me-tyr(4)- angiotensin II, Sar(1)-Me-Tyr(4)-: angiotensin II antagonist	5.48	21	0
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein: nonfluorescent, reduced form of 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein	2.05	1	0
physalaemin Physalaemin: An oligopeptide isolated from the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus, a South American frog. It is a typical kinin, resembling SUBSTANCE P in structure and action and has been proposed as a sialagogue, antihypertensive, and vasodilator.	3.46	8	0
icatibant icatibant: a potent bradykinin (B2) receptor antagonist; WIN 65365 is an L-Tic(7) stereoisomer. icatibant : A ten-membered synthetic oligopeptide consisting of D-Arg, Arg, Pro, Hyp, Gly, Thi, Ser, D-Tic, Oic, and Arg residues joined in sequrence. A bradykinin receptor antagonist used as its acetate salt for the treatment of acute attacks of hereditary angioedema in adult patients.	9.19	88	1
angiotensin iii, ile(7)- angiotensin III, Ile(7)-: angiotensin II antagonist	3.07	5	0
jaw [no description available]	2.69	3	0	indolecarboxamide
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.13	1	0
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	5.88	31	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tin mesoporphyrin tin mesoporphyrin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to dihydrogen, (SP-4-2)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 5/88	2.44	2	0
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	4.6	24	0
gw 4869 GW 4869: inhibits neutral sphingomyelinase; structure in first source	2.52	2	0
rxpa380 [no description available]	2.43	2	0
calcitonin [no description available]	7.38	2	0
cosyntropin Cosyntropin: A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE. ACTH (1-24), a segment similar in all species, contains the biological activity that stimulates production of CORTICOSTEROIDS in the ADRENAL CORTEX.. cosyntropin : A synthetic peptide that is identical to the 24-amino acid segment at the N-terminal of adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin). A segment similar in all species, it contains the biological activity that stimulates production of corticosteroids in the adrenal cortex. It is used diagnostically to investigate adrenocortical insufficiency.	4.27	19	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	3.11	5	0
cholecystokinin Cholecystokinin: A peptide, of about 33 amino acids, secreted by the upper INTESTINAL MUCOSA and also found in the central nervous system. It causes gallbladder contraction, release of pancreatic exocrine (or digestive) enzymes, and affects other gastrointestinal functions. Cholecystokinin may be the mediator of satiety.	14.62	35	1
ceruletide Ceruletide: A specific decapeptide obtained from the skin of Hila caerulea, an Australian amphibian. Caerulein is similar in action and composition to CHOLECYSTOKININ. It stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion; and certain smooth muscle. It is used in paralytic ileus and as diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.. ceruletide : A decapeptide comprising 5-oxoprolyl, glutamyl, aspartyl, O-sulfotyrosyl, threonyl, glycyl, tryptopyl, methionyl, aspartyl and phenylalaninamide residues in sequence. Found in the skins of certain Australian amphibians, it is an analogue of the gastrointestinal peptide hormone cholecystokinin and stimulates gastric, biliary, and pancreatic secretion. It is used in cases of paralysis of the intestine (paralytic ileus) and as a diagnostic aid in pancreatic malfunction.	5.15	15	0	oligopeptide	diagnostic agent; gastrointestinal drug
dynorphins Dynorphins: A class of opioid peptides including dynorphin A, dynorphin B, and smaller fragments of these peptides. Dynorphins prefer kappa-opioid receptors (RECEPTORS, OPIOID, KAPPA) and have been shown to play a role as central nervous system transmitters.	3.5	8	0
somatostatin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone
atrial natriuretic factor Atrial Natriuretic Factor: A potent natriuretic and vasodilatory peptide or mixture of different-sized low molecular weight PEPTIDES derived from a common precursor and secreted mainly by the HEART ATRIUM. All these peptides share a sequence of about 20 AMINO ACIDS.	22.29	1,033	113	polypeptide
cys(11)-cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21) Cys(11)-Cys(15)-endothelin-1 (11-21): antagonist of endothelin B receptor	2.41	2	0
renin inhibitory peptide renin inhibitory peptide: angiotensinogen analog	3.06	5	0
adrenocorticotropin zinc [no description available]	2	1	0
nociceptin [no description available]	3.21	1	0	organic molecular entity; polypeptide	human metabolite; rat metabolite
fibrinopeptide b Fibrinopeptide B: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the beta chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin. Each peptide chain contains 20 amino acid residues. The removal of fibrinopeptides B is not required for coagulation.	2.42	2	0
somatostatin, iodo-tyr(1)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	2.38	2	0
tachykinin neuropeptide gamma tachykinin neuropeptide gamma: potentiates substance P-induced salivation; lacks residues (3-17) of neuropeptide K; derived from gamma-preprotachykinin	2.39	2	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide glucagon-like peptide 1 (7-36)amide: potent stimulator of insulin released in perfused mammalian pancreas	2.41	2	0
gastrins Gastrins: A family of gastrointestinal peptide hormones that excite the secretion of GASTRIC JUICE. They may also occur in the central nervous system where they are presumed to be neurotransmitters.	8.13	15	1
urotensin i urotensin I: stimulates active chloride transport by the skin of marine teleost in contrast to urotensin II which inhibits it; RN given refers to urotensin I with unknown MF; see also record for urotensin II	7.66	3	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	3.69	10	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	11.94	156	2	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	6.48	25	0
sauvagine sauvagine: isolated from skin of South American hylid frog, Phyllomedusa sauvagei; has hypotensive & antidiuretic effect; potent stimulating action on secretion of ACTH & corticosterone; inhibitory effect on secretion of PRL, GH, & TSH; consists of straight chain of 40 amino acid residues	2.48	2	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	5.58	4	1
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	10.41	83	1
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	2.05	1	0
ularitide Ularitide: a 32-amino acid peptide derived from (95-126 residues) of ANP PROHORMONE (1-126 residues); not biologically inactivated by a peptidase from dog kidney cortex membranes	5.96	5	2
s6c sarafotoxin sarafotoxins s6: several isotoxins from Atractaspis engaddensis; has strong cardiotoxic activity; all contain 21 amino acid residues; see also endothelium-derived vasoconstrictor factor	4.72	11	0
echistatin echistatin: 49 amino acid residues given in first source; from the venom of the viper Echis	2	1	0
iberiotoxin [no description available]	3.63	9	0
angiotensinogen Angiotensinogen: An alpha-globulin of about 453 amino acids, depending on the species. It is produced by the liver in response to lowered blood pressure and secreted into blood circulation. Angiotensinogen is the inactive precursor of the ANGIOTENSINS produced in the body by successive enzyme cleavages. Cleavage of angiotensinogen by RENIN yields the decapeptide ANGIOTENSIN I. Further cleavage of angiotensin I (by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME) yields the potent vasoconstrictor octapeptide ANGIOTENSIN II; and then, via other enzymes, other angiotensins also involved in the hemodynamic-regulating RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM.	19.83	780	9
corticotropin-like intermediate lobe peptide Corticotropin-Like Intermediate Lobe Peptide: A peptide derived from the cleavage of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE, found primarily in the INTERMEDIATE LOBE OF PITUITARY but also in the ARCUATE NUCLEUS of basal HYPOTHALAMUS. Its sequence is identical to the C-terminal 22-amino acids of ACTH or ACTH 18-39.	2.05	1	0
ac 187 [no description available]	2	1	0
astressin astressin : A 30-membered homodetic cyclic peptide comprising the sequence D-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Arg-Glu-Val-Leu-Glu-Nle-Ala-Arg-Ala-Glu-Gln-Leu-Ala-Gln-Glu-Ala-His-Lys-Asn-Arg-Lys-Leu-Nle-Glu-Ile-Ile-NH2 cyclised by an amide bridge, formed by condensation of the side-chain carboxy group of the Glu residue at position 19 and the side-chain amino group of the Lys residue at position 22.	2.31	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide	corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist; neuroprotective agent
bq 3020 [no description available]	2.39	2	0
cortistatin 14 cortistatin: a cortical neuropeptide; shows strong structural similarity to somatostatin; a neuronal depressant; has sleep-modulating activity; amino acid sequence given in first source	2.61	2	0
irl 1620 sovateltide: a potent, specific ligand for the endothelin-B receptor	2.69	3	0
m40 [no description available]	2	1	0
cyn 154806 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	3.89	12	0
liraglutide [no description available]	6.22	8	1	lipopeptide; polypeptide	glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist; neuroprotective agent
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	10.33	28	4
angiotensinogen angiotensinogen (1-14): Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-Ser; MW 1759; human = Asp-Arg-Val-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe-His-Leu-Val-Ile-His-Asn	1.98	1	0
incretins Incretins: Peptides which stimulate INSULIN release from the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS following oral nutrient ingestion, or postprandially.	7.86	3	0
msh, 4-nle-7-phe-alpha- [no description available]	2.15	1	0	polypeptide	dermatologic drug
c-peptide C-Peptide: The middle segment of proinsulin that is between the N-terminal B-chain and the C-terminal A-chain. It is a pancreatic peptide of about 31 residues, depending on the species. Upon proteolytic cleavage of proinsulin, equimolar INSULIN and C-peptide are released. C-peptide immunoassay has been used to assess pancreatic beta cell function in diabetic patients with circulating insulin antibodies or exogenous insulin. Half-life of C-peptide is 30 min, almost 8 times that of insulin.	5.82	8	3
atrial natriuretic factor 26, rat atrial natriuretic factor 26, rat: peptide corresponding to the 26 residues of the C-terminal of rat atrial natriuretic factor	2.37	2	0
cardiodilation-atrial natriuretic peptide cardiodilatin: polypeptide hormone from various vertebrate hearts, regulates smooth muscle function; synthesized as a preprohormone of 149-153 amino acids (=atrial natriuretic factor precursors); released as a 28-amino acid peptide into blood; amino acid sequence given in first source; possesses potent vasorelaxant but not natriuretic & diuretic activities	2.4	2	0
natriuretic peptide, c-type Natriuretic Peptide, C-Type: A PEPTIDE of 22 amino acids, derived mainly from cells of VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM. It is also found in the BRAIN, major endocrine glands, and other tissues. It shares structural homology with ATRIAL NATRIURETIC FACTOR. It has vasorelaxant activity thus is important in the regulation of vascular tone and blood flow. Several high molecular weight forms containing the 22 amino acids have been identified.	10.44	40	3
bombesin [no description available]	2.15	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	6.21	6	1	glycoside
endothelin-1 Endothelin-1: A 21-amino acid peptide produced in a variety of tissues including endothelial and vascular smooth-muscle cells, neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, and endometrial cells. It acts as a modulator of vasomotor tone, cell proliferation, and hormone production. (N Eng J Med 1995;333(6):356-63)	20.72	729	36
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.72	30	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
divalinal-angiotensin iv divalinal-angiotensin IV: AT4 receptors antagonist	4.16	16	0
amikacin [no description available]	2.17	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	1.96	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.53	2	0
sodium salicylate [no description available]	6.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	3.18	5	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	2.7	3	0
tryptophyl-histidine [no description available]	2.05	1	0
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol-elenolic acid dialdehyde oleacein: found in olive oil; structure in first source	2.08	1	0	alcohol; phenols
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	5.57	21	0
lucifer yellow lucifer yellow: RN given refers to di-Li salt	2.4	2	0	organic lithium salt	fluorochrome
sapogenins Sapogenins: The aglucon moiety of a saponin molecule. It may be triterpenoid or steroid, usually spirostan, in nature.	2.21	1	0
theaflavin-3,3'-digallate theaflavin-3,3'-digallate: structure in first source	7.59	2	0
Icariside E4 icariside E4: has antinociceptive activity; isolated from Tabebuia roseo-alba; structure in first source	7.21	1	0	benzofurans	metabolite
dipsacoside b dipsacoside B: from flowers of Lonicera macranthoides Hand	2.41	1	0
menotropins Menotropins: Extracts of urine from menopausal women that contain high concentrations of pituitary gonadotropins, FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE and LUTEINIZING HORMONE. Menotropins are used to treat infertility. The FSH:LH ratio and degree of purity vary in different preparations.	5.32	7	2
chitosan [no description available]	3.06	4	0
ranatensin ranatensin: undecapeptide isolated from skin of Rana pipiens	1.96	1	0
9-(tetrahydro-2-furyl)-adenine [no description available]	4.2	6	0
bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol bis(1,3-diethylthiobarbiturate)trimethineoxonol: fluorescent probe for membrane potentials	1.97	1	0
15-deoxyprostaglandin j2 15-deoxyprostaglandin J2: 15d-PGJ2 abbreviation is also used for 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)PGJ2	3.3	6	0
s-nitro-n-acetylpenicillamine S-nitro-N-acetylpenicillamine: a NO donor	3.61	9	0
butaclamol Butaclamol: A benzocycloheptapyridoisoquinolinol that has been used as an antipsychotic, especially in schizophrenia.	1.97	1	0
pf-429242 PF-429242: a subtilisin kexin isozyme-1/site-1 protease inhibitor	2.31	1	0
sodium houttuyfonate sodium houttuyfonate: structure in first source	2.46	2	0
bucladesine Bucladesine: A cyclic nucleotide derivative that mimics the action of endogenous CYCLIC AMP and is capable of permeating the cell membrane. It has vasodilator properties and is used as a cardiac stimulant. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). bucladesine : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is the 2'-butanoate ester and 6-N-butanoyl derivative of 3',5'-cyclic AMP.	5.93	104	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide
sodium bisulfite sodium bisulfite: has been used externally for parasitic skin diseases and as gastrointestinal antiseptic; structure. sodium hydrogensulfite : An inorganic sodium salt having hydrogensulfite as the counterion.	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt; sulfite salt	allergen; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; mutagen; reducing agent
sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion.	7.08	1	0	lactate salt; organic sodium salt	food acidity regulator; food preservative
urografin 76 urovision: urovision contains a mixture of sodium & meglumine salts of diatrizoic acid in the ratio of 50:18 in aqueous solution used in urography	1.99	1	0
prorenoate potassium prorenoate potassium: RN given refers to (6 alpha,7 alpha,17 alpha)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	8.25	6	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
3h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine, 2-butyl-3-((2'-(1h-tetrazol-5-yl)(1,1'-biphenyl)-4-yl)methyl)-, sodium salt 2-butyl-3-((2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl-4-yl)methyl)-3H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: an angiotensin II-receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.39	2	0
amphotericin b, deoxycholate drug combination [no description available]	2	1	0
tanshinone ii a sodium sulfonate tanshinone II A sodium sulfonate: has cardioprotective activity; water-soluble derivative of tanshinone II A; isolated from Salvia militiorrhiza; relieves anginal pain; structure	3.43	7	0
z 335 Z 335: structure in first source	2.03	1	0
stearates Stearates: Salts and esters of the 18-carbon saturated, monocarboxylic acid--stearic acid.	1.98	1	0
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	4.93	14	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
ru 28318 [no description available]	3.07	5	0
saprisartan potassium saprisartan potassium: structure given in first source	3.6	9	0
sodium pertechnetate tc 99m Sodium Pertechnetate Tc 99m: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used for the diagnosis of diseases in many tissues, particularly in the gastrointestinal system, cardiovascular and cerebral circulation, brain, thyroid, and joints.	1.97	1	0
sodium ethylxanthate Sex: The totality of characteristics of reproductive structure, functions, PHENOTYPE, and GENOTYPE, differentiating the MALE from the FEMALE organism.	1.94	1	0
cortisol succinate, sodium salt hydrocortisone hemisuccinate: RN given refers to (11beta)-isomer; Synonyms Solu-Cortef & sopolcort H refer to Na salt	1.96	1	0	organic molecular entity
chiniofon Hydroxyquinolines: The 8-hydroxy derivatives inhibit various enzymes and their halogenated derivatives, though neurotoxic, are used as topical anti-infective agents, among other uses.	2.39	2	0
angoroside c angoroside C: angoroside C is the (E)-isomer; structure in first source	2.11	1	0
thiostrepton Thiostrepton: One of the CYCLIC PEPTIDES from Streptomyces that is active against gram-positive bacteria. In veterinary medicine, it has been used in mastitis caused by gram-negative organisms and in dermatologic disorders.. thiostrepton : A heterodetic cyclic peptide, in which the cyclisation step involves a formal lactonisation between the carboxy group of a quinaldic acid-based residue and a secondary alcohol. An antibiotic that inhibits bacterial protein synthesis. Also acts as an antitumor agent.	2.13	1	0
srt1720 [no description available]	7.11	1	0
phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate : A phosphatidylinositol monophosphate carrying the phosphate group at the 4-position.	3.6	9	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	2.11	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	2.37	2	0
10-nitro-oleic acid 10-nitro-oleic acid: structure in first source. (9E)-10-nitrooctadecenoic acid : A nitro fatty acid that is (9E)-octadec-9-enoic (elaidic) acid substituted by a nitro group at position 10.	2.05	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; monounsaturated fatty acid; nitro fatty acid	human metabolite
insulin, isophane Insulin, Isophane: An intermediate-acting INSULIN preparation with onset time of 2 hours and duration of 24 hours. It is produced by crystallizing ZINC-insulin-PROTAMINES at neutral pH 7. Thus it is called neutral protamine Hagedorn for inventor Hans Christian Hagedorn.	1.95	1	0
intrinsic factor Intrinsic Factor: A glycoprotein secreted by the cells of the GASTRIC GLANDS that is required for the absorption of VITAMIN B 12 (cyanocobalamin). Deficiency of intrinsic factor leads to VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY and ANEMIA, PERNICIOUS.	3.05	1	0
rb 150 firibastat: has antihypertensive activity; a dimer of EC33 with a disulfide linkage; structure in first source	4.11	2	0
oxymatrine oxymatrine: structure in first source; has anti-apoptosis effects	2.08	1	0
1229u91 1229U91: a selective neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptor antagonist; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
sb 290157 SB 290157: an anaphylatoxin C3a receptor antagonist; structure in first source	2.49	2	0
niraparib niraparib: structure in first source. niraparib : A 2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide that has S-configuration. It is a potent inhibitor of PARP1 and PARP2 (IC50 of 3.8 and 2.1 nM, respectively) and approved as a first-line maintenance treatment for women with advanced ovarian cancer after responding to platinum-based chemotherapy.	4.8	1	1	2-[4-(piperidin-3-yl)phenyl]-2H-indazole-7-carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; radiosensitizing agent
beta-lgnd2 beta-LGND2: structure in first source	2.08	1	0
mk 2206 MK 2206: a protein kinase inhibitor and antineoplastic agent	2.55	2	0	organic heterotricyclic compound	EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor
navitoclax [no description available]	7.25	1	0	aryl sulfide; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; piperazines; secondary amino compound; sulfone; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitor
pervanadate pervanadate: from a mixture of orthovanadate and hydrogen peroxide	7.7	3	0
jzl 184 JZL 184: inhibits monoacylglycerol lipase; structure in first source	2.51	2	0	benzodioxoles
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	3.06	4	0
4,4-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene [no description available]	2.03	1	0	BODIPY compound
cardiovascular agents Cardiovascular Agents: Agents that affect the rate or intensity of cardiac contraction, blood vessel diameter, or blood volume.	12.4	63	4
trelstar Triptorelin Pamoate: A potent synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE with D-tryptophan substitution at residue 6.	1.97	1	0
dynorphins dynorphin (1-13): potent opioid peptide; see also record for dynorphin & D-Ala(2)-dynorphin (1-11)	1.97	1	0
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	8.68	77	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
fibrinopeptide a Fibrinopeptide A: Two small peptide chains removed from the N-terminal segment of the alpha chains of fibrinogen by the action of thrombin during the blood coagulation process. Each peptide chain contains 18 amino acid residues. In vivo, fibrinopeptide A is used as a marker to determine the rate of conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.	2.89	4	0
apelin-13 peptide apelin-13 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source. apelin-13 : A 13 amino acid oligopeptide which is the ligand for the apelin receptor (also known as the APJ receptor). It exhibits hypotensive and neuroprotective effects, and may be a potential prognostic biomarker for acute ischemic stroke and multiple sclerosis.	8.15	8	4	oligopeptide	antihypertensive agent; autophagy inhibitor; biomarker; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
cgp 29287 CGP 29287: see also record for renin inhibitory peptide, statine	2.67	3	0
substance p, arg(1)-pro(2)-trp(7),(9)-leunh(2)(11)- substance P, Arg(1)-Pro(2)-Trp(7),(9)-LeuNH(2)(11)-: MH SUBSTANCE P contains L-Arg(1), L-Pro(2); substance P antagonist	1.96	1	0
atrial natriuretic factor (4-23)nh2, de-gln(18)-de-ser(19)-de-gly(20,22)-de-leu(21)- [no description available]	3.39	7	0
mannans [no description available]	2.25	1	0
ldn 193189 LDN 193189: inhibits bone morphogenetic protein signaling	2.13	1	0	pyrimidines
taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate taurolithocholic acid sulfate(2-) : A steroid sulfate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of both sulfo groups of taurolithocholic acid sulfate; major species at pH 7.3.	2.41	2	0	steroid sulfate oxoanion	human metabolite
inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate(6-) : The hexaanion of 1D-myo-inositol 1,3,4-trisphosphate.	2.39	2	0	inositol phosphate oxoanion	human metabolite
inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate) inositol 1,4-bis(phosphate): induced in human platelets by thrombin; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate(4-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from deprotonation of the phosphate OH groups of 1D-myo-inositol 1,4-bisphosphate; major species at pH 7.3.	2.37	2	0
11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid 11,12-epoxy-5,8,14-eicosatrienoic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (11S,12R)-EET : An 11,12-EET in which the epoxy moiety has 11S,12R-configuration.. 11,12-EET : An EET obtained by formal epoxidation of the 11,12-double bond of arachidonic acid.	3.29	6	0	11,12-EET	human xenobiotic metabolite
peptones Peptones: Derived proteins or mixtures of cleavage products produced by the partial hydrolysis of a native protein either by an acid or by an enzyme. Peptones are readily soluble in water, and are not precipitable by heat, by alkalis, or by saturation with ammonium sulfate. (Dorland, 28th ed)	1.94	1	0
plx4032 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	aromatic ketone; difluorobenzene; monochlorobenzenes; pyrrolopyridine; sulfonamide	antineoplastic agent; B-Raf inhibitor
triiodothyronine, reverse Triiodothyronine, Reverse: A metabolite of THYROXINE, formed by the peripheral enzymatic monodeiodination of T4 at the 5 position of the inner ring of the iodothyronine nucleus.. 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine zwitterion : Zwitterionic form of 3,3',5'-triiodo-L-thyronine.	2.68	3	0	3,3',5'-triiodothyronine; amino acid zwitterion
2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid ethyl amide 2-cyano-3,12-dioxooleana-1,9(11)-dien-28-oic acid ethyl amide: synthetic potential anticarcinogenic	2.49	2	0
glycolipids [no description available]	3.43	7	0
alamandine alamandine: heptapeptide generated by catalytic action of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 angiotensin A or directly from angiotensin-(1-7)	11.53	13	0	peptide
baricitinib [no description available]	2.21	1	0	azetidines; nitrile; pyrazoles; pyrrolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	anti-inflammatory agent; antirheumatic drug; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	12.22	79	6
resolvin d1 resolvin D1: an anti-inflammatory lipid mediator; structure in first source. resolvin D1 : A resolvin that is docosa-4Z,9E,11E,13Z,15E,19Z-hexaenoic acid which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 7, 8, and 17 positions (the 7S,8R,17S-stereoisomer).	8.09	4	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; resolvin; triol	anti-inflammatory agent
18-hydroxycortisol 18-hydroxycortisol: from urine of patients with primary aldosteronism. 18-hydroxycortisol : A 18-hydroxy steroid that is cortisol carrying a hydroxy group at position 18. Its urinary excretion is increased in patients with aldosterone-producing adenoma.	2.89	4	0
18-oxocortisol 18-oxocortisol: biosynthesized by aldosterone-producing adrenal tissue; structure given in first source. 18-oxocortisol : A steroid aldehyde that is cortisol carrying a formyl group at position 18.	2.89	4	0
bryostatin 1 bryostatin 1: a protein kinase C activator; macrocyclic lactone from marine Bryozoan Bugula neritina; RN given refers to (1S-(1R,3R,5Z,7S,8E,11R,12R(2E,4E),13E,15R,17S(S),21S,23S,25R))-isomer; structure given in first source; activates protein kinase c. bryostatin 1 : A member of the class of bryostatins that is (17E)-2-oxooxacyclohexacos-17-ene which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4, 10, and 20; an acetoxy group at position 8; methyl groups at positions 9, 9, 18, and 19; 2-methoxy-2-oxoethylidene groups at positions 14 and 24; an (E,E)-octa-2,4-dienoyloxy group at position 21; and with oxygen bridges linking positions 6 to 10, 12 to 16, and 20 to 24. It is one of the most abundant member of the class of bryostatins.	1.98	1	0
(4-(n-hydroxyamino)-2r-isobutyl-3s-methylsuccinyl)-l-phenylglycine-n-methylamide KB R7785: structure in first source	2.42	2	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	5.67	5	1
interleukin-8 Interleukin-8: A member of the CXC chemokine family that plays a role in the regulation of the acute inflammatory response. It is secreted by variety of cell types and induces CHEMOTAXIS of NEUTROPHILS and other inflammatory cells.	12.58	24	1
antibiotic cv-1 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
anagliptin anagliptin: anagliptin hydrochloride salt is the active compound	2.41	1	0	amino acid amide
hemopressin hemopressin: hemoglobin alpha-chain fragment	2.03	1	0
pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide 38 [no description available]	2.15	1	0
hydroxocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin: Injectable form of VITAMIN B 12 that has been used therapeutically to treat VITAMIN B 12 DEFICIENCY.	3.61	2	0
fosinopril Fosinopril: A phosphinic acid-containing angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of hypertension. It is a prodrug that is converted to its active metabolite fosinoprilat.. fosinopril : A phosphinate ester-containing N-acyl derivative of (4S)-cyclohexyl-L-proline. It is used for the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. A pro-drug, it is hydrolysed in vivo to the corresponding phosphininc acid, fosinoprilat, which is the active metabolite.	6.78	17	4
p(1),p(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate P(1),P(5)-di(adenosine-5'-)pentaphosphate: structure. P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate(5-) : An organophosphate oxoanion arising from global deprotonation of the pentaphosphate OH groups of P(1),P(5)-bis(5'-adenosyl) pentaphosphate.	2.68	3	0	organophosphate oxoanion
exenatide Exenatide: A synthetic form of exendin-4, a 39-amino acid peptide isolated from the venom of the Gila monster lizard (Heloderma suspectum). Exenatide increases CYCLIC AMP levels in pancreatic acinar cells and acts as a GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 RECEPTOR (GLP-1) agonist and incretin mimetic, enhancing insulin secretion in response to increased glucose levels; it also suppresses inappropriate glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying. It is used an anti-diabetic and anti-obesity agent.	3.6	8	0
ophiopogonin d ophiopogonin D: RN given refers to (1beta,3beta,25R)-isomer; structure given in first source	2.15	1	0	steroid saponin
gsk0660 GSK0660: PPAR antagonist; structure in first source	2.13	1	0	sulfonamide
englerin a [no description available]	2.6	1	0	cinnamate ester; glycolate ester; guaiane sesquiterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
chymostatin [no description available]	10.85	30	0
diphthamide [no description available]	2.1	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion
gyy 4137 GYY 4137: has vasodilator, antihypertensive and anti-inflammatory activities; structure in first source	2.52	2	0	organic molecular entity
tubastatin a [no description available]	7.82	3	0	hydroxamic acid; pyridoindole; tertiary amino compound	EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor
inflachromene inflachromene: has anti-inflammatory activity; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	2.35	2	0
ldn 57444 LDN 57444: inhibitor of ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase-L1; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	2.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	9.87	73	0
natriuretic peptide, brain Natriuretic Peptide, Brain: A PEPTIDE that is secreted by the BRAIN and the HEART ATRIA, stored mainly in cardiac ventricular MYOCARDIUM. It can cause NATRIURESIS; DIURESIS; VASODILATION; and inhibits secretion of RENIN and ALDOSTERONE. It improves heart function. It contains 32 AMINO ACIDS.	17.34	230	42	polypeptide
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	4.58	7	0
bp-1-102 BP-1-102: a STAT3 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
wy 26392 [no description available]	1.96	1	0
chondroitin Chondroitin: A mucopolysaccharide constituent of chondrin. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.38	2	0
heparitin sulfate Heparitin Sulfate: A heteropolysaccharide that is similar in structure to HEPARIN. It accumulates in individuals with MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS.	3.08	5	0
tuftsin Tuftsin: N(2)-((1-(N(2)-L-Threonyl)-L-lysyl)-L-prolyl)-L-arginine. A tetrapeptide produced in the spleen by enzymatic cleavage of a leukophilic gamma-globulin. It stimulates the phagocytic activity of blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes and neutrophils in particular. The peptide is located in the Fd fragment of the gamma-globulin molecule.	3.75	3	0	peptide
kpt-185 KPT-185: binds CRM1 to inhibit nuclear export; has antineoplastic activity	2.17	1	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	11.57	41	4	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.42	2	0
chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens.	2.38	2	0
minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5.	4.24	6	0
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	4.77	7	1	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
piroxicam [no description available]	2.67	3	0	benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines	analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	5.14	14	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
metastat tetracycline CMT-3: a non-antimicrobial tetracycline; structure in second source	2.21	1	0
demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective.	3.47	2	0
antimycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0
teriflunomide [no description available]	2.17	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic amide; enamide; enol; nitrile; secondary carboxamide	drug metabolite; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
s 1 (combination) S 1 (combination): consists of tegafur, 5-chloro-2,4-dihydroxyuridine & potassium oxonate; an inhibitor of fluorouracil(5-FU) degradation; prolongs the blood 5-FU level as well as increases selective toxicity to tumor; used for the treatment of colon cancer	2.05	1	0
byl719 [no description available]	4.8	1	1	proline derivative
2'-hydroxy-5,9-dimethyl-2-allyl-6,7-benzomorphan SK&F 10047: pharmacologic action of cpd may depend on (L)- or (D)-isomerism; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.98	1	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	10.14	144	0
acth (7-38) ACTH (7-38): do not confuse with CIP protein. defensin : A family of cysteine-rich polypeptides that function as host defence peptides and consist of 18-45 amino acids including six to eight cysteine residues.	2.9	4	0
gastrin-releasing peptide Gastrin-Releasing Peptide: Neuropeptide and gut hormone that helps regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion and motor function. Once released from nerves in the antrum of the STOMACH, the neuropeptide stimulates release of GASTRIN from the GASTRIN-SECRETING CELLS.	7.4	2	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	3.45	2	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
charybdotoxin [no description available]	3.8	11	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	18.96	555	7
phytoestrogens Phytoestrogens: Compounds derived from plants, primarily ISOFLAVONES that mimic or modulate endogenous estrogens, usually by binding to ESTROGEN RECEPTORS.	3.15	5	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	4.14	16	0	ketal
phosphatidylethanol phosphatidylethanol: formed in rat brain by phospholipase D. phosphatidylethanol : A glycerophospholipid that is the monoethyl ester of any phosphatidic acid.	3.23	6	0
wnt-c59 2-(4-(2-methylpyridin-4-yl)phenyl)-N-(4-(pyridin-3-yl)phenyl)acetamide: a PORCN acyltransferase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.25	1	0
gkt137831 setanaxib: NOX4/NOX1 inhibitor; a pyrazolopyridine dione derivative	2.81	3	0
jd5037 JD5037: a cannabinoid-1 receptor inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
gsk-2816126 GSK-2816126: inhibits EZH2 methyltransferase; structure in first source	2.21	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
deltibant [no description available]	3.13	1	0
(Z)-6,6',7,3'a-Diligustilide levistilide A: isolated from Angelica sinensis, inhibits hepatic stellate cell proliferation; structure in first source	2.25	1	0	butenolide	metabolite
kiss1 protein, human Kisspeptins: Intercellular signaling peptides that were originally characterized by their ability to suppress NEOPLASM METASTASIS. Kisspeptins have since been found to play an important role in the neuroendocrine regulation of REPRODUCTION.	2.25	1	0
neuropeptide y (18-36) neuropeptide Y (18-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.39	2	0
leu-ser-lys-leu peptide [no description available]	2.47	2	0
maitotoxin [no description available]	2.89	4	0
angiotensin i angiotensin (1-9) : A nine amino acid peptide which is formed when angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) hydrolyzes the carboxy terminal leucine from angiotensin I. It is a anti-cardiac hypertrophy agent.	7.07	16	0	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	antihypertensive agent; cardioprotective agent; human metabolite; rat metabolite
as 1842856 5-amino-7-(cyclohexylamino)-1-ethyl-6-fluoro-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid: inhibits Foxo1 transactivation; inhibits mRNA levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase; structure in first source. AS1842856 : A quinolone that is 4-quinolone substituted at positions 1, 3, 5, 6 and 7 by ethyl, carboxy, amino, fluorine, and cyclohexylamino groups, respectively. It can directly bind to and block the transcription activity of the active forkhead box protein O1 (Foxo1), but not the Ser256-phosphorylated form. It induces cell death and growth arrest in Burkitt lymphoma cell lines at low concentrations.	2.31	1	0	organofluorine compound; primary amino compound; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound	anti-obesity agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inhibitor; forkhead box protein O1 inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent
hirudin Hirudin: A 65-residue polypeptide from LEECHES.	2.17	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	6.96	1	0
ginsenoside rg5 ginsenoside Rg5: a major constituent of steamed Ginseng; structure in first source	2.6	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	4.83	31	0
lysophosphatidylinositol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
lysophosphatidylethanolamine lysophosphatidylethanolamine : A glycerophosphoethanolamine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylethanolamine, which removes one of the fatty acid groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R(1) = acyl, R(2) = H or where R(1) = H, R(2) = acyl.	1.95	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	5.31	13	1
nattokinase nattokinase: isolated from the Japanese soybean cheese Natto; MW: 20,000; pI=8.6	2.06	1	0
vasotocin, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-o-methyl-tyr(2)-thr(4)-orn(8)-tyr(9)-nh2 vasotocin, (beta-mercapto-beta,beta-cyclopentamethylenepropionic acid)-O-methyl-Tyr(2)-Thr(4)-Orn(8)-Tyr(9)-NH2: a ligand used in quantitative receptor autoradiography for oxytocin receptors	1.99	1	0
ap20187 AP20187: a nontoxic, cell-permeable analog, a wholly synthesized, cell-permeable dimeric FK506 derivative. AP20187 : A tertiary amino compound that is 2-(aminomethyl)-N,N-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamine in which the primary ammino groups have each been acylated by condensation with the carboxy group of 2-{3-[(1R)-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-hydroxypropyl]phenoxy}acetic acid, the hydroxy groups of which have been esterified by condensation with the carboxy group of L-pipecolic acid, the nitrogen of which has been acylated by condensation with (2S)-2-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)butyric acid. It is a synthetic, cell-permeable ligand that can be used to induce homodimerization of fusion proteins containing the DmrB domain.	2.17	1	0	aromatic ether; carboxylic ester; N-acylpiperidine; tertiary amino compound	ligand
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	2.38	2	0
sq 20811 SQ 20811: topical, anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid; structure	1.96	1	0
spironolactone, althiazide drug combination spironolactone, althiazide drug combination: combination of spironolactone and althiazide for treatment of benign essential hypertension	1.97	1	0
g(m3) ganglioside G(M3) Ganglioside: A ganglioside present in abnormally large amounts in the brain and liver due to a deficient biosynthetic enzyme, G(M3):UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase. Deficiency of this enzyme prevents the formation of G(M2) ganglioside from G(M3) ganglioside and is the cause of an anabolic sphingolipidosis.. alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc-(1<->1')-Cer(d18:1/24:1(15Z)) : A sialotriaosylceramide consisting of beta-D-GalNAc-(1->4)-[alpha-Neu5Ac-(2->3)]-beta-D-Gal-(1->4)-beta-D-Glc attached to the primary hydroxy function of ceramide(d18:1/24:1(15Z)).	2.1	1	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminyl-(2->3)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-ceramide; sialodiosylceramide; sialotriaosylceramide	mouse metabolite
benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone benzyloxycarbonylvalyl-alanyl-aspartyl fluoromethyl ketone: an interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like protease inhibitor	2.71	3	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	4.78	7	1
kr 31378 N''-cyano-N-(6-amino-3,4-dihydro-3-hydroxy-2-methyl-2-dimethoxymethyl-2H-benzopyran-4-yl)-N'-benzylguanidine: KR-31378 is the (2S,3S,4R)-isomer; acts against lipopolysaccharide-induced apoptosis; structure in first source	2.03	1	0
bictegravir bictegravir: HIV Integrase Inhibitors. bictegravir : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of (2R,5S,13aR)-8-hydroxy-7,9-dioxo-2,3,4,5,7,9,13,13a-octahydro-2,5-methanopyrido[1',2':4,5]pyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]oxazepine-10-carboxylic acid with the amino group of 2,4,6-trifluorobenzylamine. It is a second-generation integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) and used (as its sodium salt) for the treatment of HIV-1.	2.21	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; organic heterotetracyclic compound; secondary carboxamide; trifluorobenzene	HIV-1 integrase inhibitor
neuropeptide y, leu(31)-pro(34)- neuropeptide Y, Leu(31)-Pro(34)-: specific Y1 receptor agonist	3.1	5	0
peptide yy peptide YY (3-36): amino acid sequence given in first source	2.03	1	0
calpastatin calpastatin: large mol wt, heat-stable calpain inhibitor; not based on sequestering Ca++ from medium, but binding to calpain does require Ca++. calpastatin peptide Ac 184-210 : A 27-membered polypeptide comprising the sequence Ac-Asp-Pro-Met-Ser-Ser-Thr-Tyr-Ile-Glu-Glu-Leu-Gly-Lys-Arg-Glu-Val-Thr-Ile-Pro-Pro-Lys-Tyr-Arg-Glu-Leu-Leu-Ala-NH2. An acetylated synthetic peptide from human calpastatin that strongly inhibits both calpains I and II but not papain (a cysteine protease) or trypsin (a serine protease).	3.18	5	0	polypeptide	EC 3.4.22.52 (calpain-1) inhibitor; EC 3.4.22.53 (calpain-2) inhibitor
angiotensin i Angiotensin I: A decapeptide that is cleaved from precursor angiotensinogen by RENIN. Angiotensin I has limited biological activity. It is converted to angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, after the removal of two amino acids at the C-terminal by ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME.. angiotensin I : A ten amino acid peptide formed by renin cleavage of angiotensinogen. Angiotensin I has no direct biological function except that high levels can stimulate catecholamine production. It is metabolized to its biologically active byproduct angiotensin II, a potent vasoconstrictor, by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) through cleavage of the two terminal amino acids.. angiotensin I dizwitterion : A peptide zwitterion that is the dizwitterionic form of angiotensin I having both carboxy groups deprotonated and the aspartyl amino group and arginine side-chain protonated. It is the major species at pH 7.3.	24.86	2,152	86	angiotensin; peptide zwitterion	human metabolite; neurotransmitter agent
angiotensin a angiotensin A: is a human strong vasoconstrictive angiotensin-derived peptide, most likely generated by enzymatic transformation through mononuclear leukocyte-derived aspartate decarboxylase	4.5	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	2.44	2	0
adrenomedullin Adrenomedullin: A 52-amino acid peptide with multi-functions. It was originally isolated from PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA and ADRENAL MEDULLA but is widely distributed throughout the body including lung and kidney tissues. Besides controlling fluid-electrolyte homeostasis, adrenomedullin is a potent vasodilator and can inhibit pituitary ACTH secretion.	13.38	99	4
epoetin alfa Epoetin Alfa: A recombinant glycosylated form of erythropoietin which stimulates the differentiation and proliferation of erythroid precursors. It is used for the treatment of ANEMIA associated with CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE in dialysis and predialysis patients.	1.93	1	0
angiotensin iii Angiotensin III: A heptapeptide formed from ANGIOTENSIN II after the removal of an amino acid at the N-terminal by AMINOPEPTIDASE A. Angiotensin III has the same efficacy as ANGIOTENSIN II in promoting ALDOSTERONE secretion and modifying renal blood flow, but less vasopressor activity (about 40%).	13.8	506	2
sbi-0206965 SBI-0206965: inhibits ULK1 kinase; structure in first source	2.17	1	0
mesotocin [no description available]	1.98	1	0
harpagide harpagide: from S. African plant Harpagophytum procumbens DC	7.31	1	0
nephrin nephrin: gene nephrin is mutated in congenital nephrotic syndrome; amino acid sequence in first source; GenBank F19541; RefSeq NM_019459 (mouse), NM_004646 (human), NM_022628 (rat)	8.43	41	0
sta 2 STA 2: thromboxane A2 agonist; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
d-ala(2),mephe(4),met(0)-ol-enkephalin D-Ala(2),MePhe(4),Met(0)-ol-enkephalin: A stable synthetic analog of methionine enkephalin (ENKEPHALIN, METHIONINE). Actions are similar to those of methionine enkephalin. Its effects can be reversed by narcotic antagonists such as naloxone.	2.37	2	0
ginkgolide b [no description available]	7.31	1	0
neferine neferine: isolated from green seed embryo of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn	7.05	1	0
tridihexethyl mesaconitine: RN given refers to parent cpd(1alpha,3alpha,6alpha,14alpha,15alpha,16beta)-isomer	2.17	1	0
oridonin [no description available]	7.69	2	0
copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate) copper bis(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate): copper is intricate part of molecule; not copper salt; RN given refers to cpd with specified locants for methylethyl moieties	2.06	1	0
peoniflorin peoniflorin: from Radix and of Paeonia suffruticosa	2.6	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.66	3	0
aconitine Aconitine: A C19 norditerpenoid alkaloid (DITERPENES) from the root of ACONITUM; DELPHINIUM and larkspurs. It activates VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It has been used to induce ARRHYTHMIAS in experimental animals and it has anti-inflammatory and anti-neuralgic properties.. aconitine : A diterpenoid that is 20-ethyl-3alpha,13,15alpha-trihydroxy-1alpha,6alpha,16beta-trimethoxy-4-(methoxymethyl)aconitane-8,14alpha-diol having acetate and benzoate groups at the 8- and 14-positions respectively.	2.59	2	0
ferric ammonium citrate ferric ammonium citrate: RN given refers to unspecified NH4-Fe(+3) salt. ferric ammonium citrate : A mixture of indefinite composition that contains ferric and ammonium cations and citrate(3-) anions, ferric ammonium citrate may be obtained as red crystals or a brownish yellow powder or as green crystals or powder. It is added to foods as an acidity regulator and anticaking agent. It is also used as a positive oral contrast agent in magnetic resonance imaging, and was formerly administered orally as a source of iron for the treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia.	2	1	0
ecallantide ecallantide: an NSAID and analgesic	3.83	3	0
norgestrel Norgestrel: A synthetic progestational agent with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE. This racemic or (+-)-form has about half the potency of the levo form (LEVONORGESTREL). Norgestrel is used as a contraceptive, ovulation inhibitor, and for the control of menstrual disorders and endometriosis.	4.26	4	1
oxyntomodulin Glucagon-Like Peptides: Peptides derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of pancreatic GLUCAGON. Despite expression of proglucagon in multiple tissues, the major production site of glucagon-like peptides (GLPs) is the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLPs include glucagon-like peptide 1, glucagon-like peptide 2, and the various truncated forms.	2.41	2	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	3.09	5	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	12.16	81	3
silybin Silybin: The major active component of silymarin flavonoids extracted from seeds of the MILK THISTLE, Silybum marianum; it is used in the treatment of HEPATITIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and CHEMICAL AND DRUG INDUCED LIVER INJURY, and has antineoplastic activity; silybins A and B are diastereomers.	2.48	2	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	3.73	10	0
antipain Antipain: An oligopeptide produced by various bacteria which acts as a protease inhibitor.	2.01	1	0
peptide yy Peptide YY: A 36-amino acid peptide produced by the L cells of the distal small intestine and colon. Peptide YY inhibits gastric and pancreatic secretion.. peptide YY : A 36-membered human gut polypeptide consisting of Tyr, Pro, Ile, Lys, Pro, Glu, Ala, Pro, Gly, Glu, Asp, Ala, Ser, Pro, Glu, Glu, Leu, Asn, Arg, Tyr, Tyr, Ala, Ser, Leu, Arg, His, Tyr, Leu, Asn, Leu, Val, Thr, Arg, Gln, Arg and Tyr-NH2 residues joined in sequence.	8.4	7	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.96	4	0
glucagon, n(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-his(1)-homo-arg(12)- glucagon, N(alpha)-trinitrophenyl-His(1)-homo-Arg(12)-: potent antagonist of glucagon-stimulated adenylate cyclase system; lowers blood sugar	2.37	2	0
digitonin Digitonin: A glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin which is bound to five sugars. Digitonin solubilizes lipids, especially in membranes and is used as a tool in cellular biochemistry, and reagent for precipitating cholesterol. It has no cardiac effects.. digitonin : A spirostanyl glycoside that is digitogenin in which the 3-hydroxy group is substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->3)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl group. It is a steroidal saponin isolated from the foxglove plant, Digitalis purpurea. It is used extensively as a mild non-ionic detergent for extracting proteins from membranes for structure and function studies.	3.36	7	0
catalpol catalpol: component of dihuang; RN given refers to (1aS-(1aalpha,1bbeta,2beta,5abeta,6beta,6aalpha))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 12/92	7.9	3	0
icg 001 ICG 001: PRI-724 is an enantiomer of ICG-001; binds to cAMP response element-binding protein; structure in first source	2.58	2	0
neohesperidin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
2-amino-4-methylsulfonyl butane thiol [no description available]	3.41	7	0
vanadium diascorbate vanadium diascorbate: structure given in first source	2	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	2.49	2	0
technetium tc 99m medronate Technetium Tc 99m Medronate: A gamma-emitting radionuclide imaging agent used primarily in skeletal scintigraphy. Because of its absorption by a variety of tumors, it is useful for the detection of neoplasms.	2.38	2	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.11	1	0
thromboplastin Thromboplastin: Constituent composed of protein and phospholipid that is widely distributed in many tissues. It serves as a cofactor with factor VIIa to activate factor X in the extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.	9.35	33	1
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	5.94	20	0
nedaplatin nedaplatin: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
h 261 H 261: RN given refers to (2S-(2R,4R,5R*))-isomer; (OH) denotes a hydroxyethylene (-(S)CHOH-CH2-) transition-state isostere in the scissile bond surrogate	1.96	1	0
amyloid beta-peptides amyloid beta-protein (1-40): although acutely neurotoxic in both rat & monkey cerebral cortex, neuronal degeneration in primates resembles more closely to that found in Alzheimer's disease; amino acid sequence has been determined	2.06	1	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	2.38	2	0
somatostatin, trp(8)- [no description available]	1.96	1	0
exendin 3 exendin 3: from the gila monster lizard (Heloderma horridum); amino acid sequence given in first source	2.07	1	0
exudates Malaysia: A parliamentary democracy with a constitutional monarch in southeast Asia, consisting of 11 states (West Malaysia) on the Malay Peninsula and two states (East Malaysia) on the island of BORNEO. It is also called the Federation of Malaysia. Its capital is Kuala Lumpur. Before 1963 it was the Union of Malaya. It reorganized in 1948 as the Federation of Malaya, becoming independent from British Malaya in 1957 and becoming Malaysia in 1963 as a federation of Malaya, Sabah, Sarawak, and Singapore (which seceded in 1965). The form Malay- probably derives from the Tamil malay, mountain, with reference to its geography. (From Webster's New Geographical Dictionary, 1988, p715 & Room, Brewer's Dictionary of Names, 1992, p329)	2.13	1	0
angiogenin angiogenin: human tumor protein which stimulates growth of blood vessels; contains 123 amino acids; member of the pancreatic ribonuclease superfamily; MW 14,400	2.08	1	0
roseoside roseoside: from Polygonum hydropiper L. (Polygonaceae); structure in first source	7.21	1	0
neuropeptide y (13-36) [no description available]	2.41	2	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.04	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
levoleucovorin Levoleucovorin: A folate analog consisting of the pharmacologically active isomer of LEUCOVORIN.. (6S)-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : The pharmacologically active (6S)-stereoisomer of 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid.	3.07	5	0	5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
cyclic gmp Cyclic GMP: Guanosine cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group which is esterified to the sugar moiety in both the 3'- and 5'-positions. It is a cellular regulatory agent and has been described as a second messenger. Its levels increase in response to a variety of hormones, including acetylcholine, insulin, and oxytocin and it has been found to activate specific protein kinases. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). 3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide in which the purine nucleobase is specified as guanidine.	15.91	349	12	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	4.83	12	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine diphosphate Guanosine Diphosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	3.94	13	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	9.67	6	1	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	6.37	53	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	2.92	4	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	7.51	2	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
hypoxanthine [no description available]	4.1	3	1	nucleobase analogue; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	3.08	5	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
inosine diphosphate Inosine Diphosphate: An inosine nucleotide containing a pyrophosphate group esterified to C5 of the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	6.42	20	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	5.3	12	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
3-methyladenine N3-methyladenine: structure in first source	8.16	4	0
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	5.53	68	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
neopterin [no description available]	1.99	1	0
clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia.	8.11	5	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound	adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic
dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	1.96	1	0	dacarbazine
sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position.	2.03	1	0	piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4.	2.03	1	0	benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine	antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
oxypurinol Oxypurinol: A xanthine oxidase inhibitor.. alloxanthine : A pyrazolopyrimidine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine substituted by oxo groups at positions 4 and 6.	10.35	7	2	pyrazolopyrimidine	drug metabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor
zaprinast zaprinast: anaphylaxis inhibitor; structure	2.9	4	0	triazolopyrimidines
vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine.	2.03	1	0	imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one 2-methyl-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-3,7-dihydroimidazo(1,2-alpha)pyrazin-3-one: cypridina luciferin analog	2	1	0
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	11.26	40	3	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine 2,2'-(hydroxynitrosohydrazono)bis-ethanamine: a nitric oxide (NO) generating compound. 1,1-bis(2-aminoethyl)-2-hydroxy-3-oxotriazane : A nitroso compound that is triazane in which the the nitrogen at position 1 is substituted by two 2-aminoethyl groups, that at position 2 is substituted by a hydroxy group, and that at position 3 is substituted by an oxo group.	3.42	7	0
guanylyl imidodiphosphate Guanylyl Imidodiphosphate: A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg2+. The nucleotide is a potent stimulator of ADENYLYL CYCLASES.. guanosine 5'-[beta,gamma-imido]triphosphate : A nucleoside triphosphate analogue that is GTP in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta- to the gamma- phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom A non-hydrolyzable analog of GTP, it binds tightly to G-protein in the presence of Mg(2+).	4.37	21	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0	purine nucleoside
tak 491 azilsartan medoxomil: an azilsartan prodrug and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker. azilsartan medoxomil : A carboxylic ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of azilsartan with the hydroxy group of 4-(hydroxymethyl)-5-methyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one. A prodrug for azilsartan, it is used for treatment of hypertension.	2.47	2	0	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; carboxylic ester; cyclic carbonate ester; dioxolane	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; prodrug
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiodiphosphate) [no description available]	3.37	7	0	nucleoside diphosphate analogue
sildenafil citrate Sildenafil Citrate: A PHOSPHODIESTERASE TYPE-5 INHIBITOR; VASODILATOR AGENT and UROLOGICAL AGENT that is used in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION and PRIMARY PULMONARY HYPERTENSION.. sildenafil citrate : The citrate salt of sildenafil.	4.09	14	0	citrate salt	EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent
vardenafil dihydrochloride Vardenafil Dihydrochloride: A piperazine derivative, PHOSPHODIESTERASE 5 INHIBITOR and VASODILATOR AGENT that is used as a UROLOGICAL AGENT in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.	2.51	2	0
azilsartan azilsartan: an angiotensin type 1 receptor blocker; receptor blocker. azilsartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted at position 2 by a methoxy group and at position 1 by a 2'-[(5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)biphenyl-4-yl]methyl group. Used (as the prodrug, azilsartan medoxomil) for treatment of hypertension.	11.01	7	1	1,2,4-oxadiazole; aromatic ether; benzimidazolecarboxylic acid	angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent
5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolic acid: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer	2.96	1	0	tetrahydrofolic acid
8-bromocyclic gmp 8-bromo-3',5'-cyclic GMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the guanine ring. A membrane permeable cGMP analogue that activates protein kinase G (PKG). It is 4.3-fold more potent than cGMP in activating PKG1alpha and promotes relaxation of tracheal and vascular smooth muscle tissue in vitro.	4.7	29	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; organobromine compound	muscle relaxant; protein kinase G agonist
trypan blue Trypan Blue: A diazo-naphthalene sulfonate that is widely used as a stain.. trypan blue : An organosulfonate salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3,3'-[(3,3'-dimethylbiphenyl-4,4'-diyl)didiazene-2,1-diyl]bis(5-amino-4-hydroxynaphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid).	3.22	6	0
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	4.91	13	0	guanosines	biomarker
clozapine n-oxide clozapine N-oxide: structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	dibenzodiazepine
coelenterazine coelenterazine: active group in AEQUORIN, a coelenterate luciferin. Oplophorus luciferin : An imidazopyrazine that is imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazin-3(7H)-one in which positions 2, 6, and 8 are substituted by 4-hydroxybenzyl, 4-hydroxyphenyl, and benzyl groups, respectively.	2.04	1	0
8-((4-chlorophenyl)thio)cyclic-3',5'-gmp 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cGMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic GMP in which the hydrogen at position 2 on the purine fragment is replaced by a 4-chlorophenylthio group.	1.99	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; aryl sulfide; organochlorine compound; ribonucleotide	protein kinase agonist
echinochrome a echinochrome A: red pigment of sea urchin eggs (Arbacia pustulosa)	2.41	1	0
diguanosine pentaphosphate [no description available]	2.03	1	0
phosphocreatinine phosphocreatinine: cyclic deriv of phosphocreatine; RN given refers to parent cpd	2	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
2',4'-dichlorobenzamil amiloride [no description available]	2	1	0
cyclic guanosine monophosphate-adenosine monophosphate 2'-3'-cGAMP : A cyclic purine dinucleotide that consists of AMP and GMP units cyclised via 3',5'- and 2',5'-linkages respectively.	2.13	1	0	adenyl ribonucleotide; cyclic purine dinucleotide; guanyl ribonucleotide
carthamine carthamine: composed of two chalcones; from Carthamus tinctorius; the conjugated bonds cause a red color; derived from precarthamin by a decarboxylase; do not confuse with carthamidin	2.08	1	0	hydroxycinnamic acid
defibrotide defibrotide: Single-stranded polydeoxyribonucleotide extracted from mammalian organs and used in the treatment of HEPATIC VENO-OCCLUSIVE DISEASE in patients with kidney or lung abnormalities following HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELL TRANSPLANTATION	1.99	1	0
5-(n-4-chlorobenzyl)-n-(2',4'-dimethyl)benzamil [no description available]	1.97	1	0
dibutyryl cyclic gmp Dibutyryl Cyclic GMP: N-(1-Oxobutyl)-cyclic 3',5'-(hydrogen phosphate)-2'-butanoate guanosine. A derivative of cyclic GMP. It has a higher resistance to extracellular and intracellular phosphodiesterase than cyclic GMP.	3.77	11	0
alcian blue Alcian Blue: A copper-containing dye used as a gelling agent for lubricants, for staining of bacteria and for the dyeing of histiocytes and fibroblasts in vivo.	2	1	0
pitstop 2 pitstop 2: inhibits clathrin-independent endocytosis	2.13	1	0
phenylhydrazonopyrazolone sulfonate 1 phenylhydrazonopyrazolone sulfonate 1: an Shp2 inhibitor; structure in first source	2.31	1	0
guanosine 5'-o-(2-thiotriphosphate) [no description available]	2.39	2	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2	1	0
eye [no description available]	7.43	12	2
mitotempo MitoTEMPO: an antioxidant	4.3	5	0
fusaricidin d fusaricidin D: a depsipeptide antibiotic from Bacillus polymyxa KT-8; structure given in first source	2	1	0
apelin-12 peptide apelin-12 peptide: amino acid sequence in first source	2.1	1	0	oligopeptide	biomarker; human blood serum metabolite; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent
carbidopa Carbidopa: An inhibitor of DOPA DECARBOXYLASE that prevents conversion of LEVODOPA to dopamine. It is used in PARKINSON DISEASE to reduce peripheral adverse effects of LEVODOPA. It has no anti-parkinson activity by itself.. carbidopa : The hydrate of 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa.	8.36	1	1
ego [no description available]	1.96	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	3.99	14	0
trypsinogen Trypsinogen: The inactive proenzyme of trypsin secreted by the pancreas, activated in the duodenum via cleavage by enteropeptidase. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.95	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	3.5	8	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.42	2	0
2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester: structure given in first source	2.42	2	0
2',7'-bis(carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein [no description available]	3.59	9	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	4.11	16	0
galanin-like peptide Galanin-Like Peptide: A neuropeptide that is highly homologous to GALANIN. It is produced by proteolytic processing of a larger protein that is unrelated to prepro-galanin and preferentially binds to GALANIN-2 RECEPTOR.	2.72	2	0
phosphatidylbutanol [no description available]	1.98	1	0
preproenkephalin preproenkephalin: initial enkephalin precursor	3.06	5	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	11.81	67	1
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	5	9	1
res 701-1 RES 701-1: a cyclic polypeptide consisting of 16 amino acids; isolated from Streptomyces sp RE-701; amino acid sequence given in first source; an ET(B) endothelin receptor antagonist	1.99	1	0
filipin Filipin: A complex of polyene antibiotics obtained from Streptomyces filipinensis. Filipin III alters membrane function by interfering with membrane sterols, inhibits mitochondrial respiration, and is proposed as an antifungal agent. Filipins I, II, and IV are less important.	2.73	3	0
alarin alarin: 25 amino acid peptide; an alternatively-spliced form of Galanin-like peptide with antimicrobial activity	2.72	2	0
phenanthrenes Phenanthrenes: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS composed of three fused BENZENE rings.. phenanthrenes : Any benzenoid aromatic compound that consists of a phenanthrene skeleton and its substituted derivatives thereof.	4.41	20	0

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	0	15.39	932	2
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	0	29.9	6,502	350
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	1	31.9	6,502	350
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	23.37	2,318	13
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	4.38	21	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	4.38	21	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	13.74	335	5
Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	20.49	1,012	8
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	20.73	639	23
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	13.74	335	5
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	0	20.49	1,012	8
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	20.73	639	23
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	0	20.63	598	10
Cardiac Hypertrophy Enlargement of the HEART due to chamber HYPERTROPHY, an increase in wall thickness without an increase in the number of cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). It is the result of increase in myocyte size, mitochondrial and myofibrillar mass, as well as changes in extracellular matrix.	0	18.94	1,189	1
Cardiomegaly Enlargement of the HEART, usually indicated by a cardiothoracic ratio above 0.50. Heart enlargement may involve the right, the left, or both HEART VENTRICLES or HEART ATRIA. Cardiomegaly is a nonspecific symptom seen in patients with chronic systolic heart failure (HEART FAILURE) or several forms of CARDIOMYOPATHIES.	0	18.94	1,189	1
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	0	16.9	153	5
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	0	5.64	11	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	0	5.64	11	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	21.48	1,252	34
Alveolitis, Fibrosing [description not available]	0	7.42	42	0
Pulmonary Fibrosis A process in which normal lung tissues are progressively replaced by FIBROBLASTS and COLLAGEN causing an irreversible loss of the ability to transfer oxygen into the bloodstream via PULMONARY ALVEOLI. Patients show progressive DYSPNEA finally resulting in death.	0	7.42	42	0
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm [description not available]	0	12.52	450	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the ABDOMINAL AORTA which gives rise to the visceral, the parietal, and the terminal (iliac) branches below the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	12.52	450	0
Cardiac Remodeling, Ventricular [description not available]	0	18.35	473	5
Auricular Fibrillation [description not available]	0	14.4	127	4
Atrial Fibrillation Abnormal cardiac rhythm that is characterized by rapid, uncoordinated firing of electrical impulses in the upper chambers of the heart (HEART ATRIA). In such case, blood cannot be effectively pumped into the lower chambers of the heart (HEART VENTRICLES). It is caused by abnormal impulse generation.	0	14.4	127	4
Left Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	13.63	96	6
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	13.78	322	2
Ventricular Dysfunction, Left A condition in which the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart was functionally impaired. This condition usually leads to HEART FAILURE; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; and other cardiovascular complications. Diagnosis is made by measuring the diminished ejection fraction and a depressed level of motility of the left ventricular wall.	0	13.63	96	6
Diabetic Cardiomyopathies Diabetes complications in which VENTRICULAR REMODELING in the absence of CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS and hypertension results in cardiac dysfunctions, typically LEFT VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION. The changes also result in myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial necrosis and fibrosis, and collagen deposition due to impaired glucose tolerance.	0	8.93	20	1
Cardiac Failure [description not available]	0	23.96	1,012	115
Heart Failure A heterogeneous condition in which the heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet the metabolic need of the body. Heart failure can be caused by structural defects, functional abnormalities (VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION), or a sudden overload beyond its capacity. Chronic heart failure is more common than acute heart failure which results from sudden insult to cardiac function, such as MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	23.96	1,012	115
Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	8.98	4	0
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy [description not available]	0	17.72	331	23
Pulmonary Arterial Remodeling [description not available]	0	10.27	178	0
Hypertrophy, Left Ventricular Enlargement of the LEFT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is attributed to sustained abnormal pressure or volume loads and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	17.72	331	23
Insulin Sensitivity [description not available]	0	19.26	233	19
Insulin Resistance Diminished effectiveness of INSULIN in lowering blood sugar levels: requiring the use of 200 units or more of insulin per day to prevent HYPERGLYCEMIA or KETOSIS.	0	19.26	233	19
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	0	20.07	241	41
Koch's Disease [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	0	10.84	61	0
Tuberculosis Any of the infectious diseases of man and other animals caused by species of MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS.	0	2.31	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	7.59	43	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Acute Onset Vascular Dementia [description not available]	0	4.95	5	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	0	2.44	2	0
Dementia, Vascular An imprecise term referring to dementia associated with CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS, including CEREBRAL INFARCTION (single or multiple), and conditions associated with chronic BRAIN ISCHEMIA. Diffuse, cortical, and subcortical subtypes have been described. (From Gerontol Geriatr 1998 Feb;31(1):36-44)	0	4.95	5	0
Endotoxin Shock [description not available]	0	20.63	95	9
Shock, Septic Sepsis associated with HYPOTENSION or hypoperfusion despite adequate fluid resuscitation. Perfusion abnormalities may include but are not limited to LACTIC ACIDOSIS; OLIGURIA; or acute alteration in mental status.	1	17.63	95	9
Cardiomyopathies, Primary [description not available]	0	14.88	147	3
Cardiomyopathies A group of diseases in which the dominant feature is the involvement of the CARDIAC MUSCLE itself. Cardiomyopathies are classified according to their predominant pathophysiological features (DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY; HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY; RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY) or their etiological/pathological factors (CARDIOMYOPATHY, ALCOHOLIC; ENDOCARDIAL FIBROELASTOSIS).	0	14.88	147	3
Aortic Dissection [description not available]	0	9.44	73	0
Nephritis Inflammation of any part of the KIDNEY.	0	9.06	69	0
Edema-Proteinuria-Hypertension Gestosis [description not available]	0	16.02	234	10
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	0	11.45	19	5
Pre-Eclampsia A complication of PREGNANCY, characterized by a complex of symptoms including maternal HYPERTENSION and PROTEINURIA with or without pathological EDEMA. Symptoms may range between mild and severe. Pre-eclampsia usually occurs after the 20th week of gestation, but may develop before this time in the presence of trophoblastic disease.	0	16.02	234	10
Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any of the BLOOD VESSELS in the cardiac or peripheral circulation. They include diseases of ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	19.9	126	1
Aortic Aneurysm, Ruptured [description not available]	0	8.36	64	0
Goldblatt Syndrome [description not available]	0	17.79	479	7
Hypertension, Renovascular Hypertension due to RENAL ARTERY OBSTRUCTION or compression.	0	17.79	479	7
Hypertension, Renal Persistent high BLOOD PRESSURE due to KIDNEY DISEASES, such as those involving the renal parenchyma, the renal vasculature, or tumors that secrete RENIN.	0	19.83	1,153	13
Aneurysm, Aortic [description not available]	0	8.64	106	0
Aortic Aneurysm An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of AORTA.	0	8.64	106	0
Sarcopenia Progressive decline in muscle mass due to aging which results in decreased functional capacity of muscles.	0	9.02	4	0
Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysm An acquired dilation of the retinal artery often associated with systemic HYPERTENSION.	0	2.31	1	0
Blood Poisoning [description not available]	0	13.88	84	1
Sepsis Systemic inflammatory response syndrome with a proven or suspected infectious etiology. When sepsis is associated with organ dysfunction distant from the site of infection, it is called severe sepsis. When sepsis is accompanied by HYPOTENSION despite adequate fluid infusion, it is called SEPTIC SHOCK.	0	13.88	84	1
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	0	7.49	15	0
Lung Injury, Acute [description not available]	0	8.84	32	0
Edema, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	11.26	69	0
Pulmonary Edema Excessive accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung, an indication of a serious underlying disease or disorder. Pulmonary edema prevents efficient PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE in the PULMONARY ALVEOLI, and can be life-threatening.	0	11.26	69	0
Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological).	0	8.84	32	0
Post-operative Vasoplegic Syndrome [description not available]	0	10.43	21	1
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	14.33	76	7
Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	11.62	56	1
Hutchinson Gilford Progeria Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.61	2	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	17.56	402	10
Glomerulosclerosis, Focal Segmental A clinicopathological syndrome or diagnostic term for a type of glomerular injury that has multiple causes, primary or secondary. Clinical features include PROTEINURIA, reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE, and EDEMA. Kidney biopsy initially indicates focal segmental glomerular consolidation (hyalinosis) or scarring which can progress to globally sclerotic glomeruli leading to eventual KIDNEY FAILURE.	0	11.62	56	1
Progeria An abnormal congenital condition, associated with defects in the LAMIN TYPE A gene, which is characterized by premature aging in children, where all the changes of cell senescence occur. It is manifested by premature graying; hair loss; hearing loss (DEAFNESS); cataracts (CATARACT); ARTHRITIS; OSTEOPOROSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; atrophy of subcutaneous fat; skeletal hypoplasia; elevated urinary HYALURONIC ACID; and accelerated ATHEROSCLEROSIS. Many affected individuals develop malignant tumors, especially SARCOMA.	0	2.61	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	0	14.33	76	7
Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available]	0	4.49	3	0
Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain.	0	4.49	3	0
Age-Related Osteoporosis [description not available]	0	5.18	10	0
Osteoporosis Reduction of bone mass without alteration in the composition of bone, leading to fractures. Primary osteoporosis can be of two major types: postmenopausal osteoporosis (OSTEOPOROSIS, POSTMENOPAUSAL) and age-related or senile osteoporosis.	0	5.18	10	0
Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available]	0	21.33	450	52
Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION).	0	21.33	450	52
Pericementitis [description not available]	0	5.43	4	1
Alveolar Bone Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Mandibular Diseases Diseases involving the MANDIBLE.	0	2.31	1	0
Periodontitis Inflammation and loss of connective tissues supporting or surrounding the teeth. This may involve any part of the PERIODONTIUM. Periodontitis is currently classified by disease progression (CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS; AGGRESSIVE PERIODONTITIS) instead of age of onset. (From 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions, American Academy of Periodontology)	0	5.43	4	1
Aldosteronism [description not available]	0	19.91	485	23
Hyperaldosteronism A condition caused by the overproduction of ALDOSTERONE. It is characterized by sodium retention and potassium excretion with resultant HYPERTENSION and HYPOKALEMIA.	0	19.91	485	23
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	7.77	37	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	12.77	37	0
Disease Resistance The capacity of an organism to defend itself against pathological processes or the agents of those processes. This most often involves innate immunity whereby the organism responds to pathogens in a generic way. The term disease resistance is used most frequently when referring to plants.	0	2.59	2	0
Injury, Ischemia-Reperfusion [description not available]	0	11.25	86	4
Reperfusion Injury Adverse functional, metabolic, or structural changes in tissues that result from the restoration of blood flow to the tissue (REPERFUSION) following ISCHEMIA.	0	11.25	86	4
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	1	24.58	420	52
Aneurysm, Thoracic Aortic [description not available]	0	9.06	49	0
Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic An abnormal balloon- or sac-like dilatation in the wall of the THORACIC AORTA. This proximal descending portion of aorta gives rise to the visceral and the parietal branches above the aortic hiatus at the diaphragm.	0	9.06	49	0
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.82	8	1
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome A complex disorder characterized by infertility, HIRSUTISM; OBESITY; and various menstrual disturbances such as OLIGOMENORRHEA; AMENORRHEA; ANOVULATION. Polycystic ovary syndrome is usually associated with bilateral enlarged ovaries studded with atretic follicles, not with cysts. The term, polycystic ovary, is misleading.	0	5.82	8	1
Hyperandrogenism A condition caused by the excessive secretion of ANDROGENS from the ADRENAL CORTEX; the OVARIES; or the TESTES. The clinical significance in males is negligible. In women, the common manifestations are HIRSUTISM and VIRILISM as seen in patients with POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME and ADRENOCORTICAL HYPERFUNCTION.	0	4.1	3	1
Cerebral Concussion [description not available]	0	3.68	2	0
Brain Concussion A nonspecific term used to describe transient alterations or loss of consciousness following closed head injuries. The duration of UNCONSCIOUSNESS generally lasts a few seconds, but may persist for several hours. Concussions may be classified as mild, intermediate, and severe. Prolonged periods of unconsciousness (often defined as greater than 6 hours in duration) may be referred to as post-traumatic coma (COMA, POST-HEAD INJURY). (From Rowland, Merritt's Textbook of Neurology, 9th ed, p418)	0	3.68	2	0
Hypertension, Essential [description not available]	0	6.58	24	2
Essential Hypertension Hypertension that occurs without known cause, or preexisting renal disease. Associated polymorphisms for a number of genes have been identified, including AGT, GNB3, and ECE1. OMIM: 145500	0	6.58	24	2
Gestational Hypertension [description not available]	0	8.28	23	3
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	7.65	76	0
Hypertension, Pregnancy-Induced A condition in pregnant women with elevated systolic (	0	8.28	23	3
Infectious Diseases [description not available]	0	3.34	2	0
Communicable Diseases An illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.	0	3.34	2	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	0	2.9	2	0
Bronchial Hyperreactivity Tendency of the smooth muscle of the tracheobronchial tree to contract more intensely in response to a given stimulus than it does in the response seen in normal individuals. This condition is present in virtually all symptomatic patients with asthma. The most prominent manifestation of this smooth muscle contraction is a decrease in airway caliber that can be readily measured in the pulmonary function laboratory.	0	4.11	3	1
Elevated Cholesterol [description not available]	0	12.69	83	10
Hypercholesterolemia A condition with abnormally high levels of CHOLESTEROL in the blood. It is defined as a cholesterol value exceeding the 95th percentile for the population.	0	12.69	83	10
Marfan Syndrome, Type I [description not available]	0	10.07	10	5
Marfan Syndrome An autosomal dominant disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE with abnormal features in the heart, the eye, and the skeleton. Cardiovascular manifestations include MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE, dilation of the AORTA, and aortic dissection. Other features include lens displacement (ectopia lentis), disproportioned long limbs and enlarged DURA MATER (dural ectasia). Marfan syndrome (type 1) is associated with mutations in the gene encoding FIBRILLIN-1 (FBN1), a major element of extracellular microfibrils of connective tissue. Mutations in the gene encoding TYPE II TGF-BETA RECEPTOR (TGFBR2) are associated with Marfan syndrome type 2.	0	10.07	10	5
Bleeding [description not available]	0	12.65	163	2
Hemorrhage Bleeding or escape of blood from a vessel.	0	12.65	163	2
Mastitis INFLAMMATION of the BREAST, or MAMMARY GLAND.	0	2.31	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	7.3	20	6
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	7.3	20	6
HbS Disease [description not available]	0	3.39	7	0
Anemia, Sickle Cell A disease characterized by chronic hemolytic anemia, episodic painful crises, and pathologic involvement of many organs. It is the clinical expression of homozygosity for hemoglobin S.	0	3.39	7	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	0	17.15	285	7
Aneurysm, False Not an aneurysm but a well-defined collection of blood and CONNECTIVE TISSUE outside the wall of a blood vessel or the heart. It is the containment of a ruptured blood vessel or heart, such as sealing a rupture of the left ventricle. False aneurysm is formed by organized THROMBUS and HEMATOMA in surrounding tissue.	0	2.41	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	0	21.06	256	78
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	0	21.06	256	78
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	0	21.82	263	106
Shock, Cardiogenic Shock resulting from diminution of cardiac output in heart disease.	0	5.75	15	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	0	21.82	263	106
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	0	6.24	19	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	0	6.24	19	0
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	17.57	706	14
Egyptian Ophthalmia [description not available]	0	4.72	1	1
Neuroendocrine Tumors Tumors whose cells possess secretory granules and originate from the neuroectoderm, i.e., the cells of the ectoblast or epiblast that program the neuroendocrine system. Common properties across most neuroendocrine tumors include ectopic hormone production (often via APUD CELLS), the presence of tumor-associated antigens, and isozyme composition.	0	4.85	2	1
Atheroma [description not available]	0	9.38	56	0
Nephrosclerosis Hardening of the KIDNEY due to infiltration by fibrous connective tissue (FIBROSIS), usually caused by renovascular diseases or chronic HYPERTENSION. Nephrosclerosis leads to renal ISCHEMIA.	0	7.13	29	0
Cardiac Rupture, Traumatic [description not available]	0	5.11	9	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	0	19.69	167	41
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	0	6.86	13	1
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	0	11.86	13	1
Lung Injury, Ventilator-Induced [description not available]	0	2.72	2	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	0	14.03	277	0
Death, Sudden The abrupt cessation of all vital bodily functions, manifested by the permanent loss of total cerebral, respiratory, and cardiovascular functions.	0	4.42	8	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	0	14.03	277	0
Ureteral Obstruction Blockage in any part of the URETER causing obstruction of urine flow from the kidney to the URINARY BLADDER. The obstruction may be congenital, acquired, unilateral, bilateral, complete, partial, acute, or chronic. Depending on the degree and duration of the obstruction, clinical features vary greatly such as HYDRONEPHROSIS and obstructive nephropathy.	0	9.2	121	0
Vesicoureteral Reflux [description not available]	0	9.04	5	0
Vesico-Ureteral Reflux Retrograde flow of urine from the URINARY BLADDER into the URETER. This is often due to incompetence of the vesicoureteral valve leading to ascending bacterial infection into the KIDNEY.	0	9.04	5	0
Cardiac Edema [description not available]	0	8.8	4	0
Edema, Cardiac Abnormal fluid retention by the body due to impaired cardiac function or heart failure. It is usually characterized by increase in venous and capillary pressure, and swollen legs when standing. It is different from the generalized edema caused by renal dysfunction (NEPHROTIC SYNDROME).	0	3.8	4	0
Nycturia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Polyuria Urination of a large volume of urine with an increase in urinary frequency, commonly seen in diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETES INSIPIDUS).	0	5.89	24	0
Nocturia Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS).	0	2.41	1	0
Debility [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Diabetic Glomerulosclerosis [description not available]	0	17.99	273	13
Diabetic Nephropathies KIDNEY injuries associated with diabetes mellitus and affecting KIDNEY GLOMERULUS; ARTERIOLES; KIDNEY TUBULES; and the interstitium. Clinical signs include persistent PROTEINURIA, from microalbuminuria progressing to ALBUMINURIA of greater than 300 mg/24 h, leading to reduced GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE.	0	17.99	273	13
Angiogenesis, Pathologic [description not available]	0	13.11	98	4
Hypertrophy General increase in bulk of a part or organ due to CELL ENLARGEMENT and accumulation of FLUIDS AND SECRETIONS, not due to tumor formation, nor to an increase in the number of cells (HYPERPLASIA).	0	12.9	381	0
Muscular Weakness [description not available]	0	3.78	3	0
Muscle Weakness A vague complaint of debility, fatigue, or exhaustion attributable to weakness of various muscles. The weakness can be characterized as subacute or chronic, often progressive, and is a manifestation of many muscle and neuromuscular diseases. (From Wyngaarden et al., Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p2251)	0	3.78	3	0
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	0	4.32	7	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	0	4	4	0
Cicatrization The formation of fibrous tissue in the place of normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING. It includes scar tissue formation occurring in healing internal organs as well as in the skin after surface injuries.	0	6.93	11	0
Endometrial Diseases [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Cicatrix The fibrous tissue that replaces normal tissue during the process of WOUND HEALING.	0	6.93	11	0
Uterine Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the UTERUS.	0	3.33	1	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	0	13.89	92	10
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	0	13.89	92	10
Amyloidosis A group of sporadic, familial and/or inherited, degenerative, and infectious disease processes, linked by the common theme of abnormal protein folding and deposition of AMYLOID. As the amyloid deposits enlarge they displace normal tissue structures, causing disruption of function. Various signs and symptoms depend on the location and size of the deposits.	0	4.13	6	0
MODS [description not available]	0	7.67	9	1
Multiple Organ Failure A progressive condition usually characterized by combined failure of several organs such as the lungs, liver, kidney, along with some clotting mechanisms, usually postinjury or postoperative.	0	7.67	9	1
Adenoma, Prostatic [description not available]	0	4.67	10	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	0	10.5	28	4
Prostatic Hyperplasia Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both.	0	4.67	10	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	0	10.5	28	4
Calcification, Pathologic [description not available]	0	4.28	6	0
Calcinosis Pathologic deposition of calcium salts in tissues.	0	4.28	6	0
Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available]	0	12.69	58	4
Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause.	0	12.69	58	4
Ischemia A hypoperfusion of the BLOOD through an organ or tissue caused by a PATHOLOGIC CONSTRICTION or obstruction of its BLOOD VESSELS, or an absence of BLOOD CIRCULATION.	0	12.37	177	3
Apoplexy [description not available]	0	18.62	116	39
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	0	2.41	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	0	18.62	116	39
Cat Diseases Diseases of the domestic cat (Felis catus or F. domesticus). This term does not include diseases of the so-called big cats such as CHEETAHS; LIONS; tigers, cougars, panthers, leopards, and other Felidae for which the heading CARNIVORA is used.	0	6.41	5	1
Extramembranous Glomerulopathy [description not available]	0	4.75	11	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranous A type of glomerulonephritis that is characterized by the accumulation of immune deposits (COMPLEMENT MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX) on the outer aspect of the GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE. It progresses from subepithelial dense deposits, to basement membrane reaction and eventual thickening of the basement membrane.	0	4.75	11	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	9.97	43	3
Hemorrhage, Subarachnoid [description not available]	0	5.94	18	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	9.97	43	3
Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Bleeding into the intracranial or spinal SUBARACHNOID SPACE, most resulting from INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSM rupture. It can occur after traumatic injuries (SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE, TRAUMATIC). Clinical features include HEADACHE; NAUSEA; VOMITING, nuchal rigidity, variable neurological deficits and reduced mental status.	0	10.94	18	0
Cardiac Diseases [description not available]	0	12.98	145	1
Heart Diseases Pathological conditions involving the HEART including its structural and functional abnormalities.	0	12.98	145	1
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Blood Pressure, Low [description not available]	0	21.67	367	116
Glaucoma, Suspect [description not available]	0	4.06	5	0
Glaucoma An ocular disease, occurring in many forms, having as its primary characteristics an unstable or a sustained increase in the intraocular pressure which the eye cannot withstand without damage to its structure or impairment of its function. The consequences of the increased pressure may be manifested in a variety of symptoms, depending upon type and severity, such as excavation of the optic disk, hardness of the eyeball, corneal anesthesia, reduced visual acuity, seeing of colored halos around lights, disturbed dark adaptation, visual field defects, and headaches. (Dictionary of Visual Science, 4th ed)	0	10.66	10	0
Hypotension Abnormally low BLOOD PRESSURE that can result in inadequate blood flow to the brain and other vital organs. Common symptom is DIZZINESS but greater negative impacts on the body occur when there is prolonged depravation of oxygen and nutrients.	0	21.67	367	116
Intraocular Pressure The pressure of the fluids in the eye.	0	8.13	22	1
Ocular Hypertension A condition in which the intraocular pressure is elevated above normal and which may lead to glaucoma.	0	4.06	5	0
Atrial Remodeling Long-term changes in the electrophysiological parameters and/or anatomical structures of the HEART ATRIA that result from prolonged changes in atrial rate, often associated with ATRIAL FIBRILLATION or long periods of intense EXERCISE.	0	7.69	36	0
Symptom Cluster [description not available]	0	8.78	49	0
Syndrome A characteristic symptom complex.	0	8.78	49	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	0	8.88	47	3
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	0	8.88	47	3
Hepatorenal Syndrome Functional KIDNEY FAILURE in patients with liver disease, usually LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL), and in the absence of intrinsic renal disease or kidney abnormality. It is characterized by intense renal vasculature constriction, reduced renal blood flow, OLIGURIA, and sodium retention.	0	6.36	6	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	8.4	34	1
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	0	11.71	92	10
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	0	2.41	1	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	0	8.4	34	1
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	0	16.71	92	10
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	0	12	16	2
Deficiency of Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency A disease-producing enzyme deficiency subject to many variants, some of which cause a deficiency of GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE activity in erythrocytes, leading to hemolytic anemia.	0	2.49	2	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	11.95	63	3
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	11.95	63	3
Kidney, Polycystic [description not available]	0	5.32	13	1
Polycystic Kidney Diseases Hereditary diseases that are characterized by the progressive expansion of a large number of tightly packed CYSTS within the KIDNEYS. They include diseases with autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance.	0	5.32	13	1
Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria.	0	2.63	2	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	5.25	10	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	5.25	10	0
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	12.76	57	1
Respiratory Distress Syndrome A syndrome characterized by progressive life-threatening RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY in the absence of known LUNG DISEASES, usually following a systemic insult such as surgery or major TRAUMA.	0	12.76	57	1
Asystole [description not available]	0	6.46	16	0
Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation.	0	6.46	16	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	0	4.33	5	0
Alport Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Nephritis, Hereditary A group of inherited conditions characterized initially by HEMATURIA and slowly progressing to RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. The most common form is the Alport syndrome (hereditary nephritis with HEARING LOSS) which is caused by mutations in genes for TYPE IV COLLAGEN and defective GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.44	2	0
Nephrotic Syndrome A condition characterized by severe PROTEINURIA, greater than 3.5 g/day in an average adult. The substantial loss of protein in the urine results in complications such as HYPOPROTEINEMIA; generalized EDEMA; HYPERTENSION; and HYPERLIPIDEMIAS. Diseases associated with nephrotic syndrome generally cause chronic kidney dysfunction.	0	10.48	56	3
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	18.24	283	13
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	0	17.25	74	38
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	0	17.25	74	38
Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available]	0	5.97	11	0
Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005)	0	5.97	11	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	3.05	4	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	0	5.38	9	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	0	5.38	9	0
Dilatation, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being dilated beyond normal dimensions.	0	7.16	48	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	0	13.22	94	3
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	0	13.22	94	3
Fetal Growth Restriction [description not available]	0	12.15	33	1
Fetal Growth Retardation Failure of a FETUS to attain expected GROWTH.	0	7.15	33	1
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	0	4.73	10	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	0	4.73	10	0
Lymphocytopenia [description not available]	0	3.33	1	0
Lymphopenia Reduction in the number of lymphocytes.	0	3.33	1	0
Apical Ballooning Syndrome [description not available]	0	5.28	4	0
Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy A transient left ventricular apical dysfunction or ballooning accompanied by electrocardiographic (ECG) T wave inversions. This abnormality is associated with high levels of CATECHOLAMINES, either administered or endogenously secreted from a tumor or during extreme stress.	0	5.28	4	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	0	12.89	86	2
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	0	12.89	86	2
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	0	7.08	19	1
Alcoholic Fatty Liver [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	0	7.08	19	1
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	2.51	2	0
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	2.51	2	0
Albuminuria The presence of albumin in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	16.69	179	25
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	18.78	274	10
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	0	18.78	274	10
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	0	9.34	27	4
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	5.69	7	1
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	0	9.34	27	4
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	5.69	7	1
Cytomegalic Inclusion Disease [description not available]	0	3.44	2	0
Cytomegalovirus Infections Infection with CYTOMEGALOVIRUS, characterized by enlarged cells bearing intranuclear inclusions. Infection may be in almost any organ, but the salivary glands are the most common site in children, as are the lungs in adults.	0	3.44	2	0
Fusiform Aneurysm Elongated, spindle-shaped dilation in the wall of blood vessels, usually large ARTERIES with ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	5.65	18	0
Aneurysm Pathological outpouching or sac-like dilatation in the wall of any blood vessel (ARTERIES or VEINS) or the heart (HEART ANEURYSM). It indicates a thin and weakened area in the wall which may later rupture. Aneurysms are classified by location, etiology, or other characteristics.	0	5.65	18	0
Cystitis Inflammation of the URINARY BLADDER, either from bacterial or non-bacterial causes. Cystitis is usually associated with painful urination (dysuria), increased frequency, urgency, and suprapubic pain.	0	2.41	1	0
Complications of Diabetes Mellitus [description not available]	0	18.27	67	8
Bacteremia The presence of viable bacteria circulating in the blood. Fever, chills, tachycardia, and tachypnea are common acute manifestations of bacteremia. The majority of cases are seen in already hospitalized patients, most of whom have underlying diseases or procedures which render their bloodstreams susceptible to invasion.	0	2.44	2	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	0	13.12	139	3
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	13.12	139	3
Hypertensive Retinopathy Degenerative changes to the RETINA due to HYPERTENSION.	0	3.12	4	0
Malnourishment [description not available]	0	4.02	13	0
Malnutrition An imbalanced nutritional status resulting from insufficient intake of nutrients to meet normal physiological requirement.	0	4.02	13	0
Encephalopathy, Hepatic [description not available]	0	3.06	5	0
Hepatic Encephalopathy A syndrome characterized by central nervous system dysfunction in association with LIVER FAILURE, including portal-systemic shunts. Clinical features include lethargy and CONFUSION (frequently progressing to COMA); ASTERIXIS; NYSTAGMUS, PATHOLOGIC; brisk oculovestibular reflexes; decorticate and decerebrate posturing; MUSCLE SPASTICITY; and bilateral extensor plantar reflexes (see REFLEX, BABINSKI). ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY may demonstrate triphasic waves. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1117-20; Plum & Posner, Diagnosis of Stupor and Coma, 3rd ed, p222-5)	0	3.06	5	0
Cirrhosis, Liver [description not available]	0	16.64	238	9
Liver Cirrhosis Liver disease in which the normal microcirculation, the gross vascular anatomy, and the hepatic architecture have been variably destroyed and altered with fibrous septa surrounding regenerated or regenerating parenchymal nodules.	0	16.64	238	9
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	4.83	7	1
Aldosteronism with Hyperplasia of the Adrenal Cortex [description not available]	0	8.95	97	0
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	0	9.55	5	0
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	0	9.55	5	0
Hyperuricemia Excessive URIC ACID or urate in blood as defined by its solubility in plasma at 37 degrees C; greater than 0.42mmol per liter (7.0mg/dL) in men or 0.36mmol per liter (6.0mg/dL) in women. This condition is caused by overproduction of uric acid or impaired renal clearance. Hyperuricemia can be acquired, drug-induced or genetically determined (LESCH-NYHAN SYNDROME). It is associated with HYPERTENSION and GOUT.	0	8.15	13	3
Apnea, Obstructive Sleep [description not available]	0	7.26	12	2
Sleep Apnea, Obstructive A disorder characterized by recurrent apneas during sleep despite persistent respiratory efforts. It is due to upper airway obstruction. The respiratory pauses may induce HYPERCAPNIA or HYPOXIA. Cardiac arrhythmias and elevation of systemic and pulmonary arterial pressures may occur. Frequent partial arousals occur throughout sleep, resulting in relative SLEEP DEPRIVATION and daytime tiredness. Associated conditions include OBESITY; ACROMEGALY; MYXEDEMA; micrognathia; MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY; adenotonsilar dystrophy; and NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p395)	0	7.26	12	2
Dyslipidemia [description not available]	0	12.15	14	0
Dyslipidemias Abnormalities in the serum levels of LIPIDS, including overproduction or deficiency. Abnormal serum lipid profiles may include high total CHOLESTEROL, high TRIGLYCERIDES, low HIGH DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL, and elevated LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN CHOLESTEROL.	0	7.15	14	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	5.98	24	1
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	11.65	11	1
Airflow Obstruction, Chronic [description not available]	0	6.79	7	2
Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive A disease of chronic diffuse irreversible airflow obstruction. Subcategories of COPD include CHRONIC BRONCHITIS and PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA.	0	6.79	7	2
Metabolic Acidosis [description not available]	0	9.83	37	1
Acidosis A pathologic condition of acid accumulation or depletion of base in the body. The two main types are RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and metabolic acidosis, due to metabolic acid build up.	0	9.83	37	1
Ventricular Dysfunction A condition in which HEART VENTRICLES exhibit impaired function.	0	11.34	13	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Obstructive [description not available]	0	8.95	51	0
Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease, characterized by left and/or right ventricular hypertrophy (HYPERTROPHY, LEFT VENTRICULAR; HYPERTROPHY, RIGHT VENTRICULAR), frequent asymmetrical involvement of the HEART SEPTUM, and normal or reduced left ventricular volume. Risk factors include HYPERTENSION; AORTIC STENOSIS; and gene MUTATION; (FAMILIAL HYPERTROPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY).	0	8.95	51	0
Fistula Abnormal communication most commonly seen between two internal organs, or between an internal organ and the surface of the body.	0	10.31	4	1
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	0	12.92	90	3
Cryptogenic Fibrosing Alveolitis [description not available]	0	4.29	3	0
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis A common interstitial lung disease of unknown etiology, usually occurring between 50-70 years of age. Clinically, it is characterized by an insidious onset of breathlessness with exertion and a nonproductive cough, leading to progressive DYSPNEA. Pathological features show scant interstitial inflammation, patchy collagen fibrosis, prominent fibroblast proliferation foci, and microscopic honeycomb change.	0	4.29	3	0
Vascular Injuries [description not available]	0	5.41	20	0
Dermatosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Scleroderma, Localized A term used to describe a variety of localized asymmetrical SKIN thickening that is similar to those of SYSTEMIC SCLERODERMA but without the disease features in the multiple internal organs and BLOOD VESSELS. Lesions may be characterized as patches or plaques (morphea), bands (linear), or nodules.	0	2.6	1	0
Recrudescence [description not available]	0	6.27	16	0
Heritable Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Pulmonary Hypertension [description not available]	0	12.89	102	4
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension A progressive rare pulmonary disease characterized by high blood pressure in the PULMONARY ARTERY.	0	4.13	4	0
Hypertension, Pulmonary Increased VASCULAR RESISTANCE in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION, usually secondary to HEART DISEASES or LUNG DISEASES.	0	12.89	102	4
Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension Familial or idiopathic hypertension in the PULMONARY CIRCULATION which is not secondary to other disease.	0	2.83	3	0
Prediabetes [description not available]	0	5.09	10	0
Prediabetic State The time period before the development of symptomatic diabetes. For example, certain risk factors can be observed in subjects who subsequently develop INSULIN RESISTANCE as in type 2 diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	5.09	10	0
Endotoxemia A condition characterized by the presence of ENDOTOXINS in the blood. On lysis, the outer cell wall of gram-negative bacteria enters the systemic circulation and initiates a pathophysiologic cascade of pro-inflammatory mediators.	0	9.24	17	0
Arthropathies [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Joint Diseases Diseases involving the JOINTS.	0	2.31	1	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell, Pigmented [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	0	3.56	8	0
Carcinoma, Basal Cell A malignant skin neoplasm that seldom metastasizes but has potentialities for local invasion and destruction. Clinically it is divided into types: nodular, cicatricial, morphaic, and erythematoid (pagetoid). They develop on hair-bearing skin, most commonly on sun-exposed areas. Approximately 85% are found on the head and neck area and the remaining 15% on the trunk and limbs. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1471)	0	2.81	3	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	0	3.56	8	0
Adrenocortical Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm of the ADRENAL CORTEX. Adrenocortical carcinomas are unencapsulated anaplastic (ANAPLASIA) masses sometimes exceeding 20 cm or 200 g. They are more likely to be functional than nonfunctional, and produce ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES that may result in hypercortisolism (CUSHING SYNDROME); HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and/or VIRILISM.	0	3.86	11	0
Adrenal Cortex Cancer [description not available]	0	9.6	67	0
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	9.6	67	0
Aortic Incompetence [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Aortic Valve Insufficiency Pathological condition characterized by the backflow of blood from the ASCENDING AORTA back into the LEFT VENTRICLE, leading to regurgitation. It is caused by diseases of the AORTIC VALVE or its surrounding tissue (aortic root).	0	3.59	9	0
Adenoma Sebaceum Facial ANGIOFIBROMA in tuberous sclerosis	0	4.04	10	0
Tuberous Sclerosis Autosomal dominant neurocutaneous syndrome classically characterized by MENTAL RETARDATION; EPILEPSY; and skin lesions (e.g., adenoma sebaceum and hypomelanotic macules). There is, however, considerable heterogeneity in the neurologic manifestations. It is also associated with cortical tuber and HAMARTOMAS formation throughout the body, especially the heart, kidneys, and eyes. Mutations in two loci TSC1 and TSC2 that encode hamartin and tuberin, respectively, are associated with the disease.	0	4.04	10	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	11.02	118	2
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	11.02	118	2
Adenoma, Adrenal Cortical [description not available]	0	7.58	17	0
Arteriovenous Malformations Abnormal formation of blood vessels that shunt arterial blood directly into veins without passing through the CAPILLARIES. They usually are crooked, dilated, and with thick vessel walls. A common type is the congenital arteriovenous fistula. The lack of blood flow and oxygen in the capillaries can lead to tissue damage in the affected areas.	0	5.36	6	0
Hematochezia The passage of bright red blood from the rectum. The blood may or may not be mixed with formed stool in the form of blood, blood clots, bloody stool or diarrhea.	0	6.37	15	0
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.	0	6.37	15	0
Neointima The new and thickened layer of scar tissue that forms on a PROSTHESIS, or as a result of vessel injury especially following ANGIOPLASTY or stent placement.	0	4.65	24	0
Aortic Valve Disease 1 [description not available]	0	3.38	5	0
Bicuspid Aortic Valve Disease Congenital heart valve defects where the AORTIC VALVE has two instead of normal three cusps. It is often associated with AORTIC REGURGITATION and AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY.	0	3.38	5	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	0	13.16	69	2
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	6.07	16	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	6.07	16	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	0	13.16	69	2
Atrophy, Muscle [description not available]	0	8.17	34	0
Muscular Atrophy Derangement in size and number of muscle fibers occurring with aging, reduction in blood supply, or following immobilization, prolonged weightlessness, malnutrition, and particularly in denervation.	0	8.17	34	0
Cruveilhier-Baumgarten Syndrome Liver cirrhosis with intrahepatic portal obstruction, HYPERTENSION, and patent UMBILICAL VEINS.	0	9.68	33	1
Hypertension, Portal Abnormal increase of resistance to blood flow within the hepatic PORTAL SYSTEM, frequently seen in LIVER CIRRHOSIS and conditions with obstruction of the PORTAL VEIN.	0	9.68	33	1
Congenital Familial Lymphedema [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Lymphedema Edema due to obstruction of lymph vessels or disorders of the lymph nodes.	0	2.6	1	0
Aortic Stenosis [description not available]	0	9.94	35	1
Aortic Valve Stenosis A pathological constriction that can occur above (supravalvular stenosis), below (subvalvular stenosis), or at the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	9.94	35	1
Arteriosclerosis Obliterans Common occlusive arterial disease which is caused by ATHEROSCLEROSIS. It is characterized by lesions in the innermost layer (ARTERIAL INTIMA) of arteries including the AORTA and its branches to the extremities. Risk factors include smoking, HYPERLIPIDEMIA, and HYPERTENSION.	0	7.88	4	0
Amentia [description not available]	0	6.34	8	1
Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness.	0	11.34	8	1
Diabetic Retinopathy Disease of the RETINA as a complication of DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the progressive microvascular complications, such as ANEURYSM, interretinal EDEMA, and intraocular PATHOLOGIC NEOVASCULARIZATION.	0	11	46	1
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	0	10.63	129	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	0	3.55	2	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	0	4.74	6	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	0	4.74	6	0
Retrolental Fibroplasia [description not available]	0	5.55	8	0
Retinopathy of Prematurity A bilateral retinopathy occurring in premature infants treated with excessively high concentrations of oxygen, characterized by vascular dilatation, proliferation, and tortuosity, edema, and retinal detachment, with ultimate conversion of the retina into a fibrous mass that can be seen as a dense retrolental membrane. Usually growth of the eye is arrested and may result in microophthalmia, and blindness may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	5.55	8	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	0	8.27	14	2
Aneurysm, Anterior Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	7.14	18	2
Intracranial Aneurysm Abnormal outpouching in the wall of intracranial blood vessels. Most common are the saccular (berry) aneurysms located at branch points in CIRCLE OF WILLIS at the base of the brain. Vessel rupture results in SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Giant aneurysms (	0	12.14	18	2
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	19.27	331	26
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	19.27	331	26
Angioneurotic Edema [description not available]	0	5.49	11	0
Angioedema Swelling involving the deep DERMIS, subcutaneous, or submucosal tissues, representing localized EDEMA. Angioedema often occurs in the face, lips, tongue, and larynx.	0	5.49	11	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	0	9.44	17	6
Hypovolemic [description not available]	0	7.06	21	0
Hypovolemia An abnormally low volume of blood circulating through the body. It may result in hypovolemic shock (see SHOCK).	0	7.06	21	0
Break-Bone Fever [description not available]	0	3.52	1	0
Dengue An acute febrile disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with DENGUE VIRUS. It is self-limiting and characterized by fever, myalgia, headache, and rash. SEVERE DENGUE is a more virulent form of dengue.	0	8.52	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin D [description not available]	0	6.68	11	1
Vitamin D Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of VITAMIN D in the diet, insufficient production of vitamin D in the skin, inadequate absorption of vitamin D from the diet, or abnormal conversion of vitamin D to its bioactive metabolites. It is manifested clinically as RICKETS in children and OSTEOMALACIA in adults. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1406)	0	11.68	11	1
Bends [description not available]	0	2.87	3	0
Antopol Disease [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Diseases, Peripheral Vascular [description not available]	0	4.83	5	0
Peripheral Vascular Diseases Pathological processes involving any one of the BLOOD VESSELS in the vasculature outside the HEART.	0	4.83	5	0
Bladder, Overactive [description not available]	0	3.93	2	0
Urinary Bladder, Overactive Symptom of overactive detrusor muscle of the URINARY BLADDER that contracts with abnormally high frequency and urgency. Overactive bladder is characterized by the frequent feeling of needing to urinate during the day, during the night, or both. URINARY INCONTINENCE may or may not be present.	0	3.93	2	0
Morbid Obesity [description not available]	0	5.12	2	1
Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2.	0	5.12	2	1
Abortion, Recurrent [description not available]	0	2.6	1	0
Abortion, Habitual Three or more consecutive spontaneous abortions.	0	2.6	1	0
Chronic Liver Failure [description not available]	0	3.99	1	1
End Stage Liver Disease Final stage of a liver disease when the liver failure is irreversible and LIVER TRANSPLANTATION is needed.	0	3.99	1	1
Neuroretinitis [description not available]	0	3.12	1	0
Retinitis Inflammation of the RETINA. It is rarely limited to the retina, but is commonly associated with diseases of the choroid (CHORIORETINITIS) and of the OPTIC DISK (neuroretinitis).	0	3.12	1	0
Wet Macular Degeneration A form of RETINAL DEGENERATION in which abnormal CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION occurs under the RETINA and MACULA LUTEA, causing bleeding and leaking of fluid. This leads to bulging and or lifting of the macula and the distortion or destruction of central vision.	0	3.12	1	0
Arterio-Arterial Fistula Abnormal communication between two ARTERIES that may result from injury or occur as a congenital abnormality.	0	2.21	1	0
Cardio-Renal Syndrome Condition where a primary dysfunction of either heart or kidney results in failure of the other organ (e.g., HEART FAILURE with worsening RENAL INSUFFICIENCY).	0	6.07	11	0
Anemia A reduction in the number of circulating ERYTHROCYTES or in the quantity of HEMOGLOBIN.	0	7.98	19	1
Coronary Occlusion Complete blockage of blood flow through one of the CORONARY ARTERIES, usually from CORONARY ATHEROSCLEROSIS.	0	2.5	2	0
Coronary Heart Disease [description not available]	0	16.58	155	15
Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels.	0	16.58	155	15
Heatstroke [description not available]	0	2.54	2	0
Heat Stroke A condition caused by the failure of body to dissipate heat in an excessively hot environment or during PHYSICAL EXERTION in a hot environment. Contrast to HEAT EXHAUSTION, the body temperature in heat stroke patient is dangerously high with red, hot skin accompanied by DELUSIONS; CONVULSIONS; or COMA. It can be a life-threatening emergency and is most common in infants and the elderly.	0	7.54	2	0
Injury, Myocardial Reperfusion [description not available]	0	7.75	87	0
Liver Dysfunction [description not available]	0	10.02	53	1
Liver Diseases Pathological processes of the LIVER.	0	15.02	53	1
Cake Kidney Congenital fusion of the embryonic kidneys forming a single renal parenchymal mass.	0	2.21	1	0
IgA Vasculitis A systemic non-thrombocytopenic purpura caused by HYPERSENSITIVITY VASCULITIS and deposition of IGA-containing IMMUNE COMPLEXES within the blood vessels throughout the body, including those in the kidney (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS). Clinical symptoms include URTICARIA; ERYTHEMA; ARTHRITIS; GASTROINTESTINAL HEMORRHAGE; and renal involvement. Most cases are seen in children after acute upper respiratory infections.	0	2.63	2	0
Hand Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease A mild, highly infectious viral disease of children, characterized by vesicular lesions in the mouth and on the hands and feet. It is caused by coxsackieviruses A.	0	2.21	1	0
FMR1-Related Primary Ovarian Insufficiency [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Primary Ovarian Insufficiency Cessation of ovarian function after MENARCHE but before the age of 40, without or with OVARIAN FOLLICLE depletion. It is characterized by the presence of OLIGOMENORRHEA or AMENORRHEA, elevated GONADOTROPINS, and low ESTRADIOL levels. It is a state of female HYPERGONADOTROPIC HYPOGONADISM. Etiologies include genetic defects, autoimmune processes, chemotherapy, radiation, and infections. The most commonly known genetic cause is the expansion of a CGG repeat to 55 to 199 copies in the 5' untranslated region in the X-linked FMR1 gene.	0	2.21	1	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	0	3.16	4	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	0	8.16	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	16.57	210	5
Sclerosis, Systemic [description not available]	0	5.92	13	0
Scleroderma, Systemic A chronic multi-system disorder of CONNECTIVE TISSUE. It is characterized by SCLEROSIS in the SKIN, the LUNGS, the HEART, the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT, the KIDNEYS, and the MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM. Other important features include diseased small BLOOD VESSELS and AUTOANTIBODIES. The disorder is named for its most prominent feature (hard skin), and classified into subsets by the extent of skin thickening: LIMITED SCLERODERMA and DIFFUSE SCLERODERMA.	0	5.92	13	0
Acinetobacter Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus ACINETOBACTER.	0	3.17	1	0
Infections, Klebsiella [description not available]	0	5.46	2	1
Complication, Postoperative [description not available]	0	12.79	58	9
Infections, Pseudomonas [description not available]	0	3.38	2	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Positive [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Cronobacter Infections [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Enterobacteriaceae Infections Infections with bacteria of the family ENTEROBACTERIACEAE.	0	3.36	2	0
Klebsiella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus KLEBSIELLA.	0	5.46	2	1
Postoperative Complications Pathologic processes that affect patients after a surgical procedure. They may or may not be related to the disease for which the surgery was done, and they may or may not be direct results of the surgery.	0	12.79	58	9
Pseudomonas Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus PSEUDOMONAS.	0	3.38	2	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	0	3.17	1	0
Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that retain the crystal violet stain (positive) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	3.17	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	0	3.51	2	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	3.97	12	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	0	3.51	2	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	14.73	158	5
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	0	10.51	109	1
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	0	10.02	67	1
Shock, Surgical A type of shock that occurs as a result of a surgical procedure.	0	3.98	5	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	0	10.02	67	1
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
B-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	0	2.25	1	0
Lymphoma, B-Cell A group of heterogeneous lymphoid tumors generally expressing one or more B-cell antigens or representing malignant transformations of B-lymphocytes.	0	2.25	1	0
Lung Adenocarcinoma [description not available]	0	7.53	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	0	5.9	8	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	0	8.08	30	2
Adenocarcinoma of Lung A carcinoma originating in the lung and the most common lung cancer type in never-smokers. Malignant cells exhibit distinct features such as glandular epithelial, or tubular morphology. Mutations in KRAS, EGFR, BRAF, and ERBB2 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.53	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	0	5.9	8	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	0	8.08	30	2
Carbon Tetrachloride Poisoning Poisoning that results from ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of CARBON TETRACHLORIDE.	0	5.27	21	0
Preterm Birth [description not available]	0	4.01	4	0
Premature Birth CHILDBIRTH before 37 weeks of PREGNANCY (259 days from the first day of the mother's last menstrual period, or 245 days after FERTILIZATION).	0	4.01	4	0
Brain Vascular Disorders [description not available]	0	8.71	67	0
Cerebrovascular Disorders A spectrum of pathological conditions of impaired blood flow in the brain. They can involve vessels (ARTERIES or VEINS) in the CEREBRUM, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Major categories include INTRACRANIAL ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATIONS; BRAIN ISCHEMIA; CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; and others.	0	8.71	67	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	0	18.53	293	18
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	18.53	293	18
Hypertrophy, Right Ventricular Enlargement of the RIGHT VENTRICLE of the heart. This increase in ventricular mass is often attributed to PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and is a contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.	0	5.44	23	0
Brain Inflammation [description not available]	0	4.37	7	0
Encephalitis Inflammation of the BRAIN due to infection, autoimmune processes, toxins, and other conditions. Viral infections (see ENCEPHALITIS, VIRAL) are a relatively frequent cause of this condition.	0	4.37	7	0
Astheno Teratozoospermia [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	0	3.55	2	0
ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction A clinical syndrome defined by MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA symptoms; persistent elevation in the ST segments of the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM; and release of BIOMARKERS of myocardial NECROSIS (e.g., elevated TROPONIN levels). ST segment elevation in the ECG is often used in determining the treatment protocol (see also NON-ST ELEVATION MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	3.55	2	0
Neovascularization, Optic Disc [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Retinal Neovascularization Formation of new blood vessels originating from the retinal veins and extending along the inner (vitreal) surface of the retina.	0	2.96	4	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	0	2.58	2	0
Starvation Lengthy and continuous deprivation of food. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.57	9	0
Pre-Hypertension [description not available]	0	9.62	9	0
Cerebral Microangiopathies [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases Pathological processes or diseases where cerebral MICROVESSELS show abnormalities. They are often associated with aging, hypertension and risk factors for lacunar infarcts (see LACUNAR INFARCTION); LEUKOARAIOSIS; and CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE.	0	2.25	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	6.41	23	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	11.41	23	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	0	3.29	6	0
Varicocele A condition characterized by the dilated tortuous veins of the SPERMATIC CORD with a marked left-sided predominance. Adverse effect on male fertility occurs when varicocele leads to an increased scrotal (and testicular) temperature and reduced testicular volume.	0	7.25	1	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	0	3.29	6	0
Hypernatremia Excessive amount of sodium in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.42	22	1
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	4.08	5	0
Devic Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	4.08	5	0
Neuromyelitis Optica A syndrome characterized by acute OPTIC NEURITIS; MYELITIS, TRANSVERSE; demyelinating and/or necrotizing lesions in the OPTIC NERVES and SPINAL CORD; and presence of specific autoantibodies to AQUAPORIN 4.	0	2.25	1	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	0	13.02	52	1
Pneumonia, Viral Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by a viral infection.	0	13	51	1
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	0	13.02	52	1
Hepato-Pulmonary Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Hepatopulmonary Syndrome A syndrome characterized by the clinical triad of advanced chronic liver disease, pulmonary vascular dilatations, and reduced arterial oxygenation (HYPOXEMIA) in the absence of intrinsic cardiopulmonary disease. This syndrome is common in the patients with LIVER CIRRHOSIS or portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	2.25	1	0
Hyperactivity, Motor [description not available]	0	3.69	3	0
Vascular Calcification Deposition of calcium into the blood vessel structures. Excessive calcification of the vessels are associated with ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES formation particularly after MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (see MONCKEBERG MEDIAL CALCIFIC SCLEROSIS) and chronic kidney diseases which in turn increase VASCULAR STIFFNESS.	0	8.74	9	0
Aortitis Inflammation of the wall of the AORTA.	0	3.76	9	0
Angiitis [description not available]	0	10.69	64	1
Vasculitis Inflammation of any one of the blood vessels, including the ARTERIES; VEINS; and rest of the vasculature system in the body.	0	10.69	64	1
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	0	4.9	14	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	0	4.9	14	0
Anoxia-Ischemia, Brain [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	0	5.62	10	0
Anoxia, Fetal [description not available]	0	3.7	10	0
Fetal Hypoxia Deficient oxygenation of FETAL BLOOD.	0	3.7	10	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	0	5.62	10	0
Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain A disorder characterized by a reduction of oxygen in the blood combined with reduced blood flow (ISCHEMIA) to the brain from a localized obstruction of a cerebral artery or from systemic hypoperfusion. Prolonged hypoxia-ischemia is associated with ISCHEMIC ATTACK, TRANSIENT; BRAIN INFARCTION; BRAIN EDEMA; COMA; and other conditions.	0	2.66	2	0
Eye Disorders [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Eye Diseases Diseases affecting the eye.	0	3.61	3	0
Respiratory Syndrome, Acute, Severe [description not available]	0	3.76	3	0
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome A viral disorder characterized by high FEVER, dry COUGH, shortness of breath (DYSPNEA) or breathing difficulties, and atypical PNEUMONIA. A virus in the genus CORONAVIRUS is the suspected agent.	0	3.76	3	0
Sick Sinus Node Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.32	6	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	0	2.7	3	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	2.7	3	0
Experimental Lung Inflammation Inflammation of any part, segment or lobe, of the lung parenchyma.	0	5.36	13	0
Pneumonia Infection of the lung often accompanied by inflammation.	0	5.36	13	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	0	4.56	24	0
Aneurysm, Ruptured The tearing or bursting of the weakened wall of the aneurysmal sac, usually heralded by sudden worsening pain. The great danger of a ruptured aneurysm is the large amount of blood spilling into the surrounding tissues and cavities, causing HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK.	0	7.66	12	1
Hypercoagulability [description not available]	0	5.3	4	0
Thrombophilia A disorder of HEMOSTASIS in which there is a tendency for the occurrence of THROMBOSIS.	0	5.3	4	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	0	3.23	6	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	10.46	41	7
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	0	10.46	41	7
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	0	7.93	53	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	0	7.93	53	0
Oral Submucous Fibrosis Irreversible FIBROSIS of the submucosal tissue of the MOUTH.	0	2.25	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	0	7.05	10	2
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	0	11.72	21	1
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	0	7.05	10	2
Bone Loss, Osteoclastic [description not available]	0	4.1	5	0
Thromboembolism, Venous [description not available]	0	2.66	2	0
Venous Thromboembolism Obstruction of a vein or VEINS (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	2.66	2	0
Coagulation Disorders, Blood [description not available]	0	5.67	7	0
Kawasaki Disease [description not available]	0	3.17	1	0
Blood Clot [description not available]	0	11.81	59	1
Blood Coagulation Disorders Hemorrhagic and thrombotic disorders that occur as a consequence of abnormalities in blood coagulation due to a variety of factors such as COAGULATION PROTEIN DISORDERS; BLOOD PLATELET DISORDERS; BLOOD PROTEIN DISORDERS or nutritional conditions.	0	5.67	7	0
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome An acute, febrile, mucocutaneous condition accompanied by swelling of cervical lymph nodes in infants and young children. The principal symptoms are fever, congestion of the ocular conjunctivae, reddening of the lips and oral cavity, protuberance of tongue papillae, and edema or erythema of the extremities.	0	3.17	1	0
Thrombosis Formation and development of a thrombus or blood clot in the blood vessel.	0	11.81	59	1
Leukemia, Lymphoblastic, Acute, T Cell [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Neutropenia A decrease in the number of NEUTROPHILS found in the blood.	0	3.33	2	0
Precursor T-Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A leukemia/lymphoma found predominately in children and young adults and characterized LYMPHADENOPATHY and THYMUS GLAND involvement. It most frequently presents as a lymphoma, but a leukemic progression in the bone marrow is common.	0	2.25	1	0
Uremia A clinical syndrome associated with the retention of renal waste products or uremic toxins in the blood. It is usually the result of RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. Most uremic toxins are end products of protein or nitrogen CATABOLISM, such as UREA or CREATININE. Severe uremia can lead to multiple organ dysfunctions with a constellation of symptoms.	0	8.77	55	0
Diseases of Endocrine System [description not available]	0	5.41	8	0
Hypergonadotropic Hypogonadism [description not available]	0	5.25	4	1
Adenohypophyseal Diseases [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Endocrine System Diseases Pathological processes of the ENDOCRINE GLANDS, and diseases resulting from abnormal level of available HORMONES.	0	5.41	8	0
Hypogonadism Condition resulting from deficient gonadal functions, such as GAMETOGENESIS and the production of GONADAL STEROID HORMONES. It is characterized by delay in GROWTH, germ cell maturation, and development of secondary sex characteristics. Hypogonadism can be due to a deficiency of GONADOTROPINS (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism) or due to primary gonadal failure (hypergonadotropic hypogonadism).	0	5.25	4	1
Pituitary Diseases Disorders involving either the ADENOHYPOPHYSIS or the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. These diseases usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PITUITARY HORMONES. Neoplastic pituitary masses can also cause compression of the OPTIC CHIASM and other adjacent structures.	0	3.3	2	0
Thyroid Diseases Pathological processes involving the THYROID GLAND.	0	5.5	7	0
Atrioventricular Nodal Re-Entrant Tachycardia [description not available]	0	3.91	12	0
Tachycardia, Ventricular An abnormally rapid ventricular rhythm usually in excess of 150 beats per minute. It is generated within the ventricle below the BUNDLE OF HIS, either as autonomic impulse formation or reentrant impulse conduction. Depending on the etiology, onset of ventricular tachycardia can be paroxysmal (sudden) or nonparoxysmal, its wide QRS complexes can be uniform or polymorphic, and the ventricular beating may be independent of the atrial beating (AV dissociation).	0	3.91	12	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	0	6.47	10	1
Cachexia General ill health, malnutrition, and weight loss, usually associated with chronic disease.	0	7.68	15	1
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	0	6.47	10	1
Cytokine Release Syndrome A severe immune reaction characterized by excessive release of CYTOKINES. Symptoms include DYSPNEA; FEVER; HEADACHE; HYPOTENSION; NAUSEA; RASH; TACHYCARDIA; HYPOXIA; HYPERFERRITINEMIA, and MULTIPLE ORGAN FAILURE. It is associated with viral infections, SEPSIS; AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES and a variety of factors used in IMMUNOTHERAPY.	0	4.35	3	0
Pink Eye [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Conjunctivitis INFLAMMATION of the CONJUNCTIVA.	0	2.25	1	0
Aortic Stenosis, Supravalvular A pathological constriction occurring in the region above the AORTIC VALVE. It is characterized by restricted outflow from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the AORTA.	0	2.25	1	0
Neurogenic Inflammation Inflammation caused by an injurious stimulus of peripheral neurons and resulting in release of neuropeptides which affect vascular permeability and help initiate proinflammatory and immune reactions at the site of injury.	0	3.48	2	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	0	2.69	2	0
Chronic Primary Open Angle Glaucoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.69	2	0
Glaucoma, Open-Angle Glaucoma in which the angle of the anterior chamber is open and the trabecular meshwork does not encroach on the base of the iris.	0	2.25	1	0
Asialia [description not available]	0	2.41	1	0
Xerostomia Decreased salivary flow.	0	7.41	1	0
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	4.81	33	0
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	4.81	33	0
Attachment Loss, Periodontal [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	4.96	3	1
Cerebral Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery [description not available]	0	6.85	23	1
Osteoarthritis of Knee [description not available]	0	5.02	2	1
Deafness, Transitory [description not available]	0	6.27	2	1
Liver Abscess, Pyogenic Single or multiple areas of PUS due to bacterial infection within the hepatic parenchyma. It can be caused by a variety of BACTERIA, local or disseminated from infections elsewhere such as in APPENDICITIS; CHOLECYSTITIS; PERITONITIS; and after LIVER TRANSPLANTATION.	0	4.62	1	1
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	0	8.1	7	4
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	5.57	3	1
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	9.9	2	1
Ancylostomiasis Infection of humans or animals with hookworms of the genus ANCYLOSTOMA. Characteristics include anemia, dyspepsia, eosinophilia, and abdominal swelling.	0	4.62	1	1
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	0	7.19	20	2
Bladder Disorder, Neurogenic [description not available]	0	4.98	3	1
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	7.16	21	1
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	0	7.11	20	1
Caries, Dental [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Canine Diseases [description not available]	0	7.97	10	2
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	0	6.04	6	1
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	0	6.72	6	4
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	0	6.85	25	1
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	0	5.85	8	1
Mitral Incompetence [description not available]	0	10.46	31	1
Kahler Disease [description not available]	0	5.16	2	1
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	0	5.79	4	1
Pocket, Periodontal [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	0	5.12	3	1
Embolism, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	5.84	5	1
Sarcoma, Epithelioid [description not available]	0	5.42	5	1
Linear Skull Fracture [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	0	12.23	54	19
Nicotine Addiction [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Zoonoses Diseases of non-human animals that may be transmitted to HUMANS or may be transmitted from humans to non-human animals.	0	4.62	1	1
Coxarthrosis [description not available]	0	4.8	2	1
MPTP Neurotoxicity Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Shoulder Injuries Injuries involving the SHOULDERS and SHOULDER JOINT.	0	4.62	1	1
Hemorrhage, Gingival [description not available]	0	4.62	1	1
Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available]	0	5.4	5	1
Biliary Tract Diseases Diseases in any part of the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	5.51	6	1
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	0	7.19	20	2
Urinary Bladder, Neurogenic Dysfunction of the URINARY BLADDER due to disease of the central or peripheral nervous system pathways involved in the control of URINATION. This is often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, but may also be caused by BRAIN DISEASES or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES.	0	4.98	3	1
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	7.16	21	1
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	7.11	20	1
Dental Caries Localized destruction of the tooth surface initiated by decalcification of the enamel followed by enzymatic lysis of organic structures and leading to cavity formation. If left unchecked, the cavity may penetrate the enamel and dentin and reach the pulp.	0	4.62	1	1
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	6.04	6	1
Gingival Hemorrhage The flowing of blood from the marginal gingival area, particularly the sulcus, seen in such conditions as GINGIVITIS, marginal PERIODONTITIS, injury, and ASCORBIC ACID DEFICIENCY.	0	4.62	1	1
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	0	6.85	25	1
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	0	5.85	8	1
Mitral Valve Insufficiency Backflow of blood from the LEFT VENTRICLE into the LEFT ATRIUM due to imperfect closure of the MITRAL VALVE. This can lead to mitral valve regurgitation.	0	10.46	31	1
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	5.16	2	1
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	0	10.79	4	1
Periodontal Pocket An abnormal extension of a gingival sulcus accompanied by the apical migration of the epithelial attachment and bone resorption.	0	4.62	1	1
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	0	5.12	3	1
Pulmonary Embolism Blocking of the PULMONARY ARTERY or one of its branches by an EMBOLUS.	0	10.84	5	1
Sarcoma A connective tissue neoplasm formed by proliferation of mesodermal cells; it is usually highly malignant.	0	10.42	5	1
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	0	12.23	54	19
Tobacco Use Disorder Tobacco used to the detriment of a person's health or social functioning. Tobacco dependence is included.	0	4.62	1	1
Vitiligo A disorder consisting of areas of macular depigmentation, commonly on extensor aspects of extremities, on the face or neck, and in skin folds. Age of onset is often in young adulthood and the condition tends to progress gradually with lesions enlarging and extending until a quiescent state is reached.	0	4.62	1	1
Osteoarthritis, Hip Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the hip joint which usually appears in late middle or old age. It is characterized by growth or maturational disturbances in the femoral neck and head, as well as acetabular dysplasia. A dominant symptom is pain on weight-bearing or motion.	0	4.8	2	1
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	4.96	3	1
Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery NECROSIS occurring in the MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY distribution system which brings blood to the entire lateral aspects of each CEREBRAL HEMISPHERE. Clinical signs include impaired cognition; APHASIA; AGRAPHIA; weak and numbness in the face and arms, contralaterally or bilaterally depending on the infarction.	0	6.85	23	1
Osteoarthritis, Knee Noninflammatory degenerative disease of the knee joint consisting of three large categories: conditions that block normal synchronous movement, conditions that produce abnormal pathways of motion, and conditions that cause stress concentration resulting in changes to articular cartilage. (Crenshaw, Campbell's Operative Orthopaedics, 8th ed, p2019)	0	5.02	2	1
Hearing Loss A general term for the complete or partial loss of the ability to hear from one or both ears.	0	6.27	2	1
Lipid Metabolism Disorders Pathological conditions resulting from abnormal anabolism or catabolism of lipids in the body.	0	4.62	1	1
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	5.57	3	1
Diastolic Heart Failure [description not available]	0	11.71	12	1
Heart Failure, Diastolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial relaxation during DIASTOLE leading to defective cardiac filling.	0	6.71	12	1
Abdominal Migraine [description not available]	0	11.85	16	9
Migraine Disorders A class of disabling primary headache disorders, characterized by recurrent unilateral pulsatile headaches. The two major subtypes are common migraine (without aura) and classic migraine (with aura or neurological symptoms). (International Classification of Headache Disorders, 2nd ed. Cephalalgia 2004: suppl 1)	0	11.85	16	9
Thrombopenia [description not available]	0	2.93	4	0
Thrombocytopenia A subnormal level of BLOOD PLATELETS.	0	2.93	4	0
Arterial Inflammation [description not available]	0	5.67	10	0
Cavernitis, Fibrous [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Penile Induration A condition characterized by hardening of the PENIS due to the formation of fibrous plaques on the dorsolateral aspect of the PENIS, usually involving the membrane (tunica albuginea) surrounding the erectile tissue (corpus cavernosum penis). This may eventually cause a painful deformity of the shaft or constriction of the urethra, or both.	0	2.53	2	0
Extranodal NK-T-Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Body Weight, Fetal [description not available]	0	3.43	7	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	0	2.25	1	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	0	4.59	8	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	0	2.82	3	0
Centriacinar Emphysema [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Asymmetric Septal Hypertrophy, Familial [description not available]	0	3.01	4	0
Heart Disease, Ischemic [description not available]	0	14.12	126	5
Myocardial Ischemia A disorder of cardiac function caused by insufficient blood flow to the muscle tissue of the heart. The decreased blood flow may be due to narrowing of the coronary arteries (CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE), to obstruction by a thrombus (CORONARY THROMBOSIS), or less commonly, to diffuse narrowing of arterioles and other small vessels within the heart. Severe interruption of the blood supply to the myocardial tissue may result in necrosis of cardiac muscle (MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION).	0	14.12	126	5
Protein Aggregation, Pathological A biochemical phenomenon in which misfolded proteins aggregate either intra- or extracellularly. Triggered by factors such as MUTATION; POST-TRANSLATIONAL MODIFICATIONS, and environmental stress, it is generally associated with ALZHEIMER DISEASE; PARKINSON DISEASE; HUNTINGTON DISEASE; and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.58	2	0
Colitis Inflammation of the COLON section of the large intestine (INTESTINE, LARGE), usually with symptoms such as DIARRHEA (often with blood and mucus), ABDOMINAL PAIN, and FEVER.	0	3.86	11	0
Dehydration The condition that results from excessive loss of water from a living organism.	0	11.67	115	2
Graft Occlusion, Vascular Obstruction of flow in biological or prosthetic vascular grafts.	0	5.76	9	0
Cold Panniculitis [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Depression, Endogenous [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent.	0	2.49	2	0
Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Systemic [description not available]	0	4.85	5	0
Carditis [description not available]	0	7.71	32	0
Myocarditis Inflammatory processes of the muscular walls of the heart (MYOCARDIUM) which result in injury to the cardiac muscle cells (MYOCYTES, CARDIAC). Manifestations range from subclinical to sudden death (DEATH, SUDDEN). Myocarditis in association with cardiac dysfunction is classified as inflammatory CARDIOMYOPATHY usually caused by INFECTION, autoimmune diseases, or responses to toxic substances. Myocarditis is also a common cause of DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY and other cardiomyopathies.	0	7.71	32	0
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome A systemic inflammatory response to a variety of clinical insults, characterized by two or more of the following conditions: (1) fever	0	4.85	5	0
Arterial Diseases, Carotid [description not available]	0	6.59	30	0
Carotid Artery Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CAROTID ARTERIES, including the common, internal, and external carotid arteries. ATHEROSCLEROSIS and TRAUMA are relatively frequent causes of carotid artery pathology.	0	6.59	30	0
Anterior Choroidal Artery Infarction [description not available]	0	3.41	7	0
Cerebral Infarction The formation of an area of NECROSIS in the CEREBRUM caused by an insufficiency of arterial or venous blood flow. Infarcts of the cerebrum are generally classified by hemisphere (i.e., left vs. right), lobe (e.g., frontal lobe infarction), arterial distribution (e.g., INFARCTION, ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY), and etiology (e.g., embolic infarction).	0	3.41	7	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	0	8.24	10	4
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	0	13.16	63	4
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	0	8.24	10	4
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	0	13.16	63	4
Autosomal Dominant Juvenile Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	2.31	1	0
Parkinsonian Disorders A group of disorders which feature impaired motor control characterized by bradykinesia, MUSCLE RIGIDITY; TREMOR; and postural instability. Parkinsonian diseases are generally divided into primary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE), secondary parkinsonism (see PARKINSON DISEASE, SECONDARY) and inherited forms. These conditions are associated with dysfunction of dopaminergic or closely related motor integration neuronal pathways in the BASAL GANGLIA.	0	2.76	3	0
Water Intoxication A condition resulting from the excessive retention of water with sodium depletion.	0	3.85	4	0
Aneurysm, Arteriovenous [description not available]	0	6.61	12	1
Brain Hemorrhage, Cerebral [description not available]	0	5.6	17	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage Bleeding into one or both CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES including the BASAL GANGLIA and the CEREBRAL CORTEX. It is often associated with HYPERTENSION and CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA.	0	10.6	17	0
Renal Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	14.53	310	3
Renal Artery Obstruction Narrowing or occlusion of the RENAL ARTERY or arteries. It is due usually to ATHEROSCLEROSIS; FIBROMUSCULAR DYSPLASIA; THROMBOSIS; EMBOLISM, or external pressure. The reduced renal perfusion can lead to renovascular hypertension (HYPERTENSION, RENOVASCULAR).	0	14.53	310	3
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	0	4.66	10	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	0	4.66	10	0
Apnea, Sleep [description not available]	0	5.25	8	0
Sleep Apnea Syndromes Disorders characterized by multiple cessations of respirations during sleep that induce partial arousals and interfere with the maintenance of sleep. Sleep apnea syndromes are divided into central (see SLEEP APNEA, CENTRAL), obstructive (see SLEEP APNEA, OBSTRUCTIVE), and mixed central-obstructive types.	0	5.25	8	0
Fetal Malnutrition [description not available]	0	3.42	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Gestational [description not available]	0	4.36	7	0
Diabetes, Gestational Diabetes mellitus induced by PREGNANCY but resolved at the end of pregnancy. It does not include previously diagnosed diabetics who become pregnant (PREGNANCY IN DIABETICS). Gestational diabetes usually develops in late pregnancy when insulin antagonistic hormones peaks leading to INSULIN RESISTANCE; GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; and HYPERGLYCEMIA.	0	4.36	7	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	0	4.77	7	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	0	4.77	7	0
Hyperpotassemia [description not available]	0	10.48	38	2
Abnormalities, Urogenital [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Hyperkalemia Abnormally high potassium concentration in the blood, most often due to defective renal excretion. It is characterized clinically by electrocardiographic abnormalities (elevated T waves and depressed P waves, and eventually by atrial asystole). In severe cases, weakness and flaccid paralysis may occur. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	10.48	38	2
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	3.87	4	0
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	3.87	4	0
Embolus [description not available]	0	5.3	13	0
Embolism Blocking of a blood vessel by an embolus which can be a blood clot or other undissolved material in the blood stream.	0	5.3	13	0
Abnormality, Heart [description not available]	0	3.7	10	0
Heart Defects, Congenital Developmental abnormalities involving structures of the heart. These defects are present at birth but may be discovered later in life.	0	3.7	10	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available]	0	12.77	27	25
Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month.	0	12.77	27	25
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	7.31	1	0
Apolipoprotein B-100, Familial Defective [description not available]	0	5.96	9	1
Hyperlipoproteinemia Type II A group of familial disorders characterized by elevated circulating cholesterol contained in either LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS alone or also in VERY-LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (pre-beta lipoproteins).	0	5.96	9	1
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	0	6.14	50	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	0	11.89	19	4
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	0	6.89	19	4
Endomyocardial Fibrosis A condition characterized by the thickening of the ventricular ENDOCARDIUM and subendocardium (MYOCARDIUM), seen mostly in children and young adults in the TROPICAL CLIMATE. The fibrous tissue extends from the apex toward and often involves the HEART VALVES causing restrictive blood flow into the respective ventricles (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE).	0	7.8	40	0
Brain Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.81	3	0
Iron Overload An excessive accumulation of iron in the body due to a greater than normal absorption of iron from the gastrointestinal tract or from parenteral injection. This may arise from idiopathic hemochromatosis, excessive iron intake, chronic alcoholism, certain types of refractory anemia, or transfusional hemosiderosis. (From Churchill's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 1989)	0	8.54	8	0
Intracranial Hemorrhages Bleeding within the SKULL, including hemorrhages in the brain and the three membranes of MENINGES. The escape of blood often leads to the formation of HEMATOMA in the cranial epidural, subdural, and subarachnoid spaces.	0	2.81	3	0
ER-Negative PR-Negative HER2-Negative Breast Cancer [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Triple Negative Breast Neoplasms Breast neoplasms that do not express ESTROGEN RECEPTORS; PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS; and do not overexpress the NEU RECEPTOR/HER-2 PROTO-ONCOGENE PROTEIN.	0	2.31	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	16.33	207	19
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	0	5.02	15	0
Bouillaud Disease [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Rheumatic Heart Disease Cardiac manifestation of systemic rheumatological conditions, such as RHEUMATIC FEVER. Rheumatic heart disease can involve any part the heart, most often the HEART VALVES and the ENDOCARDIUM.	0	8.47	8	0
Bradyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	7.62	34	1
Bradycardia Cardiac arrhythmias that are characterized by excessively slow HEART RATE, usually below 50 beats per minute in human adults. They can be classified broadly into SINOATRIAL NODE dysfunction and ATRIOVENTRICULAR BLOCK.	0	7.62	34	1
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	0	6.24	12	0
Allergy, Drug [description not available]	0	7.13	13	1
Drug Hypersensitivity Immunologically mediated adverse reactions to medicinal substances used legally or illegally.	0	7.13	13	1
Urination Disorders Abnormalities in the process of URINE voiding, including bladder control, frequency of URINATION, as well as the volume and composition of URINE.	0	4.08	3	1
Osteolysis Dissolution of bone that particularly involves the removal or loss of calcium.	0	2.15	1	0
Bone Loss, Perimenopausal [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal Metabolic disorder associated with fractures of the femoral neck, vertebrae, and distal forearm. It occurs commonly in women within 15-20 years after menopause, and is caused by factors associated with menopause including estrogen deficiency.	0	2.15	1	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	0	8.52	14	1
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	0	8.52	14	1
Interstitial Nephritis [description not available]	0	13	27	1
Nephritis, Interstitial Inflammation of the interstitial tissue of the kidney. This term is generally used for primary inflammation of KIDNEY TUBULES and/or surrounding interstitium. For primary inflammation of glomerular interstitium, see GLOMERULONEPHRITIS. Infiltration of the inflammatory cells into the interstitial compartment results in EDEMA, increased spaces between the tubules, and tubular renal dysfunction.	0	8	27	1
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	0	6.16	22	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	0	6.16	22	0
Polyarthritis [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Arthritis Acute or chronic inflammation of JOINTS.	0	7.68	3	0
Cancer of Head [description not available]	0	2.91	4	0
Head and Neck Neoplasms Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)	0	2.91	4	0
Carotid Arteriopathies, Traumatic [description not available]	0	5.96	40	0
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	12.02	70	0
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	0	12.02	70	0
Autonomic Hyperreflexia [description not available]	0	5.11	3	1
Autonomic Dysreflexia A syndrome associated with damage to the spinal cord above the mid thoracic level (see SPINAL CORD INJURIES) characterized by a marked increase in the sympathetic response to minor stimuli such as bladder or rectal distention. Manifestations include HYPERTENSION; TACHYCARDIA (or reflex bradycardia); FEVER; FLUSHING; and HYPERHIDROSIS. Extreme hypertension may be associated with a STROKE. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp538 and 1232; J Spinal Cord Med 1997;20(3):355-60)	0	10.11	3	1
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	4.26	4	0
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	9.26	4	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	0	4.24	6	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	0	4.24	6	0
Diabetic Angiopathies VASCULAR DISEASES that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	11.85	65	5
Single Functioning Kidney [description not available]	0	3.06	1	0
Infections, Pneumococcal [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Pneumococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE.	0	2.42	2	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Small Fiber Neuropathy Disorder of the peripheral nerves that primarily impair small nerve fibers. The affected small nerve fibers include myelinated A-delta fibers (see A FIBERS) and unmyelinated C FIBERS. Because these small fibers innervate skin and help control autonomic function, their neuropathy presents with neuropathic pain, reduced thermal and pain sensitivity, and autonomic dysfunction (e.g. abnormal sweating or facial flushing). Small fiber neuropathy can be idiopathic or associated with underlying diseases (e.g., AMYLOIDOSIS; DIABETES MELLITUS; SARCOIDOSIS; or VASCULITIS).	0	2.15	1	0
Hematoma A collection of blood outside the BLOOD VESSELS. Hematoma can be localized in an organ, space, or tissue.	0	4.63	6	0
Smoking Cessation Discontinuing the habit of SMOKING.	0	14.73	41	38
Adenoma, beta-Cell [description not available]	0	3.18	5	0
Insulinoma A benign tumor of the PANCREATIC BETA CELLS. Insulinoma secretes excess INSULIN resulting in HYPOGLYCEMIA.	0	8.18	5	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	6.67	85	0
Hypernutrition [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Impotence [description not available]	0	8.43	16	1
Erectile Dysfunction The inability in the male to have a PENILE ERECTION due to psychological or organ dysfunction.	0	8.43	16	1
Gastric Stasis [description not available]	0	2.57	2	0
Gastroparesis Chronic delayed gastric emptying. Gastroparesis may be caused by motor dysfunction or paralysis of STOMACH muscles or may be associated with other systemic diseases such as DIABETES MELLITUS.	0	2.57	2	0
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	0	3.02	4	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	0	3.02	4	0
Pleural Diseases Diseases involving the PLEURA.	0	2.17	1	0
Thromboembolism Obstruction of a blood vessel (embolism) by a blood clot (THROMBUS) in the blood stream.	0	6.24	8	1
Acid-Base Imbalance Disturbances in the ACID-BASE EQUILIBRIUM of the body.	0	4.78	5	0
Orthostatic Intolerance Symptoms of cerebral hypoperfusion or autonomic overaction which develop while the subject is standing, but are relieved on recumbency. Types of this include NEUROCARDIOGENIC SYNCOPE; POSTURAL ORTHOSTATIC TACHYCARDIA SYNDROME; and neurogenic ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. (From Noseworthy, JH., Neurological Therapeutics Principles and Practice, 2007, p2575-2576)	0	5.88	4	2
Aura [description not available]	0	4.9	8	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	4.9	8	0
Malignant Hypertension [description not available]	0	11.4	152	1
Hypertension, Malignant A condition of markedly elevated BLOOD PRESSURE with DIASTOLIC PRESSURE usually greater than 120 mm Hg. Malignant hypertension is characterized by widespread vascular damage, PAPILLEDEMA, retinopathy, HYPERTENSIVE ENCEPHALOPATHY, and renal dysfunction.	0	11.4	152	1
Aortic Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the AORTA.	0	11.38	46	2
No-Reflow Phenomenon Markedly reduced or absent REPERFUSION in an infarct zone following the removal of an obstruction or constriction of an artery.	0	2.17	1	0
Amyloid Angiopathy, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.83	3	0
Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy A heterogeneous group of sporadic or familial disorders characterized by AMYLOID deposits in the walls of small and medium sized blood vessels of CEREBRAL CORTEX and MENINGES. Clinical features include multiple, small lobar CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE; cerebral ischemia (BRAIN ISCHEMIA); and CEREBRAL INFARCTION. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy is unrelated to generalized AMYLOIDOSIS. Amyloidogenic peptides in this condition are nearly always the same ones found in ALZHEIMER DISEASE. (from Kumar: Robbins and Cotran: Pathologic Basis of Disease, 7th ed., 2005)	0	2.83	3	0
Chronic Hepatitis B [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Hepatitis B, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS B VIRUS lasting six months or more. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.15	1	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	0	9.44	34	2
Capillary Rarefaction [description not available]	0	7.55	2	0
Arterial Obstructive Diseases [description not available]	0	6.48	25	0
Arterial Occlusive Diseases Pathological processes which result in the partial or complete obstruction of ARTERIES. They are characterized by greatly reduced or absence of blood flow through these vessels. They are also known as arterial insufficiency.	0	6.48	25	0
Water-Electrolyte Imbalance Disturbances in the body's WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE.	0	9.22	36	1
Alcoholic Cardiomyopathy [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Metastase [description not available]	0	5.46	15	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	0	5.46	15	0
B16 Melanoma [description not available]	0	3.01	4	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	5.7	14	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	5.7	14	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	0	3.7	10	0
Intestinal Perforation Opening or penetration through the wall of the INTESTINES.	0	2.47	2	0
Group A Strep Infection [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	0	3.7	10	0
Streptococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STREPTOCOCCUS.	0	2.89	4	0
Palmoplantaris Pustulosis [description not available]	0	4.09	3	1
Dermatoses [description not available]	0	3.12	5	0
Psoriasis A common genetically determined, chronic, inflammatory skin disease characterized by rounded erythematous, dry, scaling patches. The lesions have a predilection for nails, scalp, genitalia, extensor surfaces, and the lumbosacral region. Accelerated epidermopoiesis is considered to be the fundamental pathologic feature in psoriasis.	0	9.09	3	1
Skin Diseases Diseases involving the DERMIS or EPIDERMIS.	0	3.12	5	0
Foot and Mouth Disease [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Acute Radiation Syndrome A condition caused by a brief whole body exposure to more than one sievert dose equivalent of radiation. Acute radiation syndrome is initially characterized by ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; VOMITING; but can progress to hematological, gastrointestinal, neurological, pulmonary, and other major organ dysfunction.	0	2.17	1	0
Hemorrhagic Shock [description not available]	0	8.98	77	0
Autosomal Recessive Chronic Granulomatous Disease [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Granulomatous Disease, Chronic A defect of leukocyte function in which phagocytic cells ingest but fail to digest bacteria, resulting in recurring bacterial infections with granuloma formation. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by mutations in the CYBB gene, the condition is inherited in an X-linked recessive pattern. When chronic granulomatous disease is caused by CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, or NCF4 gene mutations, the condition is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.	0	3.37	2	0
Glycosuria The appearance of an abnormally large amount of GLUCOSE in the urine, such as more than 500 mg/day in adults. It can be due to HYPERGLYCEMIA or genetic defects in renal reabsorption (RENAL GLYCOSURIA).	0	3.66	10	0
Diabetic Feet [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Diabetic Foot Common foot problems in persons with DIABETES MELLITUS, caused by any combination of factors such as DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASES; and INFECTION. With the loss of sensation and poor circulation, injuries and infections often lead to severe foot ulceration, GANGRENE and AMPUTATION.	0	2.17	1	0
Loeys-Dietz Aortic Aneurysm Syndrome Loeys-Dietz Syndrome with aortic aneurysm or dissection.	0	3.94	4	0
Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates in the EPITHELIUM of the NASOPHARYNX and includes four subtypes: keratinizing squamous cell, non-keratinizing, basaloid squamous cell, and PAPILLARY ADENOCARCINOMA. It is most prevalent in Southeast Asian populations and is associated with EPSTEIN-BARR VIRUS INFECTIONS. Somatic mutations associated with this cancer have been identified in NPCR, BAP1, UBAP1, ERBB2, ERBB3, MLL2, PIK3CA, KRAS, NRAS, and ARID1A genes.	0	2.17	1	0
Carcinoma, Anaplastic [description not available]	0	3.92	13	0
Cancer of Nasopharynx [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Carcinoma A malignant neoplasm made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. It is a histological type of neoplasm and not a synonym for cancer.	0	3.92	13	0
Nasopharyngeal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the NASOPHARYNX.	0	2.49	2	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	0	4.06	5	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	0	4.06	5	0
Eccentro-Osteochondrodysplasia [description not available]	0	2.17	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis IV Genetic disorder of mucopolysaccharide metabolism characterized by skeletal abnormalities, joint instability, development of cervical myelopathy, and excessive urinary keratan sulfate. There are two biochemically distinct forms, each due to a deficiency of a different enzyme.	0	2.17	1	0
Cardiovascular Pregnancy Complications [description not available]	0	13.78	147	6
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast An invasive (infiltrating) CARCINOMA of the mammary ductal system (MAMMARY GLANDS) in the human BREAST.	0	2.44	2	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	5.21	7	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	0	5.21	7	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	0	5.89	13	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	0	2.21	1	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	0	5.89	13	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	0	10.93	14	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	0	5.93	14	0
Cardiomyopathy, Congestive [description not available]	0	7.58	51	0
Cardiomyopathy, Dilated A form of CARDIAC MUSCLE disease that is characterized by ventricular dilation, VENTRICULAR DYSFUNCTION, and HEART FAILURE. Risk factors include SMOKING; ALCOHOL DRINKING; HYPERTENSION; INFECTION; PREGNANCY; and mutations in the LMNA gene encoding LAMIN TYPE A, a NUCLEAR LAMINA protein.	0	7.58	51	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell of Head and Neck [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck The most common type of head and neck carcinoma that originates from cells on the surface of the NASAL CAVITY; MOUTH; PARANASAL SINUSES, SALIVARY GLANDS, and LARYNX. Mutations in TNFRSF10B, PTEN, and ING1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.21	1	0
Barrett Epithelium [description not available]	0	4	2	1
Barrett Esophagus A condition with damage to the lining of the lower ESOPHAGUS resulting from chronic acid reflux (ESOPHAGITIS, REFLUX). Through the process of metaplasia, the squamous cells are replaced by a columnar epithelium with cells resembling those of the INTESTINE or the salmon-pink mucosa of the STOMACH. Barrett's columnar epithelium is a marker for severe reflux and precursor to ADENOCARCINOMA of the esophagus.	0	4	2	1
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	11.33	188	2
Experimental Hepatoma [description not available]	0	4.58	26	0
Kidney Failure A severe irreversible decline in the ability of kidneys to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism.	0	15.42	42	1
Renal Insufficiency Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level in the ability to remove wastes, concentrate URINE, and maintain ELECTROLYTE BALANCE; BLOOD PRESSURE; and CALCIUM metabolism. Renal insufficiency can be classified by the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE.	1	12.42	42	1
Colitis Gravis [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Colitis, Granulomatous [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN.	0	2.94	4	0
Crohn Disease A chronic transmural inflammation that may involve any part of the DIGESTIVE TRACT from MOUTH to ANUS, mostly found in the ILEUM, the CECUM, and the COLON. In Crohn disease, the inflammation, extending through the intestinal wall from the MUCOSA to the serosa, is characteristically asymmetric and segmental. Epithelioid GRANULOMAS may be seen in some patients.	0	4.31	7	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	0	2.55	2	0
Peritoneal Carcinomatosis [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	0	2.55	2	0
Peritoneal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PERITONEUM.	0	3.11	5	0
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia [description not available]	0	5.01	16	0
46, XY Disorders of Sex Development [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital A group of inherited disorders of the ADRENAL GLANDS, caused by enzyme defects in the synthesis of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) and/or ALDOSTERONE leading to accumulation of precursors for ANDROGENS. Depending on the hormone imbalance, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be classified as salt-wasting, hypertensive, virilizing, or feminizing. Defects in STEROID 21-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 11-BETA-HYDROXYLASE; STEROID 17-ALPHA-HYDROXYLASE; 3-beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3-HYDROXYSTEROID DEHYDROGENASES); TESTOSTERONE 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE; or steroidogenic acute regulatory protein; among others, underlie these disorders.	0	5.01	16	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	0	9.02	51	2
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	0	14.02	51	2
Anemia, Megaloblastic A disorder characterized by the presence of ANEMIA, abnormally large red blood cells (megalocytes or macrocytes), and MEGALOBLASTS.	0	2.21	1	0
Addison's Disease [description not available]	0	6.95	34	0
Addison Disease An adrenal disease characterized by the progressive destruction of the ADRENAL CORTEX, resulting in insufficient production of ALDOSTERONE and HYDROCORTISONE. Clinical symptoms include ANOREXIA; NAUSEA; WEIGHT LOSS; MUSCLE WEAKNESS; and HYPERPIGMENTATION of the SKIN due to increase in circulating levels of ACTH precursor hormone which stimulates MELANOCYTES.	0	6.95	34	0
Acute Edematous Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	4.25	18	0
Pancreatitis INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS. Pancreatitis is classified as acute unless there are computed tomographic or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatographic findings of CHRONIC PANCREATITIS (International Symposium on Acute Pancreatitis, Atlanta, 1992). The two most common forms of acute pancreatitis are ALCOHOLIC PANCREATITIS and gallstone pancreatitis.	0	4.25	18	0
Anthracosis A diffuse parenchymal lung disease caused by accumulation of inhaled CARBON or coal dust. The disease can progress from asymptomatic anthracosis to massive lung fibrosis. This lung lesion usually occurs in coal MINERS, but can be seen in urban dwellers and tobacco smokers.	0	2.21	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	0	11.21	63	1
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	0	11.21	63	1
Hepatitis INFLAMMATION of the LIVER.	0	6.27	14	0
HIV Coinfection [description not available]	0	9.88	11	9
AIDS Nephropathy [description not available]	0	3.15	5	0
HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).	0	9.88	11	9
AIDS-Associated Nephropathy Renal syndrome in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients characterized by nephrotic syndrome, severe proteinuria, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with distinctive tubular and interstitial changes, enlarged kidneys, and peculiar tubuloreticular structures. The syndrome is distinct from heroin-associated nephropathy as well as other forms of kidney disease seen in HIV-infected patients.	0	3.15	5	0
Bilirubinemia [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Deficiency, Magnesium [description not available]	0	3.38	7	0
Magnesium Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of magnesium in the diet, characterized by anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, and weakness. Symptoms are paresthesias, muscle cramps, irritability, decreased attention span, and mental confusion, possibly requiring months to appear. Deficiency of body magnesium can exist even when serum values are normal. In addition, magnesium deficiency may be organ-selective, since certain tissues become deficient before others. (Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 12th ed, p1936)	0	8.38	7	0
Brain Swelling [description not available]	0	5.64	18	0
High T4 Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.61	3	0
Acidosis, Diabetic [description not available]	0	3.8	4	0
Brain Edema Increased intracellular or extracellular fluid in brain tissue. Cytotoxic brain edema (swelling due to increased intracellular fluid) is indicative of a disturbance in cell metabolism, and is commonly associated with hypoxic or ischemic injuries (see HYPOXIA, BRAIN). An increase in extracellular fluid may be caused by increased brain capillary permeability (vasogenic edema), an osmotic gradient, local blockages in interstitial fluid pathways, or by obstruction of CSF flow (e.g., obstructive HYDROCEPHALUS). (From Childs Nerv Syst 1992 Sep; 8(6):301-6)	0	5.64	18	0
Euthyroid Sick Syndromes Conditions of abnormal THYROID HORMONES release in patients with apparently normal THYROID GLAND during severe systemic illness, physical TRAUMA, and psychiatric disturbances. It can be caused by the loss of endogenous hypothalamic input or by exogenous drug effects. The most common abnormality results in low T3 THYROID HORMONE with progressive decrease in THYROXINE; (T4) and TSH. Elevated T4 with normal T3 may be seen in diseases in which THYROXINE-BINDING GLOBULIN synthesis and release are increased.	0	3.61	3	0
Diabetic Ketoacidosis A life-threatening complication of diabetes mellitus, primarily of TYPE 1 DIABETES MELLITUS with severe INSULIN deficiency and extreme HYPERGLYCEMIA. It is characterized by KETOSIS; DEHYDRATION; and depressed consciousness leading to COMA.	0	3.8	4	0
Inborn Errors of Metabolism [description not available]	0	4.26	7	0
Metabolism, Inborn Errors Errors in metabolic processes resulting from inborn genetic mutations that are inherited or acquired in utero.	0	4.26	7	0
Cutis Elastica [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome A heterogeneous group of autosomally inherited COLLAGEN DISEASES caused by defects in the synthesis or structure of FIBRILLAR COLLAGEN. There are numerous subtypes: classical, hypermobility, vascular, and others. Common clinical features include hyperextensible skin and joints, skin fragility and reduced wound healing capability.	0	3	1	0
Hyperthyroid [description not available]	0	6.03	28	0
Hyperthyroidism Hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND. Elevated levels of thyroid hormones increase BASAL METABOLIC RATE.	0	11.03	28	0
Cerebral Malaria [description not available]	0	7.8	3	0
Nociceptive Pain Dull or sharp aching pain caused by stimulated NOCICEPTORS due to tissue injury, inflammation or diseases. It can be divided into somatic or tissue pain and VISCERAL PAIN.	0	2.79	3	0
Adenovirus Infections [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Animal MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY that occurs in VERTEBRATE animals.	0	2.08	1	0
Adenoviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the ADENOVIRIDAE.	0	2.46	2	0
Cicatrix, Hypertrophic An elevated scar, resembling a KELOID, but which does not spread into surrounding tissues. It is formed by enlargement and overgrowth of cicatricial tissue and regresses spontaneously.	0	2.98	4	0
Short Bowel Syndrome A malabsorption syndrome resulting from extensive operative resection of the SMALL INTESTINE, the absorptive region of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT.	0	2.08	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Diseases [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Peripheral Arterial Disease Lack of perfusion in the EXTREMITIES resulting from atherosclerosis. It is characterized by INTERMITTENT CLAUDICATION, and an ANKLE BRACHIAL INDEX of 0.9 or less.	0	3	1	0
Wasting Disease [description not available]	0	3.14	5	0
Neurally Mediated Faint [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	0	3.58	9	0
Coronary Restenosis Recurrent narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery following surgical procedures performed to alleviate a prior obstruction.	0	5.68	13	0
Low Bone Density [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Bone Diseases, Metabolic Diseases that affect the METABOLIC PROCESSES of BONE TISSUE.	0	2.49	2	0
Amyloid Deposits [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	0	6.5	11	0
Alcoholic Intoxication An acute brain syndrome which results from the excessive ingestion of ETHANOL or ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES.	0	2.4	2	0
Systolic Heart Failure [description not available]	0	2.78	3	0
Heart Failure, Systolic Heart failure caused by abnormal myocardial contraction during SYSTOLE leading to defective cardiac emptying.	0	2.78	3	0
Gastric Ulcer [description not available]	0	3.89	12	0
Stomach Ulcer Ulceration of the GASTRIC MUCOSA due to contact with GASTRIC JUICE. It is often associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI infection or consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	3.89	12	0
Lower Urinary Tract Symptom [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Injuries Used with anatomic headings, animals, and sports for wounds and injuries. Excludes cell damage, for which pathology is used.	0	6.06	13	0
Wounds and Injuries Damage inflicted on the body as the direct or indirect result of an external force, with or without disruption of structural continuity.	0	6.06	13	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	0	5.29	9	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	6.14	4	3
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	6.14	4	3
Fasting Hypoglycemia HYPOGLYCEMIA expressed in the postabsorptive state, after prolonged FASTING, or an overnight fast.	0	8.9	22	5
Hypoglycemia A syndrome of abnormally low BLOOD GLUCOSE level. Clinical hypoglycemia has diverse etiologies. Severe hypoglycemia eventually lead to glucose deprivation of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM resulting in HUNGER; SWEATING; PARESTHESIA; impaired mental function; SEIZURES; COMA; and even DEATH.	0	8.9	22	5
Coronary Artery Stenosis [description not available]	0	3.39	2	0
Coronary Stenosis Narrowing or constriction of a coronary artery.	0	3.39	2	0
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Skin Aging The process of aging due to changes in the structure and elasticity of the skin over time. It may be a part of physiological aging or it may be due to the effects of ultraviolet radiation, usually through exposure to sunlight.	0	2.08	1	0
Active Hyperemia [description not available]	0	8.93	29	3
Hyperemia The presence of an increased amount of blood in a body part or an organ leading to congestion or engorgement of blood vessels. Hyperemia can be due to increase of blood flow into the area (active or arterial), or due to obstruction of outflow of blood from the area (passive or venous).	0	13.93	29	3
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	5.7	12	0
Cyst [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
ARPKD [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Recessive A genetic disorder with autosomal recessive inheritance, characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS and associated LIVER lesions. Serious manifestations are usually present at BIRTH with high PERINATAL MORTALITY.	0	2.97	4	0
Familial Hypokalemia-Hypomagnesemia [description not available]	0	5.71	13	0
Hyperhomocysteinemia Condition in which the plasma levels of homocysteine and related metabolites are elevated (	0	9.36	7	0
Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME.	0	7.46	2	0
Esophageal Reflux [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Gastroesophageal Reflux Retrograde flow of gastric juice (GASTRIC ACID) and/or duodenal contents (BILE ACIDS; PANCREATIC JUICE) into the distal ESOPHAGUS, commonly due to incompetence of the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER.	0	2.11	1	0
Berger Disease [description not available]	0	9.5	30	3
Glomerulonephritis, IGA A chronic form of glomerulonephritis characterized by deposits of predominantly IMMUNOGLOBULIN A in the mesangial area (GLOMERULAR MESANGIUM). Deposits of COMPLEMENT C3 and IMMUNOGLOBULIN G are also often found. Clinical features may progress from asymptomatic HEMATURIA to END-STAGE KIDNEY DISEASE.	0	9.5	30	3
Liddle Syndrome Familial pseudoaldosteronism characterized by autosomal dominant inheritance of hypertension with HYPOKALEMIA; ALKALOSIS; RENIN and ALDOSTERONE level decreases. It is caused by mutations in EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS beta and gamma subunits. Different mutations in the same EPITHELIAL SODIUM CHANNELS subunits can cause PSEUDOHYPOALDOSTERONISM, TYPE I, AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT.	0	2.1	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	5.29	7	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	5.29	7	0
Aseptic Necrosis of Bone [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Osteonecrosis Death of a bone or part of a bone, either atraumatic or posttraumatic.	0	2.1	1	0
Anoxia, Brain [description not available]	0	4.2	6	0
Anaphylactic Reaction [description not available]	0	6.4	23	0
Anaphylaxis An acute hypersensitivity reaction due to exposure to a previously encountered ANTIGEN. The reaction may include rapidly progressing URTICARIA, respiratory distress, vascular collapse, systemic SHOCK, and death.	0	11.4	23	0
Cardiac Free Wall Rupture [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Primary Peritonitis [description not available]	0	3.63	9	0
Peritonitis INFLAMMATION of the PERITONEUM lining the ABDOMINAL CAVITY as the result of infectious, autoimmune, or chemical processes. Primary peritonitis is due to infection of the PERITONEAL CAVITY via hematogenous or lymphatic spread and without intra-abdominal source. Secondary peritonitis arises from the ABDOMINAL CAVITY itself through RUPTURE or ABSCESS of intra-abdominal organs.	0	3.63	9	0
Malaria, Avian Any of a group of infections of fowl caused by protozoa of the genera PLASMODIUM, Leucocytozoon, and Haemoproteus. The life cycles of these parasites and the disease produced bears strong resemblance to those observed in human malaria.	0	2.52	2	0
Grippe [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Influenza, Human An acute viral infection in humans involving the respiratory tract. It is marked by inflammation of the NASAL MUCOSA; the PHARYNX; and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized, myalgia.	0	2.1	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Exertional Heat Illness [description not available]	0	2.99	4	0
Angiomyolipoma A benign tumor containing vascular, adipose, and muscle elements. It occurs most often in the kidney with smooth muscle elements (angiolipoleiomyoma) in association with tuberous sclerosis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular Type IV [description not available]	0	7.22	14	1
Vascular Malformations A spectrum of congenital, inherited, or acquired abnormalities in BLOOD VESSELS that can adversely affect the normal blood flow in ARTERIES or VEINS. Most are congenital defects such as abnormal communications between blood vessels (fistula), shunting of arterial blood directly into veins bypassing the CAPILLARIES (arteriovenous malformations), formation of large dilated blood blood-filled vessels (cavernous angioma), and swollen capillaries (capillary telangiectases). In rare cases, vascular malformations can result from trauma or diseases.	0	2.1	1	0
Rupture Forcible or traumatic tear or break of an organ or other soft part of the body.	0	2.92	4	0
Coarctation of Aorta [description not available]	0	7.89	53	0
Aortic Coarctation A birth defect characterized by the narrowing of the AORTA that can be of varying degree and at any point from the transverse arch to the iliac bifurcation. Aortic coarctation causes arterial HYPERTENSION before the point of narrowing and arterial HYPOTENSION beyond the narrowed portion.	0	12.89	53	0
Extrasystole, Ventricular [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Angor Pectoris [description not available]	0	9.99	31	6
Angina Pectoris The symptom of paroxysmal pain consequent to MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA usually of distinctive character, location and radiation. It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of the MYOCARDIUM exceed that supplied by the CORONARY CIRCULATION.	0	14.99	31	6
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome, Familial Gestational Spontaneous [description not available]	0	6.92	10	1
Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome A complication of OVULATION INDUCTION in infertility treatment. It is graded by the severity of symptoms which include OVARY enlargement, multiple OVARIAN FOLLICLES; OVARIAN CYSTS; ASCITES; and generalized EDEMA. The full-blown syndrome may lead to RENAL FAILURE, respiratory distress, and even DEATH. Increased capillary permeability is caused by the vasoactive substances, such as VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTORS, secreted by the overly-stimulated OVARIES.	0	6.92	10	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	0	3.37	7	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	0	5.51	26	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	0	5.51	26	0
Bowel Diseases, Inflammatory [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Chronic, non-specific inflammation of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT. Etiology may be genetic or environmental. This term includes CROHN DISEASE and ULCERATIVE COLITIS.	0	3.7	3	0
Cadaver A dead body, usually a human body.	0	3.09	5	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	7.7	37	1
Ascites Accumulation or retention of free fluid within the peritoneal cavity.	0	11.58	65	3
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	0	4.88	8	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	0	4.88	8	0
Pterygium An abnormal triangular fold of membrane in the interpalpebral fissure, extending from the conjunctiva to the cornea, being immovably united to the cornea at its apex, firmly attached to the sclera throughout its middle portion, and merged with the conjunctiva at its base. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	7.1	1	0
Enlarged Spleen [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Carotid Artery Thrombosis Blood clot formation in any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES. This may produce CAROTID STENOSIS or occlusion of the vessel, leading to TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBRAL INFARCTION; or AMAUROSIS FUGAX.	0	2.73	3	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular, Type I [description not available]	0	4.62	6	0
Acidosis, Renal Tubular A group of genetic disorders of the KIDNEY TUBULES characterized by the accumulation of metabolically produced acids with elevated plasma chloride, hyperchloremic metabolic ACIDOSIS. Defective renal acidification of URINE (proximal tubules) or low renal acid excretion (distal tubules) can lead to complications such as HYPOKALEMIA, hypercalcinuria with NEPHROLITHIASIS and NEPHROCALCINOSIS, and RICKETS.	0	4.62	6	0
Carcinoma, Lewis Lung A carcinoma discovered by Dr. Margaret R. Lewis of the Wistar Institute in 1951. This tumor originated spontaneously as a carcinoma of the lung of a C57BL mouse. The tumor does not appear to be grossly hemorrhagic and the majority of the tumor tissue is a semifirm homogeneous mass. (From Cancer Chemother Rep 2 1972 Nov;(3)1:325) It is also called 3LL and LLC and is used as a transplantable malignancy.	0	2.48	2	0
Right Ventricular Dysfunction [description not available]	0	7.23	8	1
Esophagitis, Reflux [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Esophagitis, Peptic INFLAMMATION of the ESOPHAGUS that is caused by the reflux of GASTRIC JUICE with contents of the STOMACH and DUODENUM.	0	2.1	1	0
Blood Loss, Surgical Loss of blood during a surgical procedure.	0	4.74	2	1
Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Hyperoxia An abnormal increase in the amount of oxygen in the tissues and organs.	0	8.44	7	0
Bile Duct Obstruction, Extrahepatic [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Rib Fractures Fractures of any of the RIBS.	0	2.11	1	0
Angioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of blood or lymphatic vessels that forms a tumor-like mass. Vessels in the angioma may or may not be dilated.	0	8.87	4	0
Hemangioma A vascular anomaly due to proliferation of BLOOD VESSELS that forms a tumor-like mass. The common types involve CAPILLARIES and VEINS. It can occur anywhere in the body but is most frequently noticed in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE. (from Stedman, 27th ed, 2000)	0	3.87	4	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.52	2	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.52	2	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	0	3.3	6	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	0	3.3	6	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	0	9.68	10	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	0	10.01	11	10
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	0	4.68	10	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	11.78	23	1
Heart Valve Diseases Pathological conditions involving any of the various HEART VALVES and the associated structures (PAPILLARY MUSCLES and CHORDAE TENDINEAE).	0	5.5	16	1
Compensatory Hyperinsulinemia A GLUCOSE-induced HYPERINSULINEMIA, a marker of insulin-resistant state. It is a mechanism to compensate for reduced sensitivity to insulin.	0	7.24	28	4
Hyperinsulinism A syndrome with excessively high INSULIN levels in the BLOOD. It may cause HYPOGLYCEMIA. Etiology of hyperinsulinism varies, including hypersecretion of a beta cell tumor (INSULINOMA); autoantibodies against insulin (INSULIN ANTIBODIES); defective insulin receptor (INSULIN RESISTANCE); or overuse of exogenous insulin or HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENTS.	0	7.24	28	4
Encephalitis, Venezuelan Equine [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Abnormality, Torsion [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
BH4 Deficiency [description not available]	0	3.3	2	0
Phenylketonurias A group of autosomal recessive disorders marked by a deficiency of the hepatic enzyme PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE or less frequently by reduced activity of DIHYDROPTERIDINE REDUCTASE (i.e., atypical phenylketonuria). Classical phenylketonuria is caused by a severe deficiency of phenylalanine hydroxylase and presents in infancy with developmental delay; SEIZURES; skin HYPOPIGMENTATION; ECZEMA; and demyelination in the central nervous system. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p952).	0	3.3	2	0
Otospongiosis [description not available]	0	4.82	4	0
Otosclerosis Formation of spongy bone in the labyrinth capsule which can progress toward the STAPES (stapedial fixation) or anteriorly toward the COCHLEA leading to conductive, sensorineural, or mixed HEARING LOSS. Several genes are associated with familial otosclerosis with varied clinical signs.	0	4.82	4	0
Familial Combined Hyperlipidemia [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Hyperlipidemia, Familial Combined A type of familial lipid metabolism disorder characterized by a variable pattern of elevated plasma CHOLESTEROL and/or TRIGLYCERIDES. Multiple genes on different chromosomes may be involved, such as the major late transcription factor (UPSTREAM STIMULATORY FACTORS) on CHROMOSOME 1.	0	2.76	3	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	0	6.06	11	1
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	0	2.66	3	0
Keloid A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar resulting from formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the dermis during connective tissue repair. It is differentiated from a hypertrophic scar (CICATRIX, HYPERTROPHIC) in that the former does not spread to surrounding tissues.	0	2.79	3	0
Cushing's Syndrome [description not available]	0	8.38	59	0
Cushing Syndrome A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) or other GLUCOCORTICOIDS from endogenous or exogenous sources. It is characterized by upper body OBESITY; OSTEOPOROSIS; HYPERTENSION; DIABETES MELLITUS; HIRSUTISM; AMENORRHEA; and excess body fluid. Endogenous Cushing syndrome or spontaneous hypercortisolism is divided into two groups, those due to an excess of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN and those that are ACTH-independent.	0	8.38	59	0
Parasitemia The presence of parasites (especially malarial parasites) in the blood. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.11	1	0
Jejunal Diseases Pathological development in the JEJUNUM region of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.11	1	0
Enteritis Inflammation of any segment of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.11	1	0
Hemangioma, Capillary A dull red, firm, dome-shaped hemangioma, sharply demarcated from surrounding skin, usually located on the head and neck, which grows rapidly and generally undergoes regression and involution without scarring. It is caused by proliferation of immature capillary vessels in active stroma, and is usually present at birth or occurs within the first two or three months of life. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.52	2	0
Candida Infection [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Candidiasis Infection with a fungus of the genus CANDIDA. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist areas of the body and is generally caused by CANDIDA ALBICANS. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Hypotension, Postural [description not available]	0	9.52	54	2
Drop Attack [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Postural Orthostatic Tachycardia Syndrome A syndrome of ORTHOSTATIC INTOLERANCE combined with excessive upright TACHYCARDIA, and usually without associated ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION. All variants have in common an excessively reduced venous return to the heart (central HYPOVOLEMIA) while upright.	0	5.78	4	1
Hypotension, Orthostatic A significant drop in BLOOD PRESSURE after assuming a standing position. Orthostatic hypotension is a finding, and defined as a 20-mm Hg decrease in systolic pressure or a 10-mm Hg decrease in diastolic pressure 3 minutes after the person has risen from supine to standing. Symptoms generally include DIZZINESS, blurred vision, and SYNCOPE.	1	11.52	54	2
Syncope A transient loss of consciousness and postural tone caused by diminished blood flow to the brain (i.e., BRAIN ISCHEMIA). Presyncope refers to the sensation of lightheadedness and loss of strength that precedes a syncopal event or accompanies an incomplete syncope. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp367-9)	0	3.23	6	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	0	3.11	5	0
Cerebral Hemorrhage, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Deep Vein Thrombosis [description not available]	0	2.73	3	0
Venous Thrombosis The formation or presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) within a vein.	0	2.73	3	0
Rupture, Spontaneous Tear or break of an organ, vessel or other soft part of the body, occurring in the absence of external force.	0	4.5	5	1
Hydronephrosis Abnormal enlargement or swelling of a KIDNEY due to dilation of the KIDNEY CALICES and the KIDNEY PELVIS. It is often associated with obstruction of the URETER or chronic kidney diseases that prevents normal drainage of urine into the URINARY BLADDER.	0	11.24	56	0
Placental Insufficiency Failure of the PLACENTA to deliver an adequate supply of nutrients and OXYGEN to the FETUS.	0	4.21	6	0
Friedreich Disease [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Friedreich Ataxia An autosomal recessive disease, usually of childhood onset, characterized pathologically by degeneration of the spinocerebellar tracts, posterior columns, and to a lesser extent the corticospinal tracts. Clinical manifestations include GAIT ATAXIA, pes cavus, speech impairment, lateral curvature of spine, rhythmic head tremor, kyphoscoliosis, congestive heart failure (secondary to a cardiomyopathy), and lower extremity weakness. Most forms of this condition are associated with a mutation in a gene on chromosome 9, at band q13, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1081; N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75) The severity of Friedreich ataxia associated with expansion of GAA repeats in the first intron of the frataxin gene correlates with the number of trinucleotide repeats. (From Durr et al, N Engl J Med 1996 Oct 17;335(16):1169-75)	0	2.13	1	0
Cardiac Output, High A state of elevated cardiac output due to conditions of either increased hemodynamic demand or reduced cardiac oxygen output. These conditions may include ANEMIA; ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA; THYROTOXICOSIS; PREGNANCY; EXERCISE; FEVER; and HYPOXIA. In time, compensatory changes of the heart can lead to pathological form of high cardiac output and eventual HEART FAILURE.	0	3.38	2	0
Fibromuscular Dysplasia An idiopathic, segmental, nonatheromatous disease of the musculature of arterial walls, leading to STENOSIS of small and medium-sized arteries. There is true proliferation of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS and fibrous tissue. Fibromuscular dysplasia lesions are smooth stenosis and occur most often in the renal and carotid arteries. They may also occur in other peripheral arteries of the extremity.	0	4.17	6	0
Ovarian Diseases Pathological processes of the OVARY.	0	2.15	1	0
Autism [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Autistic Disorder A disorder beginning in childhood. It is marked by the presence of markedly abnormal or impaired development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted repertoire of activity and interest. Manifestations of the disorder vary greatly depending on the developmental level and chronological age of the individual. (DSM-V)	0	2.13	1	0
Communicable Diseases, Emerging Infectious diseases that are novel in their outbreak ranges (geographic and host) or transmission mode.	0	2.13	1	0
Bunyaviridae Infections Virus diseases caused by the BUNYAVIRIDAE.	0	2.13	1	0
Cornea Injuries [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Corneal Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the CORNEA by external means.	0	3.04	1	0
Diseases of Immune System [description not available]	0	3.04	1	0
Leukocyte Disorders Disordered formation of various types of leukocytes or an abnormal accumulation or deficiency of these cells.	0	3.04	1	0
Immune System Diseases Disorders caused by abnormal or absent immunologic mechanisms, whether humoral, cell-mediated, or both.	0	3.04	1	0
Pleurisy, Tuberculous [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Pleural Effusion, Malignant Presence of fluid in the PLEURAL CAVITY as a complication of malignant disease. Malignant pleural effusions often contain actual malignant cells.	0	2.13	1	0
Poultry Diseases Diseases of birds which are raised as a source of meat or eggs for human consumption and are usually found in barnyards, hatcheries, etc. The concept is differentiated from BIRD DISEASES which is for diseases of birds not considered poultry and usually found in zoos, parks, and the wild.	0	4.13	3	1
Emergencies Situations or conditions requiring immediate intervention to avoid serious adverse results.	0	3.8	4	0
Uveitis Inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (sclera and cornea, and the retina). (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Potassium Deficiency A condition due to decreased dietary intake of potassium, as in starvation or failure to administer in intravenous solutions, or to gastrointestinal loss in diarrhea, chronic laxative abuse, vomiting, gastric suction, or bowel diversion. Severe potassium deficiency may produce muscular weakness and lead to paralysis and respiratory failure. Muscular malfunction may result in hypoventilation, paralytic ileus, hypotension, muscle twitches, tetany, and rhabomyolysis. Nephropathy from potassium deficit impairs the concentrating mechanism, producing POLYURIA and decreased maximal urinary concentrating ability with secondary POLYDIPSIA. (Merck Manual, 16th ed)	0	6.93	20	0
Anemia, Hemolytic, Acquired [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	0	4.12	6	0
Iron Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of iron in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization. (From Mosby's Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.13	1	0
Anemia, Hemolytic A condition of inadequate circulating red blood cells (ANEMIA) or insufficient HEMOGLOBIN due to premature destruction of red blood cells (ERYTHROCYTES).	0	2.66	3	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	0	4.12	6	0
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	0	4.23	18	0
Acute Kidney Tubular Necrosis [description not available]	0	5.86	13	0
Kidney Tubular Necrosis, Acute Acute kidney failure resulting from destruction of EPITHELIAL CELLS of the KIDNEY TUBULES. It is commonly attributed to exposure to toxic agents or renal ISCHEMIA following severe TRAUMA.	0	5.86	13	0
Envenomation, Scorpion [description not available]	0	4.73	2	1
Familial Hyperpotassemia and Hypertension [description not available]	0	3.7	3	0
Pseudohypoaldosteronism A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by renal electrolyte transport dysfunctions. Congenital forms are rare autosomal disorders characterized by neonatal hypertension, HYPERKALEMIA, increased RENIN activity and ALDOSTERONE concentration. The Type I features HYPERKALEMIA with sodium wasting; Type II, HYPERKALEMIA without sodium wasting. Pseudohypoaldosteronism can be the result of a defective renal electrolyte transport protein or acquired after KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	0	3.7	3	0
Acquired Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2.49	2	0
Epiretinal Membrane A membrane on the vitreal surface of the retina resulting from the proliferation of one or more of three retinal elements: (1) fibrous astrocytes; (2) fibrocytes; and (3) RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM. Localized epiretinal membranes may occur at the posterior pole of the eye without clinical signs or may cause marked loss of vision as a result of covering, distorting, or detaching the FOVEA CENTRALIS. Epiretinal membranes may cause vascular leakage and secondary retinal edema. In younger individuals some membranes appear to be developmental in origin and occur in otherwise normal eyes. The majority occur in association with RETINAL HOLES, ocular concussions, retinal inflammation, or after ocular surgery. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p291)	0	2.15	1	0
Angina at Rest [description not available]	0	5.58	6	1
Angina, Unstable Precordial pain at rest, which may precede a MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	5.58	6	1
Autosomal Recessive Emery-Dreifuss Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Necrotizing Pyelonephritis [description not available]	0	6.89	39	0
Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the KIDNEY involving the renal parenchyma (the NEPHRONS); KIDNEY PELVIS; and KIDNEY CALICES. It is characterized by ABDOMINAL PAIN; FEVER; NAUSEA; VOMITING; and occasionally DIARRHEA.	0	11.89	39	0
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Pneumonia, Ventilator-Associated Serious INFLAMMATION of the LUNG in patients who required the use of PULMONARY VENTILATOR. It is usually caused by bacterial CROSS INFECTION in hospitals.	0	2.04	1	0
Cross-Transfusion, Intrauterine [description not available]	0	3.37	2	0
Neuritis A general term indicating inflammation of a peripheral or cranial nerve. Clinical manifestation may include PAIN; PARESTHESIAS; PARESIS; or HYPESTHESIA.	0	2.04	1	0
Torsade de Pointes [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Bronze Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Hemochromatosis A disorder of iron metabolism characterized by a triad of HEMOSIDEROSIS; LIVER CIRRHOSIS; and DIABETES MELLITUS. It is caused by massive iron deposits in parenchymal cells that may develop after a prolonged increase of iron absorption. (Jablonski's Dictionary of Syndromes & Eponymic Diseases, 2d ed)	0	2.96	1	0
Placenta Diseases Pathological processes or abnormal functions of the PLACENTA.	0	3.76	2	0
Glomerulonephritis, Lupus [description not available]	0	3.63	3	0
Lupus Nephritis Glomerulonephritis associated with autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Lupus nephritis is histologically classified into 6 classes: class I - normal glomeruli, class II - pure mesangial alterations, class III - focal segmental glomerulonephritis, class IV - diffuse glomerulonephritis, class V - diffuse membranous glomerulonephritis, and class VI - advanced sclerosing glomerulonephritis (The World Health Organization classification 1982).	0	3.63	3	0
DDD MPGNII [description not available]	0	4.93	14	0
Glomerulonephritis, Membranoproliferative Chronic glomerulonephritis characterized histologically by proliferation of MESANGIAL CELLS, increase in the MESANGIAL EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX, and a thickening of the glomerular capillary walls. This may appear as a primary disorder or secondary to other diseases including infections and autoimmune disease SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS. Various subtypes are classified by their abnormal ultrastructures and immune deposits. Hypocomplementemia is a characteristic feature of all types of MPGN.	0	4.93	14	0
ALS - Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Ataxias, Hereditary [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis A degenerative disorder affecting upper MOTOR NEURONS in the brain and lower motor neurons in the brain stem and SPINAL CORD. Disease onset is usually after the age of 50 and the process is usually fatal within 3 to 6 years. Clinical manifestations include progressive weakness, atrophy, FASCICULATION, hyperreflexia, DYSARTHRIA, dysphagia, and eventual paralysis of respiratory function. Pathologic features include the replacement of motor neurons with fibrous ASTROCYTES and atrophy of anterior SPINAL NERVE ROOTS and corticospinal tracts. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1089-94)	0	7.05	1	0
Corneal Angiogenesis [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Corneal Neovascularization New blood vessels originating from the corneal blood vessels and extending from the limbus into the adjacent CORNEAL STROMA. Neovascularization in the superficial and/or deep corneal stroma is a sequel to numerous inflammatory diseases of the ocular anterior segment, such as TRACHOMA, viral interstitial KERATITIS, microbial KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS, and the immune response elicited by CORNEAL TRANSPLANTATION.	0	7.96	1	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	7.74	22	1
Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders Disorders whose essential features are the failure to resist an impulse, drive, or temptation to perform an act that is harmful to the individual or to others. Individuals experience an increased sense of tension prior to the act and pleasure, gratification or release of tension at the time of committing the act.	0	3.43	1	1
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	7.74	22	1
Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Choroid Neovascularization [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Aspiration, Meconium [description not available]	0	3.83	2	0
Meconium Aspiration Syndrome A condition caused by inhalation of MECONIUM into the LUNG of FETUS or NEWBORN, usually due to vigorous respiratory movements during difficult PARTURITION or respiratory system abnormalities. Meconium aspirate may block small airways leading to difficulties in PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE and ASPIRATION PNEUMONIA.	0	8.83	2	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	0	4.33	4	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	0	15.51	214	4
Adenohypophyseal Hyposecretion [description not available]	0	6.92	17	1
Hypopituitarism Diminution or cessation of secretion of one or more hormones from the anterior pituitary gland (including LH; FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE; SOMATOTROPIN; and CORTICOTROPIN). This may result from surgical or radiation ablation, non-secretory PITUITARY NEOPLASMS, metastatic tumors, infarction, PITUITARY APOPLEXY, infiltrative or granulomatous processes, and other conditions.	0	6.92	17	1
Nephrolithiasis Formation of stones in the KIDNEY.	0	2.05	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis C [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Cirrhoses, Experimental Liver [description not available]	0	6.36	39	1
Hepatitis C, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans that is caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS lasting six months or more. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.46	2	0
Mast Cell Activation Disease [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Mastocytosis A rare neoplastic disorder characterized by a clonal proliferation of MAST CELLS, associated with KIT-D816 mutations, and accompanied by aberrant mast cell activation. The abnormal increase of MAST CELLS may occur in only the skin (MASTOCYTOSIS, CUTANEOUS), in extracutaneous tissues involving multiple organs (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC), or in solid tumors (MASTOCYTOMA).	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	0	2.05	1	0
Carcinoma, Medullary A carcinoma composed mainly of epithelial elements with little or no stroma. Medullary carcinomas of the breast constitute 5%-7% of all mammary carcinomas; medullary carcinomas of the thyroid comprise 3%-10% of all thyroid malignancies. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1141; Segen, Dictionary of Modern Medicine, 1992)	0	2.05	1	0
Infections, Helicobacter [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Gastritis Inflammation of the GASTRIC MUCOSA, a lesion observed in a number of unrelated disorders.	0	3.65	3	0
Helicobacter Infections Infections with organisms of the genus HELICOBACTER, particularly, in humans, HELICOBACTER PYLORI. The clinical manifestations are focused in the stomach, usually the gastric mucosa and antrum, and the upper duodenum. This infection plays a major role in the pathogenesis of type B gastritis and peptic ulcer disease.	0	2.05	1	0
B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Suffocation [description not available]	0	3.67	10	0
Asphyxia A pathological condition caused by lack of oxygen, manifested in impending or actual cessation of life.	0	3.67	10	0
Primary Graft Dysfunction A form of ischemia-reperfusion injury occurring in the early period following transplantation. Significant pathophysiological changes in MITOCHONDRIA are the main cause of the dysfunction. It is most often seen in the transplanted lung, liver, or kidney and can lead to GRAFT REJECTION.	0	3.88	1	0
Bone Fractures [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Fractures, Bone Breaks in bones.	0	2.96	1	0
Kidney Stones [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Ureteral Calculi Stones in the URETER that are formed in the KIDNEY. They are rarely more than 5 mm in diameter for larger renal stones cannot enter ureters. They are often lodged at the ureteral narrowing and can cause excruciating renal colic.	0	2.05	1	0
Kidney Calculi Stones in the KIDNEY, usually formed in the urine-collecting area of the kidney (KIDNEY PELVIS). Their sizes vary and most contains CALCIUM OXALATE.	0	2.38	2	0
Nutritional Disorders [description not available]	0	2.96	1	0
Nutrition Disorders Disorders caused by nutritional imbalance, either overnutrition or undernutrition.	0	2.96	1	0
Cholangiocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.97	4	0
Cholangiocarcinoma A malignant tumor arising from the epithelium of the BILE DUCTS.	0	2.97	4	0
A-V Dissociation [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Injuries, Soft Tissue [description not available]	0	3.88	1	0
Burns Injuries to tissues caused by contact with heat, steam, chemicals (BURNS, CHEMICAL), electricity (BURNS, ELECTRIC), or the like.	0	6.41	16	0
Consciousness, Loss of [description not available]	0	3.24	6	0
Atrioventricular Conduction Block [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Atrioventricular Block Impaired impulse conduction from HEART ATRIA to HEART VENTRICLES. AV block can mean delayed or completely blocked impulse conduction.	0	2.05	1	0
Bedwetting [description not available]	0	3.44	1	1
Nocturnal Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE during sleep at night after expected age of completed development of urinary control.	0	3.44	1	1
Leukostasis Abnormal intravascular leukocyte aggregation and clumping often seen in leukemia patients. The brain and lungs are the two most commonly affected organs. This acute syndrome requires aggressive cytoreductive modalities including chemotherapy and/or leukophoresis. It is differentiated from LEUKEMIC INFILTRATION which is a neoplastic process where leukemic cells invade organs.	0	7.95	4	0
Vasculitis, Retinal [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Retinal Vasculitis Inflammation of the retinal vasculature with various causes including infectious disease; LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS, SYSTEMIC; MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS; BEHCET SYNDROME; and CHORIORETINITIS.	0	2.05	1	0
Glomerular Necrosis [description not available]	0	5.16	8	0
Dextro-Looped Transposition of the Great Arteries [description not available]	0	5.22	2	1
Transposition of Great Vessels A congenital cardiovascular malformation in which the AORTA arises entirely from the RIGHT VENTRICLE, and the PULMONARY ARTERY arises from the LEFT VENTRICLE. Consequently, the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are parallel and not sequential, so that the venous return from the peripheral circulation is re-circulated by the right ventricle via aorta to the systemic circulation without being oxygenated in the lungs. This is a potentially lethal form of heart disease in newborns and infants.	0	5.22	2	1
Erythrocytosis [description not available]	0	11.87	16	1
Benign Mastocytoma [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Systemic Vasculitis A heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and necrosis of the blood vessel walls.	0	2.05	1	0
Fibroid [description not available]	0	2.71	3	0
Cancer of the Uterus [description not available]	0	4.6	10	0
Leiomyoma A benign tumor derived from smooth muscle tissue, also known as a fibroid tumor. They rarely occur outside of the UTERUS and the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT but can occur in the SKIN and SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE, probably arising from the smooth muscle of small blood vessels in these tissues.	0	2.71	3	0
Uterine Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERUS.	0	4.6	10	0
Central Hypothyroidism [description not available]	0	5.33	22	0
Hypothyroidism A syndrome that results from abnormally low secretion of THYROID HORMONES from the THYROID GLAND, leading to a decrease in BASAL METABOLIC RATE. In its most severe form, there is accumulation of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and EDEMA, known as MYXEDEMA. It may be primary or secondary due to other pituitary disease, or hypothalamic dysfunction.	0	5.33	22	0
Cardiac Output, Low A state of subnormal or depressed cardiac output at rest or during stress. It is a characteristic of CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES, including congenital, valvular, rheumatic, hypertensive, coronary, and cardiomyopathic. The serious form of low cardiac output is characterized by marked reduction in STROKE VOLUME, and systemic vasoconstriction resulting in cold, pale, and sometimes cyanotic extremities.	0	13.81	69	9
Apnea A transient absence of spontaneous respiration.	0	2.9	4	0
Lymphatic Diseases Diseases of LYMPH; LYMPH NODES; or LYMPHATIC VESSELS.	0	2.05	1	0
Varices [description not available]	0	4.31	7	0
Varicose Veins Enlarged and tortuous VEINS.	0	4.31	7	0
Thrombotic Microangiopathies Diseases that result in THROMBOSIS in MICROVASCULATURE. The two most prominent diseases are PURPURA, THROMBOTIC THROMBOCYTOPENIC; and HEMOLYTIC-UREMIC SYNDROME. Multiple etiological factors include VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL CELL damage due to SHIGA TOXIN; FACTOR H deficiency; and aberrant VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR formation.	0	2.05	1	0
Chronic Pancreatitis [description not available]	0	7.74	3	0
Pancreatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the PANCREAS that is characterized by recurring or persistent ABDOMINAL PAIN with or without STEATORRHEA or DIABETES MELLITUS. It is characterized by the irregular destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma which may be focal, segmental, or diffuse.	0	2.74	3	0
Glomerulonephritis, Minimal Change [description not available]	0	2.45	2	0
Nephrosis, Lipoid A kidney disease with no or minimal histological glomerular changes on light microscopy and with no immune deposits. It is characterized by lipid accumulation in the epithelial cells of KIDNEY TUBULES and in the URINE. Patients usually show NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	2.45	2	0
Diffuse Parenchymal Lung Disease [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Lung Diseases, Interstitial A diverse group of lung diseases that affect the lung parenchyma. They are characterized by an initial inflammation of PULMONARY ALVEOLI that extends to the interstitium and beyond leading to diffuse PULMONARY FIBROSIS. Interstitial lung diseases are classified by their etiology (known or unknown causes), and radiological-pathological features.	0	3.35	2	0
Autoimmune Demyelinating Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Alcoholic Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	7.76	14	2
Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to chronic excess ALCOHOL DRINKING.	0	7.76	14	2
Arterial Diseases, Cerebral [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Cerebral Arterial Diseases Pathological conditions of intracranial ARTERIES supplying the CEREBRUM. These diseases often are due to abnormalities or pathological processes in the ANTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY; MIDDLE CEREBRAL ARTERY; and POSTERIOR CEREBRAL ARTERY.	0	2.42	2	0
Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary Inborn errors of bilirubin metabolism resulting in excessive amounts of bilirubin in the circulating blood, either because of increased bilirubin production or because of delayed clearance of bilirubin from the blood.	0	2.05	1	0
Sclerosis A pathological process consisting of hardening or fibrosis of an anatomical structure, often a vessel or a nerve.	0	13.39	13	1
Central Retinal Edema, Cystoid [description not available]	0	5.72	4	0
Macular Edema Fluid accumulation in the outer layer of the MACULA LUTEA that results from intraocular or systemic insults. It may develop in a diffuse pattern where the macula appears thickened or it may acquire the characteristic petaloid appearance referred to as cystoid macular edema. Although macular edema may be associated with various underlying conditions, it is most commonly seen following intraocular surgery, venous occlusive disease, DIABETIC RETINOPATHY, and posterior segment inflammatory disease. (From Survey of Ophthalmology 2004; 49(5) 470-90)	0	10.72	4	0
Gastrointestinal Stromal Neoplasm [description not available]	0	7.48	4	4
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors All tumors in the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT arising from mesenchymal cells (MESODERM) except those of smooth muscle cells (LEIOMYOMA) or Schwann cells (SCHWANNOMA).	0	7.48	4	4
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	3.36	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	3.36	2	0
Bile Duct Cancer [description not available]	0	3.09	5	0
Bile Duct Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BILE DUCTS.	0	3.09	5	0
Embryopathies [description not available]	0	4.88	8	0
Hyperprolactinaemia [description not available]	0	9.48	5	1
Hyperprolactinemia Increased levels of PROLACTIN in the BLOOD, which may be associated with AMENORRHEA and GALACTORRHEA. Relatively common etiologies include PROLACTINOMA, medication effect, KIDNEY FAILURE, granulomatous diseases of the PITUITARY GLAND, and disorders which interfere with the hypothalamic inhibition of prolactin release. Ectopic (non-pituitary) production of prolactin may also occur. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp77-8)	0	4.48	5	1
Denys-Drash Syndrome A disorder of sex development characterized by UROGENITAL ABNORMALITIES; GONADAL DYSGENESIS; and WILMS TUMOR. It is caused by a mutation in the Wilms tumor suppressor gene (GENES, WILMS TUMOR) on chromosome 11.	0	2.98	1	0
Anti-GBM Disease [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Anti-Glomerular Basement Membrane Disease An autoimmune disease of the KIDNEY and the LUNG. It is characterized by the presence of circulating autoantibodies targeting the epitopes in the non-collagenous domains of COLLAGEN TYPE IV in the basement membranes of kidney glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) and lung alveoli (PULMONARY ALVEOLI), and the subsequent destruction of these basement membranes. Clinical features include pulmonary alveolar hemorrhage and glomerulonephritis.	0	2.94	4	0
Digestive System Disorders [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Digestive System Diseases Diseases in any part of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT or the accessory organs (LIVER; BILIARY TRACT; PANCREAS).	0	2.98	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	0	3.29	2	0
Choline Deficiency A condition produced by a deficiency of CHOLINE in animals. Choline is known as a lipotropic agent because it has been shown to promote the transport of excess fat from the liver under certain conditions in laboratory animals. Combined deficiency of choline (included in the B vitamin complex) and all other methyl group donors causes liver cirrhosis in some animals. Unlike compounds normally considered as vitamins, choline does not serve as a cofactor in enzymatic reactions. (From Saunders Dictionary & Encyclopedia of Laboratory Medicine and Technology, 1984)	0	2.71	3	0
Female Genital Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.98	1	0
Genital Neoplasms, Female Tumor or cancer of the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	2.98	1	0
Bacterial Endocarditides [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Endocarditis, Bacterial Inflammation of the ENDOCARDIUM caused by BACTERIA that entered the bloodstream. The strains of bacteria vary with predisposing factors, such as CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS; HEART VALVE DISEASES; HEART VALVE PROSTHESIS IMPLANTATION; or intravenous drug use.	0	2.06	1	0
Atelectasis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Leanness [description not available]	0	2.94	4	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.06	1	0
Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Muscular Dystrophies A heterogeneous group of inherited MYOPATHIES, characterized by wasting and weakness of the SKELETAL MUSCLE. They are categorized by the sites of MUSCLE WEAKNESS; AGE OF ONSET; and INHERITANCE PATTERNS.	0	2.4	2	0
Nephrosis Pathological processes of the KIDNEY without inflammatory or neoplastic components. Nephrosis may be a primary disorder or secondary complication of other diseases. It is characterized by the NEPHROTIC SYNDROME indicating the presence of PROTEINURIA and HYPOALBUMINEMIA with accompanying EDEMA.	0	5.49	16	0
Acute Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Anterior Wall Myocardial Infarction MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION in which the anterior wall of the heart is involved. Anterior wall myocardial infarction is often caused by occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery. It can be categorized as anteroseptal or anterolateral wall myocardial infarction.	0	2.06	1	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	0	2.46	2	0
Abnormalities, Sex Chromosome [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Lentiginosis, Perioral [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Peutz-Jeghers Syndrome A hereditary disease caused by autosomal dominant mutations involving CHROMOSOME 19. It is characterized by the presence of INTESTINAL POLYPS, consistently in the JEJUNUM, and mucocutaneous pigmentation with MELANIN spots of the lips, buccal MUCOSA, and digits.	0	2.07	1	0
Cystic Fibrosis of Pancreas [description not available]	0	3.25	6	0
Cystic Fibrosis An autosomal recessive genetic disease of the EXOCRINE GLANDS. It is caused by mutations in the gene encoding the CYSTIC FIBROSIS TRANSMEMBRANE CONDUCTANCE REGULATOR expressed in several organs including the LUNG, the PANCREAS, the BILIARY SYSTEM, and the SWEAT GLANDS. Cystic fibrosis is characterized by epithelial secretory dysfunction associated with ductal obstruction resulting in AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; chronic RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS; PANCREATIC INSUFFICIENCY; maldigestion; salt depletion; and HEAT PROSTRATION.	0	3.25	6	0
Dysautonomia [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	7.06	5	4
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	7.06	5	4
Granulomatosis, Wegener's [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis A multisystemic disease of a complex genetic background. It is characterized by inflammation of the blood vessels (VASCULITIS) leading to damage in any number of organs. The common features include granulomatous inflammation of the RESPIRATORY TRACT and KIDNEYS. Most patients have measurable autoantibodies (ANTINEUTROPHIL CYTOPLASMIC ANTIBODIES) against MYELOBLASTIN.	0	7.06	1	0
Urinary Lithiasis [description not available]	0	2.06	1	0
Urolithiasis Formation of stones in any part of the URINARY TRACT, usually in the KIDNEY; URINARY BLADDER; or the URETER.	0	2.06	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.9	4	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	0	2.98	1	0
Electric Injuries Injuries caused by electric currents. The concept excludes electric burns (BURNS, ELECTRIC), but includes accidental electrocution and electric shock.	0	2.41	2	0
ADPKD [description not available]	0	6.25	7	2
Polycystic Kidney, Autosomal Dominant Kidney disorders with autosomal dominant inheritance and characterized by multiple CYSTS in both KIDNEYS with progressive deterioration of renal function.	0	6.25	7	2
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.07	1	0
Bacterial Infections, Gram-Negative [description not available]	0	2.72	3	0
Gram-Negative Bacterial Infections Infections caused by bacteria that show up as pink (negative) when treated by the gram-staining method.	0	2.72	3	0
Beuren Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Hypokalemia Abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood. It may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	16.46	101	1
Bone Cancer [description not available]	0	3.36	7	0
Bone Neoplasms Tumors or cancer located in bone tissue or specific BONES.	0	3.36	7	0
Bladder Neck Obstruction [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Choriocarcinoma A malignant metastatic form of trophoblastic tumors. Unlike the HYDATIDIFORM MOLE, choriocarcinoma contains no CHORIONIC VILLI but rather sheets of undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts (TROPHOBLASTS). It is characterized by the large amounts of CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN produced. Tissue origins can be determined by DNA analyses: placental (fetal) origin or non-placental origin (CHORIOCARCINOMA, NON-GESTATIONAL).	0	7.44	2	0
Brain Injury, Chronic Conditions characterized by persistent brain damage or dysfunction as sequelae of cranial trauma. This disorder may result from DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY; INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES; BRAIN EDEMA; and other conditions. Clinical features may include DEMENTIA; focal neurologic deficits; PERSISTENT VEGETATIVE STATE; AKINETIC MUTISM; or COMA.	0	2.07	1	0
Vascular Fistula An abnormal passage between two or more BLOOD VESSELS, between ARTERIES; VEINS; or between an artery and a vein.	0	2.07	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	4.41	3	0
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	4.41	3	0
Dehiscence, Surgical Wound [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
CKD-MBD [description not available]	0	4.06	3	0
Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral and Bone Disorder Decalcification of bone or abnormal bone development due to chronic KIDNEY DISEASES, in which 1,25-DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 synthesis by the kidneys is impaired, leading to reduced negative feedback on PARATHYROID HORMONE. The resulting SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM eventually leads to bone disorders.	0	4.06	3	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	0	2.07	1	0
Decerebrate Posturing [description not available]	0	6.92	69	1
Adult Periodontitis [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Gingival Overgrowth Excessive growth of the gingiva either by an increase in the size of the constituent cells (GINGIVAL HYPERTROPHY) or by an increase in their number (GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA). (From Jablonski's Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p574)	0	7.08	1	0
Separation Anxiety Disorder [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Anxiety, Separation Anxiety experienced by an individual upon separation from a person or object of particular significance to the individual.	0	2.08	1	0
Bacterial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Alcohol Problem [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Alcoholic Liver Diseases [description not available]	0	3	1	0
Liver Diseases, Alcoholic Liver diseases associated with ALCOHOLISM. It usually refers to the coexistence of two or more subentities, i.e., ALCOHOLIC FATTY LIVER; ALCOHOLIC HEPATITIS; and ALCOHOLIC CIRRHOSIS.	0	3	1	0
Pneumonia, Bacterial Inflammation of the lung parenchyma that is caused by bacterial infections.	0	3.35	2	0
Alcohol-Related Disorders Disorders related to or resulting from abuse or misuse of alcohol.	0	3	1	0
Mitral Stenosis [description not available]	0	6.61	11	2
Mitral Valve Stenosis Narrowing of the passage through the MITRAL VALVE due to FIBROSIS, and CALCINOSIS in the leaflets and chordal areas. This elevates the left atrial pressure which, in turn, raises pulmonary venous and capillary pressure leading to bouts of DYSPNEA and TACHYCARDIA during physical exertion. RHEUMATIC FEVER is its primary cause.	0	6.61	11	2
Autonomic Failure, Pure [description not available]	0	4.39	1	1
Besnier-Boeck Disease [description not available]	0	4.67	11	0
Sarcoidosis An idiopathic systemic inflammatory granulomatous disorder comprised of epithelioid and multinucleated giant cells with little necrosis. It usually invades the lungs with fibrosis and may also involve lymph nodes, skin, liver, spleen, eyes, phalangeal bones, and parotid glands.	0	4.67	11	0
Dunnigan Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.08	1	0
Lipodystrophy, Familial Partial Inherited conditions characterized by the partial loss of ADIPOSE TISSUE, either confined to the extremities with normal or increased fat deposits on the face, neck and trunk (type 1), or confined to the loss of SUBCUTANEOUS FAT from the limbs and trunk (type 2). Type 3 is associated with mutation in the gene encoding PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR GAMMA.	0	2.08	1	0
Hypocalcemia Reduction of the blood calcium below normal. Manifestations include hyperactive deep tendon reflexes, Chvostek's sign, muscle and abdominal cramps, and carpopedal spasm. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	4.84	8	0
Diffuse Myofascial Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Fibromyalgia A common nonarticular rheumatic syndrome characterized by myalgia and multiple points of focal muscle tenderness to palpation (trigger points). Muscle pain is typically aggravated by inactivity or exposure to cold. This condition is often associated with general symptoms, such as sleep disturbances, fatigue, stiffness, HEADACHES, and occasionally DEPRESSION. There is significant overlap between fibromyalgia and the chronic fatigue syndrome (FATIGUE SYNDROME, CHRONIC). Fibromyalgia may arise as a primary or secondary disease process. It is most frequent in females aged 20 to 50 years. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1494-95)	0	2.01	1	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.31	1	1
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	4.31	1	1
Atrophic Muscular Disorders [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Granulomas [description not available]	0	8.77	11	0
Granuloma A relatively small nodular inflammatory lesion containing grouped mononuclear phagocytes, caused by infectious and noninfectious agents.	0	3.77	11	0
Sore Throat [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the throat (PHARYNX).	0	2.01	1	0
Sterility, Female [description not available]	0	4.35	2	2
Infertility, Female Diminished or absent ability of a female to achieve conception.	0	4.35	2	2
Bordetella Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus BORDETELLA.	0	2.01	1	0
Cancer of Pituitary [description not available]	0	5.44	15	0
Pituitary Neoplasms Neoplasms which arise from or metastasize to the PITUITARY GLAND. The majority of pituitary neoplasms are adenomas, which are divided into non-secreting and secreting forms. Hormone producing forms are further classified by the type of hormone they secrete. Pituitary adenomas may also be characterized by their staining properties (see ADENOMA, BASOPHIL; ADENOMA, ACIDOPHIL; and ADENOMA, CHROMOPHOBE). Pituitary tumors may compress adjacent structures, including the HYPOTHALAMUS, several CRANIAL NERVES, and the OPTIC CHIASM. Chiasmal compression may result in bitemporal HEMIANOPSIA.	0	5.44	15	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Hypersensitivity, Type III [description not available]	0	3.84	4	0
Hyponatremia Deficiency of sodium in the blood; salt depletion. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	8.28	63	0
Basedow Disease [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Familial Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Graves Disease A common form of hyperthyroidism with a diffuse hyperplastic GOITER. It is an autoimmune disorder that produces antibodies against the THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE RECEPTOR. These autoantibodies activate the TSH receptor, thereby stimulating the THYROID GLAND and hypersecretion of THYROID HORMONES. These autoantibodies can also affect the eyes (GRAVES OPHTHALMOPATHY) and the skin (Graves dermopathy).	0	2.67	3	0
Hypokalemic Periodic Paralysis An autosomal dominant familial disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of skeletal muscle weakness associated with falls in serum potassium levels. The condition usually presents in the first or second decade of life with attacks of trunk and leg paresis during sleep or shortly after awakening. Symptoms may persist for hours to days and generally are precipitated by exercise or a meal high in carbohydrates. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1483)	0	2	1	0
Labor, Premature [description not available]	0	4.29	7	0
Posterior Vitreous Detachment [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Urinary Tract Infections Inflammatory responses of the epithelium of the URINARY TRACT to microbial invasions. They are often bacterial infections with associated BACTERIURIA and PYURIA.	0	4.26	4	0
Coronary Artery Vasospasm [description not available]	0	3.23	6	0
Coronary Vasospasm Spasm of the large- or medium-sized coronary arteries.	0	3.23	6	0
Biliary Calculi [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Bile Duct Obstruction [description not available]	0	5.02	16	0
Cholestasis Impairment of bile flow due to obstruction in small bile ducts (INTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS) or obstruction in large bile ducts (EXTRAHEPATIC CHOLESTASIS).	0	5.02	16	0
Gallstones Solid crystalline precipitates in the BILIARY TRACT, usually formed in the GALLBLADDER, resulting in the condition of CHOLELITHIASIS. Gallstones, derived from the BILE, consist mainly of calcium, cholesterol, or bilirubin.	0	2.38	2	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	4.49	9	0
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	4.49	9	0
Biliary Cirrhosis [description not available]	0	7.68	3	0
Cholangiitis, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Liver Cirrhosis, Biliary FIBROSIS of the hepatic parenchyma due to obstruction of BILE flow (CHOLESTASIS) in the intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts (BILE DUCTS, INTRAHEPATIC; BILE DUCTS, EXTRAHEPATIC). Primary biliary cholangitis involves the destruction of small intra-hepatic bile ducts and decreased bile secretion. Secondary biliary cholangitis is produced by prolonged obstruction of large intrahepatic or extrahepatic bile ducts from a variety of causes.	0	2.68	3	0
Cholangitis, Sclerosing Chronic inflammatory disease of the BILIARY TRACT. It is characterized by fibrosis and hardening of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic biliary ductal systems leading to bile duct strictures, CHOLESTASIS, and eventual BILIARY CIRRHOSIS.	0	2.01	1	0
Esophageal Varices [description not available]	0	5.18	4	1
Esophageal and Gastric Varices Dilated blood vessels in the ESOPHAGUS or GASTRIC FUNDUS that shunt blood from the portal circulation (PORTAL SYSTEM) to the systemic venous circulation. Often they are observed in individuals with portal hypertension (HYPERTENSION, PORTAL).	0	5.18	4	1
Alkalosis A pathological condition that removes acid or adds base to the body fluids.	0	12.17	36	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	0	2.68	3	0
Muscle Spasm [description not available]	0	3.21	6	0
Spasm An involuntary contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Spasms may involve SKELETAL MUSCLE or SMOOTH MUSCLE.	0	3.21	6	0
Chronic Bronchitis [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Obstructive Lung Diseases [description not available]	0	6.11	17	2
Lung Diseases, Obstructive Any disorder marked by obstruction of conducting airways of the lung. AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION may be acute, chronic, intermittent, or persistent.	0	6.11	17	2
Bronchitis, Chronic A subcategory of CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. The disease is characterized by hypersecretion of mucus accompanied by a chronic (more than 3 months in 2 consecutive years) productive cough. Infectious agents are a major cause of chronic bronchitis.	0	2.01	1	0
Lymph Node Metastasis [description not available]	0	5.88	13	2
Central Diabetes Insipidus [description not available]	0	2.34	2	0
Diabetes Insipidus A disease that is characterized by frequent urination, excretion of large amounts of dilute URINE, and excessive THIRST. Etiologies of diabetes insipidus include deficiency of antidiuretic hormone (also known as ADH or VASOPRESSIN) secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, impaired KIDNEY response to ADH, and impaired hypothalamic regulation of thirst.	0	9.96	74	2
Diabetes Insipidus, Neurogenic A genetic or acquired polyuric disorder caused by a deficiency of VASOPRESSINS secreted by the NEUROHYPOPHYSIS. Clinical signs include the excretion of large volumes of dilute URINE; HYPERNATREMIA; THIRST; and polydipsia. Etiologies include HEAD TRAUMA; surgeries and diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS and the PITUITARY GLAND. This disorder may also be caused by mutations of genes such as ARVP encoding vasopressin and its corresponding neurophysin (NEUROPHYSINS).	0	2.34	2	0
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	0	1.93	1	0
Intraventricular Septal Defects [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Heart Septal Defects, Ventricular Developmental abnormalities in any portion of the VENTRICULAR SEPTUM resulting in abnormal communications between the two lower chambers of the heart. Classification of ventricular septal defects is based on location of the communication, such as perimembranous, inlet, outlet (infundibular), central muscular, marginal muscular, or apical muscular defect.	0	3.05	5	0
Deficiency Diseases A condition produced by dietary or metabolic deficiency. The term includes all diseases caused by an insufficient supply of essential nutrients, i.e., protein (or amino acids), vitamins, and minerals. It also includes an inadequacy of calories. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.44	8	0
Adrenal Gland Hypofunction [description not available]	0	7.75	29	1
Addison Disease, X-Linked [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Hypoadrenocorticism, Familial Hereditary forms of Addison disease that may exhibit autosomal recessive or X-linked inheritance. They are characterized by severe neurological symptoms, APNEA; and death in infancy. OMIM: 240200	0	1.94	1	0
Adrenal Insufficiency Conditions in which the production of adrenal CORTICOSTEROIDS falls below the requirement of the body. Adrenal insufficiency can be caused by defects in the ADRENAL GLANDS, the PITUITARY GLAND, or the HYPOTHALAMUS.	0	7.75	29	1
Shock, Traumatic Shock produced as a result of trauma.	0	3.45	8	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	0	4.93	5	0
Hyperoxaluria Excretion of an excessive amount of OXALATES in the urine.	0	7.01	1	0
Chylopericardium [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Pericardial Effusion Fluid accumulation within the PERICARDIUM. Serous effusions are associated with pericardial diseases. Hemopericardium is associated with trauma. Lipid-containing effusion (chylopericardium) results from leakage of THORACIC DUCT. Severe cases can lead to CARDIAC TAMPONADE.	0	2.88	4	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	0	4.64	28	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	0	4.96	9	0
Angina Pectoris with Normal Coronary Arteriogram [description not available]	0	2.01	1	0
Hibernation, Myocardial [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Carotid Artery Narrowing [description not available]	0	5.7	7	1
Carotid Stenosis Narrowing or stricture of any part of the CAROTID ARTERIES, most often due to atherosclerotic plaque formation. Ulcerations may form in atherosclerotic plaques and induce THROMBUS formation. Platelet or cholesterol emboli may arise from stenotic carotid lesions and induce a TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; or temporary blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp 822-3)	0	5.7	7	1
Cardiovirus Infections Infections caused by viruses of the genus CARDIOVIRUS, family PICORNAVIRIDAE.	0	4.01	5	0
Hypothermia, Accidental [description not available]	0	5.66	7	1
Hypothermia Lower than normal body temperature, especially in warm-blooded animals.	0	5.66	7	1
Sarcoma 180 An experimental sarcoma of mice.	0	7.39	2	0
alpha-Galactosidase A Deficiency [description not available]	0	2.93	1	0
Fabry Disease An X-linked inherited metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of lysosomal ALPHA-GALACTOSIDASE A. It is characterized by intralysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide and other GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS in blood vessels throughout the body leading to multi-system complications including renal, cardiac, cerebrovascular, and skin disorders.	0	2.93	1	0
Dementia Multi-Infarct [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Hematuria Presence of blood in the urine.	0	4.04	3	0
Agenesis of Hemidiaphragm [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Diaphragmatic Hernia [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Hernias, Diaphragmatic, Congenital Protrusion of abdominal structures into the THORAX as a result of embryologic defects in the DIAPHRAGM often present in the neonatal period. It can be isolated, syndromic, non-syndromic or be a part of chromosome abnormality. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia and PULMONARY HYPERTENSION can further complicate stabilization and surgical intervention.	0	2.41	2	0
Cervix Dysplasia [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Cancer of Cervix [description not available]	0	4.77	12	0
Uterine Cervical Dysplasia Abnormal development of immature squamous EPITHELIAL CELLS of the UTERINE CERVIX, a term used to describe premalignant cytological changes in the cervical EPITHELIUM. These atypical cells do not penetrate the epithelial BASEMENT MEMBRANE.	0	2.43	2	0
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.	0	4.77	12	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Nail Diseases Diseases of the nail plate and tissues surrounding it. The concept is limited to primates.	0	2.02	1	0
Tooth Mobility Horizontal and, to a lesser degree, axial movement of a tooth in response to normal forces, as in occlusion. It refers also to the movability of a tooth resulting from loss of all or a portion of its attachment and supportive apparatus, as seen in periodontitis, occlusal trauma, and periodontosis. (From Jablonski, Dictionary of Dentistry, 1992, p507 & Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p313)	0	2.38	2	0
Tooth Loss The failure to retain teeth as a result of disease or injury.	0	2.02	1	0
Cold Fingers, Hereditary [description not available]	0	5.02	5	2
Raynaud Disease An idiopathic vascular disorder characterized by bilateral Raynaud phenomenon, the abrupt onset of digital paleness or CYANOSIS in response to cold exposure or stress.	0	5.02	5	2
Aortic Arch Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Hypercapnia A clinical manifestation of abnormal increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.	0	14.42	30	1
Pancreatic Diseases Pathological processes of the PANCREAS.	0	4.73	7	1
Connective Tissue Diseases A heterogeneous group of disorders, some hereditary, others acquired, characterized by abnormal structure or function of one or more of the elements of connective tissue, i.e., collagen, elastin, or the mucopolysaccharides.	0	2.01	1	0
Acute Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Liver Failure, Acute A form of rapid-onset LIVER FAILURE, also known as fulminant hepatic failure, caused by severe liver injury or massive loss of HEPATOCYTES. It is characterized by sudden development of liver dysfunction and JAUNDICE. Acute liver failure may progress to exhibit cerebral dysfunction even HEPATIC COMA depending on the etiology that includes hepatic ISCHEMIA, drug toxicity, malignant infiltration, and viral hepatitis such as post-transfusion HEPATITIS B and HEPATITIS C.	0	2.02	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.02	1	0
Cerebral Arteriosclerosis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Intracranial Arteriosclerosis Vascular diseases characterized by thickening and hardening of the walls of ARTERIES inside the SKULL. There are three subtypes: (1) atherosclerosis with fatty deposits in the ARTERIAL INTIMA; (2) Monckeberg's sclerosis with calcium deposits in the media and (3) arteriolosclerosis involving the small caliber arteries. Clinical signs include HEADACHE; CONFUSION; transient blindness (AMAUROSIS FUGAX); speech impairment; and HEMIPARESIS.	0	2.02	1	0
Deficiency, Ascorbic Acid [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Ascorbic Acid Deficiency A condition due to a dietary deficiency of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), characterized by malaise, lethargy, and weakness. As the disease progresses, joints, muscles, and subcutaneous tissues may become the sites of hemorrhage. Ascorbic acid deficiency frequently develops into SCURVY in young children fed unsupplemented cow's milk exclusively during their first year. It develops also commonly in chronic alcoholism. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1177)	0	2.02	1	0
Tachycardia, Supraventricular A generic expression for any tachycardia that originates above the BUNDLE OF HIS.	0	3.85	1	0
Hepatic Failure [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Liver Failure Severe inability of the LIVER to perform its normal metabolic functions, as evidenced by severe JAUNDICE and abnormal serum levels of AMMONIA; BILIRUBIN; ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE; ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE; LACTATE DEHYDROGENASES; and albumin/globulin ratio. (Blakiston's Gould Medical Dictionary, 4th ed)	0	2.94	1	0
Extravasation of Contrast Media [description not available]	0	2.92	4	0
Mast-Cell Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Leukemia, Mast-Cell A form of systemic mastocytosis (MASTOCYTOSIS, SYSTEMIC) characterized by the presence of large numbers of tissue MAST CELLS in the peripheral blood without skin lesions. It is a high-grade LEUKEMIA disease with bone marrow smear of	0	2.02	1	0
Abscess, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Abscess Accumulation of purulent material in tissues, organs, or circumscribed spaces, usually associated with signs of infection.	0	2.87	4	0
Lung Abscess Solitary or multiple collections of PUS within the lung parenchyma as a result of infection by bacteria, protozoa, or other agents.	0	2.02	1	0
Encephalopathy, Hypertensive [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Coagulation, Disseminated Intravascular [description not available]	0	5.21	12	0
Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation A disorder characterized by procoagulant substances entering the general circulation causing a systemic thrombotic process. The activation of the clotting mechanism may arise from any of a number of disorders. A majority of the patients manifest skin lesions, sometimes leading to PURPURA FULMINANS.	0	5.21	12	0
Carcinoma, Signet Ring Cell A poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma in which the nucleus is pressed to one side by a cytoplasmic droplet of mucus. It usually arises in the gastrointestinal system.	0	2.02	1	0
Ileitis Inflammation of any segment of the ILEUM and the ILEOCECAL VALVE.	0	2.41	2	0
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	0	2.02	1	0
Anterior Cerebral Circulation Infarction [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	6.49	21	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	6.49	21	0
Brain Infarction Tissue NECROSIS in any area of the brain, including the CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES, the CEREBELLUM, and the BRAIN STEM. Brain infarction is the result of a cascade of events initiated by inadequate blood flow through the brain that is followed by HYPOXIA and HYPOGLYCEMIA in brain tissue. Damage may be temporary, permanent, selective or pan-necrosis.	0	2.42	2	0
Chromosome Deletion Actual loss of portion of a chromosome.	0	2.4	2	0
Colitis, Mucous [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION.	0	2.02	1	0
Albers-Schoenberg Disease [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Osteopetrosis Excessive formation of dense trabecular bone leading to pathological fractures; OSTEITIS; SPLENOMEGALY with infarct; ANEMIA; and extramedullary hemopoiesis (HEMATOPOIESIS, EXTRAMEDULLARY).	0	2.43	2	0
Abnormalities, Multiple Congenital abnormalities that affect more than one organ or body structure.	0	3.35	2	0
Frigidity [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Sexual Dysfunctions, Psychological Disturbances in sexual desire and the psychophysiologic changes that characterize the sexual response cycle and cause marked distress and interpersonal difficulty. (APA, DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2.02	1	0
Fibrosis, Radiation [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Radiation Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung due to harmful effects of ionizing or non-ionizing radiation.	0	2.94	1	0
Lymphangiomyomatosis [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Lymphangioleiomyomatosis A disease characterized by the progressive invasion of SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS into the LYMPHATIC VESSELS, and the BLOOD VESSELS. The majority of the cases occur in the LUNGS of women of child-bearing age, eventually blocking the flow of air, blood, and lymph. The common symptom is shortness of breath (DYSPNEA).	0	2.03	1	0
Acrania [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Neural Tube Defects Congenital malformations of the central nervous system and adjacent structures related to defective neural tube closure during the first trimester of pregnancy generally occurring between days 18-29 of gestation. Ectodermal and mesodermal malformations (mainly involving the skull and vertebrae) may occur as a result of defects of neural tube closure. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, pp31-41)	0	2.02	1	0
Experimental Radiation Injuries [description not available]	0	3.59	9	0
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism, Secondary Abnormally elevated PARATHYROID HORMONE secretion as a response to HYPOCALCEMIA. It is caused by chronic KIDNEY FAILURE or other abnormalities in the controls of bone and mineral metabolism, leading to various BONE DISEASES, such as RENAL OSTEODYSTROPHY.	0	2.94	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	3.47	8	0
Carcinoma, Transitional Cell A malignant neoplasm derived from TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIAL CELLS, occurring chiefly in the URINARY BLADDER; URETERS; or RENAL PELVIS.	0	3.92	13	0
Sex Disorders [description not available]	0	3.35	2	0
Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female.	0	3.35	2	0
Antidiuretic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	3.82	2	0
Inappropriate ADH Syndrome A condition of HYPONATREMIA and renal salt loss attributed to overexpansion of BODY FLUIDS resulting from sustained release of ANTIDIURETIC HORMONES which stimulates renal resorption of water. It is characterized by normal KIDNEY function, high urine OSMOLALITY, low serum osmolality, and neurological dysfunction. Etiologies include ADH-producing neoplasms, injuries or diseases involving the HYPOTHALAMUS, the PITUITARY GLAND, and the LUNG. This syndrome can also be drug-induced.	0	3.82	2	0
Decapitation Traumatic or experimentally induced separation of the head from the body in an animal or human.	0	2.03	1	0
Licheniform Eruptions [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Dermatitis Medicamentosa [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Ectopic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Pregnancy, Ectopic A potentially life-threatening condition in which EMBRYO IMPLANTATION occurs outside the cavity of the UTERUS. Most ectopic pregnancies (	0	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Hypoplastic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Anemia, Aplastic A form of anemia in which the bone marrow fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements.	0	2.03	1	0
Enuresis Involuntary discharge of URINE after expected age of completed development of urinary control. This can happen during the daytime (DIURNAL ENURESIS) while one is awake or during sleep (NOCTURNAL ENURESIS). Enuresis can be in children or in adults (as persistent primary enuresis and secondary adult-onset enuresis).	0	7.42	2	0
Rheumatism [description not available]	0	2.94	1	0
Rheumatic Diseases Disorders of connective tissue, especially the joints and related structures, characterized by inflammation, degeneration, or metabolic derangement.	0	2.94	1	0
Aging, Premature Changes in the organism associated with senescence, occurring at an accelerated rate.	0	3.35	2	0
Panic Attacks [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait.	0	2.03	1	0
Cronkhite-Canada Syndrome A nonfamilial polyposis syndrome that is characterized by the presence of diffuse gastrointestinal polyposis, DIARRHEA, and PROTEIN-LOSING ENTEROPATHY. It was first reported by Cronkhite and Canada in 1955.	0	2.03	1	0
Urinary Incontinence, Stress Involuntary discharge of URINE as a result of physical activities that increase abdominal pressure on the URINARY BLADDER without detrusor contraction or overdistended bladder. The subtypes are classified by the degree of leakage, descent and opening of the bladder neck and URETHRA without bladder contraction, and sphincter deficiency.	0	2.03	1	0
Brain Emboli [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Left Ventricular Outflow Obstruction [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Nanism [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Dwarfism A genetic or pathological condition that is characterized by short stature and undersize. Abnormal skeletal growth usually results in an adult who is significantly below the average height.	0	2.65	3	0
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Pituitary ACTH Hypersecretion A disease of the PITUITARY GLAND characterized by the excess amount of ADRENOCORTICOTROPIC HORMONE secreted. This leads to hypersecretion of cortisol (HYDROCORTISONE) by the ADRENAL GLANDS resulting in CUSHING SYNDROME.	0	2.03	1	0
Inflammation, Endodontic [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Pulpitis Inflammation of the DENTAL PULP, usually due to bacterial infection in dental caries, tooth fracture, or other conditions causing exposure of the pulp to bacterial invasion. Chemical irritants, thermal factors, hyperemic changes, and other factors may also cause pulpitis.	0	7.03	1	0
Lipodystrophy A collection of heterogenous conditions resulting from defective LIPID METABOLISM and characterized by ADIPOSE TISSUE atrophy. Often there is redistribution of body fat resulting in peripheral fat wasting and central adiposity. They include generalized, localized, congenital, and acquired lipodystrophy.	0	2.03	1	0
Infection [description not available]	0	3.79	2	0
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	0	3.79	2	0
ACTH-Producing Pituitary Adenoma [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Leukemia, Acute Monocytic [description not available]	0	2.42	2	0
Leukemia, Monocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which 80% or more of the leukemic cells are of monocytic lineage including monoblasts, promonocytes, and MONOCYTES.	0	2.42	2	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	2.03	1	0
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	0	2.03	1	0
Bladder Pain Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Cystitis, Interstitial A condition with recurring discomfort or pain in the URINARY BLADDER and the surrounding pelvic region without an identifiable disease. Severity of pain in interstitial cystitis varies greatly and often is accompanied by increased urination frequency and urgency.	0	2.03	1	0
Gastric Diseases [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Patency of the Ductus Arteriosus [description not available]	0	2.9	4	0
Ductus Arteriosus, Patent A congenital heart defect characterized by the persistent opening of fetal DUCTUS ARTERIOSUS that connects the PULMONARY ARTERY to the descending aorta (AORTA, DESCENDING) allowing unoxygenated blood to bypass the lung and flow to the PLACENTA. Normally, the ductus is closed shortly after birth.	0	2.9	4	0
Chronic Lymphocytic Thyroiditis [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Hashimoto Disease Chronic autoimmune thyroiditis, characterized by the presence of high serum thyroid AUTOANTIBODIES; GOITER; and HYPOTHYROIDISM.	0	2.04	1	0
Eczema, Atopic [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Dermatitis, Atopic A chronic inflammatory genetically determined disease of the skin marked by increased ability to form reagin (IgE), with increased susceptibility to allergic rhinitis and asthma, and hereditary disposition to a lowered threshold for pruritus. It is manifested by lichenification, excoriation, and crusting, mainly on the flexural surfaces of the elbow and knee. In infants it is known as infantile eczema.	0	2.04	1	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	0	2.39	2	0
Congestive Ophthalmopathy [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Graves Ophthalmopathy An autoimmune disorder of the EYE, occurring in patients with Graves disease. Subtypes include congestive (inflammation of the orbital connective tissue), myopathic (swelling and dysfunction of the extraocular muscles), and mixed congestive-myopathic ophthalmopathy.	0	2.04	1	0
Intraepithelial Prostatic Neoplasia [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia A premalignant change arising in the prostatic epithelium, regarded as the most important and most likely precursor of prostatic adenocarcinoma. The neoplasia takes the form of an intra-acinar or ductal proliferation of secretory cells with unequivocal nuclear anaplasia, which corresponds to nuclear grade 2 and 3 invasive prostate cancer.	0	2.03	1	0
Cytomegalovirus A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily BETAHERPESVIRINAE, infecting the salivary glands, liver, spleen, lungs, eyes, and other organs, in which they produce characteristically enlarged cells with intranuclear inclusions. Infection with Cytomegalovirus is also seen as an opportunistic infection in AIDS.	0	2.42	2	0
Deficiency, Glucosephosphatase [description not available]	0	2.04	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease Type I An autosomal recessive disease in which gene expression of glucose-6-phosphatase is absent, resulting in hypoglycemia due to lack of glucose production. Accumulation of glycogen in liver and kidney leads to organomegaly, particularly massive hepatomegaly. Increased concentrations of lactic acid and hyperlipidemia appear in the plasma. Clinical gout often appears in early childhood.	0	2.04	1	0
Hyperparathyroidism A condition of abnormally elevated output of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH) triggering responses that increase blood CALCIUM. It is characterized by HYPERCALCEMIA and BONE RESORPTION, eventually leading to bone diseases. PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is caused by parathyroid HYPERPLASIA or PARATHYROID NEOPLASMS. SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM is increased PTH secretion in response to HYPOCALCEMIA, usually caused by chronic KIDNEY DISEASES.	0	3.91	13	0
Deficiency, Mental [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Intellectual Disability Subnormal intellectual functioning which originates during the developmental period. This has multiple potential etiologies, including genetic defects and perinatal insults. Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores are commonly used to determine whether an individual has an intellectual disability. IQ scores between 70 and 79 are in the borderline range. Scores below 67 are in the disabled range. (from Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch55, p28)	0	2.89	4	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	0	4.26	4	0
Neuroses [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Neurotic Disorders Disorders in which the symptoms are distressing to the individual and recognized by him or her as being unacceptable. Social relationships may be greatly affected but usually remain within acceptable limits. The disturbance is relatively enduring or recurrent without treatment.	0	2.87	4	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	0	4.26	4	0
Adrenal Cortex Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL CORTEX.	0	3.79	4	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Eclampsia Onset of HYPERREFLEXIA; SEIZURES; or COMA in a previously diagnosed pre-eclamptic patient (PRE-ECLAMPSIA).	0	10.13	11	0
Avian Diseases [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hemorrhagic Fever, Epidemic [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome An acute febrile disease occurring predominately in Asia. It is characterized by fever, prostration, vomiting, hemorrhagic phenonema, shock, and renal failure. It is caused by any one of several closely related species of the genus Hantavirus. The most severe form is caused by HANTAAN VIRUS whose natural host is the rodent Apodemus agrarius. Milder forms are caused by SEOUL VIRUS and transmitted by the rodents Rattus rattus and R. norvegicus, and the PUUMALA VIRUS with transmission by Clethrionomys galreolus.	0	2.37	2	0
Inappropriate GH Secretion Syndrome (Acromegaly) [description not available]	0	4.95	9	0
Acromegaly A condition caused by prolonged exposure to excessive HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE in adults. It is characterized by bony enlargement of the FACE; lower jaw (PROGNATHISM); hands; FEET; HEAD; and THORAX. The most common etiology is a GROWTH HORMONE-SECRETING PITUITARY ADENOMA. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1992, Ch36, pp79-80)	0	4.95	9	0
Milk-Alkali Syndrome [description not available]	0	4.58	10	0
Hypercalcemia Abnormally high level of calcium in the blood.	0	4.58	10	0
Altitude Hypoxia Low ambient oxygen tension associated with ALTITUDE.	0	2.89	4	0
Altitude Sickness Multiple symptoms associated with reduced oxygen at high ALTITUDE.	0	2.89	4	0
Inflammation, Perinephrium [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
EHS Tumor [description not available]	0	3.68	10	0
Infantile Respiratory Distress Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn A condition of the newborn marked by DYSPNEA with CYANOSIS, heralded by such prodromal signs as dilatation of the alae nasi, expiratory grunt, and retraction of the suprasternal notch or costal margins, mostly frequently occurring in premature infants, children of diabetic mothers, and infants delivered by cesarean section, and sometimes with no apparent predisposing cause.	0	3.56	3	0
Hirsutism A condition observed in WOMEN and CHILDREN when there is excess coarse body hair of an adult male distribution pattern, such as facial and chest areas. It is the result of elevated ANDROGENS from the OVARIES, the ADRENAL GLANDS, or exogenous sources. The concept does not include HYPERTRICHOSIS, which is an androgen-independent excessive hair growth.	0	3.27	2	0
Myoglobinuria The presence of MYOGLOBIN in URINE usually as a result of rhabdomyolysis.	0	4.25	7	0
Phosphorus Metabolism Disorders Disorders in the processing of phosphorus in the body: its absorption, transport, storage, and utilization.	0	1.96	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	0	3.05	5	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	0	3.05	5	0
Bilateral Wilms Tumor [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Wilms Tumor A malignant kidney tumor, caused by the uncontrolled multiplication of renal stem (blastemal), stromal (STROMAL CELLS), and epithelial (EPITHELIAL CELLS) elements. However, not all three are present in every case. Several genes or chromosomal areas have been associated with Wilms tumor which is usually found in childhood as a firm lump in a child's side or ABDOMEN.	0	2.36	2	0
Bilharziasis [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Liver Diseases, Parasitic Liver diseases caused by infections with PARASITES, such as tapeworms (CESTODA) and flukes (TREMATODA).	0	2.66	3	0
Schistosomiasis Infection with flukes (trematodes) of the genus SCHISTOSOMA. Three species produce the most frequent clinical diseases: SCHISTOSOMA HAEMATOBIUM (endemic in Africa and the Middle East), SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI (in Egypt, northern and southern Africa, some West Indies islands, northern 2/3 of South America), and SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM (in Japan, China, the Philippines, Celebes, Thailand, Laos). S. mansoni is often seen in Puerto Ricans living in the United States.	0	2.65	3	0
Albright Hereditary Osteodystrophy [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Pigmentary Retinopathy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Pseudohypoparathyroidism A hereditary syndrome clinically similar to HYPOPARATHYROIDISM. It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA; HYPERPHOSPHATEMIA; and associated skeletal development impairment and caused by failure of response to PARATHYROID HORMONE rather than deficiencies. A severe form with resistance to multiple hormones is referred to as Type 1a and is associated with maternal mutant allele of the ALPHA CHAIN OF STIMULATORY G PROTEIN.	0	2.65	3	0
Retinitis Pigmentosa Hereditary, progressive degeneration of the retina due to death of ROD PHOTORECEPTORS initially and subsequent death of CONE PHOTORECEPTORS. It is characterized by deposition of pigment in the retina.	0	1.96	1	0
Acute Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure [description not available]	0	3.46	8	0
Respiratory Insufficiency Failure to adequately provide oxygen to cells of the body and to remove excess carbon dioxide from them. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	3.46	8	0
Cancer of Parathyroid [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Parathyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PARATHYROID GLANDS.	0	2.37	2	0
Puerperal Disorders Disorders or diseases associated with PUERPERIUM, the six-to-eight-week period immediately after PARTURITION in humans.	0	2.86	4	0
Autonomic Failure, Progressive [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Hemangiopericytoma A tumor composed of spindle cells with a rich vascular network, which apparently arises from pericytes, cells of smooth muscle origin that lie around small vessels. Benign and malignant hemangiopericytomas exist, and the rarity of these lesions has led to considerable confusion in distinguishing between benign and malignant variants. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1364)	0	4.35	3	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	6.71	6	4
Cephalgia, Vascular [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	11.71	6	4
Anuria Absence of urine formation. It is usually associated with complete bilateral ureteral (URETER) obstruction, complete lower urinary tract obstruction, or unilateral ureteral obstruction when a solitary kidney is present.	0	6.03	16	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	3.06	5	0
Experimental Leukemia [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Adenocarcinoma, Papillary An adenocarcinoma containing finger-like processes of vascular connective tissue covered by neoplastic epithelium, projecting into cysts or the cavity of glands or follicles. It occurs most frequently in the ovary and thyroid gland. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
Bone Inflammation [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Soft Tissue Neoplasms Neoplasms of whatever cell type or origin, occurring in the extraskeletal connective tissue framework of the body including the organs of locomotion and their various component structures, such as nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, etc.	0	3.34	7	0
Infarct [description not available]	0	4.72	7	0
Cancer of Rectum [description not available]	0	3.36	7	0
Rectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the RECTUM.	0	3.36	7	0
Click-Murmur Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Emesis [description not available]	0	11.24	8	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	6.24	8	1
Complication, Intraoperative [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Cancer of Intestines [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Intestinal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the INTESTINES.	0	1.96	1	0
Hydatid Mole [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hydatidiform Mole Trophoblastic hyperplasia associated with normal gestation, or molar pregnancy. It is characterized by the swelling of the CHORIONIC VILLI and elevated human CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN. Hydatidiform moles or molar pregnancy may be categorized as complete or partial based on their gross morphology, histopathology, and karyotype.	0	1.96	1	0
Reticulum Cell-Like Sarcoma, Yoshida [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Female Genital Diseases [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Genital Diseases, Female Pathological processes involving the female reproductive tract (GENITALIA, FEMALE).	0	1.95	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Oliguria Decreased URINE output that is below the normal range. Oliguria can be defined as urine output of less than or equal to 0.5 or 1 ml/kg/hr depending on the age.	0	5.36	10	0
Viral Hepatitis, Human [description not available]	0	3.76	2	1
Hepatitis, Viral, Human INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans due to infection by VIRUSES. There are several significant types of human viral hepatitis with infection caused by enteric-transmission (HEPATITIS A; HEPATITIS E) or blood transfusion (HEPATITIS B; HEPATITIS C; and HEPATITIS D).	0	3.76	2	1
48,XXYY Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Klinefelter Syndrome A form of male HYPOGONADISM, characterized by the presence of an extra X CHROMOSOME, small TESTES, seminiferous tubule dysgenesis, elevated levels of GONADOTROPINS, low serum TESTOSTERONE, underdeveloped secondary sex characteristics, and male infertility (INFERTILITY, MALE). Patients tend to have long legs and a slim, tall stature. GYNECOMASTIA is present in many of the patients. The classic form has the karyotype 47,XXY. Several karyotype variants include 48,XXYY; 48,XXXY; 49,XXXXY, and mosaic patterns ( 46,XY/47,XXY; 47,XXY/48,XXXY, etc.).	0	1.96	1	0
Gallstone Disease [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Cholelithiasis Presence or formation of GALLSTONES in the BILIARY TRACT, usually in the gallbladder (CHOLECYSTOLITHIASIS) or the common bile duct (CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS).	0	2.35	2	0
Placenta Praevia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Placenta Previa Abnormal placentation in which the PLACENTA implants in the lower segment of the UTERUS (the zone of dilation) and may cover part or all of the opening of the CERVIX. It is often associated with serious antepartum bleeding and PREMATURE LABOR.	0	1.96	1	0
Froehlich's Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Acidosis, Respiratory Respiratory retention of carbon dioxide. It may be chronic or acute.	0	3.79	4	0
Aqueductal Stenosis [description not available]	0	2.88	4	0
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	4.61	3	2
Tuberculosis, Renal Infection of the KIDNEY with species of MYCOBACTERIUM.	0	2.64	3	0
Alkalosis, Respiratory A state due to excess loss of carbon dioxide from the body. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2.38	2	0
Coagulation Factor 12 Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Inappropriate Secretion [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Convulsions, Grand Mal [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Epilepsy, Tonic-Clonic A generalized seizure disorder characterized by recurrent major motor seizures. The initial brief tonic phase is marked by trunk flexion followed by diffuse extension of the trunk and extremities. The clonic phase features rhythmic flexor contractions of the trunk and limbs, pupillary dilation, elevations of blood pressure and pulse, urinary incontinence, and tongue biting. This is followed by a profound state of depressed consciousness (post-ictal state) which gradually improves over minutes to hours. The disorder may be cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic (caused by an identified disease process). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p329)	0	2.39	2	0
Infection, Puerperal [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Bronchospasm [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Bronchial Spasm Spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi.	0	2.36	2	0
Presbycusis Gradual bilateral hearing loss associated with aging that is due to progressive degeneration of cochlear structures and central auditory pathways. Hearing loss usually begins with the high frequencies then progresses to sounds of middle and low frequencies.	0	1.98	1	0
Genetic Diseases [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Genetic Diseases, Inborn Diseases that are caused by genetic mutations present during embryo or fetal development, although they may be observed later in life. The mutations may be inherited from a parent's genome or they may be acquired in utero.	0	1.98	1	0
Biliary Tract Cancer [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Biliary Tract Neoplasms Tumors or cancer in the BILIARY TRACT including the BILE DUCTS and the GALLBLADDER.	0	3.37	1	1
Cor Pulmonale [description not available]	0	5.15	11	1
Brain Embolism and Thrombosis [description not available]	0	3.31	2	0
Carcinosarcoma A malignant neoplasm that contains elements of carcinoma and sarcoma so extensively intermixed as to indicate neoplasia of epithelial and mesenchymal tissue. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.9	4	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Asthenia Clinical sign or symptom manifested as debility, or lack or loss of strength and energy.	0	3.75	2	1
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	0	3.37	1	1
Anorexia The lack or loss of APPETITE accompanied by an aversion to food and the inability to eat. It is the defining characteristic of the disorder ANOREXIA NERVOSA.	0	3.37	1	1
Pleural Effusion Presence of fluid in the pleural cavity resulting from excessive transudation or exudation from the pleural surfaces. It is a sign of disease and not a diagnosis in itself.	0	4.27	7	0
Cancer of Digestive System [description not available]	0	4.7	2	1
Digestive System Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM.	0	4.7	2	1
Diffuse Mixed Small and Large Cell Lymphoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin Any of a group of malignant tumors of lymphoid tissue that differ from HODGKIN DISEASE, being more heterogeneous with respect to malignant cell lineage, clinical course, prognosis, and therapy. The only common feature among these tumors is the absence of giant REED-STERNBERG CELLS, a characteristic of Hodgkin's disease.	0	1.98	1	0
Foreign-Body Reaction Chronic inflammation and granuloma formation around irritating foreign bodies.	0	1.98	1	0
Benign Intracranial Hypertension [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Pseudotumor Cerebri A condition marked by raised intracranial pressure and characterized clinically by HEADACHES; NAUSEA; PAPILLEDEMA, peripheral constriction of the visual fields, transient visual obscurations, and pulsatile TINNITUS. OBESITY is frequently associated with this condition, which primarily affects women between 20 and 44 years of age. Chronic PAPILLEDEMA may lead to optic nerve injury (see OPTIC NERVE DISEASES) and visual loss (see BLINDNESS).	0	2.39	2	0
Coronary Thrombosis Coagulation of blood in any of the CORONARY VESSELS. The presence of a blood clot (THROMBUS) often leads to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION.	0	9.48	5	0
Allergy, Food [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Food Hypersensitivity Gastrointestinal disturbances, skin eruptions, or shock due to allergic reactions to allergens in food.	0	1.98	1	0
Bronchial Diseases Diseases involving the BRONCHI.	0	1.98	1	0
Carcinoma, Oat Cell [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Carcinoma, Small Cell An anaplastic, highly malignant, and usually bronchogenic carcinoma composed of small ovoid cells with scanty neoplasm. It is characterized by a dominant, deeply basophilic nucleus, and absent or indistinct nucleoli. (From Stedman, 25th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1286-7)	0	3.08	5	0
Polyploid [description not available]	0	3.08	5	0
Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994)	0	2.67	3	0
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	0	1.98	1	0
Brain Dead [description not available]	0	2.89	4	0
Cretinism [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Congenital Hypothyroidism A condition in infancy or early childhood due to an in-utero deficiency of THYROID HORMONES that can be caused by genetic or environmental factors, such as thyroid dysgenesis or HYPOTHYROIDISM in infants of mothers treated with THIOURACIL during pregnancy. Endemic cretinism is the result of iodine deficiency. Clinical symptoms include severe MENTAL RETARDATION, impaired skeletal development, short stature, and MYXEDEMA.	0	7.38	2	0
Carcinoma 256, Walker A transplantable carcinoma of the rat that originally appeared spontaneously in the mammary gland of a pregnant albino rat, and which now resembles a carcinoma in young transplants and a sarcoma in older transplants. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia P388 An experimental lymphocytic leukemia originally induced in DBA/2 mice by painting with methylcholanthrene.	0	1.98	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	0	1.98	1	0
Toxemia A condition produced by the presence of toxins or other harmful substances in the BLOOD.	0	2.39	2	0
Atypical Endometrial Hyperplasia A benign form of endometrial hyperplasia with increased number of cells with atypia. The atypical cells are large and irregular and have an increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio. The risk of progression to endometrial carcinoma rises with the increasing degree of cell atypia.	0	1.99	1	0
Hypomenorrhea [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Endometrial Hyperplasia Benign proliferation of the ENDOMETRIUM in the UTERUS. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified by its cytology and glandular tissue. There are simple, complex (adenomatous without atypia), and atypical hyperplasia representing also the ascending risk of becoming malignant.	0	6.99	1	0
Sinus Tachycardia [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Hyperphagia Ingestion of a greater than optimal quantity of food.	0	1.99	1	0
Cystic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	0	3.97	5	0
Kidney Diseases, Cystic A heterogeneous group of hereditary and acquired disorders in which the KIDNEY contains one or more CYSTS unilaterally or bilaterally (KIDNEY, CYSTIC).	0	3.97	5	0
Pancreatic Pseudocyst Cyst-like space not lined by EPITHELIUM and contained within the PANCREAS. Pancreatic pseudocysts account for most of the cystic collections in the pancreas and are often associated with chronic PANCREATITIS.	0	1.99	1	0
Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Vitreoretinopathy, Proliferative Vitreoretinal membrane shrinkage or contraction secondary to the proliferation of primarily retinal pigment epithelial cells and glial cells, particularly fibrous astrocytes, followed by membrane formation. The formation of fibrillar collagen and cellular proliferation appear to be the basis for the contractile properties of the epiretinal and vitreous membranes.	0	1.99	1	0
Fallot's Tetralogy [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Tetralogy of Fallot A combination of congenital heart defects consisting of four key features including VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECTS; PULMONARY STENOSIS; RIGHT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY; and a dextro-positioned AORTA. In this condition, blood from both ventricles (oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor) is pumped into the body often causing CYANOSIS.	0	1.99	1	0
Hydramnios [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Premature Rupture of Fetal Membranes [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Fetal Membranes, Premature Rupture Spontaneous tearing of the membranes surrounding the FETUS any time before the onset of OBSTETRIC LABOR. Preterm PROM is membrane rupture before 37 weeks of GESTATION.	0	1.99	1	0
Morphine Abuse [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Morphine Dependence Strong dependence, both physiological and emotional, upon morphine.	0	2.4	2	0
Dupuytren's Contracture [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Dupuytren Contracture A fibromatosis of the palmar fascia characterized by thickening and contracture of the fibrous bands on the palmar surfaces of the hand and fingers. It arises most commonly in men between the ages of 30 and 50.	0	1.99	1	0
Hemorrhage, Uterine [description not available]	0	3.57	3	0
Uterine Hemorrhage Bleeding from blood vessels in the UTERUS, sometimes manifested as vaginal bleeding.	0	3.57	3	0
Rhabdomyosarcoma A malignant solid tumor arising from mesenchymal tissues which normally differentiate to form striated muscle. It can occur in a wide variety of sites. It is divided into four distinct types: pleomorphic, predominantly in male adults; alveolar (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, ALVEOLAR), mainly in adolescents and young adults; embryonal (RHABDOMYOSARCOMA, EMBRYONAL), predominantly in infants and children; and botryoidal, also in young children. It is one of the most frequently occurring soft tissue sarcomas and the most common in children under 15. (From Dorland, 27th ed; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p2186; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, pp1647-9)	0	2.38	2	0
Insect Bites [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Insect Bites and Stings Bites and stings inflicted by insects.	0	1.99	1	0
Algodystrophic Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy A syndrome characterized by severe burning pain in an extremity accompanied by sudomotor, vasomotor, and trophic changes in bone without an associated specific nerve injury. This condition is most often precipitated by trauma to soft tissue or nerve complexes. The skin over the affected region is usually erythematous and demonstrates hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli and erythema. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1360; Pain 1995 Oct;63(1):127-33)	0	1.99	1	0
Snoring Rough, noisy breathing during sleep, due to vibration of the uvula and soft palate.	0	2.9	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	3.37	1	1
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	3.37	1	1
Erythremia [description not available]	0	3.32	2	0
Polycythemia Vera A myeloproliferative disorder of unknown etiology, characterized by abnormal proliferation of all hematopoietic bone marrow elements and an absolute increase in red cell mass and total blood volume, associated frequently with splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and thrombocythemia. Hematopoiesis is also reactive in extramedullary sites (liver and spleen). In time myelofibrosis occurs.	0	3.32	2	0
Edema, Fetal [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	2.65	3	0
Flaccid Quadriplegia [description not available]	0	3.07	5	0
Myelopathy [description not available]	0	3.29	2	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	2.65	3	0
Spinal Cord Diseases Pathologic conditions which feature SPINAL CORD damage or dysfunction, including disorders involving the meninges and perimeningeal spaces surrounding the spinal cord. Traumatic injuries, vascular diseases, infections, and inflammatory/autoimmune processes may affect the spinal cord.	0	3.29	2	0
Anaplastic Oligodendroglioma [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Oligodendroglioma A relatively slow-growing glioma that is derived from oligodendrocytes and tends to occur in the cerebral hemispheres, thalamus, or lateral ventricle. They may present at any age, but are most frequent in the third to fifth decades, with an earlier incidence peak in the first decade. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, relatively avascular, and tend to form cysts and microcalcifications. Neoplastic cells tend to have small round nuclei surrounded by unstained nuclei. The tumors may vary from well-differentiated to highly anaplastic forms. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2052; Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p655)	0	1.99	1	0
Hyperplasia, Reactive Lymphoid [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Deficiency, Yin [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	0	2.37	2	0
Blunt Injuries [description not available]	0	3.59	3	0
Adenoma, Prolactin-Secreting, Pituitary [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Acoustic Trauma Usually refer to hearing loss due to a single noise event such as an explosion or shotgun blast.	0	1.99	1	0
Hearing Loss, Noise-Induced Hearing loss due to exposure to explosive loud noise or chronic exposure to sound level greater than 85 dB. The hearing loss is often in the frequency range 4000-6000 hertz.	0	1.99	1	0
Sprains [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Sprains and Strains A collective term for muscle and ligament injuries without dislocation or fracture. A sprain is a joint injury in which some of the fibers of a supporting ligament are ruptured but the continuity of the ligament remains intact. A strain is an overstretching or overexertion of some part of the musculature.	0	1.99	1	0
Ovine Diseases [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Hyperlipoproteinemia [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Hyperlipoproteinemias Conditions with abnormally elevated levels of LIPOPROTEINS in the blood. They may be inherited, acquired, primary, or secondary. Hyperlipoproteinemias are classified according to the pattern of lipoproteins on electrophoresis or ultracentrifugation.	0	3.38	1	1
Academic Disorder, Developmental [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Learning Disabilities Conditions characterized by a significant discrepancy between an individual's perceived level of intellect and their ability to acquire new language and other cognitive skills. These may result from organic or psychological conditions. Relatively common subtypes include DYSLEXIA, DYSCALCULIA, and DYSGRAPHIA.	0	1.99	1	0
Pulmonary Consumption [description not available]	0	2.4	2	0
Tuberculosis, Pulmonary MYCOBACTERIUM infections of the lung.	0	2.4	2	0
Exanthem [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Exanthema Diseases in which skin eruptions or rashes are a prominent manifestation. Classically, six such diseases were described with similar rashes; they were numbered in the order in which they were reported. Only the fourth (Duke's disease), fifth (ERYTHEMA INFECTIOSUM), and sixth (EXANTHEMA SUBITUM) numeric designations survive as occasional synonyms in current terminology.	0	3.38	1	1
Ankylosing Spondylarthritis [description not available]	0	2.91	1	0
Spondylitis, Ankylosing A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the axial joints, such as the SACROILIAC JOINT and other intervertebral or costovertebral joints. It occurs predominantly in young males and is characterized by pain and stiffness of joints (ANKYLOSIS) with inflammation at tendon insertions.	0	2.91	1	0
Venous Insufficiency Impaired venous blood flow or venous return (venous stasis), usually caused by inadequate venous valves. Venous insufficiency often occurs in the legs, and is associated with EDEMA and sometimes with VENOUS STASIS ULCERS at the ankle.	0	1.99	1	0
Acute-Phase Reaction An early local inflammatory reaction to insult or injury that consists of fever, an increase in inflammatory humoral factors, and an increased synthesis by hepatocytes of a number of proteins or glycoproteins usually found in the plasma.	0	4.69	2	1
Bites [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Infections, Pasteurella [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Airway Obstruction Any hindrance to the passage of air into and out of the lungs.	0	3.29	2	0
Abdominal Cramps [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Osteogenic Sarcoma [description not available]	0	2.67	3	0
Osteosarcoma A sarcoma originating in bone-forming cells, affecting the ends of long bones. It is the most common and most malignant of sarcomas of the bones, and occurs chiefly among 10- to 25-year-old youths. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.67	3	0
Pulmonary Sarcoidosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Sarcoidosis, Pulmonary Sarcoidosis affecting predominantly the lungs, the site most frequently involved and most commonly causing morbidity and mortality in sarcoidosis. Pulmonary sarcoidosis is characterized by sharply circumscribed granulomas in the alveolar, bronchial, and vascular walls, composed of tightly packed cells derived from the mononuclear phagocyte system. The clinical symptoms when present are dyspnea upon exertion, nonproductive cough, and wheezing. (Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p431)	0	2	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92)	0	7	1	0
Post-Natal Depression [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Depression, Postpartum Depression in POSTPARTUM WOMEN, usually within four weeks after giving birth (PARTURITION). The degree of depression ranges from mild transient depression to neurotic or psychotic depressive disorders. (From DSM-IV, p386)	0	2	1	0
Paraneoplastic Syndromes In patients with neoplastic diseases a wide variety of clinical pictures which are indirect and usually remote effects produced by tumor cell metabolites or other products.	0	3.3	2	0
Cardiac Septal Defect [description not available]	0	4.86	4	0
Breathlessness [description not available]	0	3.38	1	1
Dyspnea Difficult or labored breathing.	0	3.38	1	1
Cardiac Cancer [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
Angiomyxoma [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Chondrodystrophic Myotonia [description not available]	0	3.39	1	1
Infections, Meningococcal [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Meningococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the species NEISSERIA MENINGITIDIS.	0	2	1	0
Dirofilariasis Infection with nematodes of the genus DIROFILARIA, usually in animals, especially dogs, but occasionally in man.	0	2	1	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Fungal Diseases [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	0	2.68	3	0
Mycoses Diseases caused by FUNGI.	0	2	1	0
Diarrhea An increased liquidity or decreased consistency of FECES, such as running stool. Fecal consistency is related to the ratio of water-holding capacity of insoluble solids to total water, rather than the amount of water present. Diarrhea is not hyperdefecation or increased fecal weight.	0	4.03	3	0
Neoplasm Metastasis, Unknown Primary [description not available]	0	2.39	2	0
HIV Human immunodeficiency virus. A non-taxonomic and historical term referring to any of two species, specifically HIV-1 and/or HIV-2. Prior to 1986, this was called human T-lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus (HTLV-III/LAV). From 1986-1990, it was an official species called HIV. Since 1991, HIV was no longer considered an official species name; the two species were designated HIV-1 and HIV-2.	0	3.31	2	0
Impotence, Arteriogenic [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Cadmium Poisoning Poisoning occurring after exposure to cadmium compounds or fumes. It may cause gastrointestinal syndromes, anemia, or pneumonitis.	0	2	1	0
Neoplasms, Sweat Gland [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Acrospiroma A rare cutaneous tumor of apocrine or eccrine SWEAT GLAND origin. It is most commonly found on the extremities and is usually benign. It appears as a solitary nodule or cyst and may be solid or produce a watery discharge. It is related to POROMA except in acrospiroma it does not involve the epidermis. There is no indication that heredity or external agents cause these tumors.	0	2	1	0
Adult Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinoses A group of severe neurodegenerative diseases characterized by intracellular accumulation of autofluorescent wax-like lipid materials (CEROID; LIPOFUSCIN) in neurons. There are several subtypes based on mutations of the various genes, time of disease onset, and severity of the neurological defects such as progressive DEMENTIA; SEIZURES; and visual failure.	0	2	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Scirrhous An adenocarcinoma with a hard (Greek skirrhos, hard) structure owing to the formation of dense connective tissue in the stroma. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	0	2	1	0
Air Sickness [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Motion Sickness Disorder caused by motion. It includes sea sickness, train sickness, roller coaster rides, rocking chair, hammock swing, car sickness, air sickness, or SPACE MOTION SICKNESS. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting and/or dizziness.	0	1.99	1	0
Carcinoma, Intraepithelial [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Carcinoma in Situ A lesion with cytological characteristics associated with invasive carcinoma but the tumor cells are confined to the epithelium of origin, without invasion of the basement membrane.	0	2	1	0
Respiration Disorders Diseases of the respiratory system in general or unspecified or for a specific respiratory disease not available.	0	3.39	1	1
Dwarfism, Growth Hormone Deficiency [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Dwarfism, Pituitary A form of dwarfism caused by complete or partial GROWTH HORMONE deficiency, resulting from either the lack of GROWTH HORMONE-RELEASING FACTOR from the HYPOTHALAMUS or from the mutations in the growth hormone gene (GH1) in the PITUITARY GLAND. It is also known as Type I pituitary dwarfism. Human hypophysial dwarf is caused by a deficiency of HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE during development.	0	2	1	0
Aortitis Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Takayasu Arteritis A chronic inflammatory process that affects the AORTA and its primary branches, such as the brachiocephalic artery (BRACHIOCEPHALIC TRUNK) and CAROTID ARTERIES. It results in progressive arterial stenosis, occlusion, and aneurysm formation. The pulse in the arm is hard to detect. Patients with aortitis syndrome often exhibit retinopathy.	0	2.35	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Essential Polyarteritis [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Abdominal Injuries General or unspecified injuries involving organs in the abdominal cavity.	0	1.95	1	0
Ectopic Hormone Syndromes [description not available]	0	2.36	2	0
Enteropathy, Exudative [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Protein-Losing Enteropathies Pathological conditions in the INTESTINES that are characterized by the gastrointestinal loss of serum proteins, including SERUM ALBUMIN; IMMUNOGLOBULINS; and at times LYMPHOCYTES. Severe condition can result in HYPOGAMMAGLOBULINEMIA or LYMPHOPENIA. Protein-losing enteropathies are associated with a number of diseases including INTESTINAL LYMPHANGIECTASIS; WHIPPLE'S DISEASE; and NEOPLASMS of the SMALL INTESTINE.	0	2.35	2	0
Complications, Hematologic Pregnancy [description not available]	0	4.37	8	0
Hemoglobinopathies A group of inherited disorders characterized by structural alterations within the hemoglobin molecule.	0	3.27	2	0
Vibrio cholerae Infection [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Cholera An acute diarrheal disease endemic in India and Southeast Asia whose causative agent is VIBRIO CHOLERAE. This condition can lead to severe dehydration in a matter of hours unless quickly treated.	0	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin B [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Vitamin B Deficiency A condition due to deficiency in any member of the VITAMIN B COMPLEX. These B vitamins are water-soluble and must be obtained from the diet because they are easily lost in the urine. Unlike the lipid-soluble vitamins, they cannot be stored in the body fat.	0	2.87	1	0
Benign Meningeal Neoplasms [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Angioblastic Meningioma [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Meningeal Neoplasms Benign and malignant neoplastic processes that arise from or secondarily involve the meningeal coverings of the brain and spinal cord.	0	2.37	2	0
Meningioma A relatively common neoplasm of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM that arises from arachnoidal cells. The majority are well differentiated vascular tumors which grow slowly and have a low potential to be invasive, although malignant subtypes occur. Meningiomas have a predilection to arise from the parasagittal region, cerebral convexity, sphenoidal ridge, olfactory groove, and SPINAL CANAL. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2056-7)	0	2.37	2	0
Adrenal Gland Hyperfunction [description not available]	0	5.35	14	0
Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Excess production of ADRENAL CORTEX HORMONES such as ALDOSTERONE; HYDROCORTISONE; DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE; and/or ANDROSTENEDIONE. Hyperadrenal syndromes include CUSHING SYNDROME; HYPERALDOSTERONISM; and VIRILISM.	0	5.35	14	0
Mesonephroma A rare tumor of the female genital tract, most often the ovary, formerly considered to be derived from mesonephric rests. Two varieties are recognized: (1) clear cell carcinoma, so called because of its histologic resemblance to renal cell carcinoma, and now considered to be of muellerian duct derivation and (2) an embryonal tumor (called also ENDODERMAL SINUS TUMOR and yolk sac tumor), occurring chiefly in children. The latter variety may also arise in the testis. (Dorland, 27th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Atrial Septal Defect [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Bacteriuria The presence of bacteria in the urine which is normally bacteria-free. These bacteria are from the URINARY TRACT and are not contaminants of the surrounding tissues. Bacteriuria can be symptomatic or asymptomatic. Significant bacteriuria is an indicator of urinary tract infection.	0	2.87	1	0
Urinary Tract Diseases [description not available]	0	3.78	4	0
Infant, Premature, Diseases Diseases that occur in PREMATURE INFANTS.	0	3.57	3	0
Infant, Newborn, Diseases Diseases of newborn infants present at birth (congenital) or developing within the first month of birth. It does not include hereditary diseases not manifesting at birth or within the first 30 days of life nor does it include inborn errors of metabolism. Both HEREDITARY DISEASES and METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS are available as general concepts.	0	4.03	3	0
Alveolar Proteinoses, Pulmonary [description not available]	0	2.87	1	0
Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis A PULMONARY ALVEOLI-filling disease, characterized by dense phospholipoproteinaceous deposits in the alveoli, cough, and DYSPNEA. This disease is often related to, congenital or acquired, impaired processing of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS by alveolar macrophages, a process dependent on GRANULOCYTE-MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR.	0	2.87	1	0
Chest Injuries [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	1.95	1	0
Abdominal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the ABDOMEN.	0	2.36	2	0
Sickle Cell Trait The condition of being heterozygous for hemoglobin S.	0	1.95	1	0
Anti-MuSK Myasthenia Gravis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Myasthenia Gravis A disorder of neuromuscular transmission characterized by fatigable weakness of cranial and skeletal muscles with elevated titers of ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTORS or muscle-specific receptor tyrosine kinase (MuSK) autoantibodies. Clinical manifestations may include ocular muscle weakness (fluctuating, asymmetric, external ophthalmoplegia; diplopia; ptosis; and weakness of eye closure) and extraocular fatigable weakness of facial, bulbar, respiratory, and proximal limb muscles. The disease may remain limited to the ocular muscles (ocular myasthenia). THYMOMA is commonly associated with this condition.	0	1.95	1	0
Acid beta-Glucosidase Deficiency [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Gaucher Disease An autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of acid beta-glucosidase (GLUCOSYLCERAMIDASE) leading to intralysosomal accumulation of glycosylceramide mainly in cells of the MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM. The characteristic Gaucher cells, glycosphingolipid-filled HISTIOCYTES, displace normal cells in BONE MARROW and visceral organs causing skeletal deterioration, hepatosplenomegaly, and organ dysfunction. There are several subtypes based on the presence and severity of neurological involvement.	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	0	2.37	2	0
Adrenal Gland Diseases Pathological processes of the ADRENAL GLANDS.	0	6.53	22	0
Ureteral Diseases Pathological processes involving the URETERS.	0	1.95	1	0
Nephrocalcinosis A condition characterized by calcification of the renal tissue itself. It is usually seen in distal RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS with calcium deposition in the DISTAL KIDNEY TUBULES and the surrounding interstitium. Nephrocalcinosis causes RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	0	1.95	1	0
Retroperitoneal Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RETROPERITONEAL SPACE.	0	2.64	3	0
Hemoglobinuria The presence of free HEMOGLOBIN in the URINE, indicating hemolysis of ERYTHROCYTES within the vascular system. After saturating the hemoglobin-binding proteins (HAPTOGLOBINS), free hemoglobin begins to appear in the urine.	0	2.35	2	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	0	3.56	3	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	0	3.56	3	0
Acetonemia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cafe-au-Lait Spots with Pulmonic Stenosis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Neurofibromatosis 1 An autosomal dominant inherited disorder (with a high frequency of spontaneous mutations) that features developmental changes in the nervous system, muscles, bones, and skin, most notably in tissue derived from the embryonic NEURAL CREST. Multiple hyperpigmented skin lesions and subcutaneous tumors are the hallmark of this disease. Peripheral and central nervous system neoplasms occur frequently, especially OPTIC NERVE GLIOMA and NEUROFIBROSARCOMA. NF1 is caused by mutations which inactivate the NF1 gene (GENES, NEUROFIBROMATOSIS 1) on chromosome 17q. The incidence of learning disabilities is also elevated in this condition. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1014-18) There is overlap of clinical features with NOONAN SYNDROME in a syndrome called neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. Both the PTPN11 and NF1 gene products are involved in the SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION pathway of Ras (RAS PROTEINS).	0	1.95	1	0
Abdominal Epilepsy [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Epilepsies, Partial Conditions characterized by recurrent paroxysmal neuronal discharges which arise from a focal region of the brain. Partial seizures are divided into simple and complex, depending on whether consciousness is unaltered (simple partial seizure) or disturbed (complex partial seizure). Both types may feature a wide variety of motor, sensory, and autonomic symptoms. Partial seizures may be classified by associated clinical features or anatomic location of the seizure focus. A secondary generalized seizure refers to a partial seizure that spreads to involve the brain diffusely. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp317)	0	1.95	1	0
Rodent Diseases Diseases of rodents of the order RODENTIA. This term includes diseases of Sciuridae (squirrels), Geomyidae (gophers), Heteromyidae (pouched mice), Castoridae (beavers), Cricetidae (rats and mice), Muridae (Old World rats and mice), Erethizontidae (porcupines), and Caviidae (guinea pigs).	0	1.95	1	0
Absence of Corpus Callosum [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Hepatitis, Infectious [description not available]	0	4.72	7	0
Hepatitis A INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the HEPATOVIRUS genus, HUMAN HEPATITIS A VIRUS. It can be transmitted through fecal contamination of food or water.	0	4.72	7	0
Splenic Diseases Diseases involving the SPLEEN.	0	1.95	1	0
Indigestion [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Gastroduodenal Ulcer [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Dyspepsia Impaired digestion, especially after eating.	0	1.95	1	0
Peptic Ulcer Ulcer that occurs in the regions of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT which come into contact with GASTRIC JUICE containing PEPSIN and GASTRIC ACID. It occurs when there are defects in the MUCOSA barrier. The common forms of peptic ulcers are associated with HELICOBACTER PYLORI and the consumption of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS).	0	1.95	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	0	4.37	8	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	0	4.37	8	0
Endarteritis Inflammation of the inner endothelial lining (TUNICA INTIMA) of an artery.	0	2.86	1	0
Autolysis The spontaneous disintegration of tissues or cells by the action of their own autogenous enzymes.	0	2.86	1	0
Deficiency, Pyridoxine [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Death [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	0	1.95	1	0
Neoplasms, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Bronchial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the BRONCHI.	0	2.64	3	0
Cardiac Tamponade Compression of the heart by accumulated fluid (PERICARDIAL EFFUSION) or blood (HEMOPERICARDIUM) in the PERICARDIUM surrounding the heart. The affected cardiac functions and CARDIAC OUTPUT can range from minimal to total hemodynamic collapse.	0	2.65	3	0
Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Chondrocalcinosis Presence of CALCIUM PYROPHOSPHATE in the connective tissues such as the cartilaginous structures of joints. When accompanied by GOUT-like symptoms, it is referred to as pseudogout.	0	1.98	1	0
Anaplastic Ependymoma [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Ependymoma Glioma derived from EPENDYMOGLIAL CELLS that tend to present as malignant intracranial tumors in children and as benign intraspinal neoplasms in adults. It may arise from any level of the ventricular system or central canal of the spinal cord. Intracranial ependymomas most frequently originate in the FOURTH VENTRICLE and histologically are densely cellular tumors which may contain ependymal tubules and perivascular pseudorosettes. Spinal ependymomas are usually benign papillary or myxopapillary tumors. (From DeVita et al., Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p2018; Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, pp28-9)	0	1.98	1	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	0	1.98	1	0
Palsy [description not available]	0	2.87	4	0
Mediastinitis Inflammation of the mediastinum, the area between the pleural sacs.	0	1.98	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.98	1	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	0	2.87	4	0
Ulcer A lesion on the surface of the skin or a mucous surface, produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue.	0	1.98	1	0
Plasma Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.98	1	0
Plasmacytoma Any discrete, presumably solitary, mass of neoplastic PLASMA CELLS either in BONE MARROW or various extramedullary sites.	0	1.98	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	0	2.67	3	0
Thoracic Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the THORAX.	0	1.97	1	0
Chronic Hepatitis [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Hepatitis, Chronic INFLAMMATION of the LIVER with ongoing hepatocellular injury for 6 months or more, characterized by NECROSIS of HEPATOCYTES and inflammatory cell (LEUKOCYTES) infiltration. Chronic hepatitis can be caused by viruses, medications, autoimmune diseases, and other unknown factors.	0	1.97	1	0
Sicca Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Sjogren's Syndrome Chronic inflammatory and autoimmune disease in which the salivary and lacrimal glands undergo progressive destruction by lymphocytes and plasma cells resulting in decreased production of saliva and tears. The primary form, often called sicca syndrome, involves both KERATOCONJUNCTIVITIS SICCA and XEROSTOMIA. The secondary form includes, in addition, the presence of a connective tissue disease, usually rheumatoid arthritis.	0	6.97	1	0
Infection, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Infection A nontuberculous infection when occurring in humans. It is characterized by pulmonary disease, lymphadenitis in children, and systemic disease in AIDS patients. Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection of birds and swine results in tuberculosis.	0	1.97	1	0
Ectopic ACTH Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
ACTH Syndrome, Ectopic Symptom complex due to ACTH production by non-pituitary neoplasms.	0	1.97	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	0	2.66	3	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	0	7.66	3	0
Gall Bladder Diseases [description not available]	0	2.38	2	0
Multiple Primary Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Neurilemoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ewing Sarcoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Synovioma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Angioma, Sclerosing [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Neurilemmoma A neoplasm that arises from SCHWANN CELLS of the cranial, peripheral, and autonomic nerves. Clinically, these tumors may present as a cranial neuropathy, abdominal or soft tissue mass, intracranial lesion, or with spinal cord compression. Histologically, these tumors are encapsulated, highly vascular, and composed of a homogenous pattern of biphasic fusiform-shaped cells that may have a palisaded appearance. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp964-5)	0	1.97	1	0
Sarcoma, Ewing A malignant tumor of the bone which always arises in the medullary tissue, occurring more often in cylindrical bones. The tumor occurs usually before the age of 20, about twice as frequently in males as in females.	0	1.97	1	0
Sarcoma, Synovial A malignant neoplasm arising from tenosynovial tissue of the joints and in synovial cells of tendons and bursae. The legs are the most common site, but the tumor can occur in the abdominal wall and other trunk muscles. There are two recognized types: the monophasic (characterized by sheaths of monotonous spindle cells) and the biphasic (characterized by slit-like spaces or clefts within the tumor, lined by cuboidal or tall columnar epithelial cells). These sarcomas occur most commonly in the second and fourth decades of life. (From Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1363)	0	1.97	1	0
Histiocytoma, Benign Fibrous A benign tumor composed, wholly or in part, of cells with the morphologic characteristics of HISTIOCYTES and with various fibroblastic components. Fibrous histiocytomas can occur anywhere in the body. When they occur in the skin, they are called dermatofibromas or sclerosing hemangiomas. (From DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, p1747)	0	1.97	1	0
Cholangioma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Adenoma, Bile Duct A benign tumor of the intrahepatic bile ducts.	0	1.97	1	0
Infantile Diarrhea [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Diarrhea, Infantile DIARRHEA occurring in infants from newborn to 24-months old.	0	1.97	1	0
Bodily Distress Disorder [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Foot Diseases Anatomical and functional disorders affecting the foot.	0	2.36	2	0
Equine Diseases [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Vitamin E [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Multiple [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Taste Disorder, Anterior Tongue [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Paroxysmal Reciprocal Tachycardia [description not available]	0	2.64	3	0
Tachycardia, Paroxysmal Abnormally rapid heartbeats with sudden onset and cessation.	0	2.64	3	0
Neoplasm Seeding The local implantation of tumor cells by contamination of instruments and surgical equipment during and after surgical resection, resulting in local growth of the cells and tumor formation.	0	1.97	1	0
Remission, Spontaneous A spontaneous diminution or abatement of a disease over time, without formal treatment.	0	1.97	1	0
Cell Transformation, Viral An inheritable change in cells manifested by changes in cell division and growth and alterations in cell surface properties. It is induced by infection with a transforming virus.	0	1.96	1	0
Granulocytic Leukemia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Leukemia, Myeloid Form of leukemia characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of the myeloid lineage and their precursors (MYELOID PROGENITOR CELLS) in the bone marrow and other sites.	0	1.96	1	0
Familial Periodic Paralysis [description not available]	0	2.37	2	0
Idiopathic Hypoparathyroidism A condition of low or absent PTH level and HYPOCALCEMIA. It usually occurs as part of an autoimmune syndrome.	0	1.97	1	0
Hypoparathyroidism A condition caused by a deficiency of PARATHYROID HORMONE (or PTH). It is characterized by HYPOCALCEMIA and hyperphosphatemia. Hypocalcemia leads to TETANY. The acquired form is due to removal or injuries to the PARATHYROID GLANDS. The congenital form is due to mutations of genes, such as TBX1; (see DIGEORGE SYNDROME); CASR encoding CALCIUM-SENSING RECEPTOR; or PTH encoding parathyroid hormone.	0	1.97	1	0
Disease A definite pathologic process with a characteristic set of signs and symptoms. It may affect the whole body or any of its parts, and its etiology, pathology, and prognosis may be known or unknown.	0	2.88	1	0
Cancer of Sigmoid [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	0	1.96	1	0
Burns, Chemical Burns caused by contact with or exposure to CAUSTICS or strong ACIDS.	0	1.96	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	0	1.97	1	0
Salmonella Infections, Animal Infections in animals with bacteria of the genus SALMONELLA.	0	1.97	1	0
Pulmonary Stenoses [description not available]	0	3.74	2	1
Prinzmetal Angina [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Angina Pectoris, Variant A clinical syndrome characterized by the development of CHEST PAIN at rest with concomitant transient ST segment elevation in the ELECTROCARDIOGRAM, but with preserved exercise capacity.	0	1.97	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	0	1.97	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	0	1.97	1	0
Injuries, Eye [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Wounds, Penetrating Wounds caused by objects penetrating the skin.	0	1.96	1	0
Eye Injuries Damage or trauma inflicted to the eye by external means. The concept includes both surface injuries and intraocular injuries.	0	1.96	1	0
Familial Waldenstrom's Macroglobulinaemia [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia A lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by pleomorphic B-LYMPHOCYTES including PLASMA CELLS, with increased levels of monoclonal serum IMMUNOGLOBULIN M. There is lymphoplasmacytic cells infiltration into bone marrow and often other tissues, also known as lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma. Clinical features include ANEMIA; HEMORRHAGES; and hyperviscosity.	0	2.86	1	0
Dumping Syndrome Gastrointestinal symptoms resulting from an absent or nonfunctioning pylorus.	0	1.95	1	0
Choked Disk [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bernard Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Papilledema Swelling of the OPTIC DISK, usually in association with increased intracranial pressure, characterized by hyperemia, blurring of the disk margins, microhemorrhages, blind spot enlargement, and engorgement of retinal veins. Chronic papilledema may cause OPTIC ATROPHY and visual loss. (Miller et al., Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology, 4th ed, p175)	0	1.95	1	0
Cardiac Complex, Premature [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Leukocytosis A transient increase in the number of leukocytes in a body fluid.	0	1.94	1	0
Hospital-Acquired Condition [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gangrene Death and putrefaction of tissue usually due to a loss of blood supply.	0	2.86	4	0
Leg Ulcer Ulceration of the skin and underlying structures of the lower extremity. About 90% of the cases are due to venous insufficiency (VARICOSE ULCER), 5% to arterial disease, and the remaining 5% to other causes.	0	1.94	1	0
Buerger Disease [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Complications, Labor [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Bruise [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Contusions Injuries resulting in hemorrhage, usually manifested in the skin.	0	1.94	1	0
Lymphangiectasis A transient dilatation of the lymphatic vessels.	0	1.94	1	0
Intestinal Obstruction Any impairment, arrest, or reversal of the normal flow of INTESTINAL CONTENTS toward the ANAL CANAL.	0	2.34	2	0
Facial Palsy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Icterus [description not available]	0	4.02	3	0
Jaundice A clinical manifestation of HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA, characterized by the yellowish staining of the SKIN; MUCOUS MEMBRANE; and SCLERA. Clinical jaundice usually is a sign of LIVER dysfunction.	0	4.02	3	0
Dominant Hereditary Sensory Neuropathy, Type III [description not available]	0	3.96	5	0
Dysautonomia, Familial An autosomal disorder of the peripheral and autonomic nervous systems limited to individuals of Ashkenazic Jewish descent. Clinical manifestations are present at birth and include diminished lacrimation, defective thermoregulation, orthostatic hypotension (HYPOTENSION, ORTHOSTATIC), fixed pupils, excessive SWEATING, loss of pain and temperature sensation, and absent reflexes. Pathologic features include reduced numbers of small diameter peripheral nerve fibers and autonomic ganglion neurons. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1348; Nat Genet 1993;4(2):160-4)	0	3.96	5	0
Infections, Proteus [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Disgerminoma [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Dysgerminoma A malignant ovarian neoplasm, thought to be derived from primordial germ cells of the sexually undifferentiated embryonic gonad. It is the counterpart of the classical seminoma of the testis, to which it is both grossly and histologically identical. Dysgerminomas comprise 16% of all germ cell tumors but are rare before the age of 10, although nearly 50% occur before the age of 20. They are generally considered of low-grade malignancy but may spread if the tumor extends through its capsule and involves lymph nodes or blood vessels. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1646)	0	1.94	1	0
Asthma, Cardiac [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Carcinoma, Bronchogenic Malignant neoplasm arising from the epithelium of the BRONCHI. It represents a large group of epithelial lung malignancies which can be divided into two clinical groups: SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER and NON-SMALL-CELL LUNG CARCINOMA.	0	2.86	1	0
Abdominal Pregnancy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Infection, Postoperative Wound [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Glycogenosis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Gargoylism, Hunter Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Endocardial Fibroelastosis A condition characterized by the thickening of ENDOCARDIUM due to proliferation of fibrous and elastic tissue, usually in the left ventricle leading to impaired cardiac function (CARDIOMYOPATHY, RESTRICTIVE). It is most commonly seen in young children and rarely in adults. It is often associated with congenital heart anomalies (HEART DEFECTS CONGENITAL;) INFECTION; or gene mutation. Defects in the tafazzin protein, encoded by TAZ gene, result in a form of autosomal dominant familial endocardial fibroelastosis.	0	1.94	1	0
Glycogen Storage Disease A group of inherited metabolic disorders involving the enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. In some patients, prominent liver involvement is presented. In others, more generalized storage of glycogen occurs, sometimes with prominent cardiac involvement.	0	1.94	1	0
Mucopolysaccharidosis II Systemic lysosomal storage disease marked by progressive physical deterioration and caused by a deficiency of L-sulfoiduronate sulfatase. This disease differs from MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS I by slower progression, lack of corneal clouding, and X-linked rather than autosomal recessive inheritance. The mild form produces near-normal intelligence and life span. The severe form usually causes death by age 15.	0	1.94	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Adie Syndrome A syndrome characterized by a TONIC PUPIL that occurs in combination with decreased lower extremity reflexes. The affected pupil will respond more briskly to accommodation than to light (light-near dissociation) and is supersensitive to dilute pilocarpine eye drops, which induce pupillary constriction. Pathologic features include degeneration of the ciliary ganglion and postganglionic parasympathetic fibers that innervate the pupillary constrictor muscle. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p279)	0	2.35	2	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	0	2.35	2	0
Gout Metabolic disorder characterized by recurrent acute arthritis, hyperuricemia and deposition of sodium urate in and around the joints, sometimes with formation of URIC ACID calculi.	0	4.02	3	0
Acute Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Transfusion Reaction Complications of BLOOD TRANSFUSION. Included adverse reactions are common allergic and febrile reactions; hemolytic (delayed and acute) reactions; and other non-hemolytic adverse reactions such as infections and adverse immune reactions related to immunocompatibility.	0	2.86	1	0
Mesenteric Vascular Occlusion Obstruction of the flow in the SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION by ATHEROSCLEROSIS; EMBOLISM; THROMBOSIS; STENOSIS; TRAUMA; and compression or intrinsic pressure from adjacent tumors. Rare causes are drugs, intestinal parasites, and vascular immunoinflammatory diseases such as PERIARTERITIS NODOSA and THROMBOANGIITIS OBLITERANS. (From Juergens et al., Peripheral Vascular Diseases, 5th ed, pp295-6)	0	1.94	1	0
Cardiac Aneurysm [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Disc, Herniated [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Displacement An INTERVERTEBRAL DISC in which the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS has protruded through surrounding ANNULUS FIBROSUS. This occurs most frequently in the lower lumbar region.	0	1.94	1	0
Benign Paroxysmal Peritonitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Spasmophilia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Familial Mediterranean Fever A group of HEREDITARY AUTOINFLAMMATION DISEASES, characterized by recurrent fever, abdominal pain, headache, rash, PLEURISY; and ARTHRITIS. ORCHITIS; benign MENINGITIS; and AMYLOIDOSIS may also occur. Homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in marenostrin gene encoding PYRIN result in autosomal recessive transmission; simple heterozygous, autosomal dominant form of the disease also exists with mutations in the same gene.	0	1.94	1	0
Intermittent Claudication A symptom complex characterized by pain and weakness in SKELETAL MUSCLE group associated with exercise, such as leg pain and weakness brought on by walking. Such muscle limpness disappears after a brief rest and is often relates to arterial STENOSIS; muscle ISCHEMIA; and accumulation of LACTATE.	0	2.64	3	0
Hyperventilation A pulmonary ventilation rate faster than is metabolically necessary for the exchange of gases. It is the result of an increased frequency of breathing, an increased tidal volume, or a combination of both. It causes an excess intake of oxygen and the blowing off of carbon dioxide.	0	3.73	2	1
Hypoventilation A reduction in the amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli.	0	1.94	1	0
Hypoproteinemia A condition in which total serum protein level is below the normal range. Hypoproteinemia can be caused by protein malabsorption in the gastrointestinal tract, EDEMA, or PROTEINURIA.	0	1.94	1	0
Blood Protein Disorders Hematologic diseases caused by structural or functional defects of BLOOD PROTEINS.	0	1.94	1	0
Thrombocytopathy [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Blood Platelet Disorders Disorders caused by abnormalities in platelet count or function.	0	1.94	1	0
Placental Abruption [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Abruptio Placentae Premature separation of the normally implanted PLACENTA from the UTERUS. Signs of varying degree of severity include UTERINE BLEEDING, uterine MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, and FETAL DISTRESS or FETAL DEATH.	0	2.35	2	0
Atopic Hypersensitivity [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Psychophysiologic Disorders A group of disorders characterized by physical symptoms that are affected by emotional factors and involve a single organ system, usually under AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM control. (American Psychiatric Glossary, 1988)	0	3.73	2	0
Exophthalmos Abnormal protrusion of both eyes; may be caused by endocrine gland malfunction, malignancy, injury, or paralysis of the extrinsic muscles of the eye.	0	3.33	1	1
Bone Diseases Diseases of BONES.	0	1.94	1	0
Malignant Carcinoid Syndrome A symptom complex associated with CARCINOID TUMOR and characterized by attacks of severe flushing of the skin, diarrheal watery stools, bronchoconstriction, sudden drops in blood pressure, edema, and ascites. The carcinoid tumors are usually located in the gastrointestinal tract and metastasize to the liver. Symptoms are caused by tumor secretion of serotonin, prostaglandins, and other biologically active substances. Cardiac manifestations constitute CARCINOID HEART DISEASE. (Dorland, 27th ed; Stedman, 25th ed)	0	2.86	1	0
Anterior Fascicular Block [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Kidney Tubular Transport, Inborn Error [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Thyroiditis Inflammatory diseases of the THYROID GLAND. Thyroiditis can be classified into acute (THYROIDITIS, SUPPURATIVE), subacute (granulomatous and lymphocytic), chronic fibrous (Riedel's), chronic lymphocytic (HASHIMOTO DISEASE), transient (POSTPARTUM THYROIDITIS), and other AUTOIMMUNE THYROIDITIS subtypes.	0	1.94	1	0
Poisoning Used with drugs, chemicals, and industrial materials for human or animal poisoning, acute or chronic, whether the poisoning is accidental, occupational, suicidal, by medication error, or by environmental exposure.	0	1.94	1	0
Drug-Induced Stevens Johnson Syndrome [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cholangitis Inflammation of the biliary ductal system (BILE DUCTS); intrahepatic, extrahepatic, or both.	0	1.94	1	0
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Rare cutaneous eruption characterized by extensive KERATINOCYTE apoptosis resulting in skin detachment with mucosal involvement. It is often provoked by the use of drugs (e.g., antibiotics and anticonvulsants) or associated with PNEUMONIA, MYCOPLASMA. It is considered a continuum of Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis.	0	1.94	1	0
Contracture Prolonged shortening of the muscle or other soft tissue around a joint, preventing movement of the joint.	0	2.35	2	0
Abnormalities, Congenital [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Island Cell Tumor [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Adenoma, Islet Cell A benign tumor of the pancreatic ISLET CELLS. Usually it involves the INSULIN-producing PANCREATIC BETA CELLS, as in INSULINOMA, resulting in HYPERINSULINISM.	0	1.94	1	0
Brain Damage, Chronic A condition characterized by long-standing brain dysfunction or damage, usually of three months duration or longer. Potential etiologies include BRAIN INFARCTION; certain NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ANOXIA, BRAIN; ENCEPHALITIS; certain NEUROTOXICITY SYNDROMES; metabolic disorders (see BRAIN DISEASES, METABOLIC); and other conditions.	0	2.86	1	0
Petechiae Pinhead size (3 mm) skin discolorization due to hemorrhage.	0	1.94	1	0
Purpura Purplish or brownish red discoloration, easily visible through the epidermis, caused by hemorrhage into the tissues. When the size of the discolorization is	0	1.94	1	0
Phlegmon [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cellulitis An acute, diffuse, and suppurative inflammation of loose connective tissue, particularly the deep subcutaneous tissues, and sometimes muscle, which is most commonly seen as a result of infection of a wound, ulcer, or other skin lesions.	0	1.94	1	0
Achlorhydria A lack of HYDROCHLORIC ACID in GASTRIC JUICE despite stimulation of gastric secretion.	0	1.94	1	0
Coma A profound state of unconsciousness associated with depressed cerebral activity from which the individual cannot be aroused. Coma generally occurs when there is dysfunction or injury involving both cerebral hemispheres or the brain stem RETICULAR FORMATION.	0	1.94	1	0
Dysphagia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	0	2.35	2	0
Deglutition Disorders Difficulty in SWALLOWING which may result from neuromuscular disorder or mechanical obstruction. Dysphagia is classified into two distinct types: oropharyngeal dysphagia due to malfunction of the PHARYNX and UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER; and esophageal dysphagia due to malfunction of the ESOPHAGUS.	0	1.94	1	0
Phlegmasia Alba Dolens Inflammation that is characterized by swollen, pale, and painful limb. It is usually caused by DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS in a FEMORAL VEIN, following PARTURITION or an illness. This condition is also called milk leg or white leg.	0	1.94	1	0
Thrombophlebitis Inflammation of a vein associated with a blood clot (THROMBUS).	0	1.94	1	0
Cystine Diathesis [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Diabetes, Phosphate [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Cystinosis A metabolic disease characterized by the defective transport of CYSTINE across the lysosomal membrane due to mutation of a membrane protein cystinosin. This results in cystine accumulation and crystallization in the cells causing widespread tissue damage. In the KIDNEY, nephropathic cystinosis is a common cause of RENAL FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	1.94	1	0
Hypophosphatemia, Familial An inherited condition of abnormally low serum levels of PHOSPHATES (below 1 mg/liter) which can occur in a number of genetic diseases with defective reabsorption of inorganic phosphorus by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This leads to phosphaturia, HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA, and disturbances of cellular and organ functions such as those in X-LINKED HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS; OSTEOMALACIA; and FANCONI SYNDROME.	0	1.94	1	0
Hysteria Historical term for a chronic, but fluctuating, disorder beginning in early life and characterized by recurrent and multiple somatic complaints not apparently due to physical illness. This diagnosis is not used in contemporary practice.	0	1.95	1	0
Bowel Incontinence [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
External Ophthalmoplegia [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Fecal Incontinence Failure of voluntary control of the anal sphincters, with involuntary passage of feces and flatus.	0	1.95	1	0
Urinary Incontinence Involuntary loss of URINE, such as leaking of urine. It is a symptom of various underlying pathological processes. Major types of incontinence include URINARY URGE INCONTINENCE and URINARY STRESS INCONTINENCE.	0	1.95	1	0
Myxedema A condition characterized by a dry, waxy type of swelling (EDEMA) with abnormal deposits of MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDES in the SKIN and other tissues. It is caused by a deficiency of THYROID HORMONES. The skin becomes puffy around the eyes and on the cheeks. The face is dull and expressionless with thickened nose and lips.	0	1.95	1	0
Complications, Infectious Pregnancy [description not available]	0	3.27	2	0
Abortion, Septic Any type of abortion, induced or spontaneous, that is associated with infection of the UTERUS and its appendages. It is characterized by FEVER, uterine tenderness, and foul discharge.	0	2.86	1	0
Eye Manifestations Ocular disorders attendant upon non-ocular disease or injury.	0	1.95	1	0
Amino Acid Metabolism Disorders, Inborn [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Aminoaciduria, Renal [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Amino Acid Transport Disorder, Neutral [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Cystinuria An inherited disorder due to defective reabsorption of CYSTINE and other BASIC AMINO ACIDS by the PROXIMAL RENAL TUBULES. This form of aminoaciduria is characterized by the abnormally high urinary levels of cystine; LYSINE; ARGININE; and ORNITHINE. Mutations involve the amino acid transport protein gene SLC3A1.	0	1.95	1	0
Erythroblastosis Fetalis [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Endothelioma, Lymphatic [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Lymphangioma A benign tumor resulting from a congenital malformation of the lymphatic system. Lymphangioendothelioma is a type of lymphangioma in which endothelial cells are the dominant component.	0	1.95	1	0
Delayed Postpartum Hemorrhage [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Postpartum Hemorrhage Excess blood loss from uterine bleeding associated with OBSTETRIC LABOR or CHILDBIRTH. It is defined as blood loss greater than 500 ml or of the amount that adversely affects the maternal physiology, such as BLOOD PRESSURE and HEMATOCRIT. Postpartum hemorrhage is divided into two categories, immediate (within first 24 hours after birth) or delayed (after 24 hours postpartum).	0	2.86	1	0
Stasis Ulcer [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Varicose Ulcer Skin breakdown or ulceration in the drainage area of a VARICOSE VEIN, usually in the leg.	0	1.95	1	0
Heroin Abuse [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Heroin Dependence Strong dependence or addiction, both physiological and emotional, upon HEROIN.	0	2.86	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Parathyroid Disorders [description not available]	0	2.86	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	0	2.86	1	0
Parathyroid Diseases Pathological processes of the PARATHYROID GLANDS. They usually manifest as hypersecretion or hyposecretion of PARATHYROID HORMONE that regulates the balance of CALCIUM; PHOSPHORUS; and MAGNESIUM in the body.	0	2.86	1	0
Altered Level of Consciousness [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Schwartzman Phenomenon [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Bronchial Pneumonia [description not available]	0	1.94	1	0
Marasmus [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	0	1.95	1	0
Craniocerebral Injuries [description not available]	0	1.95	1	0
Craniocerebral Trauma Traumatic injuries involving the cranium and intracranial structures (i.e., BRAIN; CRANIAL NERVES; MENINGES; and other structures). Injuries may be classified by whether or not the skull is penetrated (i.e., penetrating vs. nonpenetrating) or whether there is an associated hemorrhage.	0	1.95	1	0

Intervention	eosinophils/high power field (Mean)
	Change in Distal Peak Count	Change in Proximal Peak Count
Losartan	-43	3

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
LJPC-501 (Angiotensin II)	114
Placebo (0.9% Sodium Chloride Solution)	37

angiotensin ii

Description

Cross-References

Synonyms (81)

Research Excerpts

Toxicity

Pharmacokinetics

Compound-Compound Interactions

Bioavailability

Dosage Studied

Roles (1)

Drug Classes (2)

Pathways (43)

Protein Targets (10)

Potency Measurements

Inhibition Measurements

Activation Measurements

Biological Processes (59)

Molecular Functions (13)

Ceullar Components (4)

Bioassays (87)

Research

Studies (36,597)

Study Types

Clinical Trials (67)

Trial Overview

Trial Outcomes

Headache Days

Headache Index

Biochemical Marker Gd-Immunoglobulin A Subclass 1 (IgA1) at 12 Months

Biochemical Marker IgA at 12 Months

Biochemical Marker Immunoglobulin G (IgG) AutoAb at 12 Months

Change in Proteinuria at 12 Months

Aldosterone Level

Cortisol Level

Mean Arterial Blood Pressure Change

Plasma Renin Activity

Percentage Change From Baseline in Extent of Left Ventricular Fibrosis at 1 Year as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Percentage Change From Baseline in Left Ventricular Mass at 1 Year as Assessed by Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

Blood Pressure During Angiotensin II Infusion

Blood Pressure During Exercise

Forearm Blood Flow

Systolic and Diastolic Blood Pressure Change Between Weeks 8 and 16

∆Albuminuria by 24-hour Urine Protein Excretion

∆Hemoglobin (0 Week - 16 Weeks)

Na Excretion Change in 24 Hour-urine Collection Between Weeks 8 and 16

Mean Clinic - Systolic BP

Changes in 24 Hour Systolic Blood Pressure

Mean Clinic - Diastolic BP

Mean Day-time ABPM Diastolic BP

Mean Day-time ABPM Systolic BP

Quality of Life Score

Self Reported Side Effects

Μean Night Time ABPM Diastolic BP

Μean Night Time ABPM Systolic BP

Change in Pediatric EoE Symptom Score at 16 Weeks

Percent of Participants in Histologic Remission at 16 Weeks

Change in Peak Eosinophil Count at 16 Weeks

An Increased MAP, Defined as Achievement of a Day 1 MAP at 3 Hours Following the Initiation of Study Drug, of ≥ 75 mmHg OR a 10 mmHg Increase in Baseline MAP

The Acute Change in PAPm After the First Administration of Sacubitril/Valsartan

The Difference Between Mean Change in PAPm From Baseline on Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared to ACEI/ARB

Change in NT-proBNP

Determine the Change in Distance Walked During a Standard 6 Minute Walk Test From Baseline

Difference Between Mean Change in Mean Pulmonary Artery Pressure (PAPm) With Sacubitril/Valsartan Compared to the Mean Change in PAPm With Continued ACEi/ARB

Mean Change in PAPm in Both Groups on Sacubitril/Valsartan

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Peripheral/Visceral Ischemia

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Arrhythmias

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Thrombosis

Duration of ATII Vasopressor Usage in the Intraoperative Setting

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Delayed Graft Function

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Fungal Infections

Number (and Percentage) of Patients With Hyperglycemia

Related Drugs (3,024)

Related Conditions (1,919)