Escitalopram: S-enantiomer of CITALOPRAM. Belongs to a class of drugs known as SELECTIVE SEROTONIN REUPTAKE INHIBITORS, used to treat depression and generalized anxiety disorder. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]
escitalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has S-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the active enantiomer of citalopram. [Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]
| ID Source | ID |
|---|---|
| PubMed CID | 146570 |
| CHEMBL ID | 1508 |
| CHEBI ID | 36791 |
| SCHEMBL ID | 34948 |
| MeSH ID | M0406596 |
| Synonym |
|---|
| BIDD:PXR0135 |
| AC-1594 |
| AB00698374-09 |
| BRD-K70301876-034-02-0 |
| seroplex |
| cipralex |
| s-(+)-citalopram |
| CHEBI:36791 , |
| (s)-citalopram |
| escitalopram |
| escitalopramum |
| s(+)-citalopram |
| (+)-citalopram |
| esertia |
| 128196-01-0 |
| (1s)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile |
| SPECTRUM_001401 |
| BSPBIO_002644 |
| NCGC00015267-01 |
| tocris-1427 |
| NCGC00025160-01 |
| lopac-c-7861 |
| NCGC00178555-01 |
| SPECTRUM5_001693 |
| DB01175 |
| 5-isobenzofurancarbonitrile, 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-, (1s)- |
| (+)-(s)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile |
| escitalopram [inn] |
| KBIOSS_001881 |
| KBIO2_004449 |
| KBIO2_007017 |
| KBIOGR_001644 |
| KBIO3_001864 |
| KBIO2_001881 |
| SPECTRUM3_001062 |
| SPBIO_000621 |
| SPECTRUM2_000551 |
| SPECTRUM4_001212 |
| NCGC00015267-02 |
| HMS2089O08 |
| CHEMBL1508 , |
| lu-26-054 |
| esitol |
| escitalopram (inn) |
| esertia (tn) |
| D07913 |
| bdbm50302225 |
| (1s)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3h-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile |
| (1r)-1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-3h-isobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile |
| A805793 |
| hsdb 8410 |
| unii-4o4s742any |
| escitalopram [inn:ban] |
| 4o4s742any , |
| NCGC00015267-06 |
| NCGC00015267-03 |
| gtpl7177 |
| AKOS017343470 |
| escitalopram [vandf] |
| s-(+)-5-isobenzofurancarbonitrile, 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro- |
| escitalopram [ep monograph] |
| s-(+)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(p-fluorophenyl)-5-phthalancarbonitrile |
| escitalopram [mi] |
| escitalopram [who-dd] |
| HY-14258 |
| CS-2053 |
| AB00698374-07 |
| SCHEMBL34948 |
| (s)-(+)-1-[3-(dimethylamino) propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-isobenzofuran carbonitrile |
| (s)-(+)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-5-isobenzofuran carbonitrile |
| WSEQXVZVJXJVFP-FQEVSTJZSA-N |
| DTXSID8048440 , |
| (s)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile , |
| AB00698374_10 |
| 68P , |
| J-005570 |
| AC-4508 |
| (s)-1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5 carbonitrile |
| MRF-0000226 |
| (s)-citalopram;s-(+)-citalopram |
| Q423757 |
| BCP12154 |
| SB17453 |
| 5-isobenzofurancarbonitrile, 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-, (1s)- |
| 2-methoxyethylp-toluenesulfonate |
| NCGC00178555-07 |
| EN300-18530974 |
| ps28 - escitalopram |
| n06ab10 |
| dtxcid4028414 |
| isobenzofurancarbonitrile, 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-, (1s)- |
| escitalopram (ep monograph) |
| (1s)-1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile |
escitalopram combined with BoNT/A should be given as early as possible in GAD patients and comorbid headache.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Therefore, our study aimed to investigate the clinical efficacy of escitalopram combined with botulinum toxin A (BoNT/A) in patients with GAD and comorbid headache and seek an alternative treatment strategy for the comorbidity of GAD and headache." | ( Clinical efficacy of escitalopram combined with botulinum toxin A in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid headache. Ji, X; Liu, M; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhou, C, 2023) | 0.91 |
| " Therefore, we recommend that escitalopram combined with BoNT/A should be given as early as possible in GAD patients and comorbid headache." | ( Clinical efficacy of escitalopram combined with botulinum toxin A in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid headache. Ji, X; Liu, M; Wang, Y; Yang, X; Zhou, C, 2023) | 0.91 |
The present work aims to deliver a novel formulation for improving the dissolution profile and, thus, the bioavailability of escitalopram.
| Excerpt | Reference | Relevance |
|---|---|---|
| " Human oral bioavailability is an important pharmacokinetic property, which is directly related to the amount of drug available in the systemic circulation to exert pharmacological and therapeutic effects." | ( Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. Andricopulo, AD; Moda, TL; Montanari, CA, 2007) | 0.34 |
| " Compound 15 was identified as a selective and high affinity NPY5 antagonist with good oral bioavailability in mice (42%) and rats (92%)." | ( Discovery of Lu AA33810: a highly selective and potent NPY5 antagonist with in vivo efficacy in a model of mood disorder. Andersen, K; Chandrasena, G; Desai, M; Jubian, V; Lu, Y; Marzabadi, MR; Noble, SA; Packiarajan, M; Walker, MW; Wiborg, O; Wolinsky, TD; Wong, WC; Zhong, H, 2011) | 0.37 |
| "To highlight the clinical efficacy, safety, recent development, and stable formulation of escitalopram with an increased bioavailability profile." | ( A Review of Clinical Studies Assessing the Therapeutic Efficacy of Escitalopram: A Step Towards Development. Bhatia, V; Chopra, B; Dhingra, AK; Guarve, K, 2023) | 0.91 |
| "The present work aims to deliver a novel formulation for improving the dissolution profile and, thus, the bioavailability of escitalopram." | ( Formulation, Development, and Bhatia, V; Chopra, B; Dass, R; Dhingra, AK; Guarve, K, 2022) | 0.72 |
| " Alterations caused by RYGB could modify drug bioavailability and cause potential subtherapeutic plasma concentrations, increasing the risk of depressive relapse." | ( The Influence of a Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass on Plasma Concentrations of Antidepressants. Eap, CB; Favre, L; Frantz, J; Garin, P; Vandenberghe, F; Vionnet, N, 2023) | 0.91 |
Participants were 1:1 randomized to 8 weeks of the weekly MBSR course or the antidepressant escitalopram, flexibly dosed from 10 to 20 mg. The proportion of patients dosed above the new limit decreased from 8 to 1% in patients ≤ 65 years. The ratio could be a valuable alternative to genotyping in personalized dosing of escitalsopram and possibly other CYP2C19 substrates.
| Role | Description |
|---|---|
| antidepressant | Antidepressants are mood-stimulating drugs used primarily in the treatment of affective disorders and related conditions. |
| EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor | Any EC 3.4.21.* (serine endopeptidase) inhibitor that interferes with the action of prolyl oligopeptidase (EC 3.4.21.26). |
| [role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Class | Description |
|---|---|
| 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile | A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. |
| [compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res] | |
| Pathway | Proteins | Compounds |
|---|---|---|
| Escitalopram Action Pathway | 31 | 11 |
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average (µ) | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 15-lipoxygenase, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 6.3096 | 0.0126 | 10.6917 | 88.5700 | AID887 |
| NFKB1 protein, partial | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.1220 | 0.0282 | 7.0559 | 15.8489 | AID895; AID928 |
| TDP1 protein | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 33.4983 | 0.0008 | 11.3822 | 44.6684 | AID686978; AID686979 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 11.9877 | 0.0010 | 8.3798 | 61.1304 | AID1645840 |
| cytochrome P450 2D6 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 26.2000 | 0.0020 | 7.5337 | 39.8107 | AID891 |
| cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.1623 | 0.0025 | 5.8400 | 31.6228 | AID899 |
| cytochrome P450 2C9 precursor | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 3.1623 | 0.0063 | 6.9043 | 39.8107 | AID883 |
| DNA polymerase kappa isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 0.6310 | 0.0316 | 22.3146 | 100.0000 | AID588579 |
| cytochrome P450 3A4 isoform 1 | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 1.0000 | 0.0316 | 10.2792 | 39.8107 | AID884; AID885 |
| muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 8.1548 | 0.0010 | 6.0009 | 35.4813 | AID943; AID944 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acid lipoxygenase ALOX15B | Homo sapiens (human) | Potency | 15.8489 | 0.3162 | 12.7657 | 31.6228 | AID881 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Histamine H2 receptor | Cavia porcellus (domestic guinea pig) | Potency | 10.4118 | 0.0063 | 8.2350 | 39.8107 | AID881; AID883 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2 | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| GABA theta subunit | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon | Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat) | Potency | 1.0000 | 1.0000 | 12.2248 | 31.6228 | AID885 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | IC50 (µMol) | 1.5374 | 0.0001 | 0.8645 | 8.7096 | AID1058859; AID1434648; AID1434653 |
| Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | Ki | 1.3154 | 0.0000 | 0.7048 | 8.1930 | AID1156227; AID1231067; AID1231068; AID1422256; AID448409; AID479241 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Protein | Taxonomy | Measurement | Average | Min (ref.) | Avg (ref.) | Max (ref.) | Bioassay(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | EC50 (µMol) | 5.4500 | 0.0011 | 2.3883 | 8.7000 | AID1434655; AID1434656 |
| Sodium-dependent serotonin transporter | Homo sapiens (human) | Kd | 0.0026 | 0.0001 | 0.0317 | 0.2000 | AID1156233 |
| [prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | |||||||
| Assay ID | Title | Year | Journal | Article |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AID1740921 | Toxicity in Wistar rat assessed as total distance travelled at 20 mg/kg, ip measured after 30 mins by open field test (Rvb = 1897.3 +/-98.6 cm) | |||
| AID620922 | Antistress activity against chronic mild stress Sprague-Dawley rat model assessed as increase sucrose consumption at 5 mg/kg, ip bid measured after 4 weeks | 2011 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Sep-15, Volume: 21, Issue:18 | Discovery of Lu AA33810: a highly selective and potent NPY5 antagonist with in vivo efficacy in a model of mood disorder. |
| AID1211423 | Peripheral volume of distribution in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211452 | Unbound AUC (0 to infinity) in Wistar rat plasma at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211424 | Distributional clearance in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1231068 | Inhibition of human SERT S438T mutant expressed in HEK293 GripTite cells pre-incubated for 5 mins followed by [3H]5-HT addition by [3H]5-HT uptake assay | 2015 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 58, Issue:14 | Novel Azido-Iodo Photoaffinity Ligands for the Human Serotonin Transporter Based on the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (S)-Citalopram. |
| AID1211410 | Tmax in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1364783 | Antidepressant-like activity in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as decrease in immobility time at 5 to 20 mg/kg measured during 6 mins session by tail suspension test | |||
| AID1474166 | Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring severity class index | 2016 | Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4 | DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. |
| AID1434648 | Displacement of [3H]-S-citalopram from human SERT primary site (S1) expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes after 2 hrs by microbeta scintillation counting method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3 | X-ray structure based evaluation of analogs of citalopram: Compounds with increased affinity and selectivity compared with R-citalopram for the allosteric site (S2) on hSERT. |
| AID1211437 | Ratio of unbound AUC in extracellular fluid to unbound AUC in plasma of Wistar rat at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1434656 | Inhibition of [3H]-S-citalopram dissociation from human SERT allosteric modulator site (S2) expressed in African green monkey COS7 cell membranes after 80 mins by microbeta scintillation counting method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3 | X-ray structure based evaluation of analogs of citalopram: Compounds with increased affinity and selectivity compared with R-citalopram for the allosteric site (S2) on hSERT. |
| AID1823847 | Anti-antidepressant like activity in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in locomotor activity by measuring total immobility time by Forced swim test | |||
| AID1058857 | Ratio of dissociation half life for wild-type human SERT site S2 at 18 degC to dissociation half life for wild-type human SERT site S2 at 24 degC | 2013 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-12, Volume: 56, Issue:23 | Design and synthesis of 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (citalopram) analogues as novel probes for the serotonin transporter S1 and S2 binding sites. |
| AID1211458 | Unbound Tmax in Wistar rat plasma at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID712468 | Antidepression activity in sc dosed Harlan rat assessed as increase in extracellular 5HT level in ventral hippocampus region measured up to 180 mins by microdialysis method relative to vehicle-treated control | 2011 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, May-12, Volume: 54, Issue:9 | Discovery of 1-[2-(2,4-dimethylphenylsulfanyl)phenyl]piperazine (Lu AA21004): a novel multimodal compound for the treatment of major depressive disorder. |
| AID1211440 | Ratio of steady state drug level in extracellular fluid to unbound drug level in plasma of Wistar rat at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID499952 | Displacement of [3H]leucine from Leucine transporter | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID1740906 | Toxicity in Wistar rat assessed as rearings at 20 mg/kg, ip measured after 30 mins by open field test | |||
| AID1434653 | Inhibition of [3H]5-HT uptake by SERT primary site (S1) (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS1 cells after 10 mins by TopCount scintillation counting method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3 | X-ray structure based evaluation of analogs of citalopram: Compounds with increased affinity and selectivity compared with R-citalopram for the allosteric site (S2) on hSERT. |
| AID1211455 | Unbound Cmax in Wistar rat plasma at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1474167 | Liver toxicity in human assessed as induction of drug-induced liver injury by measuring verified drug-induced liver injury concern status | 2016 | Drug discovery today, Apr, Volume: 21, Issue:4 | DILIrank: the largest reference drug list ranked by the risk for developing drug-induced liver injury in humans. |
| AID1156230 | Inhibition of 2,5,6-[3H]-dopamine uptake at human DAT expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM incubated for 10 mins prior to radioligand addition measured after 5 mins by scintillation counting analysis | 2014 | ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-12, Volume: 5, Issue:6 | Novel and high affinity fluorescent ligands for the serotonin transporter based on (s)-citalopram. |
| AID1364794 | Antidepressant-like activity in Swiss albino mouse assessed as decrease in immobility time at 0.625 mg/kg measured during last 4 mins of 6 mins test by forced swim test | |||
| AID1907542 | Antidepressant activity in Swiss albino mouse assessed as decrease in immobility time administered via ip and measured after 60 mins by forced swim test relative to control | 2022 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun-05, Volume: 236 | Overcoming undesirable hERG affinity by incorporating fluorine atoms: A case of MAO-B inhibitors derived from 1 H-pyrrolo-[3,2-c]quinolines. |
| AID1211414 | Central volume of distribution in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1434655 | Inhibition of [3H]-S-citalopram dissociation from SERT allosteric modulator site (S2) (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS1 cell membranes by scintillation counting method | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3 | X-ray structure based evaluation of analogs of citalopram: Compounds with increased affinity and selectivity compared with R-citalopram for the allosteric site (S2) on hSERT. |
| AID499951 | Selectivity ratio of Ki for DAT in rat caudate-putamen to Ki for SERT in rat brain stem | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID1211420 | Absorption rate constant in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1156231 | Inhibition of 2,5,6-[3H]-dopamine uptake at human NET expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells at 10 uM incubated for 10 mins prior to radioligand addition measured after 5 mins by scintillation counting analysis | 2014 | ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-12, Volume: 5, Issue:6 | Novel and high affinity fluorescent ligands for the serotonin transporter based on (s)-citalopram. |
| AID1364784 | Antidepressant-like activity in C57BL/6J mouse assessed as increase in average force of fights at 20 mg/kg measured during 6 mins session by tail suspension test | |||
| AID1058861 | Allosteric modulation at wild-type human SERT site S2 expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]citalopram dissociation by measuring half life at 30 uM at 18 degC by scintillation counting analysis | 2013 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-12, Volume: 56, Issue:23 | Design and synthesis of 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (citalopram) analogues as novel probes for the serotonin transporter S1 and S2 binding sites. |
| AID1211443 | Equilibration rate constant in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211425 | Unbound volume of distribution in Wistar rat brain at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1690412 | Antidepressant-like activity in ip dosed Swiss albino mouse assessed as reduction in immobility time measured for last 4 mins of 6 mins test by forced swim test | 2020 | European journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-01, Volume: 191 | Multifunctional 6-fluoro-3-[3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,2-benzoxazoles targeting behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). |
| AID1211431 | Efflux clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211446 | Equilibration half life in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1231069 | Resistance index, ratio of Ki for human SERT S438T mutant expressed in HEK293 GripTite cells to Ki for wild type human SERT expressed in HEK293 GripTite cells | 2015 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 58, Issue:14 | Novel Azido-Iodo Photoaffinity Ligands for the Human Serotonin Transporter Based on the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (S)-Citalopram. |
| AID1364777 | Antidepressant-like activity in Swiss albino mouse assessed as decrease in immobility time at 2.5 mg/kg measured during last 4 mins of 6 mins test by forced swim test relative to control | |||
| AID1058860 | Allosteric modulation at wild-type human SERT site S2 expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]citalopram dissociation by measuring half life at 30 uM at 24 degC by scintillation counting analysis | 2013 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-12, Volume: 56, Issue:23 | Design and synthesis of 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (citalopram) analogues as novel probes for the serotonin transporter S1 and S2 binding sites. |
| AID448409 | Displacement of [3H]citalopram from human serotonin transporter expressed in HEK293 cells by scintillation proximity assay | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19 | Tetrahydrocarbazole-based serotonin reuptake inhibitor/dopamine D2 partial agonists for the potential treatment of schizophrenia. |
| AID1740909 | Toxicity in Wistar rat assessed as total ambulations at 20 mg/kg, ip measured after 30 mins by open field test | |||
| AID499949 | Displacement of [3H]WIN-35428 from DAT in rat caudate-putamen by scintillation counting | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID479241 | Displacement of [3H]citalopram form human SRET by liquid scintillation counting | 2010 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, May-01, Volume: 20, Issue:9 | Potent dihydroquinolinone dopamine D2 partial agonist/serotonin reuptake inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia. |
| AID1231067 | Inhibition of wild type human SERT expressed in HEK293 GripTite cells pre-incubated for 5 mins followed by [3H]5-HT addition by [3H]5-HT uptake assay | 2015 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-23, Volume: 58, Issue:14 | Novel Azido-Iodo Photoaffinity Ligands for the Human Serotonin Transporter Based on the Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (S)-Citalopram. |
| AID1211417 | Systemic clearance in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1434650 | Selectivity ratio of EC50 for inhibition of [3H]-S-citalopram dissociation from SERT allosteric modulator site (S2) (unknown origin) expressed in African green monkey COS1 cell membranes to IC50 for [3H]5-HT uptake by SERT primary site (S1) (unknown origi | 2017 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 02-01, Volume: 27, Issue:3 | X-ray structure based evaluation of analogs of citalopram: Compounds with increased affinity and selectivity compared with R-citalopram for the allosteric site (S2) on hSERT. |
| AID1422256 | Displacement of [125I]-RTI-55 from human SERT expressed in HEK293 cell membranes after 1 hr by gamma counting method | 2018 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, 11-15, Volume: 28, Issue:21 | Clickable photoaffinity ligands for the human serotonin transporter based on the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (S)-citalopram. |
| AID1211428 | Uptake clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID311524 | Oral bioavailability in human | 2007 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, Dec-15, Volume: 15, Issue:24 | Hologram QSAR model for the prediction of human oral bioavailability. |
| AID1211434 | Ratio of uptake clearance to efflux clearance in Wistar rat brain extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211404 | AUC (0 to infinity) in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211449 | Fraction unbound in Wistar rat plasma at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1211407 | Cmax in Wistar rat extracellular fluid at 1.6 mg/kg, sc by HPLC-MS/MS analysis | 2012 | Drug metabolism and disposition: the biological fate of chemicals, Oct, Volume: 40, Issue:10 | Microdialysis evaluation of clozapine and N-desmethylclozapine pharmacokinetics in rat brain. |
| AID1058859 | Allosteric modulation at wild-type human SERT site S2 expressed in african green monkey COS7 cells assessed as inhibition of [3H]citalopram dissociation at 30 uM by scintillation counting analysis | 2013 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-12, Volume: 56, Issue:23 | Design and synthesis of 1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile (citalopram) analogues as novel probes for the serotonin transporter S1 and S2 binding sites. |
| AID499947 | Displacement of [3H]citalopram from SERT in rat brain stem by scintillation counting | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID499948 | Displacement of [3H]nisoxetine from NET in rat frontal cortex by scintillation counting | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID1740922 | Antidepressant-like activity in Wistar rat assessed as reduction in immobility time at 20 mg/kg, ip measured after 30 mins by Forced swimming test | |||
| AID1156233 | Binding affinity to human SERT expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells after 2 hrs by scintillation counting analysis | 2014 | ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-12, Volume: 5, Issue:6 | Novel and high affinity fluorescent ligands for the serotonin transporter based on (s)-citalopram. |
| AID1364776 | Antidepressant-like activity in Swiss albino mouse assessed as decrease in immobility time at 1.25 mg/kg measured during last 4 mins of 6 mins test by forced swim test relative to control | |||
| AID1156227 | Inhibition of 5-hydroxy[3H]tryptamine uptake at human SERT expressed in African green monkey COS7 cells incubated for 10 mins prior to radioligand addition measured after 5 mins by scintillation counting analysis | 2014 | ACS medicinal chemistry letters, Jun-12, Volume: 5, Issue:6 | Novel and high affinity fluorescent ligands for the serotonin transporter based on (s)-citalopram. |
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| AID499950 | Selectivity ratio of Ki for NET in rat brain frontal cortex to Ki for SERT in rat brain stem | 2010 | Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-26, Volume: 53, Issue:16 | Structure-activity relationships for a novel series of citalopram (1-(3-(dimethylamino)propyl)-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydroisobenzofuran-5-carbonitrile) analogues at monoamine transporters. |
| AID1347154 | Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors | 2020 | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49 | Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors. |
| AID1508630 | Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay | 2021 | Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4 | A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome. |
| AID1346943 | Human SERT (Monoamine transporter subfamily) | 2009 | Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Oct-01, Volume: 19, Issue:19 | Tetrahydrocarbazole-based serotonin reuptake inhibitor/dopamine D2 partial agonists for the potential treatment of schizophrenia. |
| AID1346943 | Human SERT (Monoamine transporter subfamily) | 2016 | Nature, Apr-21, Volume: 532, Issue:7599 | X-ray structures and mechanism of the human serotonin transporter. |
| AID1159607 | Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction | 2016 | Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6 | A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway. |
| [information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||||
| Timeframe | Studies, This Drug (%) | All Drugs % |
|---|---|---|
| pre-1990 | 0 (0.00) | 18.7374 |
| 1990's | 0 (0.00) | 18.2507 |
| 2000's | 2 (0.93) | 29.6817 |
| 2010's | 15 (6.94) | 24.3611 |
| 2020's | 199 (92.13) | 2.80 |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Publication Type | This drug (%) | All Drugs (%) |
|---|---|---|
| Trials | 55 (24.89%) | 5.53% |
| Reviews | 14 (6.33%) | 6.00% |
| Case Studies | 6 (2.71%) | 4.05% |
| Observational | 1 (0.45%) | 0.25% |
| Other | 145 (65.61%) | 84.16% |
| [information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023] | ||
| Trial | Phase | Enrollment | Study Type | Start Date | Status | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pioglitazone as an Adjunct for Moderate to Severe Depressive Disorder [NCT01109030] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Post Marketing Study of Escitalopram Versus Risperidone for the Treatment of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms Amongst Alzheimer's Disease Patients [NCT01119638] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Serotonin Transporter Inhibition on the Subjective Response to Psilocybin in Healthy Subjects [NCT03912974] | Phase 1 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-07-04 | Completed | ||
| Randomized, 2-way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Citalopram Hydrobromide 40 mg Tablets and Celexa 40 mg Tablets Administered as 1 x 40 mg Tablet in Healthy Subjects Under Fed Conditions [NCT01149980] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-10-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Escitalopram on Cytokines in Depressive Patients [NCT01587326] | 25 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-04-30 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparative Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction and Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety [NCT03522844] | Phase 4 | 276 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-06-18 | Completed | ||
| Antidepressant Effect of Escitalopram: Delay of Onset. Clinical Randomized Double-blinded Study With Three Parallel Treatment Groups (Escitalopram 20mg vs Escitalopram 30mg vs Escitalopram 20 mg + Pindolol 15 mg/Day [NCT01219686] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment difficulties) | ||
| Potential Predictive Biological Markers of Major Depression Response to Citalopram Therapy in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa: a Single-center Study. [NCT05795283] | 123 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2022-08-01 | Recruiting | |||
| A Double-blind, Randomised, Multicenter, Comparative Study of Escitalopram and Duloxetine in Outpatients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01148472] | Phase 4 | 294 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy of Escitalopram Treatment in Acute Stroke and the Role of SERT Genotype in Stroke [NCT01561092] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn(stopped due to Study medication could not be supplied. An alternative project will be conducted) | |||
| Comparison of Tianeptine Versus Escitalopram for the Treatment of Depression and Cognitive Impairment in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Multicenter, Open-label Study [NCT01309776] | Phase 4 | 164 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-03-31 | Completed | ||
| SAM-e Treatment of Depression in Parkinson's Disease. [NCT00070941] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 29 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Combining a Dopamine Agonist and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor for Treatment of Depression: A Double-Blind, Randomized Study [NCT00086307] | Phase 2 | 39 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Neural, Genetic, and Peripheral Correlates of SSRI Pharmaco-Response [NCT01251471] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-08-31 | Completed | ||
| EEG Signal Processing as a Predictor of Antidepressant Response [NCT01369290] | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2009-10-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Chinese Longitudinal and Systematic Study of Bioplar Disorder [NCT05480150] | 10,000 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-11-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Fase III Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of LABCAT TCJUSS in Patients With Depressive Episode [NCT02532660] | Phase 3 | 111 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-07-02 | Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment difficulties due to monocentric study) | ||
| Clinical Psychopharmacology Division,Institute of Mental Health,Peking University [NCT03148522] | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-06-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Promoting Enhanced Pharmacotherapy Choice Through Immunomarkers Evaluation in Depression [NCT03993457] | Phase 4 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-07-23 | Terminated(stopped due to terminated during COVID due to inability to see participants in person.) | ||
| Interventional, Randomised, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Active Comparator, Four-way Crossover Electroencephalography Study Investigating the Effects of Vortioxetine (Lu AA21004) in Healthy Male Subjects [NCT02072278] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-28 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00149825] | Phase 2 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Maintenance Therapies in Late-Life Depression: MTLD III [NCT00177671] | Phase 4 | 220 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Attention Training or SSRIs on Symptoms and Neural Activation in Social Anxiety [NCT03346239] | 105 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-07-20 | Completed | |||
| Escitalopram and Language Intervention for Subacute Aphasia (ELISA) [NCT03843463] | Phase 2 | 88 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-07-18 | Recruiting | ||
| Study of Neural Responses Induced by Simulated Antidepressants [NCT02674529] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Effect of a Combination of Daclatasvir, Asunaprevir, and BMS-791325 on the Pharmacokinetics of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Healthy Subjects [NCT02175602] | Phase 1 | 41 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Study on the Effect of PRKCB1 Modulating Inflammatory Factors and the Role for Developing Major Depressive Disorder [NCT03899194] | 350 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-01-01 | Recruiting | |||
| Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram for the Prevention of Depressive Episodes Induced by Peg-Interferon Alpha2a and Ribavirin in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients. Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial [NCT00166296] | Phase 2 | 133 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Cipralex® for Anxiety Disorders in Adolescents: Clinical and Physiological Changes Associated With Open Label, Flexible-dose Treatment [NCT01293838] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled, International, Multicenter Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Flexibly-dosed Esketamine Nasal Spray Plus a New Standard-of-care Oral Antidepressant or Placebo Nasal Spray Plus a New S [NCT03852160] | Phase 3 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-12-01 | Withdrawn(stopped due to New design was developed to better fit company strategy, a new study has replaced 5413541TRD3011 study) | ||
| The Changes in Functional Recovery and Brain Neurotrophic Factor Six Months After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Cardiovascular Patients With Depression [NCT03841474] | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-01 | Recruiting | |||
| The Role of Serotonin in Compulsive Behavior in Humans: Underlying Brain Mechanisms [NCT04336228] | Phase 4 | 48 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-04-01 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase I, Open-label, Randomized, 3-way Crossover Trial in Healthy Subjects to Investigate the Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between TMC435 and Escitalopram at Steady-state [NCT01090700] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active Controlled, Comparative, Fixed-Dose, Dose Response Study of the Efficacy and Safety of BMS-820836 in Patients With Treatment Resistant Major Depression (TRD). [NCT01369095] | Phase 2 | 976 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-Center, Double Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Flexible Dose Titration, Add-On Study of TC-5214 in the Treatment of MDD With Subjects Who Are Partial Responders or Non-Responders to Citalopram Therapy [NCT00692445] | Phase 2 | 574 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Anxiety and Depression in Epilepsy: A Pilot Epileptologist-Driven Treatment Study [NCT03522987] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-31 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Decided not to perform the pilot phase) | ||
| A Prediction Study of Multiple Indexes of the Effect of Different Mechanisms of Antidepressants Treatment on Depression [NCT03623711] | Early Phase 1 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-08-01 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Active-Controlled Study of Intranasal Esketamine Plus an Oral Antidepressant for Relapse Prevention in Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT02493868] | Phase 3 | 719 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-10-01 | Completed | ||
| Exercise and Pharmacotherapy for Anxiety in Cardiac Patients [NCT02516332] | 128 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Psilocybin vs Escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder: Comparative Mechanisms [NCT03429075] | Phase 2 | 59 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-07 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, 52-week, Open-label Study to Assess the Safety and Tolerability of an Oral Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01123707] | Phase 3 | 173 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-11-18 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated early due to Sponsor decision; no safety issues.) | ||
| Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Commonly Used Drugs in Lactating Women and Breastfed Infants [NCT03511118] | 1,600 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2018-10-04 | Recruiting | |||
| An Eight-week, Multinational, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study, With Escitalopram as an Active Control, to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of a Saredutant 100 mg Dose Once Daily, in Elderly Patients With Major [NCT00415142] | Phase 3 | 393 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram (Lexapro) for the Treatment of TBI Depression and Other Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions [NCT01368432] | Phase 2 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Parallel-group，Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Ethosuximide in Chinese Patients With Treatment-Resistant Depression. [NCT03887624] | Early Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-05-21 | Terminated(stopped due to Participates could not stand the side effects) | ||
| Optimizing Antidepressant Treatment by Genotype-dependent Adjustment of Medication According to the ABCB1 Gene [NCT02237937] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase IIa Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Double-dummy, and Placebo- and Active Controlled Study to Investigate the Safety and Efficacy of JNJ-18038683 Administered to Subjects With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00566202] | Phase 2 | 67 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Utility of Plasma Drug Level Monitoring and CYP2C19 Genotyping in Dose Personalization of Escitalopram [NCT05210140] | 148 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2020-07-16 | Recruiting | |||
| Biomarkers for Outcomes In Late-life Depression [NCT01082237] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Mood Stabilizer Plus Antidepressant Versus Mood Stabilizer Plus Placebo in the Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar Disorder [NCT00958633] | Phase 3 | 178 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Responses During Emotional and Cognitive Processing in Dysphoric and Non-dysphoric Participants and Their Modulation by a Pharmacological Probe of Serotonin Function [NCT01101685] | Phase 4 | 160 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Completed | ||
| An Eight-week, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Saredutant 100 mg Once Daily in Combination With Escitalopram 10 mg Once Daily in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00531622] | Phase 3 | 643 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Drugs in Breast Milk [NCT05543122] | 304 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2022-03-09 | Recruiting | |||
| An Eight-Week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study, With Escitalopram as an Active Control, to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of a Saredutant 100 mg Dose Once Daily, in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00417118] | Phase 3 | 365 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Parallel Group, Escitalopram Controlled Phase III-B Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Quetiapine Fumarate Extended Release (Seroquel XR TM) as Monotherapy in the Treatment of Adult Patients With Agitated Major D [NCT01363310] | Phase 3 | 250 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Termination of sponsorship) | ||
| Serotonin-norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors and Acute Kidney Injury [NCT02320240] | 3,255,526 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Double-Blind Randomised Investigation of Tibolone or Escitalopram in First Onset Perimenopausal Depression [NCT01368068] | Phase 4 | 2 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Difficulty in recruiting) | ||
| A Double-blind, Controlled, Randomized Study Comparing Escitalopram Combined With Scopolamine or Escitalopram in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT03131050] | Phase 4 | 66 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-03-15 | Completed | ||
| Randomized, 2-way Crossover, Bioequivalence Study of Citalopram Hydrobromide 40 mg Tablets and Celexa 40 mg Tablets Administered as 1 x 40 mg Tablet in Healthy Subjects Under Fasting Conditions [NCT01149967] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Adherence to Antidepressant Treatment in Subjects With Depression [NCT03388164] | Phase 2 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-01-01 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated early based on the planned interim analysis that did not meet criteria for continuation.) | ||
| SSRI Effects on Depression and Immunity in HIV/AIDS [NCT02620150] | Phase 4 | 108 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-02-16 | Completed | ||
| Sensation and Psychiatry: Linking Age-Related Hearing Loss to Late-Life Depression and Cognitive Decline [NCT03321006] | Phase 4 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effect and Reliability of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder or Anxiety Disorders [NCT03122158] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-04-08 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Continuation Electroconvulsive Therapy Associated With Pharmacotherapy Versus Pharmacotherapy Alone for Relapse Prevention in Major Depression. A Clinical, Controlled, Prospective and Randomized Trial [NCT01305707] | Phase 4 | 104 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Difficulties in recruiting) | ||
| Anxiety and Depression in Epilepsy: A Pilot Epileptologist-Driven Treatment Study [NCT03464383] | Phase 4 | 69 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-07 | Completed | ||
| A Pilot Study Utilizing Escitalopram to Address Cognitive Dysfunction in Glioma Patients [NCT03728673] | Phase 2 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-03-06 | Recruiting | ||
| Discontinuation of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Among Patients With Dementia and BPSD Living in Nursing Homes - a 24 Weeks Double Blind RCT. [NCT00594269] | Phase 4 | 149 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II, Multi-center, Randomized, Double-bind, Double-dummy, Active and Placebo Controlled, Parallel Group Study to Assess the Efficacy and Safety of AZD7268 in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01020799] | Phase 2 | 247 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-11-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Clinical Trial of Response to Psychopharmacotherapy According to Multimodal Serum Biomarkers in Depressive Patients [NCT06054321] | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-08-03 | Recruiting | |||
| Stress and Inflammation in the Pathophysiology of Late Life Depression [NCT02389465] | Phase 4 | 119 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-08-31 | Completed | ||
| ERPs, Cognitive Dysfunction and Treatment Response of Geriatric Depression [NCT00754936] | 106 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Post-marketing, Twelve Weeks, Open Label Study of up to 40 mg. Escitalopram in Chronic PTSD [NCT00736021] | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | |||
| The Role of PKC Activation in the Immune-inflammatory Mechanism of Major Depressive Depression [NCT04156425] | 180 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-07-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Imaging Antidepressant vs. Cognitive Behavior Therapy Effects on Unipolar Depression [NCT00787501] | Phase 1 | 98 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder; Open-label, One Arm Postmarketing Study in Russia [NCT00902564] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram for the Treatment of Postpartum Depression [NCT00833469] | Phase 4 | 7 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized Double-blind Parallel Innovator-Controlled Multicenter Clinical Trial to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of Generic Escitalopram Oxalate Tablets in the Treatment of Chinese Patients With Depression [NCT00866593] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 260 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Intramuscular Ketamine Versus Escitalopram and Aripiprazole in Acute and Maintenance Treatment of Patients With Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT04234776] | Phase 4 | 88 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-04-03 | Enrolling by invitation | ||
| Effect of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor on Satiety Function in Patients With Functional Dyspepsia [NCT02153567] | Phase 3 | 71 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-12-06 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram Treatment of Major Depression in Patients With Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. A Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study. [NCT00595699] | Phase 4 | 8 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
| The Chinese Herb SZ-05 for the Treatment of Depression and Anxiety Disorders; Efficiency, Safety and Biological Correlates [NCT03323697] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-08-28 | Recruiting | ||
| Clinical Psychopharmacology Division [NCT03294525] | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-01-31 | Recruiting | |||
| An Open-label, Single Dosing Clinical Trial to Investigate the Pharmacokinetics and the Effect on ECG of Escitalopram After Oral Administration in Elderly Volunteers [NCT02122939] | Phase 1 | 12 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Biomarkers of Antidepressant Response and Suicidal Events in Depressed Youth [NCT03547219] | 152 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-08-05 | Completed | |||
| Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of the Phosphodiesterase-3 Inhibitor Cilostazol as an Adjunctive to Antidepressants in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04069819] | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-08-01 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Intranasal Esketamine Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Elderly Subjects With Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT02422186] | Phase 3 | 139 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-08-20 | Completed | ||
| Pentoxifylline as a New Adjuvant in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial. [NCT03554447] | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-20 | Completed | |||
| Serum Concentrations of Antidepressant Drugs in Pregnant Women - a Naturalistic Study [NCT04806230] | 81 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2011-04-01 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy and Safety of Electroacupuncture on Treating the First Episode of Mild to Moderate Depression [NCT05818735] | 204 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-01 | Recruiting | |||
| A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Feasibility and Safety of Performing a Double Blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized Controlled Trial of the Routine Use of SSRI's at the Initiation of End-stage Renal Disease Treatment [NCT02407821] | Phase 2 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Poor enrolment) | ||
| A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Parallel-arm Trial to Assess the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Centanafadine Extended-release Capsules as Monotherapy or as Adjunct to SSRI in Adult Subjects With Major Depressi [NCT05536414] | Phase 2 | 336 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-09-12 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Single Dose, Open Label, Bioequivalence Study Comparing Citalopram Hydrobromide Tablets 40 mg (Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) and RLD Tablets 40 mg (Manufactured By Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc, Missouri) in 24+2 Normal Healthy Male Subjects Und [NCT00940238] | Phase 1 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| Development of Escitalopram Genomic Device by Using Candidate Gene Approach and Genome-Wide Scanning [NCT00935246] | 202 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Assessment of PACAP-BDNF Signaling System Involvement in Etiology and Treatment of Major Depression [NCT00944996] | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Impact of Quetiapine Prolong and Escitalopram on the Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)-Axis Activity in Depressed Patients [NCT00953108] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Study of the Effects of LY2216684, a Selective Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor (NERI), in the Treatment of Major Depression [NCT00420004] | Phase 2 | 469 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of Genetic Predictors of the Response to SSRI Treatment [NCT03927950] | Phase 4 | 135 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Dysthymic Disorder [NCT00220701] | Phase 4 | 36 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Anterior Cingulate Activation in Geriatric Depression [NCT00926653] | 76 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2005-07-31 | Completed | |||
| A Randomized, Single Dose, Open Label, Bioequivalence Study Comparing Citalopram Hydrobromide Tablets 40 mg (Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd) and RLD Tablets 40 mg (Manufactured By Forest Pharmaceuticals Inc, Missouri) in 24+2 Normal Healthy Male Subjects in [NCT00939835] | Phase 1 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| Pharmacodynamics and Pharmacokinetics of Citalopram and Escitalopram [NCT00613470] | Phase 1 | 927 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Enhancement of Learning Associated Neural Plasticity by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors [NCT02753738] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Developing New Clinical Management Strategies for Antidepressant Treatments [NCT03812588] | Phase 4 | 29 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-01-30 | Completed | ||
| The Objective of This Study Was to Investigate the Bioequivalence of Mylan's Escitalopram Oxalate 20 mg Tablets to Forest's Lexapro® 20 mg Tablets Following a Single, Oral 20 mg (1 x 20 mg) Dose Administered Under Fasting Conditions. [NCT00648570] | Phase 1 | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Neurofunctional Predictors of Escitalopram Treatment Response in Adolescents With Anxiety [NCT02818751] | 84 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Randomised Clinical Trial Comparing Early Medication Change (EMC) Strategy With Treatment as Usual (TAU) in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder - the EMC Trial [NCT00974155] | Phase 4 | 889 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Completed | ||
| International Study to Predict Optimised Treatment - in Depression [NCT00693849] | Phase 4 | 2,688 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Effects of 3 Months of SSRI-Treatment on Metabolism and HPA-axis in Young Men Born With Low Birth Weight - a Randomized, Double Blinded and Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT00971815] | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | |||
| The Effect of SSRI Treatment on Affective Symptoms and Fertility Treatment Outcome in Women Undergoing In Vitro Fertilization for Unexplained Infertility - a Prospective Placebo-Controlled Study. [NCT00989053] | 120 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Responses of Myocardial Ischemia to Escitalopram Treatment (REMIT Trial) [NCT00574847] | Phase 4 | 127 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Single Dose Crossover Comparative Bioavailability Study of Citalopram 40 mg Tablets in Healthy Male Volunteers/Fasting State [NCT00865085] | Phase 1 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Relative Bioavailability of 10 mg Citalopram Hydrobromide Tablets Under Fasting Conditions [NCT00865943] | Phase 1 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Neuroprotective/Neurotrophic Effect of Lexapro® in Patients With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [NCT01008098] | Phase 2 | 26 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Combining Antidepressants to Hasten Remission From Depression [NCT00519428] | Phase 4 | 245 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-08-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase IV, Longitudinal, Observational Study Examining Real-World Outcomes of Non-Hormonal Pharmacotherapies Among Individuals Treated for Bothersome Vasomotor Symptoms [NCT06049797] | 1,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2023-11-15 | Recruiting | |||
| A Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind Study Comparing the Efficacy and Safety of SAGE-217 Plus an Antidepressant Versus Placebo Plus an Antidepressant in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04476030] | Phase 3 | 440 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-11-09 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00935675] | Phase 3 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | Recruiting | |||
| Randomized, Observer-blind, Placebo-controlled, Four-way Cross-over Study to Study the Ability of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) of the Brain to Detect and Characterize the Effects of Single Doses of a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor [NCT01045083] | Phase 1 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Open Trial of Escitalopram Treatment for Male Subjects With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder [NCT01024140] | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-02-28 | Completed | |||
| Imaging Predictors of Treatment Response in Depression [NCT00367341] | 82 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | |||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Alternative Therapy S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine (SAMe) vs Escitalopram in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) [NCT00101452] | 199 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Behavioral Insomnia Therapy For Those With Insomnia and Depression [NCT00620789] | 477 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparison of Two Different Treatment Strategies in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Not Exhibiting Improvement on Escitalopram Treatment: Early vs. Delayed Intervention Strategy [NCT00810069] | Phase 4 | 840 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram in the Treatment of Patients With Agitated Dementia [NCT00260624] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2003-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram Treatment of Major Depression in Diabetes Mellitus: An Open Label [NCT00650897] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Treatment With Escitalopram (Cipralex®) for Adolescents With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Efficacy, Safety, and Changes in Executive Functions, Metacognition, and Regional Brain Activations. [NCT00708240] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Recruiting | ||
| [NCT00708396] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-07-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Phase IIa Proof of Concept Study of Pipamperone/Citalopram (PipCit) Versus Citalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) [NCT00672659] | Phase 2 | 165 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | ||
| Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study of Escitalopram in Combination With Two Fixed Doses of Gaboxadol Compared to Escitalopram in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00807248] | Phase 2 | 490 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | ||
| A Phase 2, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study of the Safety and Efficacy of OPC-34712 as Adjunctive Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00797966] | Phase 2 | 850 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase IV Pilot Study to Examine the Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram in Doses up to 50 mg for the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). [NCT00785434] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Single Dose Citalopram and Reboxetine on Urethral and Anal Closure Function on Healthy Female Subjects [NCT04097288] | Phase 1 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-09-17 | Completed | ||
| A Neuroimaging and Epigenetic Investigation of Antidepressants in Depression [NCT00703742] | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Combination Lexapro and Massage for Treatment in Depression in Older Subjects [NCT00643162] | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-06-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Interim analysis indicated recruitment was necessary beyond study capabilities.) | |||
| Changes of Cerebral Glucose Metabolism Associated With the Fear Network Activity Before and After 12 Weeks of Escitalpram Treatment in Panic Disorder [NCT00767871] | Phase 4 | 46 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Single-Dose Food In Vivo Bioequivalence Study of Escitalopram Oxalate Tablets (20 mg; Mylan) to Lexapro® Tablets (20 mg; Forest) in Healthy Volunteers [NCT00648661] | Phase 1 | 35 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Dopaminergic Effects of Adjunctive Aripiprazole on the Brain in Treatment-Resistant Depression: A Raclopride/F-DOPA Positron Emission Tomography and Functional MRI Study [NCT00953745] | 43 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Dichotic Listening as a Predictor of Medication Response in Depression [NCT00404755] | Phase 4 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Eszopiclone Co-Administered With Escitalopram for Insomnia in Elderly Adults With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00813735] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| An Eight-week, Multinational, Multicenter, Double-blind, Active- and Placebo-controlled Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Tolerability of Three Fixed Doses of SSR125543 (20 mg Daily, 50 mg Daily and 100 mg Daily) in Outpatients With Major Depress [NCT01034995] | Phase 2 | 580 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Escitalopram on the Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Tramadol in Healthy Subjects [NCT00692263] | Phase 4 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Escitalopram on Mood, Quality of Life and Cognitive Functioning in Glioblastoma Patients [NCT02623231] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Changes of Sleep EEG Power and Melatonin Rhythm in Major Depressive Disoder: a Self-controlled, 8 Weeks Study of Treatment With Escitalopram Compared With Healthy Subjects [NCT04013464] | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-05-01 | Completed | |||
| Brain Mechanisms and Targeting Insomnia in Major Depression [NCT00628914] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Determination of the Circadian Resetting Effects of Escitalopram and Testing for Correlations Between Circadian Resetting and Antidepressant Effects [NCT01214044] | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | |||
| Using Wearable Devices to Investigate the Basic Physical Conditions of Patients With Sleep Problems and the Physical Effects During Sleep on Patients Who Use the Central Nervous Medications for Sleep Problems [NCT05300386] | 52 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2018-05-30 | Completed | |||
| Efficacy of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Internet Addiction [NCT00565422] | Phase 4 | 31 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Single-dose, Open-label, Randomised, Crossover Bioequivalence Study in Healthy Young Men Comparing Two Formulations of Escitalopram [NCT01395433] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Phase II, Randomized, Double-blind, Trial Comparing Escitalopram to Placebo in Patients With Localized Pancreatic Cancer [NCT05289830] | Phase 2 | 46 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-08-05 | Recruiting | ||
| Single Dose Crossover Comparative Bioavailability Study of Citalopram 40 mg Tablets in Healthy Male Volunteers/Fed State [NCT00864890] | Phase 1 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Effects on Clinical and Functional Outcome of Escitalopram in Adult Stroke [NCT00967408] | Phase 4 | 200 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase I, Open-label, Randomized, Crossover Trial in 16 Healthy Subjects to Investigate the Potential Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Telaprevir and Escitalopram at Steady-state [NCT00933894] | Phase 1 | 16 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Completed | ||
| SSRIs and Self-harm in Borderline Personality Disorder [NCT01103180] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Funding withdrawn due to inability to accrue) | ||
| A Pilot Study -- An Open-Label, Rater-blinded, Flexible-dose, 8-week Trial of Escitalopram (Lexapro®) In Patients With Major Depression With Atypical Features. [NCT00610506] | Phase 3 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Menopause Strategies: Finding Lasting Answers for Symptoms and Health: Efficacy of a Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) for Menopausal Symptoms in Midlife Women [NCT00894543] | 205 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Completed | |||
| A Study to Investigate the Effect of Antidepressants on the Treatment for Korean Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) Patients [NCT00926835] | Phase 4 | 692 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to due to patient recruitment difficulties) | ||
| Treatment Effects of Escitalopram (Lexapro®) on Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy,Cognition, and Immune Status Among Patients With HIV and AIDS: A 6-week Open-label, Prospective, Pilot Trial. [NCT00887679] | Phase 3 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
| IL-2 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms: Mechanism and Prevention [NCT00352885] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-06 | Completed | ||
| Blood Levels of Neurosteroids and Neurotrophic Factors in Normal Controls and in Patients With Major Depression [NCT00812994] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-01-31 | Completed | ||
| An Eight-week, Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Dose-finding Study, With Escitalopram (10 mg Daily) as Active Control, to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Three Fixed Doses of SSR411298 (10, 50, or 200 mg Daily) i [NCT00822744] | Phase 2 | 527 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Sinusitis and Facial Pain Disorders Anti-Depression Trial [NCT00754793] | Phase 4 | 3 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to poor recruitment) | ||
| Differential Responses to Cognitive Behavioural Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP)Versus Escitalopram in Chronic Major Depression With and Without Early Trauma [NCT00837564] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Recruiting | ||
| Associations Between Gene-Polymorphisms, Endo-Phenotypes for Depression and Antidepressive Treatment (AGENDA) [NCT00386841] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Prevention of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder by Early Treatment [NCT00146900] | 298 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Bariatric Surgery and Pharmacokinetics Escitalopram: BAR-MEDS Escitalopram [NCT03460379] | 12 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-11-02 | Recruiting | |||
| Specific Effects of Escitalopram on Neuroendocrine Response [NCT00150527] | 8 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2005-09-30 | Completed | |||
| The Use of Quantitative EEG (QEEG) as a Predictor of Treatment Outcome in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00157547] | Phase 4 | 95 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Depression-Diabetes Mechanisms: Urban African Americans [NCT00209170] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Symptom Management Trial in Cancer Survivors [NCT00387348] | Phase 3 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Terminated(stopped due to DSMB stopped study because placebo arm had more adverse events) | ||
| Serum Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and QEEG as Biological Markers of Response to (Es)Citalopram Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00361218] | Phase 3 | 72 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Do Antidepressants Reverse the Effects of Early Life Stress on the Brain and Thrombovascular System and Improve Psychological, Neuroendocrine, and Platelet Function: A Study of Men and Women With Childhood Abuse. [NCT00166114] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Tolerability of Escitalopram for the Prevention of Pegylated Interferon Alfa Associated Depression in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C Infection: a Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT00136318] | Phase 3 | 208 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-01-31 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial on Comparing Escitalopram and Duloxetine add-on for Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenic Subjects With Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) Risk Genotype [NCT01078870] | Phase 4 | 75 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Escitalopram Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of BMS-562086 in the Treatment of Outpatients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00135421] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 271 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram and Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Major Depressive Disorder: a Double-blind, Placebo-controlled, Randomized, Non-inferiority Trial [NCT01894815] | Phase 3 | 245 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Patient Preference in Primary Care Depression Treatment [NCT00194948] | 60 participants | Interventional | 2003-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Escitalopram vs. Sertraline in the Treatment of Dysthymic Disorder and Double Depression [NCT00234312] | Phase 4 | 40 participants | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Effect of Escitalopram vs. Reboxetine on Somatic and Visceral Sensitivity of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: a Randomized, Double Blind Clinical Trial [NCT00209807] | Phase 4 | 42 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Effects of Escitalopram vs. Duloxetine on Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Cardiovascular Control [NCT00215228] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 26 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-07-31 | Completed | ||
| MOTIV Study. Effect of Antidepressive Treatment by Escitalopram Started Preoperatively in Patients Undergoing Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting [NCT00243477] | Phase 4 | 368 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Cipralex in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome [NCT01961180] | Phase 4 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A 12-Week Randomized, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Placebo-controlled Trial With and Open-label, 12-week Extension, Multicenter to Evaluation of the Efficacy of Escitalopram for the Treatment of Depression in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT01841125] | Phase 4 | 84 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| An Open Label, Randomised, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of Escitalopram Oxalate Tablet Containing Escitalopram (20mg) [Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India] Versus Lexapro® Tablet (20mg) [Reference Fo [NCT01996462] | Phase 1 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| An Open Label, Randomized, 2-Period, 2-Treatment, Crossover, Single-Dose Bioequivalence Study of Escitalopram Oxalate Tablet 20mg [Test Formulation, Torrent Pharmaceuticals Ltd., India] Versus Lexapro® (Escitalopram Oxalate Tablet 20mg) [Reference Formula [NCT01996475] | Phase 1 | 0 participants | Interventional | Completed | |||
| Phase 4 Study of Escitalopram Treatment and Biomarkers in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01997580] | Phase 4 | 600 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-07-31 | Recruiting | ||
| An Open-label, 8- Week, Flexible Dose Trial of Escitalopram (Lexapro®) in Comorbid Major Depression With Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00965497] | Phase 3 | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Home-based TEA for Abdominal Pain in Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) [NCT05519683] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 160 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-11-02 | Recruiting | ||
| Effects of Bupropion Versus Escitalopram on Reward Circuitry and Motivational Deficits in Patients With Major Depression and Increased Inflammation and Anhedonia [NCT04352101] | Phase 4 | 18 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-09-23 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trial of Treating Rectal Hypersensitivity - Comparing Escitalopram With Sensory Adaptation Training [NCT00584571] | Phase 2 | 55 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Geriatric Depression: Getting Better, Getting Well [NCT00177294] | Phase 4 | 319 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Psychobiology and Treatment Response in Primary Insomnia [NCT00177216] | Phase 4 | 69 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-02-28 | Completed | ||
| An Open-label Long-term Study of Escitalopram in Children 7 to 11 Years of Age With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01198795] | Phase 4 | 162 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Prevention of Depression in Patients Being Treated for Head and Neck Cancer [NCT00536172] | Phase 4 | 160 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-12-01 | Completed | ||
| Combination Therapy With Modafinil and Escitalopram for the Treatment of Cocaine Dependence [NCT01601730] | Phase 1 | 68 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Genetic-pharmacological Neuroimaging of the Serotonergic System in Violent Video Games [NCT01644071] | 47 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-02-29 | Completed | |||
| Longitudinal Comparative Effectiveness of Bipolar Disorder Therapies [NCT02893371] | 1,037,352 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2016-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Unraveling the Nature of Impaired Pain Inhibition in Patients With Chronic Whiplash-associated Disorders: a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial for the Treatment of Central Sensitization [NCT01601912] | 59 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2013-02-28 | Completed | |||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of an Oral Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01111552] | Phase 3 | 237 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-29 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated early due to Sponsor decision, closure of this combination therapy program is unrelated to any safety issues, no signals of concern.) | ||
| An Interventional, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel-group, Active-comparator, Flexible-dose Study on the Efficacy of Vortioxetine Versus Escitalopram on Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With Inadequate Response to Current Antidepressant Treatment of Ma [NCT02272517] | Phase 3 | 101 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blind Flexible Dose Study of Escitalopram in Pediatric Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00107120] | Phase 3 | 312 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Treatment of Marijuana Withdrawal Syndrome Using Escitalopram and Cognitive-Behavior Therapy- a Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Study [NCT00598052] | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Recruiting | |||
| Comparison of Effects Between Conventional Dose and High Dose Escitalopram on Clinical Improvement in Patients With Obsessive-compulsive Disorder (Randomized, Double-blind, Multi-center Study) [NCT00723060] | Phase 4 | 176 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Validation of Surrogate Measures in Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) [NCT00693732] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Safety and Efficacy of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Premature Ejaculation A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose,Randomized Controlled Study [NCT00656552] | Early Phase 1 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| The Amplitude Change of the Auditory Evoked N1 Component as a Predictor of Response to Escitalopram Treatment in Patients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00613067] | 35 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-12-31 | Completed | |||
| A Comparison of the CNS Effects of Equivalent Doses of Escitalopram and Racemic Citalopram Using BOLD fMRI [NCT00825825] | Phase 4 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Relapse Prevention in Patients With a Major Depressive Episode Treated With Electroconvulsive Treatment Using a Fixed Dose Range of Escitalopram Compared to a Fixed Dose of Nortriptyline (DUAG-7) A Randomised Controlled 6 Month Double-blind Study [NCT00660062] | Phase 4 | 47 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-08-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Slow inclusion) | ||
| Escitalopram for Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) in Teens: A Pilot Study [NCT00523705] | Phase 4 | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-02-29 | Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment too slow.) | ||
| [NCT02711215] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Predicting Treatment Outcome in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT02869035] | Phase 1 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Completed | ||
| The Interest of a Specific Combined Treatment (Psychotherapy and Pharmacotherapy) in Patients With Dissociative Disorders [NCT00630981] | 30 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2008-02-29 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Dose-finding Study of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors to Enhance Neuroplasticity [NCT04221256] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-03-11 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Closure due to COVID-19 pandemic) | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of an Oral Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01111539] | Phase 3 | 211 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-13 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated early due to Sponsor decision, closure of this combination therapy program is unrelated to any safety issues, no signals of concern.) | ||
| CISS: Cortical Ischemic Stroke and Serotonin - Effects of Serotonergic Neuromodulation on Behavioural Recovery and Motor Network Plasticity After Cortical Ischemic Stroke: a Longitudinal, Placebo-controlled Study [NCT02865642] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-08-31 | Recruiting | ||
| The Efficacy and Tolerability of Seroquel XR Combined With a Selective Serotonin Re-Uptake Inhibitor Versus Seroquel XR Monotherapy in the Acute Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Psychotic Features [NCT00955474] | Phase 4 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-09-30 | Terminated(stopped due to AstraZeneca halted funding; patent expired for Seroquel (Quetiapine) in 2012) | ||
| Predicting Medication Response in Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [NCT01404871] | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Neural Mechanisms of Monoaminergic Engagement in Late-life Depression Treatment Response (NEMO) [NCT03128021] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-05-24 | Recruiting | ||
| A Study to Investigate the Effect of Multiple Doses of Danoprevir/Ritonavir (DNV/RTV) on the Pharmacokinetics (PK) of Escitalopram (ESC) and S-Demethylcitalopram (S-DCT) in Healthy Subjects [NCT01418274] | Phase 1 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Personalizing Treatment of Depression Complicated by Panic Features-Pilot Study [NCT00930293] | 50 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Escitalopram as a Treatment for Pain in Polyneuropathy. A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial. [NCT00162968] | Phase 4 | 50 participants | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Exploring Biomarkers for Depression [NCT01424111] | 51 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2011-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Analgesic Effect of Perioperative Escitalopram for Patients With High Preoperative Level of Pain Catastrophising in Total Knee Arthroplasty [NCT01430520] | Phase 4 | 120 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Open Label Variable Dose Escitalopram (Lexapro) in the Treatment of Patients With Postpartum Major Depression: A Pilot Study [NCT00277108] | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2004-02-29 | Completed | |||
| Leveraging EEG for Antidepressant Prediction With Sertraline and Escitalopram (LEAP-SE): A Multicenter, Randomized, Blinded Outcome Study of EEG-guided Treatment With Sertraline Versus Escitalopram in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04388202] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-10-15 | Withdrawn(stopped due to No participants enrolled) | ||
| Game Intervention as Adjunct Therapy for Anhedonia in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT04977232] | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-09-09 | Recruiting | |||
| Aging White Matter Changes, Executive Dysfunction and Depression [NCT00918684] | Phase 4 | 116 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Personalized Response Indicators of SSRI Effectiveness in Major Depression [NCT00917059] | Phase 4 | 172 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, 8-Week Double-Blind Acute Phase Followed By a 6-Month Continuation Phase (Open-Label Or Double-Blind) Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of DVS SR Versus Escitalopram in Postmenopausal Women With Major Depr [NCT00406640] | Phase 3 | 595 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A PET Study to Determine Alterations in Serotonin Levels in Human Brain After a Single Dose of Escitalopram [NCT01638689] | Phase 1 | 10 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Trial to Investigate the Effect on Corrected QT Interval Prolongation by Psychotropic Drugs in Healthy Korean Adults After a Single Oral Administration of Escitalopram, Quetiapine, and Moxifloxacin [NCT01871701] | Phase 1 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Blood-brain-barrier Permeability of Escitalopram Depending on Genetic Polymorphisms of the ABCB1-gene: Effect on Sleep and Procedural Learning [NCT00550485] | 79 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | |||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial Examining the Efficacy of Escitalopram Oxalate Upon Depressive Symptoms and Fatigue in HIV Seropositive Women [NCT01797380] | Phase 4 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Failure to recruit.) | ||
| Comparison of Aripiprazole Augmentation vs Switching to Different Class of Antidepressants for Patients With MDD Who Are Partially/Minimally Responsive to Current Antidepressants:Randomized, Rater-blinded, Prospective Study [NCT01488266] | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Multimodal Assessment of Neurobiological Markers for Psychiatric Disorders [NCT01477203] | Phase 4 | 289 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Functional Neuroimaging in Depression: Longitudinal Study of PET Metabolism in Correlation With Changes in Attentional Bias, Autobiographical Memory, Future Fluency and Facial Recognition in Depressed Patients Treated With Escitalopram. [NCT00343070] | Phase 2 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-National, Multi-Center, DB, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Group, Fixed Dose Efficacy & Safety Study of SR58611A 350 mg Twice Daily vs. Placebo in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder on Concomitant Treatment With Escitalopram 10mg/d [NCT00432614] | Phase 3 | 510 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Discontinuation of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants Among Patients With Dementia and BPSD Living in Nursing Homes - an Open Study. [NCT00433121] | Phase 4 | 24 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram and Sleep Architecture in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00442481] | Phase 4 | 25 participants | Interventional | 2007-02-28 | Recruiting | ||
| A Comparative Study on Efficacy and Safety of add-on Sulforaphane or rTMS to Escitalopram for Major Depressive Disorder With Poor Response to Initial Treatment [NCT05145270] | Phase 4 | 180 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-11-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Comparative Evaluation of Vortioxetine Versus Other Antidepressants With Pregabalin Augmentation in Treatment-resistant Burning Mouth Syndrome: a Prospective Longitudinal Clinical Trial With Treatment Response Prediction [NCT06025474] | Phase 3 | 203 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-01-01 | Recruiting | ||
| [NCT02934035] | 10,000 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2016-09-30 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram in Patients With Social Anxiety Disorder; Open-label, One Arm Postmarketing Study in Russia [NCT00902226] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Long-term, Phase 3, Multicenter, Open-label Trial to Evaluate the Safety and Tolerability of Oral OPC-34712 as Adjunctive Therapy in Adults With Major Depressive Disorder, the Orion Trial [NCT01360866] | Phase 3 | 2,944 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Phase Four Double-Blind Randomized Comparative Study on Thestudy on the Efficacy of Memantine Hydrochloride and Escitalopram for the Treatment of Co-Morbid Depression and Alcoholism [NCT00368862] | Phase 4 | 80 participants | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multicenter, Double Blind Trial to Compare the Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram With Placebo in Patients With Acute Stroke for the Prevention of Poststroke Depression and Related Symptoms (Emotional Incontinence, Anger Proneness), and for Improvement [NCT01278498] | Phase 4 | 444 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-01-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Randomized, Double Blind, Efficacy Study of Escitalopram Versus Placebo in ENT Cancer Patients Suffering From Emotional Distress [NCT02246244] | Phase 3 | 38 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised Trial Investigating the Cardiovascular Effects of Agomelatine and Escitalopram in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. [NCT01483053] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-01-31 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Exploratory Study to Assess the Efficacy of Escitalopram Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Depressive Syndrome in Alzheimer's Disease, Vascular Dementia and Mixed Vascular and Alzheimer's Dementia [NCT00229333] | Phase 4 | 40 participants | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Depression: The Search for Treatment-Relevant Phenotypes [NCT00073697] | Phase 4 | 290 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Development and a Pilot Study of the PACEPRO Exercise and Mood Management Program in Depressed Patients on Escitalopram Oxalate (Lexapro) [NCT00416221] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Fixed Dose Comparison of Escitalopram Combination in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00109044] | Phase 3 | 540 participants | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00300313] | 450 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Phase III Open Study of High Dose Escitalopram for the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in Adults [NCT00305500] | Phase 3 | 100 participants | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Galantamine Augmentation of Escitalopram for Treatment of Depression Associated Cognitive Impairment in Outpatients - A Randomized Single Blind Clinical Trial [NCT00423969] | Phase 4 | 20 participants | Interventional | 2003-11-30 | Terminated | ||
| Comparative Responses to 15 Different Antidepressants in Major Depressive Disorder - Results From a Long-term Nation-wide Population-based Study Emulating a Randomized Trial [NCT05952713] | 73,336 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2022-10-01 | Completed | |||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Active-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Sustained-Release Quetiapine Fumarate (SEROQUEL®) Compared With Placebo in the Treatment of Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00329446] | Phase 3 | 800 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Citalopram Treatment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders and High Levels of Repetitive Behavior [NCT00086645] | Phase 2 | 149 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacotherapy of Late-Life Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00105586] | Phase 4 | 177 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Serotonin Transporter Genetic Variation and Amygdalar Activation Correlates of Antidepressant Response [NCT00456430] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram in the Treatment of Patient Suffering From Scizophrenia and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder- an Open Label Study [NCT00456937] | Phase 4 | 15 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Parallel Group, Placebo- Controlled and Active Controlled Phase III Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Quetiapine Fumarate Sustained Release (Seroquel SRTM) as Mono- Therapy in the Treatment of Adult Patients Wit [NCT00351169] | Phase 3 | 450 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-Centre, Double-Blind, Randomised, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled Phase III Study of the Efficacy and Safety of Quetiapine Fumarate Sustained Release (Seroquel SRTM) in Combination With an Antidepressant in the Treatment of Patients With Major [NCT00351910] | Phase 3 | 494 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-05-31 | Completed | ||
| SSRI Administration to Reduce Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms and Prevent Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Physical Trauma Victims in the Medical Setting [NCT00114374] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Terminated | ||
| Escitalopram in Bipolar Depression: a Placebo-controlled Study of Acute and Maintenance Treatment [NCT00464191] | Phase 4 | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Terminated(stopped due to The study has been terminated because too few patients have been recruited) | ||
| Escitalopram for the Treatment of Obsessive Compulsive Disorder [NCT00116532] | Phase 4 | 30 participants | Interventional | 2002-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Antidepressants During Office-Based Buprenorphine [NCT00475878] | Phase 3 | 147 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Brain GABA Levels and Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00464711] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Lexapro for Major Depression in Patients With Epilepsy [NCT01244724] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit targeted #) | ||
| Effects of Escitalopram on Autonomic Reactivity in Post Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Veterans of Operation Enduring Freedom and Iraqi Freedom (OEF/OIF) [NCT01271244] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram for the Treatment of Self-Injurious Skin Picking [NCT00115011] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-09-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Increased Central Serotonergic Activity on Psychophysiological Parameters of Human Information Processing [NCT00206934] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | |||
| Multi-center, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Clinical Trial of Escitalopram on the Progression Delaying Effect in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00702780] | 74 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-11-30 | Completed | |||
| Cipralex in Treatment of Depressive Symptoms and Chronic Back Pain [NCT00227292] | Phase 4 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-11-30 | Withdrawn(stopped due to Mutual agreement between Sponsor and Investigator.) | ||
| An Open-label Study of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder in Elderly Patients With Alzheimer's Disease [NCT00488670] | Phase 3 | 50 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2010-12-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Dr. Rabheru left VCH last year and the study was cancelled according to his research coordinator.) | ||
| Changes in the Vasodilatory Response to Methyl-nicotinate in Response to S-citalopram Treatment in Social Phobia Patients [NCT00485888] | Phase 2 | 71 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | ||
| The Role of Childhood Adversity and Genetic Polymorphisms in the Serotonin and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Systems in the Sensitization to Stress in First-Onset Major Depression (Blue Sky Project) [NCT00517764] | 299 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | |||
| An Open-label, Long-term, Safety and Efficacy Study of Intranasal Esketamine in Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT02497287] | Phase 3 | 802 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-09-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Escitalopram on Exacerbation Rates and Quality of Life in Patients With Anxiety Associated With Severe COPD [NCT01522092] | Phase 3 | 0 participants (Actual) | Interventional | Withdrawn(stopped due to Study was not given ethical approval- a alternative protocol required) | |||
| A Randomised, Controlled Trial to Investigate the Effect of a Six Week Intensified Pharmacological Treatment for Bipolar Depression Compared to Treatment as Usual in Subjects Who Had a First-time Treatment Failure on Their First-line Treatment. [NCT05973786] | Phase 4 | 418 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-11-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| The Effect of Antidepressants and Gabapentin on Tamoxifen Pharmacokinetics: A Prospective Study [NCT00667121] | 85 participants (Anticipated) | Observational | 2011-03-16 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| Pharmacotherapy Dosing Regimen in Cocaine and Opiate Dependent Individuals [NCT00218036] | Phase 2 | 54 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-07-31 | Terminated(stopped due to PI left institution, end of funding, clinic relocation, recruitment issues) | ||
| An Open-label Study of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Postpartum Depression [NCT01527474] | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | |||
| Molecular Markers of Neuroplasticity During High-Intensity Exercise in Subjects With Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury [NCT01538693] | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Neuroimaging Study of Bupropion Treatment in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01541475] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Randomized Controlled Trial of Escitalopram Versus Placebo for Patients With Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Panic Disorder [NCT01551225] | Phase 4 | 32 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Completed | ||
| The Effect of Anti Depressive Medicine on Adrenal Activity, Glucose Metabolism, Physical and Mental Health in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. -A Randomised, Double Blinded, Placebo Controlled Study. [NCT05840692] | Phase 4 | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Double-Blind Study of Escitalopram in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00108979] | Phase 3 | 240 participants | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Specific Phobia [NCT00121069] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 12 participants | Interventional | 2002-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Sertraline Versus Escitalopram in South Asian Participants With Moderate to Severe Major Depressive Disorder: A Double-blind, Parallel, Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05950061] | Phase 3 | 744 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-06-01 | Completed | ||
| Duloxetine Versus Escitalopram and Placebo in the Treatment of Patients With Major Depression [NCT00073411] | Phase 3 | 675 participants | Interventional | 2003-11-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT00080158] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 120 participants | Interventional | 2004-03-31 | Completed | ||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Escitalopram in the Prevention of Depression in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome [NCT00140257] | Phase 4 | 240 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| A 12 Week Multi-Centre, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo Controlled Evaluation of the Most Efficacious and Tolerable Dose of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Elderly Patients [NCT00130455] | Phase 4 | 189 participants | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Terminated | ||
| Pupillary Changes as a Potential Biomarker for Escitalopram in Relation to CYP2C19 Polymorphism [NCT00397059] | Phase 4 | 16 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Prevention of Post-Stroke Depression - Treatment Strategy [NCT00071643] | 201 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2002-09-30 | Completed | |||
| [NCT00220480] | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Recruiting | |||
| Prophylactic Treatment of Peginterferon-associated Psychopathology. A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial on the Effects of Escitalopram (Lexapro®) in Patients Treated With Peginterferon and Ribavirin (POPS Study) [NCT00133276] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Placebo-Controlled Trial of Cipralex in the Treatment of Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia [NCT00148447] | Phase 3 | 40 participants | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Completed | ||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Investigation Into the Safety and Efficacy of Escitalopram for Depression in Multiple Sclerosis [NCT00151294] | Phase 4 | 20 participants | Interventional | 2004-11-30 | Terminated | ||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Escitalopram as a Mood Stabilizer for Bipolar II Disorder [NCT00156325] | Phase 2 | 10 participants | Interventional | 2004-02-29 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of the Therapeutic Effects of Escitalopram in Pulmonary Hypertension, Either Primary or Associated [NCT00190333] | Phase 3 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Depression: The Search for Treatment-Relevant Phenotypes [NCT00222820] | Phase 4 | 35 participants | Interventional | 2002-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Caregiver Psychiatric Symptomatology and it's Relationship to Service Utilization by Children With Asthma [NCT00223288] | 175 participants | Observational | 2003-03-31 | Completed | |||
| A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of Acamprosate Added to Escitalopram and Behavioral Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) With Comorbid Alcohol Abuse/Dependence [NCT00452543] | Phase 4 | 23 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram Treatment of Night Eating Syndrome: a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT00636649] | 40 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Developing New Clinical Management Strategies for Antidepressant Treatments [NCT02082392] | Phase 4 | 3 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes [NCT00590863] | Phase 4 | 665 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
| fMRI and Genotype Markers of Antidepressant Side Effects and Response in Young Adults Compare to Older Adults [NCT00707863] | Phase 4 | 17 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Project 1: Clinical Neurobiology of Serotonin and Addiction [NCT00732901] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 160 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-06-30 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blind, Fixed-dose Study of Escitalopram in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00668525] | Phase 3 | 877 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-04-30 | Completed | ||
| fMRI Studies of Emotional Circuitry in Major Depression [NCT00749125] | 99 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2001-07-31 | Completed | |||
| Antidepressant Therapy for Functional Dyspepsia [NCT00248651] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 292 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Feasibility Study to Prevent Post-ICU Depression [NCT00872027] | Phase 4 | 15 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-04-30 | Completed | ||
| The Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram Augmentation of Risperidone and Olanzapine in Treatment Resistant Schizophrenia: a Double Blind Placebo Controlled Pilot Study [NCT00231335] | Phase 4 | 30 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Investigation of Efficacy and Response Speed of a Combination Treatment of Escitalopram and Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation [NCT00232700] | 42 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Self-administered Transcranial Direct Stimulation in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Prospective, Randomized, Single-blinded Clinical Trial [NCT04543123] | Phase 4 | 58 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2017-11-16 | Completed | ||
| Evaluation of the Effects of Duloxetine on Norepinephrine Transporter Inhibition in Healthy Subjects [NCT00414323] | Phase 1 | 35 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
| Fixed Dose Comparison of Escitalopram Combination in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00239954] | Phase 3 | 0 participants | Interventional | 2005-03-31 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Effects of Dialectical Behavioral Therapy and Escitalopram on Impulsive Aggression, Affective Instability and Cognitive Processing in Borderline Personality Disorder [NCT00255554] | 0 participants | Interventional | Recruiting | ||||
| Six Week Double Blind, Randomized Trial of Escitalopram Add On for Treatment Resistant Bipolar Depression [NCT00272025] | Phase 1 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Lundbeck withdrew committment - expiring patents and prolonged inactivity) | ||
| Mineralocorticoid Receptor in the Treatment of Severe Depression: A Randomized, Double Blind, and Placebo Controlled Trial [NCT00295347] | 65 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | |||
| Combined Escitalopram/Bupropion as First Line Treatment for Depression, a Replication. [NCT00296712] | Phase 4 | 55 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Serotonergic Modulation of Cognition, Emotion and Brain Activation in Healthy Volunteers [NCT04239339] | Phase 4 | 66 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2020-04-28 | Completed | ||
| Medication Treatment Following Neuropsychologic, Dichotic and f-MRI Tests in Depressed Outpatients With Repeat f-MRI Following Treatment [NCT00296777] | Phase 4 | 28 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Memory Functioning and Antidepressant Treatment: A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Escitalopram and Bupropion XL [NCT00296933] | Phase 3 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2005-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Proof of Concept Study of the Prevention of Mild Cognitive Impairment and Eventual Alzheimer's Disease Using F18 Flutemetamol [NCT03274817] | Phase 1 | 5 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-06-18 | Terminated(stopped due to Insufficient Enrollment) | ||
| Sequence Towards Remission in Depression [NCT01628783] | Phase 4 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-06-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Integrated Biological Markers for the Prediction of Treatment Response in Depression [NCT01655706] | Phase 3 | 211 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-04-23 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of the Efficacy and Safety of ABT-436 in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01741142] | Phase 2 | 19 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-01-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Decision based on strategic determination; not safety.) | ||
| Open, Two Periods, Two Treatments, Two Sequences, Cross-over, Randomized Study With Single Dosage of Two Oral Preparations in Tablets Containing Escitalopram 10 mg (Product From GlaxoSmithKline México, S.A. de C.V. vs. Lexapro® 10mg, Lundbeck México, S.A. [NCT01745601] | Phase 1 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-05-04 | Completed | ||
| Enhanced Motor Recovery Using Serotonergic Agents in Stroke [NCT01751854] | Phase 1 | 30 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Monoaminergic Modulation of Motor Function in Subacute Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury [NCT01753882] | Phase 1 | 88 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-02-29 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Algorithm Guided Treatment Strategies for Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01764867] | Phase 4 | 1,080 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-06-30 | Recruiting | ||
| Serotonergic Modulation of Motor Function in Subacute and Chronic SCI [NCT01788969] | Phase 1 | 42 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-06-30 | Active, not recruiting | ||
| Antidepressant Treatments During Pregnancy and Lactation: Prediction of Drug Exposure Through Breastfeeding and Evaluation of Drug Effect on the Neonatal Adaptation and the Development of the Young Child [NCT01796132] | Phase 4 | 500 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-08-31 | Recruiting | ||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo and Escitalopram Controlled Trial of the Safety and Efficacy of Pexacerfont (BMS-562086) in the Treatment of Outpatients With Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT00481325] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 260 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Single-arm, Open-label, Multi-center Study to Investigate Efficacy and Safety of Lexapro on Acute Treatment of Severe Depression [NCT01814085] | Phase 4 | 225 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram in the Long-term Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Associated Anxiety Symptom [NCT01814098] | Phase 4 | 318 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-07-07 | Completed | ||
| Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depression Utilizing Auricular Acupuncture [NCT02579343] | 13 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Phase III Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Evaluation of Citalopram for the Treatment of Hot Flashes [NCT00363909] | Phase 3 | 254 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-11-30 | Completed | ||
| An Objective Double-blind Evaluation of Bupropion and Citalopram in an Individual With Friedreich Ataxia [NCT01716221] | Phase 4 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Antidepressant Treatment at an Inner City Asthma Clinic [NCT01324700] | Phase 4 | 139 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-07-31 | Completed | ||
| "Response Variability in Treatment Resistant Depression - an Ancillary Study to Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D)" [NCT00375843] | Phase 4 | 118 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Pipamperone/Citalopram (PNB01) Versus Citalopram (CIT) and Versus Pipamperone (PIP) in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): a Randomized, Double-blind Phase III Study of 10 Weeks [NCT01312922] | Phase 3 | 555 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-09-30 | Completed | ||
| Neurobiological Bases of Placebo Response in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01787240] | Phase 4 | 20 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-11-30 | Terminated(stopped due to Recruitment difficulties) | ||
| A Randomised, Controlled Trial to Investigate the Effect of an Intensified Pharmacological Treatment for Schizophrenia, Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Depression in Subjects Who Had a First-time Treatment Failure on Their First-line Treatment. [NCT05603104] | Phase 3 | 1,254 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-08-01 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy for Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01460212] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2011-12-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Optimized Predictive Treatment In Medications for Unipolar Major Depression (OPTIMUM-D) [NCT05017311] | Phase 4 | 400 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-01-20 | Recruiting | ||
| Integrated Biological Markers for the Prediction of Treatment Response in Depression: Validation Study [NCT04162522] | Phase 3 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-12-23 | Completed | ||
| Fixed Dose Comparison of Escitalopram to an Active Comparator in Severely Depressed Patients [NCT00384436] | Phase 4 | 580 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2006-10-31 | Completed | ||
| The DPP-4 Inhibitor Vildagliptin as Adjunct in Major Depressive Disorder Patients: A Proof-of-Concept, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT04410341] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 100 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-05-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Establishment of Cessation Therapy by Clinical Trials for Subjects With Betel-quid Dependence and Oral Pre-cancer [NCT03010761] | Phase 2 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2016-01-14 | Terminated(stopped due to all participants finished the trial) | ||
| Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy in Treatment Resistant Depression [NCT01896349] | 74 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-04-30 | Recruiting | |||
| Treatment of Pediatric OCD for SRI Partial Responders [NCT00074815] | Phase 3 | 124 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-09-30 | Completed | ||
| [NCT02423694] | 252 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2013-09-30 | Recruiting | |||
| Biochemical Brain Changes Correlated With the Antidepressant Effect of Escitalopram: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging Study [NCT00183677] | Phase 4 | 97 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2003-07-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Flexible Doses of Intranasal Esketamine Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Adult Subjects With Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT02418585] | Phase 3 | 236 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-08-07 | Completed | ||
| Prediction of the Therapeutic Response in Depression Based on an Early Neuro-computational Modeling Assessment of Motivation [NCT05866575] | 136 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-06-01 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Assessing Tolerability and Efficacy of Vortioxetine Versus SSRIs in Elderly Patients With Depression: a Pragmatic, Multicenter, Open-label, Parallel-group, Superiority, Randomized Trial [NCT03779789] | Phase 4 | 362 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-02-01 | Completed | ||
| A Randomised Placebo-Controlled Trial of Escitalopram and Nortriptyline With Standard Psychological Care for Depression in Parkinson's Disease [NCT03652870] | Phase 3 | 52 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-03-05 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blinded 6-week Prospective Study to Evaluate the Remission Rate According to Dose of Escitalopram (Lexapro®) in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: a Preliminary Study [NCT01594866] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2012-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacologic Influence of Escitalopram on the Reduction of Fear Acquisition and Triggered Renewal During Fear Conditioning: a Model for the Prevention and Persistence of Learned Fear and Anxiety in Response to Trauma and Stress [NCT01398514] | Phase 4 | 65 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Efficacy and Safety of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Depressive Patients With Acute Coronary Artery Syndrome: A Double-blind Placebo-controlled Trial [NCT00419471] | Phase 4 | 300 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Antidepressant Response in Older Adults With Comorbid PTSD and MDD [NCT04697693] | Phase 4 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-03-03 | Terminated(stopped due to Unable to recruit participants in a timely fashion due to COVID pandemic) | ||
| Ramelteon for Sleep Initiation Insomnia in Panic Disorder Who Are Also on Escitalopram for Anxiety: A Double Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial [NCT00746239] | 11 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-08-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Funding for continuation was not received.) | |||
| Phase 4 Clinical Pharmacogenomics of Antidepressant Response [NCT00384020] | 402 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2006-01-31 | Completed | |||
| Mechanisms of Antidepressant Non-Response in Late-Life Depression [NCT01931202] | 138 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-19 | Completed | |||
| Antidepressant Response in the Treatment of Depressive Symptoms and Frailty Characteristics in Older Adults [NCT01973283] | Phase 4 | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-02-19 | Completed | ||
| Pilot Randomized Feasibility Trial of Tele-Interpersonal Psychotherapy and Tele-Pharmacotherapy for Depression in Patients With Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer [NCT04973930] | Phase 3 | 20 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-03-01 | Suspended(stopped due to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services OHRP issued an FWA restriction on NYSPI research that included a pause of human subjects research as of June 23, 2023. This study will resume recruitment after OHRP has approved the resumption of research.) | ||
| Effects on Aripiprazole on the Steady-State Pharmacokinetics of Escitalopram in Healthy Subjects [NCT00361790] | Phase 1 | 25 participants | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Research on Standardized Electronic Cognitive Training Technique in Early Stage of Senile Depression With Cognitive Impairment [NCT05588102] | 128 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-05-18 | Recruiting | |||
| Clinical Study to Investigate the Effect of Administration of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and an Opioid on Ventilation [NCT05470465] | Phase 1 | 27 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-09-01 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram Effects on CSF Amyloid Beta Total Concentrations [NCT02161458] | Phase 4 | 98 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Study Evaluating the Efficacy of Nitazoxanide and Escitalopram as Adjuvant Therapies in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis [NCT05480878] | Phase 3 | 90 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2022-12-02 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacotherapy Relapse Prevention in Body Dysmorphic Disorder [NCT00149799] | Phase 3 | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-05-31 | Completed | ||
| Predictors of Antidepressant Treatment Response: The Emory CIDAR [NCT00360399] | 344 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-08-31 | Completed | |||
| Effect of Lactobacillus Plantarum 299v Supplementation on Major Depression Treatment [NCT02469545] | Phase 2 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-06-30 | Completed | ||
| The Effects of Serotonergic Challenge on Motor Learning and Neuroplasticity [NCT03162185] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-04-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Effect of Serotonin and Levodopa Functional Recovery in Patients With Cerebral Infarction [NCT02386475] | Phase 4 | 39 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Cognitive Dysfunction in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder, Clinical Peculiarities, Biological Markers, and Treatment Efficacy [NCT03187093] | Phase 4 | 150 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2016-10-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Efficacy of Hydroxyzine Versus Treatment as Usual for Panic Disorder: An Eight-Week, Open Label, Pilot, Randomized Controlled Trial. [NCT05737511] | Phase 4 | 80 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-12-30 | Not yet recruiting | ||
| Pharmacovigilance in Gerontopsychiatric Patients [NCT02374567] | Phase 3 | 407 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-01-31 | Terminated | ||
| CBT Augmentation of SSRI Treatment for Geriatric GAD [NCT00601965] | 73 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-10-31 | Completed | |||
| Connectivity Affecting the Antidepressant REsponse (The CAARE Study) [NCT02332291] | Phase 4 | 95 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Clinical Trial of Serotonin Medication Combination in Cocaine Dependence [NCT01535573] | Phase 2 | 108 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-12-31 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter, Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Fixed Doses of Intranasal Esketamine Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Adult Subjects With Treatment-resistant Depression [NCT02417064] | Phase 3 | 346 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-08-10 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram for Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease [NCT03108846] | Phase 3 | 392 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2018-01-03 | Recruiting | ||
| A Phase 4, 8-week, Double-blind, Randomized Study Comparing Switching to Duloxetine or Escitalopram in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder and Residual Apathy in the Absence of Depressed Mood [NCT00985504] | Phase 4 | 483 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-09-30 | Completed | ||
| A Double-blind, Placebo- and Active-controlled, Fixed-dose Study of Vilazodone in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01473381] | Phase 4 | 1,162 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Factors of Treatment Response in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00200902] | Phase 4 | 88 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Assessing the Impact of Escitalopram on Sperm DNA Fragmentation: A Randomized Placebo Controlled [NCT03527043] | Phase 2 | 70 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2017-10-01 | Recruiting | ||
| White Matter and Emotional and Cognitive Control in Late-Onset Depression [NCT01728194] | Phase 4 | 121 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2012-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Improving Quality of Life and Social Functionality With Escitalopram in the Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder With Anxiety Symptom [NCT01870843] | Phase 4 | 261 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Escitalopram in the Treatment of Outpatients With Severe Asthma and Moderate or Severe Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT00621946] | Phase 4 | 26 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-03-31 | Completed | ||
| Time to Remission of Depressive Symptoms With Combined SSRI and Ramelteon [NCT00642694] | Phase 3 | 29 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2007-05-31 | Terminated(stopped due to Enrollment discontinued based on mutually agreed upon decision by PI and funding sponsor) | ||
| QEEG Predictors of Response for Psychotherapy Compared to Pharmacotherapy in Depression [NCT00824044] | Phase 4 | 39 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2008-07-31 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Combined Memantine (Namenda) Plus Escitalopram (Lexapro) Treatment in Elderly Depressed Patients With Cognitive Impairment [NCT01876823] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 60 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-04-30 | Completed | ||
| Effects of Treatment on Decision-making in Major Depression [NCT01916824] | Phase 4 | 53 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-08-31 | Completed | ||
| Effectiveness and Safety of Transcutaneous Electrical Cranial-auricular Acupoint Stimulation (TECAS) for Patients With Mild-to-moderate Depression. [NCT03909217] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 470 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2019-07-29 | Recruiting | ||
| A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Active-Controlled, Flexible-Dose Study Evaluating the Effect of Lu AA21004 vs Escitalopram on Sexual Functioning in Adults With Well-Treated Major Depressive Disorder Experiencing Selective Serotonin Reuptake In [NCT01364649] | Phase 3 | 447 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2011-06-30 | Completed | ||
| What is the Effectiveness and Safety of Mirtazapine Versus Escitalopram in Alleviating Cancer-associated Poly-symptomatology (MIR-P)? A Mixed-method Randomized Controlled Trial Protocol [NCT04763135] | Phase 3 | 1 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-12-15 | Terminated(stopped due to difficulties in recruiting) | ||
| Acupuncture and Escitalopram for Treating Major Depression Clinical Study (AE-TMDCS): Study Design of a Randomized Controlled Trial [NCT05901571] | 216 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2023-09-30 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Biological Predictors of Response to Antidepressants [NCT00456014] | 37 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2006-09-30 | Completed | |||
| Pentoxifylline as an Adjunct to Citalopram in Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial [NCT05271084] | Phase 1/Phase 2 | 100 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2021-11-10 | Completed | ||
| Brain Imaging and Treatment Studies of the Night Eating Syndrome [NCT01401595] | Phase 3 | 87 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2009-12-31 | Completed | ||
| Study on the Optimal Diagnosis and Treatment Strategy of Major Depressive Disorder Based on Anhedonia [NCT05389046] | 252 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-10-31 | Not yet recruiting | |||
| Comparative Efficacy of Duloxetine vs Escitalopram in Patients With Fibromyalgia [NCT03487211] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 200 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-04-09 | Completed | ||
| Pharmacogenetically-guided Escitalopram Treatment for Pediatric Anxiety: Aiming to Improve Safety and Efficacy (PrEcISE) [NCT04623099] | Phase 4 | 132 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-08 | Recruiting | ||
| Determining Optimal Treatment Sequences in Anxious Depression (DOTS-AD) [NCT04245748] | Phase 4 | 84 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-03-01 | Recruiting | ||
| Acute, Double-blind, Adaptively Randomized Treatment With Duloxetine or Escitalopram, Followed by Open-label Naturalistic Follow-up. [NCT04245436] | Phase 4 | 60 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2020-01-01 | Recruiting | ||
| The Effect of Patient and Investigator Expectation on the Efficacy of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Patients With Major Depressive Disorder. [NCT02480400] | 52 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-06-30 | Completed | |||
| Treatment of Geriatric Depression With Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Double-blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Namenda (Memantine) Augmentation of Lexapro (Escitalopram) in Depressed Patients at Least 60 Years of Age [NCT01902004] | Phase 4 | 115 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2013-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Proof of Concept Study to Treat Negative Affect in Chronic Low Back Pain [NCT04747314] | Phase 2/Phase 3 | 300 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2021-03-31 | Recruiting | ||
| Depression Treatment and Aβ Dynamics: A Study of Alzheimer's Disease Risk (ABD Study) [NCT05004987] | Phase 4 | 90 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2022-02-04 | Recruiting | ||
| A Pilot Study Examining the Gut Microbiota in Patients With Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder vs. Healthy Controls and Following 12-weeks of Open-label Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Treatment [NCT02285699] | 43 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2014-11-01 | Completed | |||
| Mechanism of Antidepressant-Related Dysfunctional Arousal in High-Risk Youth [NCT02553161] | 210 participants (Anticipated) | Interventional | 2015-12-31 | Active, not recruiting | |||
| A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-blind Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of an Oral Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder [NCT01111565] | Phase 3 | 137 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-10-04 | Terminated(stopped due to The study was terminated early due to Sponsor decision, closure of this combination therapy program is unrelated to any safety issues, no signals of concern.) | ||
| Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and Pharmacotherapy Augmentation for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: A Pilot Investigation [NCT00219349] | Phase 4 | 25 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2005-01-31 | Completed | ||
| Pilot Study to Evaluate Escitalopram in Obsessive-compulsive Disorder [NCT00215137] | Phase 2 | 14 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2004-10-31 | Completed | ||
| Advancing Personalized Antidepressant Treatment Using PET/MRI [NCT02623205] | Phase 4 | 85 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-05-31 | Completed | ||
| A Multi-centre, Randomised, Double-blind, Parallel Active-controlled Study Evaluating the Efficacy, Safety and Tolerability of Bupropion Hydrochloride Extended-release (Bupropion XL 300mg Once Daily), Escitalopram Oxalate (Escitalopram, 10mg-20mg Once Dai [NCT02191397] | Phase 3 | 534 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2015-02-10 | Completed | ||
| Brain Function and Structure in Cocaine Dependence [NCT02080832] | Phase 2 | 54 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2010-02-28 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Double-blind, Multicenter Active-controlled Study to Evaluate the Efficacy, Pharmacokinetics, Safety and Tolerability of Flexible Doses of Intranasal Esketamine Plus an Oral Antidepressant in Adult Subjects With Treatment-resistant Depressio [NCT03434041] | Phase 3 | 252 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2018-05-25 | Completed | ||
| A Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Flexibly-dosed, Efficacy and Safety Study of Escitalopram in the Treatment of Children and Adolescents With Generalized Anxiety Disorder [NCT03924323] | Phase 4 | 273 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2019-05-30 | Completed | ||
| Comparison of Antidepressants in the Real-World: Retrospective Cohort Study Using Big Data [NCT04446039] | 405,349 participants (Actual) | Observational | 2022-07-04 | Completed | |||
| Testing an Imaging Biomarker for Treatment Stratification in Major Depression [NCT02137369] | Phase 4 | 77 participants (Actual) | Interventional | 2014-09-30 | Completed | ||
| [information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024] | |||||||
very severe, >23/29; severe, 19-22/29; moderate, 14-18/29; mild, 8-13/29; and no depression, 0-7/29 (Hamilton M., J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1960 Feb;23:56-62.) (NCT00070941)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Visit Measurement | Week 12 Measurement | |
| Escitalopram | 17.5 | 5.3 |
| Placebo Comparator | 20.7 | 16.2 |
| SAM-e | 17 | 11.4 |
"OCD symptom severity was measured using the CY-BOCS, an interviewer-rated instrument that assess obsessions and compulsions separately on time consumed, distress, interference, degree of resistance, and control; it yields separate severity scores for obsessions and for compulsions (0 - 20), and a composite symptom severity score (0 to 40).~Consistent with signal detection analyses examining the optimal criterion for treatment response, a CY-BOCS reduction of 30% or more from baseline to week 12 was used as the criterion for RESPONSE and was the primary dichotomous outcome measure." (NCT00074815)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Week 12.
| Intervention | Proportion of Participants with RESPONSE (Number) |
|---|---|
| MM + CBT | 0.69 |
| MM + ICBT | 0.34 |
| MM Only | 0.30 |
The Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a 10 item scale for assessing the severity of depression. Items are rated on a scale of 0 to 6, so the maximum score is 60 and the minimum is 0, where 60 is the most severe depression. Scores of 18 or greater are generally considered to indicate a moderate level of depression. (NCT00086307)
Timeframe: Weekly
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Pramipexole | 22.629 |
| Escitalopram | 26.102 |
| Escitalopram and Pramipexole | 29.455 |
The change in total HAM-D score between baseline and endpoint was the primary outcomes measure. This measure is a clinician rated inventory of depressive symptoms. All items are scored on a scale of zero to four and the sum of the scores provides the total score for the measure. Scores can range from 0- 68. On this scale, higher scores indicate poorer outcomes. (NCT00101452)
Timeframe: baseline and 24 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 1. SAMe | -6.7 |
| 2. Escitalopram | -7.5 |
| 3. Placebo | -5.7 |
Role -emotional impairment score from the Late-Life Function and Disability Instrument (min score=0, significant impairment; max score=100, no impairment). (NCT00105586)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 12
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 0 SF-36 Role-Emotional Impairment | Week 12 SF-36 Role-Emotional Impairment | |
| Escitalopram (1) | 42.19 | 62.50 |
| Placebo (2) | 53.42 | 56.16 |
Cumulative incident response of anxiety symptom improvement on CGI-I, with 1 (very much improved) to 2 (much improved) indicated as response. Scores synthesized from anxiety rating scale scores, including Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HamA). (NCT00105586)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 1-12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 51 |
| Escitalopram | 69 |
Change from baseline to week 8 in Children's Depression Rating Scale total score. The scale measures 17 depressive symptoms, of which 3 are rated 1-5 and 14 are rated 1-7 (1 = no symptom difficulties; 5 or 7 = severe clinically significant difficulties) for a total score range of 17-113. (NCT00107120)
Timeframe: Baseline to end of week 8
| Intervention | Change in total score at endpoint (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -22.4 |
| Placebo | -18.4 |
Change from baseline to week 8 in CGAS score which rates the patient's general level of functioning for the past 14 days on a scale of 1 (most impaired) to 100 (healthiest). (NCT00107120)
Timeframe: At baseline and end of week 8
| Intervention | Change in score (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 14.7 |
| Placebo | 12.4 |
Clinical Global Impressions - Improvement score at the end of week 8. The scale rates improvement or worsening of patient mental health relative to baseline on a scale from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00107120)
Timeframe: CGI-I score at the end of Week 8
| Intervention | Score on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 2.2 |
| Placebo | 2.5 |
Number of patients who did not develop at any time of antiviral treatment (up to 48 weeks) a MADRS score of 13 or more as a sign of clinically relevant depression (NCT00136318)
Timeframe: Patients free of depression during 24 or 48 weeks of antiviral therapy
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 60 |
| Placebo | 40 |
(NCT00136318)
Timeframe: severe depression during 24 or 48 weeks of antiviral therapy
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 1 |
| Placebo | 12 |
(negative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 6 months after the end of antiviral treatment) (NCT00136318)
Timeframe: assessed 24 weeks after end of antiviral treatment
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 56 |
| Placebo | 46 |
(NCT00136318)
Timeframe: major depression during 24 or 48 weeks of antiviral therapy
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 8 |
| Placebo | 17 |
"Clinically relevant depression (MADRS score of 13 or higher) during antiviral treatment presented as percentage of participants with MADRS scores > 13 (entire time period: from starting study medication until end of antiviral treatment = 48 weeks in patients with genotype 1 or 4 and 24 weeks for patients with genotype 2 or 3)" (NCT00136318)
Timeframe: 50 weeks for genotypes 1 or 4 and 26 weeks for patients with genotype 2 or 3
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 32 |
| Placebo | 59 |
We calculated the proportion of patients who achieved response in Phase I, defined as a >=30% reduction in BDD-YBOCS total score from baseline through the last phase 1 visit. (NCT00149799)
Timeframe: Phase I: Weekly for weeks 1-4, biweekly from weeks 6-14
| Intervention | percentage of subjects who responded (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase I: Open-Label Escitalopram | 67 |
Subjects switched to placebo were compared to those remaining on escitalopram (double-blinded randomization) to assess quality of life changes as measured by the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire - Short Form (Q-LES-Q-SF). The Q-LES-Q-SF is designed to help assess the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced during the past week across several domains: social, leisure, household, work, emotional well-being, physical, and school; it consists of 5-point rater-administered questions. Raw scores can range from 14-70, which are converted to percentage maximum possible by calculating: % Max = (Raw-minimum score)/(maximum score-minimum score). Q-LES_Q-SF percent scores can range from 0-100, with higher scores indicating greater quality of life and satisfaction. (NCT00149799)
Timeframe: Measured three times throughout phase 2 of study (Weeks 14, 28 and 40)
| Intervention | Percentage score (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 14 | Week 28 | Week 40 | |
| Phase II: Escitalopram | 74.1785714 | 70.2727273 | 69.0833333 |
| Phase II: Placebo | 70.9259259 | 67.3684211 | 68.6470588 |
Subjects switched to placebo were compared to those remaining on escitalopram (double-blind randomization) to assess functional impairment as measured by the Longitudinal Interval Followup Evaluation - Range of Impaired Functioning Tool (LIFE-RIFT). The tool assesses psychosocial functioning in multiple domains, consisting of 5- to 7-point clinician administered scales that obtain information about work, household duties, student work, relationships with family and friends, recreation, life satisfaction, and global social adjustment. Scores can range from 3-22 with higher scores indicating poorer functioning. (NCT00149799)
Timeframe: Measured three times throughout phase 2 of study (Weeks 14, 28 and 40)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Week 14 | Week 28 | Week 40 | |
| Phase II: Escitalopram | 9.0000000 | 9.8000000 | 9.7600000 |
| Phase II: Placebo | 8.2413793 | 9.0000000 | 8.8947368 |
Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D), a widely used 21-item depression scale. Of the 21 items on the scale, only the first 17 are used to calculate the total score. Eight of these items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (severe symptom), and nine are scored from 0-2. The total score ranges from 0 to 50, where higher scores indicate a greater severity of depression and scores greater than 19 are generally considered indicative of severe depression. (NCT00149799)
Timeframe: Measured bi-weekly in phase 2 from week 14 (start of randomization for relapse prevention) to week 40
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 14 | Week 16 | Week 18 | Week 20 | Week 22 | Week 24 | Week 26 | Week 28 | Week 30 | Week 32 | Week 34 | Week 36 | Week 38 | Week 40 | |
| Phase II: Escitalopram | 3.5357143 | 3.8928571 | 5.2857143 | 4.8461538 | 4.2307692 | 3.625 | 3.8695652 | 4.48 | 2.85 | 2.9565217 | 3.375 | 4.0416667 | 3.8181818 | 4.2400000 |
| Phase II: Placebo | 3.3793103 | 4.2333333 | 6.3703704 | 5.4285714 | 3.7407407 | 3.7727273 | 4.04 | 4.4090909 | 4.5454545 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 5.4 | 3.4666667 | 4.1578947 |
We compared the rate of relapse (accounting for time from randomization to relapse and censoring) by treatment arm in Phase II. (NCT00149799)
Timeframe: Phase II: Biweekly for six months after randomization
| Intervention | percentage of subjects who relapsed (Number) |
|---|---|
| Phase II: Escitalopram | 18 |
| Phase II: Placebo | 40 |
"Percent of participants in depressive remission at 12 weeks. Remission of depression was required both an HRSD score ≤ 7 and absence of the two core symptoms of MDD based on the depression module of the SCID.~The HRSD (Hamilton Rating of Depression Scale) measure depressive symptom severity. TIt has 17 items. The score ranges between 0 and 48. A score below 7 represents minimal symptoms.~The SCID rates 9 symptoms of depression as present or absent. The two core symptoms of depression are sadness and anhedonia (low motivation and/or enjoyment in significant life domains)." (NCT00149825)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks or at the last available time point
| Intervention | percent of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| MED+CBTI | 61.5 |
| MED+CTRL | 33.3 |
Percent of participants in insomnia remission. Remission of insomnia was defined by an Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)score < 8. The ISI (Insomnia Severity index) scores range between 0 and 38. A score < 8 indicates absence of insomnia. (NCT00149825)
Timeframe: After 12 weeks or at the last available time point
| Intervention | percent (Number) |
|---|---|
| MED+CBTI | 50.0 |
| MED+CTRL | 7.7 |
"Number of subjects that showed no response, partial response, and response based on scores from baseline and week 8.~The 21-item HDRS measures depression severity. The scoring is sum the total of all 21 items to arrive at the total score, with a range of 0 to 60, where higher scores indicated greater severity. Nine items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe. Eleven items are scored from 0 - 2 (0 = absent and 2 = severe). The last item is scored on a 4-point scale of 0-3 (0 = absent and 3 = severe). The HDRS at week 8 was compared to the baseline HDRS and each participant's response was calculated using the below table:~No Response = < 25% change in Depression Rating Scale Score Partial Responder = < 50% to >25% change in Depression Rating Scale Score Responder = 50% or greater change in Depression Rating Scale Score" (NCT00166114)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Response | No or Partial Response | |
| Desipramine | 9 | 4 |
| Escitalopram | 5 | 2 |
"The MADRS is a 10-item scale, clinician-administered, which is sensitive to symptom change during antidepressant treatment. It has been frequently used to measure depressive symptoms during interferon-alpha therapy and exhibits improved internal consistency in patients with co-morbid medical conditions compared with other clinician-administered questionnaires.~Items are rated on a scale of 0-6. Scores range from 0 to 60, higher scores meaning higher levels of depression." (NCT00166296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after interferon treatment onset
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 3.82 |
| Placebo | 4.38 |
"The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is 14-item scale, patient-administered, that allows two independent scores of depression and anxiety. It has been specially designed to apply in patients with comorbid medical conditions as it excludes somatic or vegetative symptoms from the depression subscale.~We present data of de depression subscale. The seven-item Depression subscale yields a score of 0-21, with higher scores meaning higher levels of depressive symptoms." (NCT00166296)
Timeframe: 12 weeks after interferon treatment onset
| Intervention | Scores on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 2.25 |
| Placebo | 2.13 |
"Number of participants with negativization of serum hepatitis C Virus Ribonucleic Acid (HCV RNA) 6 months after concluding antiviral therapy (sustained viral response).~Negativization was defined as the absence of detectable levels of serum HCV RNA using a polymerase chain reaction." (NCT00166296)
Timeframe: Six months after the end of interferon treatment
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 36 |
| Placebo | 38 |
"At least five of the symptoms have been present during the same 1-week period: depressed mood, loss of interest or pleasure, weight or appetite changes, insomnia, agitation or retardation, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or guilt, diminished ability to think or concentrate, recurrent thoughts of death.~At least one of the symptoms is either depressed mood or loss of interest. Diagnoses were made by a trained psychiatrist who applied the mood disorders module from the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, non-patient edition (SCID-I/NP) at each study evaluation." (NCT00166296)
Timeframe: First three months of interferon treatment.
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 5 |
| Placebo | 2 |
Change in PSG Sleep Efficiency (SE) between post-treatment and baseline: Sleep efficiency is the percent of time spent asleep divided by the total sleep recording period in the sleep lab. This value is calculated using the results of the polysomnographic sleep study. It ranges from 0 (no sleep at all) to 100 (asleep the second the sleep recording starts (GNT) until the sleep recording ends (GMT) in the morning). The values below are post treatment SE minus pre treatment SE. A positive number means that the SE was higher (better) post treatment. (NCT00177216)
Timeframe: post treatment minus baseline PSG sleep studies. This averaged 70 days
| Intervention | difference score for SE (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Zolpidem | 0.43 |
| Escitalpram | 1.16 |
| Placebo | 0.32 |
Self-report measure of sleep quality developed at University of Pittsburgh by Daniel J. Buysse, M.D. The PSQI total score ranges from 0 to 21 with 0 being marvelous sleep and 21 being horrid sleep. The difference score, reported below, is the total score after at least 5 weeks of treatment in one of the three arms, minus the baseline total score. A negative score means that the sleep of the participant improved. (NCT00177216)
Timeframe: post treatment minus baseline assessment battery. This averaged 100 days.
| Intervention | difference score of PSQI total (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Experimental: Zolpidem | -0.86 |
| Experimental: Excitalopram | -3.15 |
| Placebo Comparator: Placebo | -3.32 |
The change in self-report sleep efficiency calculated from 7-day sleep diary (DSE): Sleep efficiency is the percent of (time spent asleep divided by the amount of time between good night time and final awakening). It ranges from 0 (no sleep at all) to 100 (asleep the second your head hits the pillow until you wake up in the morning and get out of bed). Participants report the time they go to bed, how long they think it takes them to fall asleep, how many minutes they are awake during the night, and then what time they finally wake up in the morning. These values are used to calculate the diary sleep efficiency for each night and then we averaged these across the 7 days of diary collected pre and post treatment. The values below are post treatment DSE minus pre treatment DSE. A positive number means that the DSE was higher (better) post treatment. (NCT00177216)
Timeframe: post treatment minus baseline. This averaged 69 days.
| Intervention | diff score of diary Sleep Efficiency (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Zolpidem | 3.20 |
| Escitalopram | 0.61 |
| Placebo | 4.87 |
Three consecutive weekly scores of less than 7 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (N=17 item). Scores on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression(HRSD) range from 0 to 58, with higher scores indicating more severe depression. (NCT00177294)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 6 or 22
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Plus Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) | 58 |
| Escitalopram Plus Depression Care Management (DCM) | 45 |
Recurrence of major depressive episodes as determined by SCID/DSM IV: two weeks of low mood and/or anhedonia, together with at least five of the following symptoms: suicidal ideation, low energy, sleep disturbance, appetite disturbance, psychic anxiety or somatic anxiety. In addition, a diagnosis of major depression requires evidence of distress or impairment. (NCT00177671)
Timeframe: 2 years
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Donepezil | 19 |
| Placebo | 11 |
Conversion to dementia was ascertained by the University of Pittsburgh Alzheimer Disease Research Center (ADRC), using data on neuropsychological performance and IADL functioning, as well as other relevant clinical data. Diagnoses were made according to National Alzheimer Coordinating Center criteria. (NCT00177671)
Timeframe: 2 year
| Intervention | Percent of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Donepezil | 10 |
| Placebo | 33 |
The PASS (a performance-based assessment of instrumental activities of daily living)generates a composite measure of 13 cognitive IADL items capturing performance on activities such as shopping, bill paying, medication management, and home safety. We report the percentage of subjects at each assessment point adjudged to have independent functioning. This was determined by a clinician rater observing subjects perform each task and rating them according to predetermined criteria on a 4 point scale, ranging from 0 (unable) to 3 (independent). (NCT00177671)
Timeframe: baseline, year 1 and year 2
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N=33; N=34) | Year 1 (N=23; N=25) | Year 2 (N=11; N=17) | |
| Donepezil | 54.10 | 62.16 | 36.67 |
| Placebo | 61.82 | 54.35 | 47.22 |
Cognitive performance was assessed with 17 well established and validated individual tests measuring multiple domains. We transformed raw scores for individual tests into Z-scores using the baseline distribution of a non-depressed, cognitively normal, older adult comparison group (N=36)of similar age, education, and medical health recruited concurrently with the depressed participants. These Z-scores were averaged within each neuropsychological area to produce domain scores and then averaged over all 17 tests to calculate a global cognition performance score. (NCT00177671)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and Years 1 and 2 in maintenance
| Intervention | Z-score (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (N=67;N=63) | Year 1 (N=45; N=57) | Year 2 N=42; N=49) | |
| Donepezil | -0.47 | -0.23 | -0.31 |
| Placebo | -0.47 | -0.65 | -0.56 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, 17 items (HAMD-17, range 0-52) was used to measure changes in depression severity from baseline to endpoint. Clinical Responder status was defined as > 50% improvement (i.e., reduction) in HAMD-17 score from baseline to endpoint. Clinical Remission status was defined as HAMD-17 score < 8 at endpoint (week 12 visit). (NCT00183677)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Responders | Clinical Remitters | |
| Open Label Escitalopram | 36 | 32 |
Patient Attitudes and Expectations Form used for assessing expectation. The California Pharmacotherapy Alliance Scale, a measure associated with outcomes of antidepressant pharmacotherapy, used to measure participants' perceptions of: (a) participants' commitment to treatment; (b) participants' working capacity; (c) treatment providers' understanding and involvement; and (d) goal and working strategy consensus between participant and treatment provider. This is a 24-item questionnaire with a 7-point Likert scale (1 = not at all, 7 = very much so). Total score ranges from a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 120. The score is determined by a combination of negative and positive items. To assure negative items are reflected, subtract each of the negative item ratings from 8; for example, a rating of 1 becomes 7 (8 minus 1). The scores are computed by summing the items and dividing the total by 6 to procure the mean rating. A lower score indicates a worse outcome. (NCT00200902)
Timeframe: Averaged over 3 time points (Baseline, randomization, and end of lead-in)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication (MED) | 3.55 |
| Placebo (PBO) | 3.94 |
| Interpersonal Clinical Interaction (ICI) | 3.17 |
Comparison of treatment arms (Medication + ICI, Placebo+ICI, and ICI only). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale used here is a 17-item scale that measures severity of depression. Items are individually scored from 0-4 or from 0-2 depending on the item, and the individual scores for each item are added to comprise one score. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression/worse outcome. Possible scores on the scale range from a minimum of zero (0) to a maximum of 52. (NCT00200902)
Timeframe: Baseline,Week 8
| Intervention | HAMD score (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Percent Change in HAM-D | Change in HAM-D | |
| Interpersonal Clinical Interaction (ICI) | -0.05 | -1.37 |
| Medication (MED) | -0.46 | -10.05 |
| Placebo (PBO) | -0.36 | -7.59 |
Comparison of treatment arms (Medication + ICI, Placebo+ICI, and ICI only). The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D-17) used here is a 17-item scale that measures severity of depression. Items are individually scored from 0-4 or from 0-2 depending on the item, and the individual scores for each item are added to comprise one score. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression. Possible scores on the scale range from a minimum of zero (0) to a maximum of 52.Response is defined as a 50% decrease in HAMD-17 scoring. Remission defined as a HAMD-17 score of 7 or less. (NCT00200902)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Responders | Remitters | |
| Interpersonal Clinical Interaction (ICI) | 1 | 0 |
| MEDICATIONS | 17 | 9 |
| Placebo (PBO) | 11 | 9 |
"The 21-item HDRS measures depression severity. Items are rated on a scale from 0 (symptoms not present) to a maximum of 2 to 4 (symptom extremely severe) for a total score range of 0 to 60, where higher scores indicate greater severity. The HDRS at week 24 was compared to the baseline HDRS and each participant's response was calculated using the below table:~No Response = < 25% change in Depression Rating Scale Score Partial Responder =< 50% to >25% change in Depression Rating Scale Score Responder = 50% or greater change in Depression Rating Scale Score" (NCT00209170)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 24
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Response | Partial Response | No Response | |
| Beating the Blues CBT + Escitalopram | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Beating the Blues CBT + Placebo | 1 | 1 | 5 |
The Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) is a clinician administered measure of the severity of obsessive compulsive disorder(OCD). Higher scores indicate a greater severity of OCD symptoms. The score can range from a minimum of zero to a maximum of forty. (NCT00215137)
Timeframe: Open Label Phase Baseline,Randomization Phase Baseline or Beginning
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Beginning of Study Phase | End of Study Phase | |
| Open Label Escitalopram | 24.79 | 15.36 |
| Randomization Escitalopram | 16.00 | 15.8 |
| Randomization Placebo | 12.71 | 20.17 |
7 point scale of overall severity of psychopathology from 1 mildest to 7 most severe. (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 1.4 |
total score ranges from 0 (not depressed) to 63 (most severe) (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 10.7 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is a clinician administered rating scale assessing severity of anxiety from 0 (low) to 64 (high). The greater the magnitude of decrease in score during treatment, the greater the improvement in anxiety. (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | -6.4 |
24 item version of this standard depression scale, total score ranges from 0 (not depressed) to 58 (most severe) (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 7.3 |
total score (of 16 items) ranging from 16 (least worry) to 80 (most worry) (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 9.8 |
only the total score of the state anxiey subscale was used. Range is from 20 (mildest) to 80 (most severe) (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 15.4 |
This is a single item rating overall symptomatic improvement. Range is 0 (very much worse) to 7 (very much improved) (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 3.0 |
measures severity of symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder, reported as a total score summing 10 items that are each rated from 0, never to 4, all of the time. Range is 0 to 40, with 40 most severe. (NCT00219349)
Timeframe: week 14 to week 26
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Patients Who Started Escitalopram | 4.8 |
21 item patient rated assessment of depression symptoms, with item scores ranging from 0 to 3. Total BDI scores can range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating worse depression. (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 6.76 |
| Placebo | 10.00 |
21 item patient rated assessment of depression symptoms, with item scores ranging from 0 to 3. Total BDI scores can range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating worse depression. (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 15.00 |
| Placebo | 16.25 |
Clinician rated measure of depression, mean score; This study used the 24 item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; item scores range from 0 to 4 on some items, 0 to 2 or 0 to 3 on other items; range of total score = 0 to 75, with higher score indicating worse depression Response (>50% decrease) Remission (score<=7) (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 10.88 |
| Placebo | 16.41 |
Clinician rated measure of depression, mean score; This study used the 24 item version of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale; item scores range from 0 to 4 on some items, 0 to 2 or 0 to 3 on other items; range of total score = 0 to 75, with higher score indicating worse depression Response (>50% decrease) Remission (score<=7) (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 22.82 |
| Placebo | 24.41 |
Clinician rated severity, score on CGI-S scale ranging from 1 (no pathology) to 7 (extreme pathology) (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 2.35 |
| Placebo | 3.41 |
Clinician rated severity, score on CGI-S scale ranging from 1 (no pathology) to 7 (extreme pathology) (NCT00220701)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 4.06 |
| Placebo | 4.06 |
The Nepean Dyspepsia Index (NDI) assessed quality of life. NDI scores are summarized into overall quality of life and 5 subscales: Interference, Knowledge/Control, Eating/Drinking, Sleep Disturbance, Work/Study. The scale consists of 25 items, yielding 5 sub-scales. Range 0-100, higher numbers indicate a greater quality of life. (NCT00248651)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall Quality of Life | Interference Subscale | Knowledge/Control Subscale | Eat/Drink Subscale | Sleep Disturbance Subscale | Work/Study Subscale | |
| Amitriptyline | 80.6 | 83.2 | 78.2 | 72.4 | 86.3 | 86.9 |
| Escitalopram | 82.8 | 82.8 | 76.2 | 70.6 | 80.8 | 87.2 |
| Placebo | 73.5 | 76.2 | 72.9 | 64.8 | 76.4 | 79.7 |
The nutrient drink test for meal-induced satiety had subjects drink 120 ml of ENSURE every four minutes. Satiety scores were measured on a scale graded 0-5 (1, no symptoms; 5, maximum satiety). When a score of 5 was reached, the maximum tolerated volume intake was measured. Abnormal satiety was defined as inability to consume > 800 ml of Ensure. (NCT00248651)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | ml (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Amitriptyline | 764 |
| Escitalopram | 823 |
| Placebo | 839 |
The time for half of the ingested solids or liquids to leave the stomach. (NCT00248651)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Amitriptyline | 117 |
| Escitalopram | 108 |
| Placebo | 115 |
The first two weeks of treatment were excluded to allow for establishment of steady state drug levels. (NCT00248651)
Timeframe: 3 weeks through 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Amitriptyline | 53 |
| Escitalopram | 38 |
| Placebo | 40 |
The mean number of IL-2 doses tolerated (out of the possible 60 total doses) are presented for each study arm. The standard high dose regimen of IL-2 includes 15 doses per cycle. The dose of IL-2 is reduced, or treatment is stopped entirely, if the side effects become severe. This analysis includes the total number of doses taken at the end of Cycle 4, by all participants who began the trial, regardless of how many cycles each participant completed. (NCT00352885)
Timeframe: Cycle 4 (up to 12 weeks of IL-2 treatment)
| Intervention | IL-2 treatments (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 18.4 |
| Placebo | 19.8 |
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is a 21-item, observer-rated scale which quantifies the severity of depressive symptoms, including depressed mood, loss of interest in usually pleasurable activities, insomnia, anorexia, fatigue, weight loss, and psychomotor retardation or agitation. Participants rate the severity of their symptoms on a scale of 0-2 or 0-4 (depending on the item), where 0 means that the symptom is absent. Total scores are calculated by summing the first 17 items for a total score between 0 and 50. For this study a score of 0-6 indicates a normal state, a score of 7-17 indicates mild depression, a score of 18-24 indicates moderate depression, and a score of greater than 25 indicates severe depression. The HAM-D was administered at screening (baseline value) and once during days 1-3 of each cycle of the four IL-2 treatments. (NCT00352885)
Timeframe: Screening and Cycles 1 - 4 (up to 14 weeks)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 3 | Cycle 4 | |
| Escitalopram | 7.77 | 11.56 | 12.33 | 14.56 | 14.56 |
| Placebo | 6.45 | 12.73 | 15.00 | 16.64 | 16.00 |
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is a stress hormone that is synthesized by the pituitary in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). ACTH stimulates adrenal cortisol production. ACTH levels vary throughout the day and are highest between 6am and 8am. A typical reference range is 10-50 picograms per milliliter (pg/ml) from blood drawn in the morning. Low levels of ACTH can indicate adrenal insufficiency (including adrenal cancers) while high levels may indicate several diseases or stress. IL-2 treatment stimulates the release of ACTH and this stimulation is dose dependent (rising as the dose of IL-2 increases) and tends to increase further with repeated exposure to IL-2. Blood was drawn for measuring ACTH at screening (baseline value) and once during days 1-3 of each cycle of the four IL-2 treatments. (NCT00352885)
Timeframe: Screening and Cycles 1 - 4 (up to 14 weeks)
| Intervention | pg/ml (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 3 | Cycle 4 | |
| Escitalopram | 27.55 | 45.66 | 112.59 | 87.89 | 91.25 |
| Placebo | 28.95 | 56.60 | 75.69 | 136.13 | 81.23 |
Immune system functioning was assessed by measuring plasma concentrations of interleukin 6 (IL-6). IL-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that is elevated during times of inflammation, infection, in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer, and is also implicated in mood disorders. IL-2 treatments are associated with increased IL 6 levels, in a dose response manner. IL-6 values in healthy individuals are generally less than 16 pg/ml. Blood was drawn for measuring IL-6 at screening (baseline value) and once during days 1-3 of each cycle of the four IL-2 treatments. (NCT00352885)
Timeframe: Screening and Cycles 1 - 4 (up to 14 weeks)
| Intervention | pg/ml (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 3 | Cycle 4 | |
| Escitalopram | 11.68 | 290.77 | 210.90 | 305.41 | 283.34 |
| Placebo | 10.12 | 270.11 | 297.94 | 332.49 | 308.09 |
Cortisol is a steroid hormone made in the adrenal glands in response to fear or stressful situations. A typical reference range is 6-23 micrograms/deciliter (mcg/dL) from blood drawn in the morning. Low levels of cortisol can indicate Addison's disease or a problem with the pituitary gland, while high levels may indicate tumors of the adrenal gland, among other illnesses, or increased stress. Chronic elevation of cortisol is associated with reduced immune function and increased risk of heart disease. IL-2 treatment stimulates the release of cortisol and this stimulation is dose dependent (rising as the dose of IL-2 increases) and tends to increase further with repeated exposure to IL-2. Blood was drawn for measuring cortisol at screening (baseline value) and once during days 1-3 of each cycle of the four IL-2 treatments. (NCT00352885)
Timeframe: Screening and Cycles 1 - 4 (up to 14 weeks)
| Intervention | mcg/dL (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Screening | Cycle 1 | Cycle 2 | Cycle 3 | Cycle 4 | |
| Escitalopram | 11.51 | 20.60 | 19.53 | 22.44 | 20.58 |
| Placebo | 10.62 | 17.78 | 18.46 | 19.11 | 18.86 |
"Four mutually exclusive categorical outcomes were defined based on the last valid Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) rating at the last observation:~Non-response: <30% reduction from baseline~Partial Response: 30-49% reduction from baseline~Response without remission: ≥50% reduction from baseline, but HDRS-17 score >7~Remission: HDRS score ≤7" (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Up to 12 Weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Response | Partial Response | Response without remission | Remission | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 32 | 19 | 10 | 44 |
| Duloxetine | 21 | 16 | 11 | 58 |
| Escitalopram | 26 | 12 | 18 | 49 |
The percentage of participants who achieved remission from a major depressive episode. A score of equal to or greater than 7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) after 10 weeks and 12 weeks of the assigned study treatment was considered to be remission from depression. (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 10 and 12
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 44.2 |
| Duloxetine | 51.9 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 43.5 |
The number of participants achieving remission from major depressive episode after 12 weeks of combined treatment consisting of antidepressant plus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) treatments. Those originally randomized to receive one of the antidepressants remained on that medication and had CBT sessions added. Participants originally randomized to CBT had escitalopram added at a dose of 10 to 20 mg per day for 12 weeks (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Measured after 12 weeks of combined treatment
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 22 |
| Duloxetine | 10 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 18 |
The percentage of participants who achieved remission from a major depressive episode, using a last observation carried forward (LOCF) dataset, defined as all randomized patients who initiated treatment and had at least one follow-up rating assessment. A score of equal to or greater than 7 on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) at the last observation was considered to be remission from depression. (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Up to 12 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 46.7 |
| Duloxetine | 54.7 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 41.9 |
The number of participants experiencing a recurrence of depression after they had been in remission with the monotherapy treatment they were randomized to receive. (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Measured at 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, and 24 months
| Intervention | participants (Number) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6 Months | 9 Months | 12 Months | 15 Months | 18 Months | 21 Months | 24 Months | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 1 | 1 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| Duloxetine | 0 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 5 |
| Escitalopram | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
"Four mutually exclusive categorical outcomes were defined based on the last valid Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) rating at the Week 10 and Week 12 visits:~Non-response: <30% reduction from baseline~Partial Response: 30-49% reduction from baseline~Response without remission: ≥50% reduction from baseline, but HDRS-17 score >7~Remission: HDRS score ≤7" (NCT00360399)
Timeframe: Measured at Weeks 10 and 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non-Response | Partial Response | Response without remission | Remission | |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 15 | 13 | 11 | 30 |
| Duloxetine | 10 | 12 | 16 | 41 |
| Escitalopram | 15 | 10 | 23 | 38 |
"Pre-SSRI BDNF Level refers to the data collection point before SSRI intake and Post-SSRI BDNF Level refers to the data collection point 8 weeks after SSRI intake." (NCT00361218)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-SSRI BDNF Level | Post-SSRI BDNF Level | |
| Open-label Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor (SSRI) | 6077.270 | 4393.24 |
# of study participants with Hamilton Depression-17-item score less than or equal to 7. (NCT00367341)
Timeframe: Measured at week 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 12 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 12 |
Number of participants with a 50% change from Baseline on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17-item score (NCT00367341)
Timeframe: Measured at week 12.
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 18 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 18 |
Side efect burden was defined as the total score of the UKU Side Effects Rating Scale. This scale contains 48 items corresponding to side effects which are rated from 0-3, with 0 meaning not present and 1-3 rating the severity of the side effect. Higher scores represented greater side effect burden. The scale range is 0 to 144. (NCT00387348)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo-Placebo | 3.00 |
| Placebo-Escitalopram | 2.50 |
| Escitalopram-Placebo | 3.44 |
Response rate was defined as a 50% reduction in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) scores over 4 weeks. The HAM-D can have total scores that range from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater depression. Scores over 14 are considered to be in the depressed range. (NCT00387348)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | number of participants with response (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo-Placebo | 3 |
| Placebo-Escitalopram | 1 |
| Escitalopram-Placebo | 6 |
The change in HAM-D scores was calculated by subtracting the score at 4 weeks from the score at baseline. The HAM-D can have total scores that range from 0 to 50, with higher scores indicating greater depression. Scores over 14 are considered to be in the depressed range. (NCT00387348)
Timeframe: 4 weeks
| Intervention | Change in HAM-D scores (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo-Placebo | 6.23 |
| Placebo-Escitalopram | 10.60 |
| Escitalopram-Placebo | 6.45 |
Hamilton Depression Scale, 21 item version Summary of all 21 items and higher score means worse depression. Scores range from 0 to a maximum of 63. (NCT00404755)
Timeframe: 6 weeks or last visit in Phase
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion | 11.2 |
| Escitalopram | 9.7 |
| Imipramine | 11.3 |
"The CGI is a standard measure of global psychopathology. CGI-severity scores rated on a 7-point scale, with the severity of illness scale using a range of responses from~1 (normal) through to 7 (amongst the most severely ill patients). CGI-improvement scores range from 1 (very much improved) through to 7 (very much worse)." (NCT00404755)
Timeframe: 6 weeks or last visit in Phase
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion | 2.65 |
| Escitalopram | 2.73 |
| Imipramine | 2.67 |
CGI-I is a global rating scale that measures disease improvement. Using a 7-point scale, the clinician rates how much the patient's illness has improved or worsened relative to the baseline status (1= very much improved; 7= very much worse). (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | 1.93 |
| Escitalopram | 1.81 |
Patients achieving a response to treatment at the end of the 8-week acute double blind (DB) phase continued the same treatment in a 6-month DB continuation phase and were evaluated to see if remission was achieved. Remission is defined as a Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score of ≤ 7. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | percentage of responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| DVS SR Responders / DVS SR DB | 67.9 |
| ESC Responders / ESC DB | 61.3 |
Patients achieving a response to treatment (Responders) at the end of the 8-week acute double blind (DB) phase continued into a 6-month DB phase. Responders without remission at 8 weeks were assessed for remission status during the 6-month continuation. Remission defined as a Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score ≤ 7. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale assessing 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | percentage of responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| DVS SR Responders / DVS SR DB | 88.9 |
| ESC Responders / ESC DB | 81.8 |
Patients achieving a response to treatment at the end of the 8-week acute double blind (DB) phase continued the same treatment in a 6-month DB continuation phase and were evaluated to see if the response was maintained. A response is defined as ≥ 50% decrease from baseline on Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | percentage of responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| DVS SR Responders / DVS SR DB | 81.8 |
| ESC Responders / ESC DB | 80.0 |
A response is defined as ≥ 50% decrease from baseline on Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | 64.3 |
| Escitalopram | 73.4 |
The HAM-A is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 14 items characteristically associated with major anxiety disorders. Items are scaled 0 - 4 (0=none and 4=very severe), with a maximum total score of 56. Change= 8 week adjusted mean HAM-A total score minus baseline adjusted mean total score. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | -11.37 |
| Escitalopram | -11.73 |
HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Items are scored on either a 3 point (0 to 2) or a 5 point scale (0 to 4) with 0=none/absent and 4=most severe,for a maximum total score of 50. Change= 8 week adjusted mean HAM-D17 minus baseline adjusted mean HAM-D17. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | -13.63 |
| Escitalopram | -14.30 |
Patients who didn't achieve a response to treatment at the end of the 8-week acute double blind phase entered into an OL treatment phase with DVS SR for 6 months and were evaluated to see if a response was achieved. A response is defined as ≥ 50% decrease from baseline on Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Non-Responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| DVS SR Non-Responders / DVS SR OL | 39.1 |
| ESC Non-Responders / DVS SR OL | 50.8 |
Patients who did not achieve a response to treatment at the end of the 8-week acute double blind phase entered into an open label (OL) treatment phase with DVS SR for 6 months and were evaluated to see if remission was achieved. Remission is defined as a Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score of ≤ 7. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | Percentage of Non-Responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| DVS SR Non-Responders / DVS SR OL | 40.6 |
| ESC Non-Responders / DVS SR OL | 47.5 |
Remission is defined as a Hamilton Psychiatric Rating Scale for Depression (HAM-D17) score of ≤ 7. HAM-D17 is a standardized, clinician-administered rating scale that assesses 17 items characteristically associated with major depression. Individual items are scored on a 0 to 2 or 4 scale (0=none/absent and 4=most severe) for a maximum total score of 50. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | Percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | 37.9 |
| Escitalopram | 48.1 |
EQ-5D is a standardized, subject-administered measure of health outcome. It provides a descriptive profile for 5 dimensions (mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression), using 3 levels (no, moderate, or extreme problems) and a single index value characterizing current health status using a 100-point visual analog scale (0=worst, 100=best). EQ-5D summary index is obtained with a formula that weights each level of the dimensions. The index-based score is interpreted along a continuum of 0 (death) to 1 (perfect health). Change=8 week score minus baseline score. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: Baseline and week 8
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | 0.25 |
| Escitalopram | 0.24 |
DESS is a clinician-administered 43-item assessment that evaluates discontinuation-emergent symptoms resulting from the withdrawal from test article. The DESS total score is the sum of the number of new symptoms and old (but worse) symptoms that appeared during tapering of the test article. A higher score indicates more symptoms. The DESS score was assessed by status of taper. (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: 6 months
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| End of Therapy | Taper week 1 | Taper week 2 | Post-taper | |
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-Release (DVS SR) | 1.49 | 1.18 | 2.29 | 1.61 |
| Escitalopram (ESC) | 1.52 | 1.68 | 3.16 | 1.48 |
CGI-S is a global rating scale that measures the severity of a patient's disease. Using a 7-point scale, the clinician rates the severity of the patient's mental illness at the time of the assessment, relative to the clinician's experience with patients who have the same diagnosis (1= normal; 7= extremely ill). (NCT00406640)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Desvenlafaxine Succinate Sustained-release (DVS SR) | -2.09 |
| Escitalopram | -2.22 |
The Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I) scale measures the clinician's perception of participant improvement at the time of assessment compared with the start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). Least Squares (LS) means were calculated using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) adjusting for treatment, investigator, visit, and treatment-by-visit. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | 2.2 |
| Placebo | 2.3 |
| Escitalopram | 2.0 |
The HAMD-21 is a 21-item assessment used to measure depression severity. Items were rated on a scale from 0 (symptoms not present) to a maximum of 2 to 4 (symptom extremely severe) for a total score ranging from 0 (not at all depressed) to 60 (severely depressed). Least Squares (LS) means were calculated using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) adjusting for treatment, investigator, visit, baseline score, treatment-by-visit, and baseline score-by-visit. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -13.6 |
| Placebo | -13.0 |
| Escitalopram | -15.0 |
A participant meets response criteria if there is at least a 50% reduction in the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-17) total score from baseline to the last observation carried forward (LOCF) endpoint visit. A participant meets remission criteria if the HAMD-17 total score is less than or equal to 7 at the LOCF endpoint visit. The percent of participants meeting criteria is summarized. HAMD-17 is a 17-item assessment used to assess the severity of depression and its improvement during the course of therapy. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 4 (very severe) or a 3-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 2 (marked). Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The total score was the sum of the scores from HAMD-17 Items 1 through 17 and ranged from 0 (not at all depressed) to 52 (severely depressed). (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Response | Remission | |
| Escitalopram | 53.7 | 42.6 |
| LY2216684 | 54.0 | 38.7 |
| Placebo | 48.4 | 31.1 |
Predicted maximal LY2216684 plasma concentrations at steady state (Cmax,ss) are reported, using the dose at the last visit in the study for participants included in the primary efficacy analysis. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Up to 8 weeks
| Intervention | nanograms per milliliter (ng/mL) (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 3 mg dose | 6 mg dose | 9 mg dose | 12 mg dose | |
| LY2216684 | 10.5 | 22.6 | 32 | 40.6 |
The SF-36 Health Status Survey is a generic, health-related scale assessing a participant's quality of life on 8 domains: general health (GH), physical functioning (PF), role-physical, role-emotional, social functioning, bodily pain, vitality, and mental health. Each domain is scored by summing the individual items (GH [range: 5-25]; PF [range: 10-30]; role-physical [range: 4-8]; role-emotional [range: 3-6]; social functioning [range: 2-10]; bodily pain [range: 2-11]; vitality [range: 4-24]; mental health [range: 5-30]) and transforming the scores into a 0 to 100 scale, with higher scores indicating better health status or functioning. Two summary scores (mental component and physical component scores) were constructed based on the 8 SF-36 domains. Mental component summary and physical component summary scores range from 0 to 100 (higher scores indicate better health status). (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mental Component Summary | Physical Component Summary | |
| Escitalopram | 12.4 | 2.74 |
| LY2216684 | 13.4 | 4.17 |
| Placebo | 12.6 | 2.37 |
The WLDRT is a test of visual learning and recall. Participants are shown a series of words (commonly used nouns) and asked to say each of the words aloud, then are asked to recall the words and the total number of correct words recalled is recorded (possible score ranged from 0 to 15 words). The process is repeated 3 times. The Word List Learning Test score is calculated as the average number of words recalled during the first 3 trials. After a 30-minute delay, participants are again asked to recall the words, and the total number of correct words remembered after the delay is recorded as the Delayed Recall Test score. The baseline value was the last non-missing value before the first randomized double-blind study drug administration. Least Squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to week 8
| Intervention | number of correct words (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Word List Learning Test | Delayed Recall Test | |
| Escitalopram | 0.3 | 0.0 |
| LY2216684 | 0.5 | 0.4 |
| Placebo | 0.3 | 0.2 |
The number of participants with at least one serious adverse event, regardless of causality is reported cumulatively through Week 8. A summary of serious and other non-serious adverse events regardless of causality is located in the Reported Adverse Event module. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | 2 |
| Placebo | 1 |
| Escitalopram | 2 |
The HAMD-17 is a 17-item assessment used to assess the severity of depression and its improvement during the course of therapy. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 4 (very severe) or a 3-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 2 (marked). Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The total score was the sum of the scores from HAMD-17 Items 1 through 17 and ranged from 0 (not at all depressed) to 52 (severely depressed). Least Squares (LS) means were calculated using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) adjusting for treatment, investigator, visit, baseline score, treatment-by-visit, and baseline score-by-visit. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -13.2 |
| Placebo | -12.6 |
| Escitalopram | -14.7 |
The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology is a 16-item participant-rated measure of depressive symptomatology. There were 4 possible answers per question that are specific to the question; each question (Q) was scored 0 (no problems) to 3 (increased symptoms). The total score was the sum of the highest number from Q1-4, number from Q5, highest number from Q6-9, total for Q10-14, and the highest number from Q15-16. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 with higher scores indicative of greater severity of depression. Least Squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -10.2 |
| Placebo | -8.3 |
| Escitalopram | -11.6 |
The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) is a brief self-report instrument measuring the participant's perception of his or her insomnia. The ISI score is calculated as the sum of the responses to the 7 items of the ISI scale. Each item is rated on a 0 to 4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28 with a higher score suggesting more severe insomnia. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -7.53 |
| Placebo | -7.44 |
| Escitalopram | -8.02 |
The SDST is an attention-demanding psychomotor component based on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test from the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. The participant is given a symbol/digit code in which each of the digits 1 through 9 is paired with a different symbol. Below the code, a series of symbols selected from those in the code are presented in an irregular order. The participant is instructed to write the number that is appropriate for each symbol in the space below each symbol and to complete as many correct digits as possible within a 90-second test period. For this test, the number of attempts and number of correct digits is collected. The percentage of correct digits is presented based on the number of correct digits divided by the number of attempts, multiplied by 100 (score ranged from 0 to 100% correct). Least squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | percentage of correct digits (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | 3.2 |
| Placebo | 2.5 |
| Escitalopram | 2.2 |
Trail Making A is a neurocognitive test associated with general brain function. While being timed, the participant is instructed to connect 25 randomly placed circled numbers on a page in numerical sequence without lifting their pencil. If a participant makes a mistake, the mistake is pointed out and the participant must start again from the last correct circle. The total time to complete the task (up to 300 seconds, with a lower value indicating better brain function) is recorded. Least squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | seconds (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -9.9 |
| Placebo | -11.1 |
| Escitalopram | -5.6 |
The Two Digit Cancellation Test (2DCT) is a clinical adaptation of the visual search tasks that have been used to investigate cognitive processes involved in attention and visual information processing. For this test, the participant is presented with a piece of paper containing rows of digits. At the top of the page are two target digits. The participant is instructed to examine each row of digits working from top to bottom and left to right crossing off each number that matches either of the two numbers at the top of the page. The number of targets hit, number of errors, and number of times the participant had to be reminded of the task are recorded for the 45-second test. The 2DCT composite cognitive score is calculated as the number of targets hit - number of errors - number of reminders. 2DCT score ranges 0-40 with higher score indicating better cognition. Least squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | 0.8 |
| Placebo | 1.2 |
| Escitalopram | 1.0 |
The Arizona Sexual Experiences Scale (ASEX) is used to assess sexual functioning in both males and females. The ASEX total score for the male and female version is calculated as the sum of the responses (rated from 1 [extremely] to 6 [no/never]) to the 5 items of the ASEX scale. Total scores ranged from 5 to 30 with higher scores indicating greater sexual dysfunction. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -2.68 |
| Placebo | -1.69 |
| Escitalopram | -1.65 |
OAS-M is a clinician-administered semistructured interview designed to assess various manifestations of aggressive behavior. Final scores are rated on 3 scales: Aggression (Agg), Irritability (Irrt), Suicidality (Suic). Agg scale has 4 subscales: Verbal Assault (Aslt), Aslt Against Objects, Aslt Against Others, Aslt Against Self; each item is scored 0-5, multiplied by the frequency of the behavior, then summed together. Agg total score is the weighted sum of the subscale scores (weights: 1=Verbal Aslt, 2=Aslt Against Objects, 3=Aslt Against Others, 4=Aslt Against Self). The Irrt scale has 2 subscales: Global Irrt, Subjective Irrt. Suic scale has 3 subscales: Suicidal Tendencies, Intent of Attempt, Lethality of Attempt. The 2 Irrt and 3 Suic subscales are rated on 6 or 7 point scales from 0=none/not at all to 6/7=very extreme. The total score ranges from 0-10 for the Irrt scale and 0-16 on the Suic scale. Least Squares means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline s (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Aggression total score | Irritability total score | Suicidality total score | |
| Escitalopram | -3.9 | -1.0 | -0.2 |
| LY2216684 | -4.1 | -1.0 | -0.2 |
| Placebo | -4.2 | -0.9 | -0.2 |
The HAMA is a 14-item assessment used to assess the severity of anxiety. The investigator talked to the participant about the symptoms he or she experienced during the previous week. Each item was scored using a 5-point scale (0=not present to 4=very severe). The total score of HAMA ranged from 0 (normal) to 56 (severe). Least Squares (LS) means were adjusted for treatment, investigator, and baseline score. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -9.7 |
| Placebo | -9.6 |
| Escitalopram | -11.6 |
"Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) is a 9-item measure of fatigue severity. Each item is scored by the participant on a scale of 1 (Disagree) to 7 (Agree), with a higher score indicating a stronger agreement with the item statement regarding the participant's fatigue symptoms. The FSS total score ranges from 1 to 7, and is obtained by averaging the responses to the 9 items. Least Squares (LS) means were calculated using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) adjusting for treatment, investigator, visit, baseline score, treatment-by-visit, and baseline score-by-visit." (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -2.0 |
| Placebo | -1.8 |
| Escitalopram | -2.2 |
"The HAMD-17 is a 17-item assessment used to assess the severity of depression and its improvement during the course of therapy. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 4 (very severe) or a 3-point scale of 0 (not present/absent) to 2 (marked). Higher scores indicate greater symptom severity. The Maier-Phillip subscale of the HAMD-17 represents the 6 core symptoms of depression (items: 1=depressed mood, 2=feelings of guilt, 7=work and activities, 8=retardation, 9=agitation, 10=anxiety/psychic). The subscale scores range from 0 (normal) to 24 (severe). Least Squares (LS) means were calculated using mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) adjusting for treatment, investigator, visit, baseline score, treatment-by-visit, and baseline score-by-visit." (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -6.7 |
| Placebo | -6.2 |
| Escitalopram | -7.6 |
Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (BSI) is a 21-item participant-completed questionnaire designed to assess severity of suicidal ideation in adults and adolescents. The BSI total score is calculated as the sum of the responses (rated from 0 to 2 in terms of severity) to the first 19 items of the BSI scale. The BSI total score ranges from 0 to 38, with a higher score indicating a higher degree of suicide ideation. (NCT00420004)
Timeframe: Baseline, up to Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| LY2216684 | -0.90 |
| Placebo | -0.54 |
| Escitalopram | -0.78 |
Total Drinks Consumed per Week on the Time Line Follow Back. We measure the change from Baseline to Week 12 or week of early termination visit. (NCT00452543)
Timeframe: From Baseline visit to Week 12 (or early discontinuation visit)
| Intervention | Drinks consumed per week (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Plus Acamprosate | 15 |
| Escitalopram Plus Placebo | 15 |
The TLFB assesses recent drinking behavior. On the TLFB, clients retrospectively estimate their daily alcohol consumption in standard drinks over a time period ranging from 7 days to 24 months prior to the interview, and thus the measure provides quantitative estimates of alcohol use. One standard drink on the TLFB was defined as: 12 oz beer (5% alcohol by volume), 5 oz of wine (10-12% abv), 3 oz of fortified wine (16-18% abv), or 1-1.2 oz of hard liquor (86-100 proof; 43-50% abv). We measure the change from Baseline to Week 12 or week of early termination visit. (NCT00452543)
Timeframe: From Baseline visit to Week 12 (or early discontinuation visit)
| Intervention | Drinking days (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Plus Acamprosate | 61 |
| Escitalopram Plus Placebo | 61 |
Scores on the HAM-D-17 typically fall into the following ranges: a) Not depressed: 0-7; b) Mildly depressed: 7-15; c) Moderately depressed: 15-25; d) Severely depressed: over 25. A decrease of 50% or more in the Hamilton-D score is considered to be a positive response to treatment, while a score of 7 or less is considered typical of remission. We measure the change in total score from Baseline to Week 12 or week of early termination visit. (NCT00452543)
Timeframe: From baseline visit to Week 12 (or early discontinuation visit)
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Plus Acamprosate | -5.6 |
| Escitalopram Plus Placebo | -7.8 |
Total Drinks Consumed per Drinking Day on the Time Line Follow Back. We measure the change from Baseline to Week 12 or week of early termination visit. (NCT00452543)
Timeframe: From Baseline visit to Week 12 (or early discontinuation visit)
| Intervention | Drinks consumed per drinking day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Plus Acamprosate | 4 |
| Escitalopram Plus Placebo | 4 |
Remission in this study is defined as both a ≥50% decrease in the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) Score and a final 24-item HDRS score <10. Remission of depressive symptoms was calculated for the 28 completers of the SSRI phase. (NCT00456014)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Participants achieving remission | Participants failing to achieve remission | |
| 1 - SSRI | 14 | 14 |
Mean % improvement from baseline to end of treatment trial using the 24-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Percent improvement of depressive symptoms was calculated for the 28 completers of the SSRI phase. The higher the score on the 24-item HDRS, the greater the depression severity. Minimum score on the scale is 0, and maximum score is 74. Subscales are not used for this analysis. (NCT00456014)
Timeframe: Measured at Week 8
| Intervention | % improvement in depression symptoms (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Escitalopram Improvement | Sertraline Improvement | |
| 1 - SSRI | 45.46 | 30.01 |
Participants who did not achieve remission during the SSRI phase advanced to the tricyclic phase of the study. Participants were treated with either desipramine or nortriptyline. Seven participants started the tricyclic phase. Four completed the tricyclic phase. The completers (n=4) were analyzed for remission status. (NCT00456014)
Timeframe: Measured over 8 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Number Achieving Remission | Numbering Failing to Remit | |
| Tricyclic Group | 1 | 3 |
"The primary outcome in this study was based on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17 items (HAMD-17). Clinical Response status was defined as > 50 % reduction in HAMD-17 scores from baseline to endpoint. Clinical Remitter status was defined as endpoint HAMD-17 score < 8.~40 patients (21 female) with major depressive disorder (MDD) started the 12 week study treatment with escitalopram, 25 patients (15 female) completed the 12 weeks." (NCT00464711)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Response | Clinical Remission | |
| Open Label Escitalopram | 16 | 14 |
Drop-out is defined as 7 or more days of missed Buprenorphine doses (NCT00475878)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| 10 mg Escitalopram | 33.3 |
| Placebo | 44.0 |
Depressive symptoms, as measured by self-report during study interviews, using the Beck Depression Inventory II. Scores ranged from 0-63; higher scores indicate more depressive symptoms. (NCT00475878)
Timeframe: 3 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| 10 mg Escitalopram | 12.31 |
| Placebo | 11.35 |
Life Table Survival Analysis run twice, once comparing Dual Therapy (i.e., Bupropion + Escitalopram) to Bupropion alone (i.e., Bupropion + Placebo) and once comparing Dual Therapy to Escitalopram alone (i.e., Escitalopram + Placebo). Because both analyses must significantly favor Dual Therapy, each individual analysis must reach a critical alpha = .0916 in order to reach an over-all alpha = .05. (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | weeks (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion | 8 |
| Escitalopram | 9 |
| Bupropion | 10 |
"Last summary score rating on the 17-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe. Nine are scored from 0-2. Range 0-58.~0-7 = Normal 8-13 = Mild Depression 14-18 = Moderate Depression 19-22 = Severe Depression~≥ 23 = Very Severe Depression" (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depre (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion | 10 |
| Escitalopram | 9 |
| Bupropion | 12 |
Chi square comparison of rates of persistent remission (i.e., no subsequent Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, 17 items [HAMD-D 17] > 7 once HAMD-D 17 <= 7); Dual rate vs. Escitalopram only rate and Dual rate vs. Bupropion only rate. (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion | 52 |
| Escitalopram | 46 |
| Bupropion | 34 |
"The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) intends to measure quality of life in 16 domains. A summary score is computed by adding the scores and dividing by 16 (or the number of answered items if some are not answered).~The minimum raw score on the Q-LES-Q-SF is 14, and the maximum score is 70. Higher score means more satisfaction." (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on the Q-LES-Q scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion | 3.0 |
| Escitalopram | 3.0 |
| Bupropion | 3.1 |
Social adjustment was measured using the Social Adjustment Scale (SAS). The SAS is a self-report scale that assesses depressive symptoms and functioning in nine social and work-related domains generating a total score that is indicative of a subject's overall level of social adjustment. Subjects rate their own social functioning over times on a 5-point scale on items covering work for pay, housework, extended family, parenting, marital status, social activity and leisure, family unit and student status (sub-scales). Mean values of all the sub-scales are used, with a range from 0-5. Higher score = worse outcome … worse functioning (NCT00519428)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on the SAS scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion | 2.65 |
| Escitalopram | 2.63 |
| Bupropion | 2.74 |
A daily diary with 17 symptoms of PMS rated on a 5-point scale to indicate none to very severe symptoms. Minimum score 0; maximum score 408. (NCT00523705)
Timeframe: baseline and 5 months.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| mean score at baseline | mean score at endpoint (5 months) | |
| Escitalopram | 155.6 | 91.6 |
| Sugar Pill | 169 | 121.3 |
Number of participants reaching pre-defined threshold on the QIDS-SR-16 of >/=11. The QIDS-SR-16 total score ranges from 0-27. Scores ranging from 0 to 10 correspond with no to mild depression, while scores >/= 11 correspond to moderate to severe depression. (NCT00536172)
Timeframe: Measured pre-treatment and at Weeks 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 6 |
| Placebo | 16 |
STAI measures anxiety. The questionnaire asks the patients how they feel and allows them to respond on a frequency scale that ranges from 1(not at all) to 4(almost always/very much so). Scores range from 20-80 and the higher the score the greater the anxiety level. This applies to both the Trait and State scales. End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Trait | State | |
| Escitalopram | 31.2 | 27.9 |
| Placebo | 32.0 | 29.5 |
End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: week 6
| Intervention | fmol/mg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 139.7 |
| Placebo | 160.4 |
The Beck Depression Inventory II (BDI-II) is a 21 question, self-administered measure of depressive symptoms. Score range, 0 to 63 (higher score=greater severity of depressive symptoms). End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 week
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 7.4 |
| Placebo | 7.0 |
hostile affect, 0 to 5 (higher score=greater levels of hostile affect). End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 1.6 |
| Placebo | 1.8 |
Score ranges: hostility, 0 to 27 (higher score=greater levels of hostility)/ End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 9.9 |
| Placebo | 10.3 |
End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 week
| Intervention | percentage of change (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 45.8 |
| Placebo | 52.5 |
"A standard 12-lead Electrocardiograph (ECG) will be recorded at 1-minute intervals during the last 3 minutes of each rest period, the 3 minutes of the mental stress testing, and during exercise testing. Heart rate will be determined from the ECGs.~Mental Stress Induced Change in heart rate will be calculated by taking the mean of the mental stress heart rate measurements minus the resting heart rate measurements. End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex." (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: baseline, 6 weeks
| Intervention | beats/minute (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 6.34 |
| Placebo | 9.1 |
Blood pressure will be measured the last 3 minutes of the 20 minute calibration period (resting), every minute during the 3 minutes mental stress testing, the last 3 minutes of the 6 minute rest periods between mental stress testing, and every minute during and after the physical stress testing with an automatic oscillometric blood pressure monitor (Quinton Electronics). Mental Stress Induced Change of Diastolic Blood Pressure will be calculated by taking the mean of the mental stress Diastolic blood pressure measurements minus the resting Diastolic blood pressure. End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6
| Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 11.4 |
| Placebo | 12.2 |
Blood pressure will be measured the last 3 minutes of the 20 minute calibration period (resting), every minute during the 3 minutes mental stress testing, the last 3 minutes of the 6 minute rest periods between mental stress testing, and every minute during and after the physical stress testing with an automatic oscillometric blood pressure monitor (Quinton Electronics). Mental Stress Induced Change of Systolic Blood Pressure will be calculated by taking the mean of the mental stress systolic blood pressure measurements minus the resting Systolic blood pressure. End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: Baseline, week 6
| Intervention | mm Hg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 19.3 |
| Placebo | 23.6 |
Score range, 10 to 50 (higher score = greater levels of perceived stress). End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 21.4 |
| Placebo | 21.8 |
(NCT00574847)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 71.9 |
| Placebo | 44.4 |
MSIMI is defined by the following: compared to rest, 1) any development of new abnormal wall motion; 2) reduction of LVEF 8% and/or; 3) deviation (depression or elevation) of ST-segment of ECG in 2 or more leads lasting for 3 consecutive beats, occurring during at least one of the 3 mental stress tasks. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: Week 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 34.2 |
| Placebo | 17.5 |
MSIMI is defined by the following: compared to rest, 1) any development of new abnormal wall motion; 2) reduction of LVEF 8% and/or; 3) deviation (depression or elevation) of ST-segment of ECG in 2 or more leads lasting for 3 consecutive beats, occurring during at least one of the 3 mental stress tasks. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: week 6
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 66.1 |
| Placebo | 83.9 |
End point values adjusted for baseline values age and sex. (NCT00574847)
Timeframe: 6 weeks
| Intervention | nM (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 4202.4 |
| Placebo | 210.1 |
The Quality of Life Inventory (QOLI) is a 32-item comprehensive self-report of satisfaction in 16 areas of life, such as love, work, and health. Each area is rated in terms of satisfaction and the relationship of that area to overall quality of life. It yields an overall raw score and satisfaction ratings for the 16 individual areas of life. The QOLI raw score is an average of weighted satisfaction ratings computed only over areas of life judged to be Important or Extremely Important to the respondent. Higher scores indicate higher reported quality of life. (NCT00590863)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 7
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion SR | 0.6 |
| Venlafaxine XR + Mirtazapine | 0.4 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 0.4 |
Percentage of patients that achieve remission, as defined as QIDS total score below 6 for last 2 study visits. QIDS depression scores range from 0 (normal) to 27 (very severe). (NCT00590863)
Timeframe: Measured at Month 7
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Bupropion SR | 46.6 |
| Venlafaxine XR + Mirtazapine | 41.8 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 46.0 |
The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale is a clinician-rated measure of cognitive and somatic anxiety symptoms. It consists of 14 items, each of which is scored on a 0-4 scale, summed for a total score ranging from 0 to 56. Inclusion criteria for this study included a Hamilton score >= 17. The Hamilton, administered by blind raters, will be used to test hypotheses number 1 and 2. The outcome of interest is the number of participants who relapse, defined as having a Hamilton increase of >=5, for a total Hamilton >=14, relative to the end of the continuation phase (week 28), for a duration of at least 2 weeks, plus both clinician's and participant's judgment that the participant is experiencing a recurrence of anxiety symptoms. HAMA scores range from 0 (no anxiety) to 56 (high anxiety). (NCT00601965)
Timeframe: 56 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + CBT | 18 |
| Escitalopram + no CBT | 15 |
| Placebo + CBT | 14 |
| Placebo + no CBT | 8 |
The Penn State Worry Questionnaire is a 16-item measure of pathological worry. Scores range from 16-80, with higher scores indicating higher levels of worry. (NCT00601965)
Timeframe: 56 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + CBT | 52.8 |
| Escitalopram + no CBT | 53.4 |
| Placebo + CBT | 54.4 |
| Placebo + no CBT | 57.7 |
The IDS-SR is a 30 item (self-report questionnaire) designed to assess symptoms of depression. Scores range from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the worse the depressive symptoms (worse outcome). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 26.3 |
| Matching Placebo | 24.6 |
The IDS-SR is a 30 item (self-report questionnaire) designed to assess symptoms of depression. Scores range from 0 to 90. The higher the score, the worse the depressive symptoms (worse outcome). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 35.2 |
| Placebo | 42.9 |
The ACQ is a questionnaire used to assess symptoms pertinent to asthma management. Scores range from 0 to 42. The higher the score, the worse the asthma symptoms (worse outcome). The total ACQ score is obtained by dividing the raw score by the total number of items (in this case 7 items). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 1.9 |
| Placebo | 2.9 |
The ACQ is a questionnaire used to assess symptoms pertinent to asthma management.Scores range from 0 to 42. The higher the score, the worse the asthma symptoms (worse outcome). The total ACQ score is obtained by dividing the raw score by the total number of items (in this case 7 items). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 1.9 |
| Matching Placebo | 2.4 |
The HAM-D is a 17 item questionnaire (a clinician-administered depression scale) designed to evaluate severity of depressive symptoms. Scores can range from 0 to 52. The higher the score, the worse the depressive symptoms (worse outcome). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 24.8 |
| Placebo | 28.3 |
The HAM-D is a 17 item questionnaire (a clinician-administered depression scale) designed to evaluate severity of depressive symptoms. Scores can range from 0 to 52. The higher the score, the worse the depressive symptoms (worse outcome). (NCT00621946)
Timeframe: Up to 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 16.7 |
| Matching Placebo | 17.7 |
(NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 week
| Intervention | kg (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -0.43 |
| Placebo | 1.12 |
The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) is a 14-item self-report scale designed to assess the symptoms of NES including nocturnal ingestions, evening hyperphagia, morning anorexia, and mood/sleep. Scores range from 0-56, with higher scores indicative of greater severity. The NEQ has an acceptable internal consistency reliability (.70). A cut-score of 25 has been shown to yield a positive predictive value of .62. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: baseline, 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -13.0 |
| Placebo | -10.6 |
The Night Eating Questionnaire (NEQ) is a 14 item self-report scale designed to assess the symptoms of NES including nocturnal ingestions, evening hypcrphagia, morning anorexia, and mood/slccp. Scores range from 0 to 56, with higher scores indicative of greater severity. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 7 |
| Placebo | 6 |
The CGI-I scale is a clinician rating of overall therapeutic effect ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse) since commencing treatment. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 12 |
| Placebo | 7 |
TASK = task-oriented coping; EMOT = emotion-oriented coping; AVD = avoidance-focused coping; Avoidance-focused coping may be divided into two subtypes: DIS = distraction-oriented coping; SOC = social diversion-oriented coping. CISS is a 48 item self-report measure used to measure responses to stressful situations rated for frequency on a 5 point Likert scales ranging from1, not at all to 5, very much. This measure assesses three coping styles: Task-Oriented, Emotion-Oriented, and two types of Avoidance-Oriented coping (Social Diversion and Distraction). There are 16 items on each of the primary scales (task, emotion, avoidance) and 5 on social diversion and 8 on distraction. Scores are summed for each subscale and then converted to gender-corrected t-scores with a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. T-scores on the CISS range from a low of 25 (1st percentile) to 75 (99th percentile). Higher scores indicate more adaptive levels of coping. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
| Intervention | t-scores (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CISS-TASK | CISS-EMOT | CISS-AVD | CISS-DIS | CISS-SOC | |
| Escitalopram | 1.75 | -1.45 | 2.60 | 1.95 | 2.15 |
| Placebo | 2.35 | 1.25 | 0 | 3.40 | -2.45 |
(NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline,12 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HDL | LDL | Triglycerides | total cholesterol | |
| Escitalopram | -2.8 | -3.9 | 27.5 | -4.5 |
| Placebo | -2.2 | 2.8 | -14.0 | -2.3 |
"The TFEQ (also known as the Eating Inventory) measures dimensions of eating behavior including cognitive restraint of eating, disinhibition, and hunger using a combination of dichotomous questions, 4-point likert scales, and one 5-point likert scale. Restraint is comprised of the responses to 21 questions with possible scores ranging from 0 to 21 (Low scores for all scales indicate an uninhibited eating behavior.). Disinhibition is comprised of the responses to 16 questions with possible scores ranging from 0 to 16 (High scores indicate an uninhibited eating behavior strongly depending on external cues). Hunger is comprised of the responses to 14 questions with possible scores ranging from 0 to 14 ( Low scores indicate an eating behavior strongly depending on feelings of hunger.).~RES = Restraint Subscale; DIS = Disinhibition Subscale; HUN = Hunger Subscale" (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| TFEQ-RES | TFEQ-DIS | TFEQ-HUN | |
| Escitalopram | 1.85 | -1.50 | -1.75 |
| Placebo | 2.95 | -0.85 | -1.60 |
The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a 21-item self-report measure of anxiety. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicative of higher levels of anxiety. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -1.5 |
| Placebo | -1.8 |
The BDI-II is a 21-item self-report questionnaire designed to measure cognitive, somatic, and behavioral aspects of depression. Scores range from 0 to 63, with higher scores indicating a higher level of depressive symptoms. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -2.4 |
| Placebo | -3.5 |
(NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Baseline, 12 Week
| Intervention | mg/dL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 3.9 |
| Placebo | 7.6 |
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) measures the overall level of stress. This instrument contains 14 items accessing overall appraisals of stress in the past month. Minimum score (best value)=0. Maximum score (worst value)=56. A higher score indicates greater stress. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -0.55 |
| Escitalopram | -2.11 |
The Night Eating Syndrome History and Inventory (NESHI) is an unpublished, semistructured interview used to confirm a diagnosis of NES. It assesses a typical 24-hour food intake, including a recall of all meals and snacks, and sleeping patterns. Based on the recall of all meals and snacks, the interviewer judged whether ≥25% of the daily caloric intake was eaten after the evening meal and how often nocturnal ingestions occurred. The NEQ items were reviewed and informed by the dietary recall during the interview, and a new total score was tallied. A final score of ≥25 for the NEQ items, as reviewed during the NESHI, was used as the criterion for NES. (NCT00636649)
Timeframe: Week 12
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 16 |
| Placebo | 12 |
The Social Adjustment Scale - Self-Report (SAS-SR) is a 54-item self-report measure of instrumental and expressive role performance. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, and a mean item score (ranging from 1-5) is obtained, with higher scores indicating greater impairment. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | mean score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 2.09 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 2.03 |
The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression is a clinician-administered rating scale that assesses severity of depressive symptoms and is one of the most widely used and validated symptom severity measures for depression. Each of the 17 items is rated by the clinician on either a 3- or a 5 point scale. Total scores range from 0-52, with higher scores indicating greater depressive symptoms. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 8.33 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 10.08 |
The Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS) is 5-item self-report measure designed to identify functional impairment that is attributed to an identified problem or condition. and has been used in studies of depression and anxiety. Scores range between 0-40, with higher scores indicating worse functioning. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 15.56 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 13.91 |
The Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire (Q-LES-Q) measures satisfaction and enjoyment in various domains of functioning: physical health, feelings, work, household duties, school/course work, leisure time activities, social relations, and general activities. The raw score is converted into a percent of the maximum possible score and ranges from 0 to 100. Higher scores indicate greater enjoyment and satisfaction. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 69.84 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 70.24 |
The Short-Form Health Survey - version 2 (SF-36) is a self-report inventory measuring different domains of health-related quality of life: Physical Functioning, Physical Role Functioning, Bodily Pain, General Health, Vitality, Social Functioning, Emotional Role Functioning, and Mental Health. Scores range from 0 to 100, with higher scores indicating better perceived health and functioning. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Physical Functioning | Social Functioning | Physical Role Functioning | Emotional Role Functioning | Mental Health | Vitality | Bodily Pain | General Health | |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 88.33 | 68.75 | 86.11 | 75.00 | 70.42 | 54.69 | 87.96 | 79.25 |
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 80.50 | 69.44 | 75.00 | 67.59 | 68.00 | 49.38 | 75.31 | 74.90 |
Number of minutes until fell asleep (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | minutes (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 30.4 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 15.8 |
The Patient Perception of Benefits of Care (PPBC) assesses how much patients believe their quality of life will improve in response to medical care or treatment. Scores range between 10-50, with lower scores indicating greater belief that treatment will improve quality of life. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 20.33 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 20.08 |
Remission as defined by a score of <12 on the Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Clinician-Rated version (IDS-C30) at Week 12; minimum possible score = 0, maximum possible score = 84; higher scores indicate worse symptom severity (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 20 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 36 |
The Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI) was used to report impairment while working or performing usual daily activities as a result of health problems. The activity impairment item (#6 of WPAI) is rated on a scale of 0-10, with higher scores indicating greater impairment. Scores are multiplied by 10 to obtain percent impairment. (NCT00642694)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | percentage of time activity was impaired (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + Ramelteon | 40.00 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 32.50 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is a clinician-administered tool used to determine a patient's level of depression before, during, and after treatment. The HAM-D form lists 21 items, but the scoring is based on the first 17 questions. Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe. Nine are scored from 0-2. The scores from each item are added together to provide a total score. The sum of the scores from the first 17 questions provides an indication for level of depression. 0-7 = normal, 8-13 = mild depression, 14-18 = moderate depression, 19-22=severe depression and ≥ 23=very severe depression. (NCT00643162)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Swedish Massage | 13 |
| Light-Touch | 10.7 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) is a clinician-administered tool used to determine a patient's level of anxiety before, during, and after treatment. The HAM-A is a 14-item assessment and each item is scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = very severe. The sum of the scores is: 0-17 = mild anxiety, 18-24 = moderate anxiety, 25-30 = severe anxiety, and >30 = very severe anxiety. (NCT00643162)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Swedish Massage | 5.3 |
| Light-Touch | 2.7 |
The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a series of 21-question, self-report rating inventory developed at a 5th grade reading level that measures characteristic attitudes and symptoms of depression. It was develop to detect, assess and monitor changes in depressive symptoms. For people who have been clinically diagnosed with depression, scores from 0 to 9 represent minimal depressive symptoms, scores of 10 to 16 indicate mild depression, scores of 17 to 29 indicate moderate depression, and scores of 30 to 63 indicate severe depression. (NCT00643162)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Swedish Massage | 8.7 |
| Light-Touch | 6.3 |
The HAMD is a clinician-rated 24-item scale was used to rate the patient's depressive state. It was also used to identify obsessive-compulsive, genital, and somatic symptoms, as well as diurnal variation in the presence of symptoms. Each item was scored on a 3, 4 or 5-point Likert scale. A score of 0 indicated the absence of symptoms, and a score of 2, 3 or 4 indicated symptoms of maximum severity. The total score range is 0 to 74 (higher score indicates a greater depressive state). (NCT00668525)
Timeframe: Change from baseline in HAM-D at week 8
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Low Dose | -11.5 |
| Escitalopram High Dose | -11.6 |
| Placebo | -8.5 |
The MADRS is a 10-item clinician-rated scale that was used to assess depressive symptomatology over the patient's prior week. Patients were rated on 10 items designed to assess feelings of sadness, lassitude, pessimism, inner tension, suicidality, reduced sleep or appetite, difficulty concentrating, and lack of interest. Each item was scored on a 7-point Likert scale; a score of 0 indicated the absence of symptoms, and a score of 6 indicated symptoms of maximum severity. The total score range is 0 to 60 (higher score indicates a greater severity of symptoms). (NCT00668525)
Timeframe: Change from baseline in MADRS total score at week 8
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Low Dose | -12.8 |
| Escitalopram High Dose | -13.4 |
| Placebo | -10.1 |
(NCT00702780)
Timeframe: 52 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -3.27 |
| Placebo | -2.30 |
(NCT00702780)
Timeframe: 52 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -7.63 |
| Placebo | -7.28 |
Standard scale for depression used in clinical trials. Range: 0 - 54. A score of 0-7 is considered to be normal. 8 - 13 mild depression. Scores of 20 or higher indicate moderate -severe depression. (NCT00707863)
Timeframe: Baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline 17-item HAM-D | Post-8 week treatment 17-item HAM-D | |
| Depressed Subjects Age: 16 - 50 Yrs | 19 | 6 |
| Depressed Subjects Age: 18 - 25 Yrs | 18 | 6 |
Number of urine drug screens positive for cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine. (NCT00732901)
Timeframe: 5 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | Positive urine drug screens (Number) |
|---|---|
| A (Escitalopram) | 9 |
| B (Placebo) | 8 |
Attentional bias is the difference in reaction time to cocaine related words and neutral words. A slower reaction time indicates greater attentional bias. (NCT00732901)
Timeframe: 5 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | milliseconds (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Acute | Chronic Day 1 | Chronic Day 2 | Chronic Day 3 | Chronic Day 4 | |
| A (Escitalopram) | 90.2 | -8.6 | 56.4 | 45.0 | 23.4 | 63.6 |
| B (Placebo) | 45.9 | 37.4 | 35.4 | 15.4 | -11.3 | 4.4 |
MRI scans from 41 participants (23 depressed and 18 controls), including fMRI scans using an emotional distractor task, were analyzed for differences between groups in activation in a priori regions (amygdala and DLPFC), measured with BOLD signal, for two conditions of the task - attend fearful and ignore fearful, both at baseline and following 8 weeks of treatment for the depressed group. Voxel-wise comparisons (ANOVAs) were performed to determine differences in activations between groups within these regions. Positive values reflect a BOLD activation in that region; negative reflects a BOLD de-activation in that region. We expect more positive values (greater activation) in depressed participants at baseline than in controls during the attend fearful task, and more negative values (greater de-activation) in controls at baseline than depressed during the ignore fearful task. These differences were expected to lessen significantly following treatment in the depressed group. (NCT00749125)
Timeframe: baseline and week 8
| Intervention | Voxels (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline - Amygdala - attend fear | Baseline - Amygdala - ignore fear | Baseline - DLPFC - attend fear | Baseline - DLPFC - ignore fear | Time 2 - Amygdala - attend fearful | Time 2 - Amygdala - Ignore fearful | Time 2 - DLPFC - Attend fearful | Time 2 - DLPFC - Ignore fearful | |
| 1 Lexapro | -0.021 | 0.021 | 0.072 | 0.063 | -0.031 | -0.031 | 0.026 | 0.091 |
| 2 Control | 0.084 | -0.030 | -0.025 | 0.073 | -0.032 | -0.041 | 0.075 | 0.109 |
A published and widely used scale for measuring severity of depression. Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale scores can range from 0-60. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression. Total scores are reported with no subscales. (NCT00754936)
Timeframe: 14 weeks from enrollment (12 weeks from medication start)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 12.23 |
A published and widely-used scale for rating depression severity, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24 item total scores range from 0-76. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression. Total scores are reported with no subscales. (NCT00754936)
Timeframe: 14 weeks from enrollment (12 weeks from medication start)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 11.47 |
The Q-LES-Q (Short Form) is a self-report measure designed to enable physicians to easily obtain sensitive measures of the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced by participants in various areas of daily functioning. Each item is scored on a five-point scale, with 1= Very Poor; 2=Poor; 3=Fair; 4=Good; 5=Very Good. Lower scores indicating less enjoyment or satisfaction with the activity. According to the scoring system suggested for this questionnaire, item 16 (Overall Life Satisfaction) will yield a separate subscore. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 0.30 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 0.30 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 0.35 |
| Placebo | 0.28 |
"The MADRS is utilized as the primary efficacy assessment of a participant's level of depression. The MADRS consists of 10 items, all rated on a 0 to 6 scale with 0 being the best rating and 6 being the worst rating. The MADRS Total Score is the sum of ratings for all 10 items. The possible Total scores are from 0 to 60. The MADRS Total Score was unevaluable if less than 8 of the 10 items are recorded. If 8 or 9 of the 10 items were recorded, the MADRS Total Score was the mean of the recorded items multiplied by 10 and then rounded to the first decimal place." (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -6.62 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -6.46 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -8.23 |
| Placebo | -6.09 |
CGI-I response is defined as CGI-I of 1 [very much improved] or 2 [much improved]. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=62, 117, 116, 121) | Week 10 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 11 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 12 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 13 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 14 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 16.1 | 25.8 | 32.3 | 35.5 | 37.1 | 38.7 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 11.1 | 17.6 | 29.4 | 33.6 | 37.0 | 37.0 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 14.7 | 24.6 | 35.6 | 42.4 | 49.2 | 52.5 |
| Placebo | 14.9 | 27.0 | 29.4 | 31.7 | 33.3 | 41.3 |
A MADRS remission was defined as MADRS Total Score /= 50% reduction in MADRS Total Score from end of Phase A (Week 8 visit). (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=61, 117, 116, 121) | Week 10 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 11 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 12 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 13 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 14 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 3.28 | 8.06 | 12.9 | 21.0 | 19.4 | 22.6 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 1.71 | 5.04 | 10.1 | 10.1 | 16.8 | 15.1 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 1.72 | 10.2 | 14.4 | 19.5 | 15.3 | 23.7 |
| Placebo | 4.13 | 8.73 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 15.1 | 13.5 |
A MADRS response was defined as >/= 50% reduction in MADRS Total Score from end of Phase A (Week 8 visit). (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=61, 117, 116, 121) | Week 10 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 11 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 12 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 13 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 14 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 4.92 | 8.06 | 19.4 | 30.6 | 24.2 | 27.4 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 6.84 | 8.40 | 15.1 | 15.1 | 22.7 | 20.2 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 2.59 | 11.0 | 18.6 | 25.4 | 25.4 | 34.7 |
| Placebo | 8.26 | 9.52 | 13.5 | 11.9 | 18.3 | 19.8 |
CGI-I items are: 0 = not assessed, 1 = very much improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse, 6 = much worse, 7 = very much worse. The score of 0 (= not assessed) will be set to missing. The CGI-I is therefore a 7-point scale from 1 through 7. CGI-I was assessed at each visit in Phase B, and improvement is judged with respect to the participant's condition at baseline. CGI-I was also assessed at each visit in Phase B, but in that phase improvement is judged with respect to the partcipant's condition at the end of Phase A. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14.
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=62, 117, 116, 121) | Week 10 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 11 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 12 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 13 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 14 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 3.39 | 3.16 | 2.94 | 2.87 | 2.85 | 2.74 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 3.30 | 3.19 | 3.02 | 2.90 | 2.76 | 2.78 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 3.20 | 2.95 | 2.80 | 2.70 | 2.64 | 2.52 |
| Placebo | 3.31 | 3.11 | 2.94 | 2.95 | 2.90 | 2.83 |
CGI-S items are: 0 = not assessed, 1 = normal, not at all ill, 2 = borderline mentally ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill patients. The score 0 (= not assessed) was set to missing. The CGI-S was therefore a 7-point scale from 1 through 7. CGI-S was assessed at screening, baseline and each subsequent visit from Week 1 through Week 14. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -0.83 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -0.81 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -1.06 |
| Placebo | -0.71 |
CGI-S items are: 0 = not assessed, 1 = normal, not at all ill, 2 = borderline mentally ill, 3 = mildly ill, 4 = moderately ill, 5 = markedly ill, 6 = severely ill, 7 = among the most extremely ill patients. The score 0 (= not assessed) was set to missing. The CGI-S was therefore a 7-point scale from 1 through 7. CGI-S was assessed at screening, baseline and each subsequent visit from Week 1 through Week 14. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=62,117,116,121) | Week 10 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 11 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 12 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 13 (N=62,119,118,126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -0.21 | -0.42 | -0.53 | -0.76 | -0.74 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -0.26 | -0.39 | -0.53 | -0.66 | -0.78 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -0.33 | -0.61 | -0.69 | -0.86 | -0.88 |
| Placebo | -0.21 | -0.40 | -0.47 | -0.52 | -0.59 |
"The MADRS is utilized as the primary efficacy assessment of a patient's level of depression. The MADRS consists of 10 items, all rated on a 0 to 6 scale with 0 being the best rating and 6 being the worst rating. The MADRS Total Score is the sum of ratings for all 10 items. The possible Total scores are from 0 to 60. The MADRS Total Score was unevaluable if less than 8 of the 10 items are recorded. If 8 or 9 of the 10 items were recorded, the MADRS Total Score was the mean of the recorded items multiplied by 10 and then rounded to the first decimal place." (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=61,117,116,121) | Week 10 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 11 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 12 (N=62,119,118,126) | Week 13 (N=62,119,118,126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -2.13 | -3.69 | -5.53 | -6.97 | -6.90 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -3.00 | -3.78 | -5.71 | -6.31 | -6.76 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -2.75 | -4.97 | -5.88 | -7.01 | -7.18 |
| Placebo | -2.48 | -3.64 | -4.40 | -4.41 | -5.47 |
"The IDS-SR is a 30-item self-report measure used to assess core diagnostic depressive symptoms as well as atypical and melancholic symptom features of major depressive disorders. The IDS-SR consists of 30 items, all rated on a 0 to 3 scale with 0 being the best rating and 3 being the worst rating. The IDS-SR Total Score is the sum of ratings of 28 item scores. The possible IDS-SR Total Score ranges from 0 to 84. The IDS-SR Total Score was un-evaluable if less than 23 of the 28 items are recorded. If the number of items was at least 23 and at most 27, the IDS-SR Total Score will be the mean of the recorded items multiplied by 28 and then rounded to the first decimal place." (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to each of Week 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 9 (N=61, 117,116,121) | Week 10 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 11 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 12 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 13 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | Week 14 (N=62, 119, 118, 126) | |
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -0.98 | -2.13 | -3.58 | -5.11 | -5.34 | -5.55 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -1.88 | -2.58 | -3.41 | -3.77 | -5.22 | -4.96 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -2.04 | -4.08 | -4.82 | -5.77 | -5.65 | -6.74 |
| Placebo | -0.98 | -1.62 | -2.09 | -2.07 | -2.37 | -3.08 |
"The HAM-D17 is utilized as a secondary assessment of a participant's level of depression. The HAM-D (17-Item) consists of 17 items. Eight items are rated on a 0 to 2 scale (items 4, 5, 6, 12, 13, 14, 16 and 17), while nine items (items 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 15) are rated on a 0 to 4 scale (twice the weight of the other items). For all of these items, 0 is the best rating and the highest score (2 or 4) is the worst rating. The possible total scores are from 0 to 52." (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -5.77 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -5.28 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -6.59 |
| Placebo | -5.23 |
The Q-LES-Q (Short Form) is a self-report measure designed to enable physicians to easily obtain sensitive measures of the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced by participants in various areas of daily functioning. Each item is scored on a five-point scale, with 1= Very Poor; 2=Poor; 3=Fair; 4=Good; 5=Very Good. Lower scores indicating less enjoyment or satisfaction with the activity. According to the scoring system suggested for this questionnaire, item 15 (Satisfaction with Medication) will yield a separate subscore. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 0.02 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 0.01 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 0.02 |
| Placebo | 0.00 |
The Q-LES-Q is a self-report measure to enable physicians to obtain sensitive measures of the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced by participants in various areas of daily functioning. Each item is scored on a five-point scale, with 1= Very Poor; 2=Poor; 3=Fair; 4=Good; 5=Very Good. Lower scores indicating less enjoyment or satisfaction with the activity. The Overall-General Subscore will be defined by summing the scores on all 14 items and expressing it as the percent of the maximum possible score. When expressing the total score as a percentage, if items are left blank the range will be modified to reflect the number of items scored. Raw score is sum of non-missing ratings from items 1 to 14. Minimum score is number of non-missing items. Maximum score is 5*(minimum score). Range is maximum score minus minimum score. Total score is 100*(Raw score minus minimum score)/ Range, rounded to nearest integer. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Percentage of maximum possible score (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | 7.60 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | 6.53 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | 7.46 |
| Placebo | 5.92 |
The Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) is a self-rated instrument used to measure the effect of the participant's symptoms on work/school, social life, and family/home responsibilities. For each of the three items, scores range from 0 through 10. The number most representative of how much each area was disrupted by symptoms is marked along the line from 0 = not at all, to 10 = extremely. For the work/school item, no response was to be entered if the participant did not work or go to school for reasons unrelated to the disorder and a response therefore not being applicable. The Mean SDS Score will be calculated over the three item scores. All three item scores need to be available with the exception of the work/school item score when this item is not applicable. (NCT00797966)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| OPC-34712 0.15 mg Fixed Dose | -0.84 |
| OPC-34712 0.5 ± 0.25 mg Low Dose | -0.80 |
| OPC-34712 1.5 ± 0.5 mg High Dose | -1.27 |
| Placebo | -0.61 |
The HADS is a patient-rated scale designed to screen for anxiety and depressive states in medical patients. It consists of two sub-scales: the D-scale measures depression and the A-scale measures anxiety. Each sub-scale contains 7 items, and each item is rated from 0 (absent) to 3 (maximum severity). The score of each sub-scale ranges from 0 to 21, and are analysed separately. The total HADS score ranges from 0 to 42. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -9.7 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -14.7 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -14.1 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -15.0 |
The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -1.04 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -1.65 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -1.58 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -1.76 |
The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: at Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | 2.97 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | 2.21 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | 2.35 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | 2.26 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -2.7 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -3.8 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -3.8 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -4.0 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -2.7 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -3.9 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -3.8 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -4.1 |
The MADRS is a 10-item rating scale designed to assess the severity of the symptoms in depressive illness and to be sensitive to treatment effects. Symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptom) to 6 (severe symptom). Definitions of severity are provided at 2-point intervals. The total score of the 10 items ranges from 0 to 60. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Baseline to 8 weeks
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -13.4 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -19.0 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -18.5 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -19.4 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -2.8 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -4.0 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -3.9 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -4.1 |
The MADRS is a 10-item rating scale designed to assess the severity of the symptoms in depressive illness and to be sensitive to treatment effects. Symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptom) to 6 (severe symptom). Definitions of severity are provided at 2-point intervals. The total score of the 10 items ranges from 0 to 60. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -13.4 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -19.0 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -18.5 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -19.4 |
The ISI is both a brief screening measure of insomnia and an outcomes measure for use in treatment research. It is a brief self-report instrument measuring the patient's perception of his or her insomnia, and it comprises 7 items. Each item is rated on a 0-4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. 0 = no symptoms and 28 = severe symptoms. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -6.9 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily) | -10.0 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -9.6 |
| Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily) | -10.6 |
Time to confirmed remission is defined as the time from the day of study randomization (Visit 2) to the date of first observation of confirmed remission defined as a score on the HAMD-17 of ≤ 7 for 2 consecutive visits. The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | 12.9 |
| Delayed Intervention | NA |
Survival function is estimating the probability of participants not achieving confirmed response after 12 weeks. Confirmed response is defined as >=50% change from baseline reduction in the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 Items (HAMD-17). The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | estimated probability (percent) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | 28 |
| Delayed Intervention | 26 |
Survival function is estimating the probability of participants not achieving confirmed remission. Confirmed remission is defined as a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 Items (HAMD-17) Score of ≤ 7 that is maintained for two consecutive visits. The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | estimated probability (percent) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | 52 |
| Delayed Intervention | 59 |
Time to confirmed remission is defined as the time from the day of study randomization (Visit 2) to the date of first observation of confirmed remission. A 16-item participant-rated measure of depressive symptomatology. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 with higher scores indicative of greater severity. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | NA |
| Delayed Intervention | NA |
VAS for pain consists of 6 questions that assess overall pain, headache, back pain, shoulder pain, pain interference with daily activities, and pain while awake. Participant rates pain on a 10 centimeter (cm) line between two anchors (0= no pain and 10=very severe pain). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=282, 284) | Week 4 (n=281, 283) | Week 6 (n=270, 271) | Week 8 (n=245, 241) | Week 10 (n=207, 204) | Week 12 (n=170, 181) | Week 14 (n=151, 152) | Week 16 (n=143, 152) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.5 | 2.3 |
| Early Intervention | 3.6 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 2.0 |
Time to confirmed response is defined as the time from the day of study randomization (Visit 2) to the date of first observation of confirmed response defined as ≥ 50% baseline score reduction on the HAMD-17 for 2 consecutive visits. The 17-item HAMD measures depression severity. Each item was evaluated and scored using either a 5-point scale, e.g. absent, mild, moderate, severe, very severe) or a 3-point scale (e.g. absent, mild, marked). The total score of HAMD-17 may range from 0 (normal) to 52 (severe). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | 6.4 |
| Delayed Intervention | 8.0 |
The SDS is completed by the participant and is used to assess the effect of the participant's symptoms on their work/social/family life. Total scores range from 0 to 30 with higher values indicating greater disruption in the participant's work/social/family life. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=216, 217) | Week 4 (n=215, 215) | Week 8 (n=186, 188) | Week 12 (n=140, 144) | Week 16 (n=113, 121) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 19.9 | 17.5 | 14.0 | 13.2 | 10.2 |
| Early Intervention | 19.9 | 16.9 | 13.5 | 12.1 | 10.3 |
Only those participants who missed at least 1 hour of work were included. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | Hours (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=73, 89) | Week 8 (n=54, 67) | Week 12 (n=38, 56) | Week 16 (n=25, 39) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 95.0 | 102.3 | 104.5 | 126.4 |
| Early Intervention | 88.6 | 92.5 | 85.0 | 91.5 |
Only those participants who missed at least 1 hour of work due to depression were included. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | Hours (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=70, 86) | Week 8 (n=47, 61) | Week 12 (n=31, 52) | Week 16 (n=24, 38) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 95.1 | 109.7 | 111.4 | 126.0 |
| Early Intervention | 90.6 | 98.5 | 98.7 | 91.9 |
(NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | Visits (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=36, 55) | Week 8 (n=14, 22) | Week 12 (n=8, 12) | Week 16 (n=4, 7) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 1.6 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 1.6 |
| Early Intervention | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 2.0 |
(NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | Visits (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=25, 16) | Week 8 (n=8, 8) | Week 12 (n=3, 2) | Week 16 (n=2, 1) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 1.7 | 1.9 | 1.0 | 3.0 |
| Early Intervention | 2.2 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.0 |
(NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | Hours (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 (n=153, 159) | Week 8 (n=136, 141) | Week 12 (n=119, 115) | Week 16 (n=96, 96) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 38.6 | 37.7 | 38.1 | 38.0 |
| Early Intervention | 37.7 | 37.9 | 37.7 | 37.2 |
(NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 4 | Week 8 | Week 12 | Week 16 | |
| Delayed Intervention | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Early Intervention | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The list of AEs is located in the Reported Adverse Event module. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline through Week 16
| Intervention | participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Number of participants with adverse events | Number of participants with serious adverse events | |
| Delayed Intervention | 101 | 4 |
| Early Intervention | 112 | 8 |
The EQ-5D is a generic, multidimensional, health-related, quality of life instrument. The profile allows participants to rate their health state in 5 health domains: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and mood. A single score between 1 and 3 is generated for each domain. For each participant, the outcome rating on the 5 domains will be mapped to a single index through an algorithm. The index ranges between 0 and 1, with the higher score indicating a better health state perceived by the participant. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=279, 282) | Week 4 (n=279, 282) | Week 8 (n=244, 238) | Week 12 (n=168, 178) | Week 16 (n=143, 153) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 0.3 | 0.5 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 |
| Early Intervention | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
The EQ-5D Health State Score is self-rated health on a vertical, visual analogue scale measured in centimeters (cm) and reported as units on a scale. Best imaginable health state = 10 cm and worst imaginable health state = 0 cm. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8, Week 12, Week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=281, 283) | Week 4 (n=282, 280) | Week 8 (n=244, 237) | Week 12 (n=169, 177) | Week 16 (n=142, 153) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 3.9 | 4.5 | 5.4 | 5.8 | 6.5 |
| Early Intervention | 4.2 | 4.9 | 5.7 | 5.9 | 6.5 |
Measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8, Week 10, Week 12, Week 14, Week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=282, 284) | Week 4 (n=281, 284) | Week 6 (n=271, 277) | Week 8 (n=254, 254) | Week 10 (n=231, 236) | Week 12 (n=203, 214) | Week 14 (n=184, 194) | Week 16 (n=178, 182) | |
| Delayed Intervention | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 2.5 | 2.2 |
| Early Intervention | 4.6 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.2 |
Time to confirmed response is defined as the time from the day of study randomization (Visit 2) to the date of first observation of confirmed response. QIDS16SR is a 16-item participant-rated measure of depressive symptomatology. The total score ranges from 0 to 27 with higher scores indicative of greater severity. (NCT00810069)
Timeframe: Week 4 through Week 16
| Intervention | weeks (Median) |
|---|---|
| Early Intervention | 6.0 |
| Delayed Intervention | 6.9 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the theta wave recorded from channel 4 of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0336 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0009 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0076 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .0070 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the theta wave recorded from channel 3 of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0362 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0090 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0015 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .272 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the beetawave recorded from channel 4 of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the beta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0483 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | .0173 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0063 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .0179 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the theta wave recorded from channel 1 of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .225 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0455 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0075 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .003 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a clinician-rated scale used to rate depression severity. The maximum score is a 50 and the minimum score is a 0, where higher scores indicate greater severity. Scores from 14 to 18 indicate moderately severe depression. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) | 10.64 |
| Escitalopram | 13.78 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in absolute power of the beta wave recorded from the ear channel of the EEG. The ear channel refers to the average of channels 3 and 4. (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0537 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0167 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0670 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | -.01401 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in absolute power of the beta wave recorded from channel 4 of the EEG (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0930 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0102 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0683 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .0056 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the theta wave recorded from the ear channel of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. The ear channel refers to the average of channels 3 and 4 (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0349 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0050 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0046 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .0171 |
Change between baseline and LOCF in relative power of the theta wave recorded from the temporal channel of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. The temporal channel refers to the average of channels 1 and 2 (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Hz (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | .0182 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | -.0159 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | .0125 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | .0027 |
Percent change between baseline and week 1 in relative power of the theta wave recorded from the ear channel of the EEG. Relative power refers to the percentage of power in the theta wave compared with the total power in the patient's EEG. The ear channel refers to the average of channels 3 and 4 (NCT00824044)
Timeframe: 1 week
| Intervention | percent (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Non Responders in CBT Arm | 44.1809 |
| Responders in CBT Arm | 8 |
| Non Responders in Medication Arm | 7.5180 |
| Responders in Medication Arm | 23.3718 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to happy and fearful faces presented in a rapid covert or masked presentation. The response following two weeks of escitalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of citalopram. The cluster of differential activation was located in the left middle temporal gyrus. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: two weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 478 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective words contrasted with activation in response to a neutral fixation stimulus. The response following two weeks of placebo was compared to the response following two weeks of citalopram. The cluster of differential activation was located in the right lingual gyrus and right superior lateral occipital cortex. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 619 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective (happy and fearful) faces presented in a covert or masked presentation and contrasted with activation in response to a neutral fixation stimulus. The response following two weeks of escitalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of placebo. The cluster of differential activation was located in the right inferior lateral occipital cortex. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 396 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective (happy and fearful) faces presented in a covert or masked presentation and contrasted with activation in response to a neutral fixation stimulus. The response following two weeks of citalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of placebo. The cluster of differential activation was located in the right lateral occipital cortex. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 253 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective (happy and fearful) faces presented in a covert or masked presentation and contrasted with activation in response to a neutral fixation stimulus. The response following two weeks of citalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of placebo. The cluster of differential activation was located in the right occipital fusiform gyrus. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 658 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective words contrasted with activation in response to a neutral fixation stimulus. The response following two weeks of escitalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of citalopram. The cluster of differential activation was located in the left primary visual cortex. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usable Data | 289 |
Activation was measured using BOLD fMRI in response to affective faces and a fixation stimulus presented in an overt or unmasked presentation. The response following two weeks of escitalopram was compared to the response following two weeks of citalopram. The cluster of differential activation was located in the right insular cortex. (NCT00825825)
Timeframe: 2 weeks
| Intervention | voxels (Number) |
|---|---|
| All Participants With Complete Usuable Data | 735 |
The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale is a widely used 10-item clinician-rated scale that describes the severity of depressive symptoms (range 0-60, higher score indicates greater symptom burden). (NCT00833469)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -21.33 |
The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a 10-item self-report used to measure postpartum depression (range 0-30, higher score indicates greater symptom burden). A score of >9 is indicative of perinatal major depression. (NCT00833469)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -19.33 |
Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI): The BAI is a 21-item self-report questionnaire measuring typical symptoms of anxiety during the past week (range 0-63, higher score indicates greater anxiety). (NCT00833469)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -15.00 |
(NCT00872027)
Timeframe: Measured within 2 days of participant recruitment
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Participants Will Receive 8 Weeks of Escitalopram Treatment. | 7 |
| Participants Will Receive 8 Weeks of Placebo Pills. | 8 |
"Scoring:~Participants rate the extent to which work, social life, and home life are impaired by his or her symptoms. A 10 point scale is used where 0= not impaired and 10 is highly impaired indicating. The three aspects of life can be summed up into a single dimensional measure of global functional impairment that indicates 0= not impaired and 30 = highly impaired. Scores of 5 or greater are on any of the three scales are considered significant." (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline and 7 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 0 |
Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE),a low score less than or equal to 23 indicates cognitive impairment and the need for further evaluation; normal cognitive function = 27-30, mild cognitive impairment = 21-26, moderate cognitive impairment = 11-20, and severe cognitive impairment = 0-10. The highest possible score is 30. (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline and 7 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 0 |
"Scale for scoring:~Clinical Global Impression(CGI-S)~= Normal, no symptoms~= Borderline ill~= Mildly ill~= Moderately ill~= Markedly ill~= Severely ill~= Most extremely ill~Clinical Global Impression(CGI-I)-improvement since treatment~very much improved~much improved~minimally improved~no change from baseline~minimally worse~much worse~very much worse" (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline and 7 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Clinical Global Impression (CGI-I) | Clinical Global Impression (CGI-S) | |
| Escitalopram | 1 | 2 |
"Scoring~The BDI consist of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. Each question has a set of at least four possible answer choices, ranging in intensity as follows:~(0) I do not feel sad.~I feel sad.~I am sad all the time and I can't snap out of it.~I am so sad or unhappy that I can't stand it.~A value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and the total score is compared to a key to determine the depression's severity. The standard cut-offs are as follows:[6] 0-9: indicates minimal depression 10-18: indicates mild depression 19-29: indicates moderate depression 30-63: indicates severe depression.~Higher total scores indicate more severe depressive symptoms." (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline and 7 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 27.8 |
The HAM-A is administered by an interviewer who asks a series of questions related to symptoms of anxiety. The interviewer then rates the individual on a five-point scale for each of the 14 items. Seven of the items specifically address psychic anxiety and the remaining seven items address somatic anxiety. The total anxiety score ranges from 0 to 56, lower scores are better. Change from randomization to end of treatment in scores on the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)is measured. (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline and 7 weeks
| Intervention | scores on an anxiety scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 21.23 |
"Trail Making Test (TMT)Results for TMT are reported as the number of seconds required to complete the task. Higher scores reveal greater impairment.~Average =29 seconds, Deficient > 78 seconds" (NCT00887679)
Timeframe: baseline to 7 weeks
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 29.2 |
Change in daily hot flash severity between baseline & week 8 was calculated as mean difference. Baseline severity ratings were calculated as daily mean ratings for the first two screening weeks pre-baseline. Week 8 severity ratings were calculated as daily mean ratings during the week before week 8. Modified intention to treat analysis included all randomized participants who provided diary data, which were analyzed regardless of adherence to treatment assignment. Hot flash severity was rated as 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN). (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 8 minus baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -0.53 |
| Placebo | -0.30 |
Change in daily hot flash frequency was calculated as the daily mean difference between baseline and week 4. Baseline was calculated as the daily mean of the daily frequencies for the first two screening weeks. Week 4 was calculated as the daily mean of the daily frequencies during the week prior to the week 4 visit. (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 4 minus baseline
| Intervention | Hot flashes/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -4.37 |
| Placebo | -2.49 |
"Daily Hot flash bother scores were calculated by selecting the highest bother rating for hot flashes or night sweats for each woman in each 24-hour day. The score was set to missing on on any day data were missing or or hot flashes equaled 0. The daily mean of daily ratings for the first 2 screening weeks is reported.~Hot flash bother was rated as 1 (none), 2 (a little), 3 (moderately), or 4 (a lot) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN)." (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 3.12 |
| Placebo | 3.16 |
Change in daily hot flash bother between baseline & week 8 was calculated as mean difference. Baseline daily bother was the mean of the highest daily ratings for two screening weeks pre-baseline. Week 8 bother was daily mean of the highest daily bother ratings during the week before week 8. Modified intention to treat analysis included all randomized participants who provided diary data, which were analyzed regardless of adherence to treatment assignment. Hot flash bother was rated as 1 (none), 2 (a little), 3 (moderately), 4 (a lot) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN). (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 8 minus baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -0.63 |
| Placebo | -0.39 |
"Change in daily hot flash severity from baseline to week 4 was calculated as the mean difference in hot flash severity ratings between baseline and week 4. Baseline was calculated as the daily mean from the first two weeks of hot flash severity ratings. Week 4 severity ratings were calculated as the daily mean from the ratings for the week prior to the week 4 visit.~Hot flash severity was rated as 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN)." (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 4 minus baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -0.43 |
| Placebo | -0.23 |
Baseline hot flash frequency per day was calculated as the daily mean of the daily totals reported during the first two screening weeks. (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Hot flashes/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 9.88 |
| Placebo | 9.66 |
"Daily hot flash severity scores were calculated by by selecting the highest severity rating for hot flashes or night sweats for each woman in each 24-hour day. The score was set to missing on on any day data were missing or or hot flashes equaled 0. The daily mean of daily ratings for the first 2 screening weeks is reported.~Hot flash severity was rated as 1 (mild), 2 (moderate), or 3 (severe) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN)." (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 2.16 |
| Placebo | 2.19 |
"Change in daily hot flash bother was calculated as the mean difference between baseline and week 4. Baseline was calculated as the daily mean of the highest daily bother ratings during the first two screening weeks. Week 4 was calculated as the daily mean of the highest of the daily bother ratings during the week prior to the week 4 visit.~Hot flash bother was rated as 1 (none), 2 (a little), 3 (moderately), or 4 (a lot) as adopted from the Study of Women Across the Nation (SWAN)." (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 4 minus baseline
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -0.59 |
| Placebo | -0.29 |
Change in daily hot flash frequency was calculated as the daily mean difference between baseline and week 8. Baseline was calculated as the daily mean of the frequencies for the first two screening weeks. Week 8 was calculated as the daily mean of the daily frequencies during the week prior to the week 8 visit. (NCT00894543)
Timeframe: week 8 minus baseline
| Intervention | Hot flashes/day (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | -4.60 |
| Placebo | -3.20 |
The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 60 |
The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 80 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 3.5 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 2.2 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 3.8 |
The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 2.1 |
The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00902226)
Timeframe: baseline and 12 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 2.6 |
The HAMA is a 14-item rating scale designed to assess global anxiety symptoms. Each symptom is rated from 0 (absent) to 4 (severe). The total score of the 14 items ranges from 0 to 56. (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 13.1 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scale, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 1.2 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scale, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 2.0 |
The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 1.2 |
The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 1.9 |
The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 85.7 |
The HAMA is a 14-item rating scale designed to assess global anxiety symptoms. Each symptom is rated from 0 (absent) to 4 (severe). The total score of the 14 items ranges from 0 to 56. (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 67.9 |
The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 100 |
The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scale, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00902564)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram (5 to 20 mg Oral Tablets Daily) | 1.7 |
A disability rating scale published by the World Health Organization, the WHODAS II total scores can range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate greater severity of disability. Total scores are reported with no subscales. (NCT00918684)
Timeframe: 14 weeks (12th week of treatment)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 31.43 |
A published and widely used executive dysfunction test, the Stroop Color-Word total scores can range from 0-100. Higher scores indicate better memory functioning (no cognitive impairment). Total scores are reported with no subscales. (NCT00918684)
Timeframe: 14 weeks (12th week of treatment)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 33.63 |
A published and widely-used scale for rating depression severity, the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 24 item total scores range from 0-76. Higher scores indicate greater severity of depression. Total scores are reported with no subscales. (NCT00918684)
Timeframe: 14 weeks (12th week of treatment)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 8.09 |
Depression remission defined as 3 consecutive weeks of HRSD-17 scores that on average, < or = 7 (NCT00930293)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and weekly for up to 20 weeks of acute treatment
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Personalized Depression Care | 10 |
| Standard Depression Care | 15 |
"Kaplan-Meier survival analyses to determine time to depression remission (defined as average HRSD-17 score < or = 7 for three consecutive weeks).~Analyses run with the full intent to treat sample (censoring patients who dropped out at time of termination)" (NCT00930293)
Timeframe: Measured at baseline and weekly for up to 20 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | weeks (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Personalized Depression Care | 13.99 |
| Standard Depression Care | 11.59 |
A ratio of the image derived radioactivity concentration and the whole body concentration of the injected radioactivity specifically in a cluster within the right medial caudate (see data below). (NCT00953745)
Timeframe: Week 10 and Week 16 (6 weeks of combined therapy)
| Intervention | FDOPA ratio in the right medial caudate (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 10 | Week 16 | |
| ARP Non-Responders | 1.363 | 1.350 |
| ARP Responders | 1.297 | 1.333 |
Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating (MADRS) Scale scores compared between the 6 week Aripiprazole augmentation groups (responds vs. non-responders). Total range of the MADRS is 0 to 60, with a score of greater than 34 indicating severe depression, 20-34 indicating moderate depression, 7-19 mild depression, and 0-6 normal or absent of symptoms. (NCT00953745)
Timeframe: Week 10 and Week 16 (6 weeks of combined therapy)
| Intervention | score on the MADRS scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 10 | Week 16 | |
| ARP Non-Responders | 31.7 | 25.3 |
| ARP Responders | 27.9 | 6.5 |
Fasting glucose levels collected at Baseline and Week 8. Normal range for fasting glucose is 70-110 mg/dl. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | ml/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 91.6 | 89.1 |
| Quetiapine and SSRI | 89.4 | 96.8 |
Depression measured with Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression 17 (HAM-D) at baseline and 8 weeks. Ham D 17 scores range from 0-52, 52 being the most severe. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Last visit | |
| Quetiapine | 27 | 9.57 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 26.73 | 10.14 |
Score on the Cognitive and Psychological Functioning Questionnaire (CPFQ). Scores range from 7-42 with 42 referring to the worst functioning. CPFQ measured at baseline and 8 weeks. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Last visit | |
| Quetiapine | 30.8 | 23.56 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 29.3 | 21.00 |
Level of triglycerides at Baseline and Week 8. Normal range: 40-150mg/dl. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 144.9 | 170.6 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 154.25 | 190.5 |
Cholesterol levels were collected at Baseline and Week 8. Normal cholesterol levels should be <200mg/dl. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 184.2 | 188 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 171.8 | 201.7 |
Blood hemoglobin A1C at Baseline and Week 8. Normal range: 3.8%-6.4%. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | % glycated hemoglobin (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 5.6 | 5.4 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 5.7 | 5.8 |
LDL levels at Baseline and Week 8. Normal range < 100 mg/dl. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 109 | 121.1 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 94.6 | 123.3 |
RBANS Visuospatial/Constructional sub-scales at Baseline and Week 8. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 70.6 | 70.5 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 75.6 | 78.3 |
Neuropsychological Assessment. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. RBANS measured at baseline and 8 weeks. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Last visit | |
| Quetiapine | 77.38 | 77.25 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 70.00 | 78.29 |
RBANS Language sub-scale scores at Baseline and Week 8 of study. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 80.4 | 87.9 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 77.6 | 91.1 |
RBANS Immediate Memory sub-scale scores at Baseline and Week 8. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 83.3 | 82.8 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 71.1 | 77.9 |
HDL levels at Baseline and Week 8. Normal range: 35-100 mg/dl. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mg/dl (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 47.7 | 40.8 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 45.3 | 40.5 |
RBANS Delayed Memory subscale scores at Baseline and Week 8. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 82.4 | 72.9 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 69.6 | 74.7 |
RBANS Attention sub-scale scores at Baseline and Week 8. Scores range from 40-160, with 160 referring to higher cognitive functioning. All RBANS subscales and the total score are standardized using age-based norms. Thus, they have a mean of 100 (average) and a standard deviation of 15. A score of 90-110 is in the average range; score of 70-85 mild to moderate cognitive impairment; score <70 moderate to severe impairment. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 8 | |
| Quetiapine | 95.8 | 104.6 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 85.4 | 86.1 |
Psychosis measured by Brief Psychosis Rating Scale (BPRS) at baseline and 8 weeks. Scores range from 24-168, with 168 bring the most severe. (NCT00955474)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Last visit | |
| Quetiapine | 56.09 | 34.25 |
| Quetiapine With SSRI | 60.45 | 32.83 |
McGill Quality of Life Scale is a a 20-item scale measuring quality of life in chronic and end of life conditions. MQOL is self-reported with a 2-day time frame. Items are scored 0 (worst) to 10 (excellent)on five domains (physical well-being, physical symptoms, psychological, existential, and support). An overall index score can be calculated from the means of the five sub-scales measuring quality of life from 0 (poor) to 10 (excellent). (NCT00965497)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | quality of life (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 5 |
Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 (HAM-D) is a 17-item observer rated scale that measures depressive symptoms. Items are rated 0 (no symptoms)-4 ( most severe symptoms. Possible minimum and maximum scores range is 0-50. total score indications: 0-7 = Normal; 8-13 = Mild Depression; 14-18 = Moderate Depression; 19-22 = Severe Depression and ≥ 23 = Very Severe Depression. (NCT00965497)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | depression severity (Median) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 15 |
The AES-C is a validated 18-item instrument used to assess cognitive, behavioral, emotional and other symptoms of apathy. Clinicians rate each item based on verbal and nonverbal information provided by the participant. Item scores range from 1 (not at all characteristic) to 4 (a lot characteristic). Total scores range from 18 to 72 where higher derived scores indicate more severe apathy. The Least Squares (LS) Mean Value was calculated from a mixed model repeated measures (MMRM) model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, treatment*visit, baseline, and baseline*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Duloxetine | -13.88 |
| Escitalopram | -13.50 |
The CGI-S measures severity of illness at the time of assessment compared with start of treatment. Scores range from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). The LS Mean Value was calculated from an MMRM model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, treatment*visit, baseline, and baseline*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Duloxetine | -0.86 |
| Escitalopram | -0.93 |
The number of days from baseline to the first relapse is defined as reaching a MADRS Total Score≥16. The MADRS has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). Censored participants were included in the Kaplan-Meier analysis, the minimum and maximum time to relapse have been calculated and reported here. Median time to relapse and quartiles could not be computationally calculated using the Kaplan-Meier procedure due to low event rate and high completion rate (censored). (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline through 8 weeks
| Intervention | days (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Minimum Number of Days from Baseline | Maximum Number of Days from Baseline | |
| Duloxetine | 4.00 | 81.00 |
| Escitalopram | 4.00 | 68.00 |
The PGI-I is a scale that measures the participant's perception of improvement at the time of assessment compared with the start of treatment. The score ranges from 1 (very much better) to 7 (very much worse). The LS Mean Value was calculated from an MMRM model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, and treatment*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Duloxetine | 2.59 |
| Escitalopram | 2.55 |
Percentage of participants who discontinue after baseline due to lack of efficacy in the investigator's opinion. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline through 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Duloxetine | 2.0 |
| Escitalopram | 1.3 |
Relapse is defined as achieving a Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total score≥16 at any time after baseline. The MADRS is a rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms. The MADRS has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline through 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Duloxetine | 11.9 |
| Escitalopram | 11.0 |
AES-C subscales separately assess participants' intensity of cognitive, behavioral, emotional, and other apathy symptoms with individual item scores of 1 (not at all characteristic) to 4 (a lot characteristic). Subtotal score ranges for the subscales are: 8-32 (cognitive), 5-20 (behavioral), 2-8 (emotional), and 3-12 for other (display of personal insight, initiative and motivation). Higher subscale scores indicate greater illness severity. The LS Mean Value was calculated from an MMRM model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, treatment*visit, baseline, and baseline*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cognition Items Total Score | Behavior Items Total Score | Emotional Items Total Score | Other Items Total Score | |
| Duloxetine | -6.49 | -3.35 | -1.66 | -2.43 |
| Escitalopram | -6.25 | -3.25 | -1.58 | -2.44 |
"The MGH-CPFQ is a 7-item participant-rated questionnaire evaluating the participant's cognitive and physical well-being during the past month. The MGH-CPFQ assesses motivation, wakefulness, energy, focus, recall, word-finding difficulty, and mental acuity. Each item is scored on a 6-point scale ranging from 1 (greater than normal) to 2 (normal) to 6 (totally absent). Total scores range from 7 to 42. Higher scores indicate greater disease severity. The LS Mean Value was calculated from an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, and baseline." (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total Score | Motivation/Interest/Enthusiasm Score | Wakefulness/Alertness Score | Energy Score | Ability to Focus/Sustain Attention Score | Ability to Remember/Recall Information Score | Ability to Find Words Score | Sharpness/Mental Acuity Score | |
| Duloxetine | -6.96 | -1.34 | -0.96 | -1.28 | -0.99 | -0.91 | -0.69 | -0.79 |
| Escitalopram | -6.91 | -1.35 | -1.00 | -1.21 | -1.02 | -0.85 | -0.71 | -0.85 |
MADRS is a rating scale for severity of depressive mood symptoms and has a 10-item checklist. Items are rated on a scale of 0-6, for a total score range of 0 (low severity of depressive symptoms) to 60 (high severity of depressive symptoms). Item 8 assesses the participant's inability to feel. Scores range from 0 (normal interest in surroundings and other people) to 6 (emotional paralysis, inability to feel anger/grief/pleasure). The LS Mean Value was calculated from an MMRM model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, treatment*visit, baseline, and baseline*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Total Score | Item 8 (Inability to Feel) | |
| Duloxetine | -4.21 | -1.01 |
| Escitalopram | -4.14 | -0.90 |
RSAT assesses symptoms of apathy or decreased motivation among depressed participants who have achieved symptomatic remission with antidepressant treatment and consists of 6 self-report items assessing energy level, motivation and interest, cognitive functioning, weight gain, sleep and sexual functioning, as well as affect. Each item score ranges from 0 to 4 with total scores ranging from 0 to 28. Higher scores indicate greater disease severity. LS Mean Value was calculated from an MMRM model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, visit, treatment*visit, baseline, and baseline*visit. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RSAT Total Score | Energy Level | Motivation and Interest | Cognitive Functioning | Weight Gain | Sleep | Sexual Functioning | Affect | |
| Duloxetine | -5.50 | -1.33 | -1.41 | -0.90 | -0.25 | -0.48 | -0.62 | -0.53 |
| Escitalopram | -4.98 | -1.19 | -1.29 | -0.80 | -0.11 | -0.55 | -0.60 | -0.50 |
The SDS is a participant-rated assessment. Total scores range from 0-30 with higher values indicating greater disruption in the participant's work/social/family life. Items 1-3 assess the effect of the participant's symptoms on work/school schedule, social life/leisure activities, and family life/home responsibilities, respectively. Item scores are 0-10; higher values indicate greater disruption. Number of unproductive days and days lost in past week (symptom related) were reported. LS Mean Value was calculated from an ANCOVA model with terms of treatment, pooled investigator, and baseline. (NCT00985504)
Timeframe: Baseline, 8 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SDS Total Score | SDS Work Score | SDS Family Score (N=212, 210) | SDS Social Score (N=212, 210) | SDS Days Lost Score (N=208, 204) | SDS Days Unproductive Score (N=209, 205) | |
| Duloxetine | -7.55 | -2.42 | -2.51 | -2.56 | -0.55 | -1.78 |
| Escitalopram | -7.67 | -2.29 | -2.67 | -2.72 | -0.60 | -1.89 |
MADRS total score, sum of 10 item scores (each on a 0 (best value) to 6 (worst value)scale), assesses the severity of depressive symptoms on a continuous scale from 0 (the best) to 60 (the worst). Change from baseline was calculated as Week 4 value minus baseline value. [observed cases, Mixed Model Repeated Measurement (MMRM), Full Analysis Set (FAS)] (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | -11.78 |
| Placebo | -11.45 |
| Escitalopram | -11.70 |
"CGI-S assesses global illness severity, i.e. the patient's current clinical state, on a continuous scale from 1 (Normal, not ill) to 7 (Among the most extremely ill patients). Change from baseline to Week 4 was calculated as Week 4 value minus baseline value. [observed cases, Mixed Model Repeated Measurement (MMRM), Full Analysis Set (FAS)]" (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | -1.26 |
| Placebo | -1.15 |
| Escitalopram | -1.31 |
HAM-A total score, sum of 14 item scores (each on a 0 to 4 scale), assesses the severity of anxiety symptoms on a continuous scale from 0 (the best) to 52 (the worst). Change from baseline to Week 4 was calculated as Week 4 value minus baseline value. [observed cases, Mixed Model Repeated Measurement (MMRM), Full Analysis Set (FAS)] (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | -5.30 |
| Placebo | -4.66 |
| Escitalopram | -6.15 |
HAM-D total score, sum of 17 item scores (each on a 0 to 2 or 0 to 4 scale), assesses the severity of depressive symptoms on a continuous scale from 0 (the best) to 52 (the worst). Change from baseline to Week 4 was calculated as Week 4 value minus baseline value. [observed cases, Mixed Model Repeated Measurement (MMRM), Full Analysis Set (FAS)] (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | -9.22 |
| Placebo | -9.15 |
| Escitalopram | -9.84 |
Number of patients, who achieved MADRS remission at week 4. Remission is defined as a MADRS total score <= 10. MADRS total score, sum of 10 item scores (each on a 0 (best value) to 6 (worst value)scale), assesses the severity of depressive symptoms on a continuous scale from 0 (the best) to 60 (the worst). MADRS remission at Week 4 is calculated using last observation carried forward (LOCF). [Full Analysis Set (FAS)] (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | 20 |
| Placebo | 12 |
| Escitalopram | 10 |
Number of patients with MADRS response at Week 4. MADRS response is defined as >=50% reduction in MADRS total score from baseline. MADRS total score, sum of 10 item scores (each on a 0 (best value) to 6 (worst value)scale), assesses the severity of depressive symptoms on a continuous scale from 0 (the best) to 60 (the worst). MADRS response at Week 4 is calculated using last observation carried forward (LOCF). [Full Analysis Set (FAS)] (NCT01020799)
Timeframe: Week 4
| Intervention | Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| AZD7268 | 31 |
| Placebo | 31 |
| Escitalopram | 14 |
CGI-I is a 7-point clinician-rated scale ranging from 1 to 7, rated as 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. A higher score indicates greater impairment. (NCT01111539)
Timeframe: Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | 2.6 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | 2.9 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | 3.0 |
SDS is a 3-item clinician-rated questionnaire used to evaluate impairments in the domains of work, social life/leisure, and family life/home responsibility. The participant is asked to rate the degree to which their functioning is impaired on an 11-point scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely). The scores for the 3 domains are summed into a total score that ranges from 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly impaired). A higher score indicates greater impairment. A negative change from Week 8 indicates improvement. (NCT01111539)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | -1.2 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -1.2 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -0.2 |
The MADRS assessed severity of depressive symptoms. It ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 60 (higher scores indicating a greater severity of depressive symptoms). Participants are rated on 10 items (feelings of sadness, lassitude, pessimism, inner tension, suicidality, reduced sleep or appetite, difficulty concentrating, and a lack of interest) each on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). A negative change from Week 8 indicates improvement. (NCT01111539)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | -8.0 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -7.0 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -4.3 |
The MADRS assessed severity of depressive symptoms. It ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 60 (higher scores indicating a greater severity of depressive symptoms). Participants are rated on 10 items (feelings of sadness, lassitude, pessimism, inner tension, suicidality, reduced sleep or appetite, difficulty concentrating, and a lack of interest) each on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). A negative change from Week 8 indicates improvement. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method was used for analyses. (NCT01111552)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -8.0 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -9.6 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | -9.2 |
The SDS is a 3-item clinician-rated questionnaire used to evaluate impairments in the domains of work, social life/leisure, and family life/home responsibility. All items are rated on an 11-point continuum (0= no impairment to 10= most severe) with the total SDS score ranging from 0 (no impairment) to 30 (most severe). A negative change from Week 8 indicates improvement. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method was used for analyses. (NCT01111552)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -0.9 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -1.4 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | -1.2 |
The CGI-I is a 7-point scale that requires the clinician to assess how much the participant's illness has improved or worsened relative to a baseline state at the beginning of the intervention and rated as: 1=very much improved; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change; 5=minimally worse; 6=much worse; 7=very much worse. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method was used for analyses. (NCT01111552)
Timeframe: Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | 2.4 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | 2.3 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 2.3 |
CGI-I is a 7-point clinician-rated scale ranging from 1 to 7, rated as 1, very much improved; 2, much improved; 3, minimally improved; 4, no change; 5, minimally worse; 6, much worse; or 7, very much worse. A higher score indicates greater impairment. LOCF method was used for analyses. (NCT01111565)
Timeframe: Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | 2.5 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | 3.0 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | 2.9 |
The MADRS assessed severity of depressive symptoms. It ranges from a minimum of 0 to a maximum of 60 (higher scores indicating a greater severity of depressive symptoms). Participants are rated on 10 items (feelings of sadness, lassitude, pessimism, inner tension, suicidality, reduced sleep or appetite, difficulty concentrating, and a lack of interest) each on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). A negative change (or decrease) from baseline indicates a reduction (or improvement) in symptoms. Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method was used for analyses. (NCT01111565)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | -9.0 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -3.6 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -3.8 |
SDS is a 3-item clinician-rated questionnaire used to evaluate impairments in the domains of work, social life/leisure, and family life/home responsibility. The participant is asked to rate the degree to which their functioning is impaired on an 11-point scale, ranging from 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely). Scores of 0 to 3 indicate mild functional impairment, 4 to 6 indicate moderate functional impairment, and 7 to 9 indicate marked functional impairment. The scores for the 3 domains are summed into a total score that ranges from 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly impaired). A higher score indicates greater impairment. A negative change score indicates improvement. LOCF method was used for analyses. (NCT01111565)
Timeframe: Week 8 to Week 14
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase C: Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination | -1.6 |
| Phase C: Escitalopram Monotherapy | -1.8 |
| Phase C: Aripiprazole Monotherapy | -0.6 |
(NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Up to 40 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0 |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0 |
An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical investigation participant administered a drug; it did not necessarily have to have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE was considered serious if it was fatal; life-threatening; persistently or significantly disabling or incapacitating; required in-patient hospitalization or prolonged hospitalization; a congenital anomaly/birth defect; or other medically significant event that, based upon appropriate medical judgment, may have jeopardized the participant and may have required medical or surgical intervention. TEAE is defined as an adverse event that started after start of study drug treatment. The Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events v3.0 (CTCAE) was used to determine the severity wherein Grade 1=mild AE, Grade 2=moderate AE, Grade 3=severe AE, Grade 4=life-threatening or disabling AE, Grade 5=death related to AE. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: From first dose up to 30 days post last dose (Up to approximately 40 weeks)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| TEAEs | STEAEs | Severe (Grade 3 or Higher) TEAEs | Discontinuations from the Trial due to TEAEs | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 75.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 13.9 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 54.5 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 11.4 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 70.7 | 9.8 | 4.9 | 17.1 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 67.3 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 6.1 |
The suicidal ideation compared to Baseline was measured by an increase in suicidal ideation category (1-5 on the C-SSRS) during treatment from the maximum suicidal ideation category at Baseline, or any suicidal ideation during treatment if there is none at Baseline. C-SSRS is used to assess whether participant experienced suicidal ideation (Question 1: wish to be dead; Question 2: non-specific active suicidal thoughts; Question 3: active suicidal ideation with any methods (not plan) without intent to act; Question 4: active suicidal ideation with some intent to act, without specific plan; Question 5: active suicidal ideation with specific plan and intent). A negative change from Baseline indicates improvement. Only those categories and timepoints which have data are reported. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14 and Last Visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Question 1: Baseline | Question 1: Week 1 | Question 1: Week 2 | Question 1: Week 4 | Question 1: Week 6 | Question 1: Week 8 | Question 1: Week 14 | Question 1: Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question 2: Week 8 | Question 2: Week 14 | Question 2: Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question 3: Week 14 | Question 3: Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 8.3 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 5.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.8 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 12.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 4.9 | 4.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
Criteria for potentially clinically significant vital sign abnormalities: Heart rate [beats per minute (BPM)]: >120, increase >=15, <50, decrease >=15; systolic blood pressure [millimeter of mercury (mmHg)]: >180, increase >=20, <90, decrease >=20; diastolic blood pressure (mmHg): >105, increase >=15, <50, decrease >=15; orthostatic hypotension: >=20 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure and >=25 bpm increase in heart rate from supine to sitting; weight (kg) gain: increase >=7%; or weight loss: decrease >=7%. Only categories with at least 1 participant with event are reported. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Up to 40 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Orthostatic Hypotension (mmHg) | Weight (kg): Weight Gain >=7% | Weight (kg): Weight Loss >=7% | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0 | 4 | 5 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 2 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0 | 4 | 2 |
The laboratory values were one of the parameters to measure the safety and tolerability of individual participants. Participants with potentially clinically significant lab values in serum chemistry, hematology, urinalyses and prolactin tests that were identified based on pre-defined criteria were reported. Any value outside the normal range was flagged for the attention of the investigator who assessed whether or not a flagged value is of clinical significance. The categories with at least one participants with abnormal lab value as assessed by the Investigator are reported. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Up to 40 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alanine Aminotransferase [Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)] [unit(U)/L]: >=3×ULN | Aspartate Aminotransferase [Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)] (U/L): >=3×ULN | Bilirubin, Total [mg/deciliter(dL)]: ≥2.0 | Cholesterol, Total, Fasting (mg/dL): ≥240 | Creatine phosphokinase (CPK), Total (U/L): ≥3 x ULN | High-density Lipoprotein (HDL) Cholesterol, Fasting (mg/dL): ≤30 | Low-density Lipoprotein (LDL) Cholesterol, Fasting (mg/dL): ≥160 | Triglycerides, Fasting (mg/dL): Men ≥160; Women ≥120 | Urea Nitrogen (mg/dL); >= 30 mg/dL | Uric Acid (mg/dL): Men ≥10.5; Women ≥8.5 | Eosinophils (%): ≥10 | Hematocrit (%): Female ≤32%; Male: ≤37% or 3 point decrease from baseline | Hemoglobin (g/dL): Men ≤11.5; Women ≤9.5 | Prolactin [nanograms (ng)/mL]: >1 ULN | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 14 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 6 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 1 | 1 | 1 | 9 | 1 | 0 | 5 | 16 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 8 | 25 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
The SAS is a rating scale used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). The SAS is a 10-item scale, with each item rated from 1 to 5, with 1 being normal and 5 being the worst. The SAS total score is the sum of ratings for all 10 items, with possible total scores from 10 to 50. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 10.1 | 0.0 | -0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 10.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 10.1 | 0.1 | -0.0 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.7 | -0.0 |
The SAS is a rating scale used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS). The SAS is a 10-item scale, with each item rated from 1 to 5, with 1 being normal and 5 being the worst. The SAS total score is the sum of ratings for all 10 items, with possible total scores from 10 to 50. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 10.3 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 |
The SDS is a self-rated instrument used to measure the effect of the participant's symptoms on work/school, social life, and family/home responsibilities. For each of the three items, scores range from 0 through 10. The number most representative of how much each area was disrupted by symptoms was marked along the line from 0= not at all, to 10= extremely. For the work/school item, no response was to be entered if the participant did not work or go to school for reasons unrelated to the disorder and a response therefore not being applicable. The SDS Mean Score of 0 to 10 was calculated as an average of the three item scores. All three item scores needed to be available with the exception of the work/school item score when this item was not applicable. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 5.1 | -2.0 | -2.6 | -1.6 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 4.6 | -1.1 | -1.9 | -0.6 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 4.3 | -0.8 | 1.7 | -0.5 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 3.8 | -1.4 | -0.7 | -1.6 |
The Q-LES-Q-SF is a self-report measure designed to enable investigators to easily obtain sensitive measures of the degree of enjoyment and satisfaction experienced by participants in various areas of daily functioning with the help of 14 items of total 16 items of the scale. The overall general subscore is obtained using 14 items of the scale. Each item is scored on a 5-point scale, with 1= Very Poor; 2=Poor; 3=Fair; 4=Good; 5=Very Good. The raw scores are computed to an overall general subscore of 0 to 100 where lower scores indicate less enjoyment or satisfaction with the activity. A positive change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8, 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 47.9 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 4.6 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 49.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 50.2 | 3.6 | -0.5 | 5.0 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 52.2 | 9.5 | 4.3 | 10.0 |
The severity of illness was rated using a 7-point PGI-S. PGI-S scores range from 1 to 7, where 1=not depressed at all, 2=only occasionally depressed to a mild degree, 3=mildly depressed half the time, 4=moderately depressed most of the time, 5=moderately depressed almost all of the time, 6=severely depressed all the time, 7=extremely depressed all the time. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 2.8 | 0.1 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.1 | -0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.1 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 3.1 | -0.2 | -0.4 | -0.5 | -0.4 | -0.4 | -0.2 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -1.0 | -0.3 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 3.2 | -0.6 | -1.0 | -0.9 | -1.1 | -0.9 | -0.9 | -1.3 | -1.0 | 0.0 | -0.9 |
The severity of illness was rated using a 7-point PGI-S. PGI-S scores range from 1 to 7, where 1=not depressed at all, 2=only occasionally depressed to a mild degree, 3=mildly depressed half the time, 4=moderately depressed most of the time, 5=moderately depressed almost all of the time, 6=severely depressed all the time, 7=extremely depressed all the time. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 3.3 | -0.2 | -0.4 | -0.2 | -0.4 | -0.3 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -0.6 | -0.3 |
The CPFQ is a brief self-rated scale developed to measure cognitive and executive dysfunction in mood and anxiety disorders. It consists of 7 items. The CPFQ total score ranges from 7 to 42, with higher score representing less satisfaction in cognitive and physical functioning. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 24.4 | -2.2 | -2.2 | -2.6 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 23.0 | -1.3 | -3.8 | -1.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 22.1 | -1.8 | 2.0 | -0.2 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 22.0 | -4.8 | -2.5 | -3.5 |
Prolactin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. The prolactin test measures the amount of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is responsible for the breast growth and milk production during pregnancy and after birth. The normal prolactin levels range from 20 to 25 ng/mL in males and females and 80 to 400 ng/mL in pregnant women. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates reduction in the prolactin levels. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 26, and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0.52 | -0.79 | 0.37 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0.31 | -2.75 | 1.33 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | -1.10 | -0.75 | -0.49 |
Prolactin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland. The prolactin test measures the amount of prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is responsible for the breast growth and milk production during pregnancy and after birth. The normal prolactin levels range from 20 to 25 ng/mL in males and females and 80 to 400 ng/mL in pregnant women. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates reduction in the prolactin levels. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 26, and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | ng/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Mean Change from Baseline at Week Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0.62 | 0.30 |
The HbA1c is also known as glycosylated hemoglobin. It is the concentration of glucose bound to hemoglobin as a percent of the absolute maximum that can be bound. The mean change in the value of HbA1c was analyzed relative to Baseline. The HbA1c of <6.0% signifies the normal blood glucose level. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8, and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | percentage of HbA1c (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Mean Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Mean Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0.30 | 0.30 |
The HbA1c is also known as glycosylated hemoglobin. It is the concentration of glucose bound to hemoglobin as a percent of the absolute maximum that can be bound. The mean change in the value of HbA1c was analyzed relative to Baseline. The HbA1c of <6.0% signifies the normal blood glucose level. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8, and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | percentage of HbA1c (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Mean Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | -0.30 |
The MGH SFI is a measure of a participant's self-reported sexual functioning. The MGH SFI included 5 questions at the baseline assessment, each addressing experiences over the last month: Question a) interest in sex, Question b) ability to get sexually aroused, Question c) ability to achieve orgasm, Question d) ability to get and maintain an erection, and Question e) overall sexual satisfaction. The MGH SFI at post-baseline visits included one additional question: Question f) overall improvement since the last medication change. Each question/item is rated from 1 through 6. For questions a) through e), a score of 1 indicates 'greater than normal', and 6 'totally absent'. For question f), a score of 1 indicates 'very much improved', and 6 'much worse'. All question scores are analyzed separately. No total or mean score is derived. Each subscale score ranges from 0 to 6, higher scores indicates worsening. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Weeks 8, 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Question a: Baseline | Question a: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question a: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question a: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question b: Baseline | Question b: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question b: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question b: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question c: Baseline | Question c: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question c: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question c: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question d: Baseline | Question d: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question d: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question d: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question e: Baseline | Question e: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question e: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question e: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | Question f: Baseline | Question f: Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Question f: Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Question f: Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 4.4 | -0.4 | -0.4 | -0.4 | 4.1 | -0.1 | 0.0 | -0.2 | 4.1 | -0.1 | -0.2 | 0.0 | 3.6 | -0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.4 | -0.3 | -0.4 | -0.3 | 3.4 | 0.2 | 0.4 | -0.0 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 4.2 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.1 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 4.0 | -0.1 | -0.2 | -0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.2 | -0.1 | -0.4 | -0.1 | 3.3 | 0.1 | -1.0 | -0.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 3.8 | -0.4 | 0.0 | -0.3 | 3.7 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.3 | 3.8 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -0.4 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 3.9 | -0.3 | 0.5 | -0.3 | 3.5 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -0.2 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 3.6 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -0.4 | 3.5 | -0.3 | -0.2 | -0.3 | 3.5 | -0.2 | -0.2 | -0.1 | 2.9 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.1 | 3.7 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.3 | 3.6 | -0.7 | -0.8 | -0.6 |
The severity of illness was rated using a 7-point CGI-S. CGI-S scores range from 1 to 7, where 1=normal, not at all ill, 2=borderline mentally ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, 7=among the most extremely ill participants. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at End of the Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 3.1 | -0.0 | -0.3 | -0.1 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.3 | -0.6 | -0.8 | -1.0 | -0.2 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 3.4 | -0.2 | -0.3 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -0.5 | -0.6 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -2.0 | -0.6 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 3.2 | -0.4 | -0.9 | -0.9 | -0.9 | -0.7 | -0.7 | -0.9 | -1.3 | -2.0 | -0.9 |
The severity of illness was rated using a 7-point CGI-S. CGI-S scores range from 1 to 7, where 1=normal, not at all ill, 2=borderline mentally ill, 3=mildly ill, 4=moderately ill, 5=markedly ill, 6=severely ill, 7=among the most extremely ill participants. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of the Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 3.4 | -0.2 | -0.4 | -0.6 | -0.5 | -0.7 | -1.0 | -1.2 | -1.0 | -0.7 |
(NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | kg (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 87.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.1 |
(NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | kg (Mean) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Escitalopram | 88.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.1 | -0.5 | -0.9 | 2.0 | 1.4 | -3.6 | 0.1 |
(NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | kg (Mean) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 1 | Change from Baseline at Week 2 | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 6 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 14 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 93.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.3 | -0.0 | 2.0 | 3.8 | 5.7 | -0.2 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 84.7 | 0.1 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 1.4 | 3.3 | 1.0 |
BMI= weight(kg)/[height(m)^2]. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | kg/m^2 (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 33.4 | 2.3 | 0.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 30.9 | 0.4 | -0.1 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 30.7 | 1.2 | 0.4 |
BMI= weight(kg)/[height(m)^2]. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 26 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | kg/m^2 (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Last Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 31.1 | -0.1 |
The BARS is used to assess the presence and severity of akathisia. This scale consists of 4 items. Only item 4, the 'Global Clinical Assessment of Akathisia', was evaluated for this outcome measure. This item is rated on a 6-point scale, with 0 being best (absent) and 5 being worst (severe akathisia). A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0.2 | 0.1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | -0.2 | 0.0 | -0.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.3 | -0.2 | -0.5 | -1.0 | 0.3 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.0 | -0.3 | 0.0 | -0.3 | 0.0 |
The AIMS is a 12-item scale. The first 10 -items are rated from 0 to 4 (0=best, 4=worst). An item score of 0, depending on the item, either means: no abnormal involuntary movement (AIM), or no incapacitation due to AIM, or no awareness of AIM. An item score of 4 either means: severe AIM, or severe incapacitation due to AIM, or being aware of, and severe distress caused by AIM. Items 11 and 12, related to dental status, have dichotomous responses, 0=no and 1=yes. The AIMS Total Score is the sum of the ratings for the first seven items. The possible total scores are from 0 to 28, where a higher score indicates worst outcome. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at Week 32 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 0.1 | -0.1 | -0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0.0 | -0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.0 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0.1 | 0.2 | -0.1 | -0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.0 |
The BARS is used to assess the presence and severity of akathisia. This scale consists of 4 items. Only item 4, the 'Global Clinical Assessment of Akathisia', was evaluated for this outcome measure. This item is rated on a 6-point scale, with 0 being best (absent) and 5 being worst (severe akathisia). A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0.4 | 0.0 | -0.1 | -0.4 | 0.0 | -0.1 |
The AIMS is a 12-item scale. The first 10 -items are rated from 0 to 4 (0=best, 4=worst). An item score of 0, depending on the item, either means: no abnormal involuntary movement (AIM), or no incapacitation due to AIM, or no awareness of AIM. An item score of 4 either means: severe AIM, or severe incapacitation due to AIM, or being aware of, and severe distress caused by AIM. Items 11 and 12, related to dental status, have dichotomous responses, 0=no and 1=yes. The AIMS Total Score is the sum of the ratings for the first seven items. The possible total scores are from 0 to 28, where a higher score indicates worst outcome. A negative mean change from Baseline indicates improvement. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Baseline; Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 14, 20, 26, 32 and End of the study visit (Week 43 or before)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change from Baseline at Week 4 | Change from Baseline at Week 8 | Change from Baseline at Week 20 | Change from Baseline at Week 26 | Change from Baseline at End of Study Visit (Week 43 or before) | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | -0.0 |
Incidence of clinically relevant abnormal ECG values were reported as change from Baseline in heart rate (Tachycardia - ≥15 beats per minute (bpm), Bradycardia ≤15 bpm; Rhythm (Sinus tachycardia ≥15 bpm increase, Sinus bradycardia decrease of ≥15 bpm from Baseline); Presence of - supraventricular premature beat; ventricular premature beat; supraventricular tachycardia; ventricular tachycardia; atrial fibrillation and flutter. Conduction - Presence of primary, secondary or tertiary atrioventricular block, left bundle-branch block, right bundle-branch block, pre-excitation syndrome, other intraventricular conduction blocked QRS ≥0.12 second increase of ≥0.02 second. Acute, subacute or old Infarction, Presence of myocardial ischemia, symmetrical T-wave inversion. Increase in QTc - QTc ≥450 msec ≥10% increase. Any clinically significant change from Baseline assessed by the Investigator are reported. Only categories with at least 1 participant with event are reported. (NCT01123707)
Timeframe: Up to 40 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bradycardia: Decrease of ≥15 bpm | Sinus Bradycardia: Decrease of ≥15 bpm | Supraventricular Premature Beat: Not Present to Present | Ventricular Premature Beat: Not Present to Present | 1° Atrioventricular Block: Increase of ≥0.05 second | Right Bundle-branch Block: Not Present to Present | Myocardial Ischemia: Not Present to Present | Symmetrical T-wave Inversion: Not Present to Present | QTcB | QTcF | QTcN | |
| Prior Aripiprazole | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
| Prior Aripiprazole/Escitalopram Combination Therapy | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
| Prior Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Prior Single-blind Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
The number of patients who experienced one or more TEAE during the 24-week open-label treatment period or the 2-week down-taper period, (NCT01198795)
Timeframe: From Baseline (Week 0) to Week 26
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 89 |
"The Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) is the time of the onset of melatonin secretion under dim light conditions using the equivalent thresholds of 10 pg/ml in plasma and 3 pg/ml in saliva. It is a marker of biological time. Data are provided in decimal and military time (e.g., 9:30 pm equals 21.50).~This measure is used to determine if there was a change in the time of the dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) before treatment with escitalopram (at Study Visit 3) and after treatment with escitalopram (at Study Visit 11)." (NCT01214044)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks: Study Visit 3 (after 1 week of placebo) to study Visit 11 (after 8 weeks of escitalopram)
| Intervention | decimal military time (hours) (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline DLMO | Post-escitalopram DLMO | |
| Study Drug | 21.17 | 20.77 |
The PAD is the time interval (number of hours) between the Dim Light Melatonin Onset (DLMO) and the average midpoint of sleep during the prior week. Larger PADs indicate a longer time interval between the DLMO and midpoint of sleep. A negative change in PAD value indicates a shortening of the time interval from Study Visit 3 to Study Visit 11. (NCT01214044)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks: Study Visit 3 (after 1 week of placebo) to study Visit 11 (after 8 weeks of escitalopram)
| Intervention | hours (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug | -0.6 |
The BDI-II is the total score on the 21-question Beck Depression Inventory II questionnaire. Scores range from 0 to 63 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms of depression. (NCT01214044)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks: Study Visit 3 (after 1 week of placebo) to study Visit 11 (after 8 weeks of escitalopram)
| Intervention | units on scale (scores) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug | -3.3 |
The HAM-D is the total score on the 21-question Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Scores range from 0 to 53 with higher scores indicating worse symptoms of depression. (NCT01214044)
Timeframe: 8 Weeks: Study Visit 3 (after 1 week of placebo) to study Visit 11 (after 8 weeks of escitalopram)
| Intervention | units on scale (scores) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Study Drug | -2.3 |
Measure of severity of depression -total score of Hamilton Depression Scale ranges from 0 (no depression) to 60 (worst depression possible) (NCT01244724)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Lexapro | 13.3 |
Heart rate variability is the standard deviation of successive R-to-R intervals, or variability in time between successive heart beats. Spectral power in the high frequency (HF: 0.15-0.5 Hz) band reflects parasympathetic input, or cardiac vagal function. A natural log (ln) transformation was applied to heart rate variability data to derive the outcome measure. (NCT01271244)
Timeframe: 12 Weeks
| Intervention | ln(msec) (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | |
| PTSD Depression Group | 6.31 | 5.48 |
QT variability index (QTvi) is a measure of QT variability normalized to heart rate variability. Increased QTvi has been associated with increased sympathetic activity. QTvi was calculated using Berger's formula as the log ratio of QT variability normalized by the squared mean QT interval divided by heart rate variability normalized by the squared mean heart rate. QTvi is normally expressed as a negative value, and a less negative QTvi may reflect increased QT variability or reduced heart rate variability. (NCT01271244)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | log ratio (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Pre-treatment | Post-treatment | |
| PTSD Depression Group | -1.82 | -1.32 |
Early and Sustained Response (ESR) is defined as a MADRS total score reduction from Baseline of 50% or more and a MADRS total score ≤16 at Week 2, Week 3, Week 4, and Week 6. (NCT01312922)
Timeframe: From (end of) Week 2 visit to (end of) Week 6 visit
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| PNB01 | 17 |
| Citalopram | 17 |
| Pipamperone | 17 |
The patient is rated by a clinician on 17 items that measure depressive symptom severity. The total score is calculated by summing the responses across all items. Lower scores (closer to 0) indicate the absence of depressive symptoms, while higher scores indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Eight items are scored on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 = not present to 4 = severe. Nine are scored from 0-2 (0 = not present; 2 = severe). The scale range of scores is 0-52. (NCT01324700)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| High Severity: Escitalopram | 10.08 |
| High Severity: Placebo | 14.38 |
| Low Severity: Escitalopram | 10.39 |
| Low Severity: Placebo | 9.31 |
The ACQ has 7 questions (the top scoring 5 symptoms, FEV1% pred. and daily rescue bronchodilator use). Patients are asked to recall how their asthma has been during the previous week and to respond to the symptom and bronchodilator use questions on a 7-point scale (0=no impairment, 6= maximum impairment). Clinic staff score the FEV1% predicted on a 7-point scale. The questions are equally weighted and the ACQ score is the mean of the 7 questions and therefore between 0 (totally controlled) and 6 (severely uncontrolled). (NCT01324700)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| High Severity: Escitalopram | 1.15 |
| High Severity: Placebo | 1.63 |
| Low Severity: Escitalopram | 1.39 |
| Low Severity: Placebo | 1.23 |
"The IDS-SR was a 30-item self-report measure used to assess core diagnostic depressive symptoms as well as atypical and melancholic symptom features of MDD. The IDS-SR consists of 30 items, all rated on a 0 to 3 scale with 0 being the best rating and 3 being the worst rating. The IDS-SR Total Score is the sum of ratings of 28 item scores. The possible IDS-SR Total Score ranges from 0 (best) to 84 (worst).~Under item 9, two sub-items 9A and 9B exist, with possible scores of 1, 2 or 3 for item 9A, and 0 or 1 for item 9B. The scores for these two sub-items are not included in the calculation of the total score. Item 11 or item 12 should be completed but not both, and similarly, item 13 or item 14 should be completed but not both. If the number of items recorded is at least 23 and at most 27, the IDS-SR Total Score will be the mean of the recorded items multiplied by 28 and then rounded to the first decimal place." (NCT01360866)
Timeframe: From screening to week 52/early termination
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Prior Placebo | -5.25 |
| Prior Brexpiprazole | -4.76 |
| Prior ADT | -3.94 |
| Prior Seroquel | -7.44 |
"The SDS was a self-rated instrument used to measure the effect of the participant's symptoms on regular life responsibilities. The SDS was a visual analogue scale that used spatio-visual, numeric, and verbal descriptive anchors simultaneously to assess disability across the 3 domains with scores from 0 = not at all, to 10 = extremely.~Scores of 5 and above were associated with significant functional impairment." (NCT01360866)
Timeframe: From screening to week 52/early termination
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Prior Placebo | -0.80 |
| Prior Brexpiprazole | -0.70 |
| Prior ADT | -0.40 |
| Prior Seroquel | -1.00 |
The efficacy of trial treatment was rated for each participant using the CGI-I. The investigator rated the participant's total improvement whether or not it was due entirely to drug treatment. All responses were compared to the participant's condition at screening. Response choices included: 0 = not assessed, 1 = very much improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse, 6 = much worse and 7 = very much worse. (NCT01360866)
Timeframe: From screening to week 52/early termination
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Prior Placebo | 2.60 |
| Prior Brexpiprazole | 2.63 |
| Prior ADT | 2.63 |
| Prior Seroquel | 2.40 |
"The severity of illness for each participant was rated using the CGI-S . On the basis of the investigator answer to the question: Considering your total clinical experience with this particular population, how mentally ill was the participant at that time? Response choices included: 0 = not assessed; 1 = normal, not at all ill; 2 = borderline mentally ill; 3 = mildly ill; 4 = moderately ill; 5 = markedly ill; 6 = severely ill; and 7 = among the most extremely ill participants." (NCT01360866)
Timeframe: From screening to week 52/early termination
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Prior Placebo | -0.77 |
| Prior Brexpiprazole | -0.63 |
| Prior ADT | -0.48 |
| Prior Seroquel | -0.93 |
To assess the frequency and severity of AEs as the variables of safety and tolerability of brexpiprazole. (NCT01360866)
Timeframe: From screening to week 52/early termination
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants with adverse events | Participants with treatment emergent AE (TEAE) | Participants with serious TEAE | Participants with severe TEAE | Partcipants discontinued due to AEs | |
| Prior ADT | 1165 | 1163 | 33 | 99 | 134 |
| Prior Brexpiprazole | 511 | 510 | 23 | 64 | 58 |
| Prior Placebo | 400 | 399 | 14 | 48 | 55 |
| Prior Seroquel | 51 | 51 | 1 | 4 | 6 |
The CSFQ-14 is a structured self reported questionnaire designed to measure illness- and medication-related changes in sexual functioning consisting of 14 items that measure sexual functioning as a total score (14 items) and on the subscales of pleasure (1 item), desire/frequency (2 items), desire/interest (3 items), arousal (3 items), and orgasm (3 items), rated on an 5 point scale from 1 to 5 with a total score range from 14 to 70. Higher scores reflect higher sexual functioning. A positive change from Baseline indicates that symptoms have improved. The primary analysis was based on a mixed model for repeated measurements (MMRM) analysis of covariance with treatment, center, week, treatment-by-week interaction as fixed effects, Baseline CSFQ-14 total score-by-week as covariate, and a completely unstructured covariance matrix. (NCT01364649)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 8
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Vortioxetine | 8.8 |
| Escitalopram | 6.6 |
The CSFQ-14 is a structured self reported questionnaire designed to measure illness- and medication-related changes in sexual functioning consisting of 14 items that measure sexual functioning as a total score (14 items) and on the subscales of pleasure (1 item), desire/frequency (2 items), desire/interest (3 items), arousal (3 items), and orgasm (3 items), rated on an 5 point scale from 1 to 5 with a total score range from 14 to 70. Higher scores reflect higher sexual functioning. A positive change from Baseline indicates that symptoms have improved. The primary analysis was based on a mixed model for repeated measurements (MMRM) analysis of covariance with treatment, center, week, treatment-by-week interaction as fixed effects, Baseline CSFQ-14 total score-by-week as covariate, and a completely unstructured covariance matrix. (NCT01364649)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 1, 2, 4 and 6
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 (n=213, 206) | Week 2 (n=203, 200) | Week 4 (n=187, 188) | Week 6 (n=175, 176) | |
| Escitalopram | 2.2 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 6.4 |
| Vortioxetine | 2.5 | 4.9 | 7.0 | 8.0 |
The CSFQ-14 is a structured self reported questionnaire designed to measure illness- and medication-related changes in sexual functioning consisting of 14 items that measure sexual functioning as a total score (14 items) and on the subscales of pleasure (1 item), desire/frequency (2 items), desire/interest (3 items), arousal (3 items), and orgasm (3 items), rated on an 5 point scale from 1 to 5 with a total score range from 14 to 70. Higher scores reflect higher sexual functioning. Normal sexual functioning is defined as a CSFQ-14 total score of >41 for women and >47 for men. Abnormal sexual functioning is defined as a CSFQ-14 total score of ≤41 for women and ≤47 for men. All subjects entered the study with abnormal sexual functioning. A shift to normal indicates that symptoms have improved. (NCT01364649)
Timeframe: Baseline and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | number of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1 (n=213, 205) | Week 2 (n=217, 206) | Week 4 (n=217, 206) | Week 6 (n=217, 206) | Week 8 (n=217, 206) | |
| Escitalopram | 36 | 63 | 84 | 93 | 91 |
| Vortioxetine | 48 | 81 | 93 | 112 | 113 |
"This outcome measure assess the participants Cognitive status. Scores range from 0 ( significantly impaired) -30 ( normal).~A score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment. In this study the score was used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 29.7 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 29.0 |
"This outcome measure assess the participants Cognitive status. Scores range from 0 ( significantly impaired) -30 ( normal).~A score of 23 or lower is indicative of cognitive impairment. In this study the score was used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 28.3 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 27.1 |
"This scale assesses the range of symptoms most frequently observed in patients with major depression. This measure will be used to assess the difference in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) at baseline and 12 weeks. The scores range from 0-60.~0 to 6 - normal; 7 to 19 - mild depression; 20 to 34 - moderate depression; >34 - severe depression.~In this study the score was used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: MADRS score at 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group MADRS 12 Weeks | 11.2 |
| Treatment Group MADRS 12 Weeks | 7 |
"This scale assesses the range of symptoms most frequently observed in patients with major depression. This measure will be used to assess the difference in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) at baseline and 12 weeks. The scores range from 0-60.~0 to 6 - normal; 7 to 19 - mild depression; 20 to 34 - moderate depression; >34 - severe depression.~In this study the score was used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: MADRS score at baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 29.5 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 33.6 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participants impression of their quality of life as measured by the QWL scale.~Scores range from 16 ( terrible quality of life ) to 112 (Very delighted). Used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 75.2 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 78.7 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participants impression of their quality of life as measured by the QWL scale.~Scores range from 16 ( terrible quality of life ) to 112 (Very delighted). Used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 62.8 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 64.1 |
"This outcome measure asses the participants overall satisfaction with life as measured by the SWL scale.~The scores range from 5 ( absolutely no satisfaction ) to 35 ( very satisfied with life).~It is used as continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 13.8 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 15.6 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participant's anxiety as assessed by the CAS.~The scores range from 0( normal; no anxiety) to 21 ( severe anxiety). It is used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 9.8 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 14.8 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participant's overall psychiatric health based upon the CGI score as assessed by the investigator. Scores range from 1-7~= Normal-not at all ill~= Borderline mentally ill~= Mildly ill~= Moderately ill~= Markedly ill~= Severely ill~= Among the most extremely ill patients." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 4.5 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 4.8 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participant's anxiety as assessed by the CAS.~The scores range from 0( normal; no anxiety) to 21 ( severe anxiety). It is used as a continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 6.3 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 3.9 |
"This outcome measure is assessing the participant's overall psychiatric health based upon the CGI score as assessed by the investigator.~The scores range from 1-7~= Very much improved~= Much improved~= Minimally improved~= No change~= Minimally worse~= Much worse~= Very much worse" (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: at 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 2.7 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 2.1 |
"This outcome measure asses the participants overall satisfaction with life as measured by the SWL scale.~The scores range from 5 ( absolutely no satisfaction ) to 35 ( very satisfied with life).~It is used as continuous variable." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 21.2 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 22.6 |
"This scale is a measure of impairment, disability and handicap. It is intended to measure accurately general functional changes over the course of recovery and has found to be both valid and reliable.~Scores range from 0 (normal) and 29 (extreme vegetative state)." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group 12 Weeks | 0.7 |
| Treatment Group 12 Weeks | 0.6 |
"This scale is a measure of impairment, disability and handicap. It is intended to measure accurately general functional changes over the course of recovery and has found to be both valid and reliable.~Scores range from 0 (normal) and 29 (extreme vegetative state)." (NCT01368432)
Timeframe: At baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo Group Baseline | 1 |
| Treatment Group Baseline | 1.4 |
"Three-way interaction between group (active vs. placebo), CS (+ vs. -), and trials (1 - 4).~CS+ refers to the conditioned stimulus associated with the unconditioned stimulus (electric shock). Higher numbers reflect higher skin conductance response to the CS+ (conditioned stimulus).~CS- refers to the stimulus not associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Higher numbers reflect higher skin conductance response to a CS-.~Square-root transformed skin conductance conditioned response are reported for trials 1 to 4 of the Early Extinction Phase." (NCT01398514)
Timeframe: Day 2 of Fear Conditioning Paradigm (15 to 18 days post medication initiation)
| Intervention | micro-Siemens (square rooted) (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | |
| Active Medication CS- | 0.745 | 0.496 | 0.544 | 0.374 |
| Active Medication CS+ | 0.853 | 0.634 | 0.520 | 0.361 |
| Placebo CS- | 0.799 | 0.386 | 0.438 | 0.309 |
| Placebo CS+ | 0.717 | 0.558 | 0.787 | 0.510 |
"Three-way interaction between group (active vs. placebo), CS (+ vs. -), and trials (1 - 5).~CS+ refers to the conditioned stimulus associated with the unconditioned stimulus (electric shock). Higher numbers reflect higher skin conductance response to the CS+ (conditioned stimulus).~CS- refers to the stimulus not associated with the unconditioned stimulus. Higher numbers reflect higher skin conductance response to a CS-.~Square-root transformed skin conductance conditioned response are reported for trials 1 to 5 of the Acquisition Phase." (NCT01398514)
Timeframe: Baseline on Day 1 of Fear Conditioning Paradigm (14 to 17 days post medication initiation)
| Intervention | micro-Siemens (square rooted) (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Trial 1 | Trial 2 | Trial 3 | Trial 4 | Trial 5 | |
| Active Medication CS- | 0.634 | 0.419 | 0.230 | 0.231 | 0.281 |
| Active Medication CS+ | 0.574 | 0.870 | 0.685 | 0.626 | 0.543 |
| Placebo CS- | 0.532 | 0.428 | 0.331 | 0.181 | 0.144 |
| Placebo CS+ | 0.634 | 0.817 | 0.856 | 0.677 | 0.714 |
Number of nocturnal ingestions (waking and having something to eat) were reported at each visit. (NCT01401595)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| baseline nocturnal ingestions/week | treatment end nocturnal ingestions/week | |
| Controls | 0.0 | NA |
| Night Eating Syndrome Open Label Escitalopram Treatment | 5.8 | 1.2 |
"The responses on the Night Eating Symptom Scale (NESS) will be examined over time.~Subjects will complete the NESS at their baseline visit, and at every treatment visit thereafter. The Night Eating Symptom Scale-II (NESS-II) (Lundgren, Allison, Vinai, & Gluck, 2012) is a 14-item questionnaire (possible range of 0-56, with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms) that assesses the presence of NES features over the course of the previous week. The NESS will indicate whether or not escitalopram is having an effect on our participants' night eating symptoms." (NCT01401595)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Night Eating Symptom Scale | treatment end night eating symptom scale | |
| Controls | NA | NA |
| Night Eating Syndrome Open Label Escitalopram Treatment | 30.2 | 15.2 |
Outcome of treatment will be measured by self report questionnaire, the Night Eating Symptom Scale ( higher score indicates worse symptoms). The percentage of calories consumed after dinner was estimated by recall at each treatment visit, as compared to their baseline % of intake after dinner, which was calculated through food diaries. The number of nocturnal ingestions (waking during the night and eating) per week was also recalled at each treatment visit. (NCT01401595)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of calories after dinner (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| baseline %calories consumed after dinner | treatment end %calories after dinner | |
| Controls | 11.8 | NA |
| Night Eating Syndrome Open Label Escitalopram Treatment | 46.1 | 17.4 |
The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale based on participant interviews. The scale assesses depressive symptomatology that occurred in participants during the week preceding each interview. Participants were rated on 10 items: Apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts. Each item was scored on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). The total score was the sum of the scores of the 10 items and ranged from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more depressive symptomatology. A negative change score indicates improvement. (NCT01473381)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 10
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -14.76 |
| Vilazodone 20 mg/Day | -17.33 |
| Vilazodone 40 mg/Day | -17.58 |
| Citalopram 40 mg/Day | -17.50 |
The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale based on participant interviews. The scale assesses depressive symptomatology that occurred in participants during the week preceding each interview. Participants were rated on 10 items: Apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties, lassitude, inability to feel, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts. Each item was scored on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). The total score was the sum of the scores of the 10 items and ranged from 0 to 60. A higher score indicates more depressive symptomatology. A MADRS sustained response was defined as a MADRS total score ≤ 12 for at least the last 2 visits during the double-blind treatment period (Weeks 1-10). A total MADRS score ≤ 12 corresponds to an average score of 1 per item and is indicative of very low level of depressive symptoms. (NCT01473381)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 10
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 26.3 |
| Vilazodone 20 mg/Day | 29.9 |
| Vilazodone 40 mg/Day | 33.5 |
| Citalopram 40 mg/Day | 31.1 |
"The Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale is a clinician-rated scale used to rate the severity of the participant's current state of mental illness compared with a patient population with major depressive disorder. In particular, the clinician is asked to respond to the following question: Considering your total clinical experience with this population, how mentally ill is the patient at this time? The patient is rated on the following 7-point scale: 1-normal, not at all ill, 2-borderline ill, 3-mildly ill, 4-moderately ill, 5-markedly ill, 6-severely ill, 7-among the most extremely ill patients. A higher score indicates more mental illness. A negative change score indicates improvement." (NCT01473381)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 10
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.53 |
| Vilazodone 20 mg/Day | -1.88 |
| Vilazodone 40 mg/Day | -1.86 |
| Citalopram 40 mg/Day | -1.88 |
Urine samples were tested for benzoylecgonine, which is a metabolite of cocaine that is excreted in the urine. The presence of benzoylecgonine in the urine indicates cocaine use. (NCT01535573)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram Low Dose | 14 |
| Citalopram High Dose | 26 |
| Placebo | 27 |
Mean proportion of cocaine-positive urines per week, averaged across 9 weeks, is reported. Urine was collected three times each week over 9 weeks. Missing data is imputed as cocaine use. (NCT01535573)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | proportion of cocaine urines per week (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram Low Dose | 0.85 |
| Citalopram High Dose | 0.8 |
| Placebo | 0.85 |
Urine samples were tested for benzoylecgonine, which is a metabolite of cocaine that is excreted in the urine. The presence of benzoylecgonine in the urine indicates cocaine use. (NCT01535573)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram Low Dose | 0 |
| Citalopram High Dose | 4 |
| Placebo | 2 |
(NCT01535573)
Timeframe: 9 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram Low Dose | 13 |
| Citalopram High Dose | 23 |
| Placebo | 24 |
The ICARS is a 19 item rating scale of ataxia with the total score ranging from 0 to 100. A score of 0 means normal and higher scores represent worsened disease. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 weeks (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)
| Intervention | units (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion & Citalopram | 39 |
| Bupropion & Placebo | 30 |
| Placebo & Citalopram | 47 |
| Placebo & Placebo | 46 |
| Baseline | 42 |
The Hamilton Depression Rating Scale is a 21 item questionnaire scored each item on a scale of 0 to 3 or 5. The max score is 66. Higher scores indicate worsened depression. All items are summed together to give a total score. A total score of 0-7 is considered normal, while total scores greater than 20 are indicative of moderate or greater depression. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Number) |
|---|---|
| Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram | 7 |
| Citalopram (Week 5) | 10 |
| OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10) | 2 |
| Bupropion Only (Week 15) | 3 |
| Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20) | 4 |
Differences between FARS - ICARS at each treatment interval (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)
| Intervention | points (Number) |
|---|---|
| Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram | 1 |
| Citalopram (Week 5) | -6 |
| OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10) | 1 |
| Bupropion Only (Week 15) | 12 |
| Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20) | 6 |
A rating scale developed for Friedreich ataxia in evaluation of ataxia. Score range from 0-159 with a score of 0 meaning normal and greater scores indicating worsened disease. (NCT01716221)
Timeframe: Assessements are performed in 5 different states in a single patient: baseline (Bupropion 100mg and Citalopram 20mg - unblinded), then blinded at 5 weeks (citalopram), 10 weeks (placebo), 15 (bupropion), and 20 weeks (citalopram + bupropion)
| Intervention | points (Number) |
|---|---|
| Baseline - Unblinded on Buproprion and Citalopram | 43 |
| Citalopram (Week 5) | 41 |
| OFF - Bupropion Placebo + Citalopram Placebo (Week 10) | 47 |
| Bupropion Only (Week 15) | 42 |
| Bupropion + Citalopram (Week 20) | 45 |
Depression severity at baseline and week 12 in participants with MDD vs. controls, measured by score on the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). This measure is a clinical rating of mood with a score range from 0 to 76. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity. (NCT01728194)
Timeframe: Baseline (Study Entry / Before Tx) and Week 12 (Following Tx)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Depression Severity | Week 12 Depression Severity | |
| Control | 1.24 | 1.52 |
| Escitalopram | 23.48 | 12.44 |
Depression severity at baseline and week 12 in participants with MDD vs. controls, measured by score on the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). This measure is a clinical rating of mood with a score range from 0 to 60. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity. (NCT01728194)
Timeframe: Baseline (Study Entry / Before Tx) and Week 12 (Following Tx)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Depression Severity | Week 12 Depression Severity | |
| Control | 1.03 | 1.08 |
| Escitalopram | 25.26 | 13.78 |
"We will examine differences in scores on the the HAMD-28 before and after acute tryptophan depletion. Changes in these parameters will be compared between placebo responders and drug responders using unpaired two-tailed t-tests.~The HAMD-28 measures depression severity, and has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 81 units on a scale, where higher scores indicate more severe depression.~A negative change value refers to a decrease in HAM D score." (NCT01787240)
Timeframe: Baseline, Visit 10 (after 9 weeks in study)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Phase 2 Placebo | -6.0 |
| Phase 2 Active | -13.0 |
"We will examine differences in scores on the the HAMD-28 before and after acute tryptophan depletion. Changes in these parameters will be compared between placebo responders and drug responders using unpaired two-tailed t-tests.~The HAMD-28 measures depression severity, and has a minimum value of 0 and a maximum value of 81 units on a scale, where higher scores indicate more severe depression.~A negative change value refers to a decrease in HAM D score." (NCT01787240)
Timeframe: Baseline, Visit 5 (4 weeks into study)
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -6.4 |
| Escitalopram 10mg | -8.8 |
We will measure the percentage of screened eligible patients who agree to be randomized. Participants were assessed for this Outcome Measure before randomization.This would occur at the first study visit (screening). (NCT01787240)
Timeframe: This would occur at the first study visit (screening).
| Intervention | percent of eligible patients (Number) |
|---|---|
| Eligible Patients | 95.2 |
"HAM-A is a rating scale developed to quantify the severity of anxiety symptomatology. It consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms. Each item is rated on a 5-point scale, ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (severe). Total score is calculated by adding the scores for each of the 14 items and the score ranges from 0 to 56. The interpretation of total scores are: 0 to 17 is considered to be mild, 18 to 25 mild to moderate, and 26 to 30 moderate to severe and above 30 indicate very severe anxiety. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Day 7 | Change at Day 14 | Change at Day 28 | Change at Day 42 | Change at Day 56 | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 25.6 | -5.6 | -10.1 | -12.9 | -15.1 | -17.5 |
QIDS-SR contains 16 question regarding 9 Major depression disorder symptoms (sleep, weight, psychomotor changes, depressed mood, decreased interest, fatigue, guilt, concentration, and suicidal ideation). Each question is rated on a 4-point scale (range, 0 to 3). Total score is the sum of scores calculated by adding scores for each question and the interpretation is as follows: 0-5 (no depression likely); 6-10 (possibly mildly depressed); 11-15 (moderate depression); 16-20 (severe depression); 21-27 (very severe depression). Higher scores represent more severe depression symptoms. (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Day 7 | Change at Day 14 | Change at Day 28 | Change at Day 42 | Change at Day 56 | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 14.9 | -2.9 | -4.7 | -6.1 | -7.4 | -8.6 |
"The MADRS is a 10-item scale designed to measure depression severity. Each item is scored on a 7-point scale and the scores range from 0 = item not present/normal to 6 = severe/continuous presence of the symptoms. Total score is calculated by adding the scores for all the 10 items and it ranges from 0 to 60. The interpretations of the scores are: 0 to 6= normal/symptom absent; 7 to 19= mild depression; 20 to 34= moderate depression; more than 34= severe depression." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Change at Day 7 | Change at Day 14 | Change at Day 28 | Change at Day 42 | Change at Day 56 | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 29.1 | -5.6 | -10.5 | -13.6 | -16.4 | -19.1 |
"Q-LES-Q-SF is a 14-item questionnaire in which each question is rated on a 5-point scale with scores ranging from 1 = very poor to 5 = very good. The total raw score is calculated by summing up the scores for the 14 items. The raw total score ranges from 14 to 70. The raw total score is transformed into a percentage maximum possible score using the following formula: (raw total score minus minimum score) divided by (maximum possible raw score minus minimum score). The minimum raw score on the Q-LES-Q-SF is 14, and the maximum score is 70. Lower score indicate worsening." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=239) | Change at Day 14 (n=219) | Change at Day 28 (n=230) | Change at Day 42 (n=230) | Change at Day 56 (n=230) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 39.3 | 9.6 | 15.1 | 19.0 | 22.5 |
"SDS is a composite of 3 self-rated items designed to measure the extent to which 3 major sectors in the participant's life are impaired by panic, anxiety, phobic, or depressive symptoms. The participant rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities, and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired by his or her symptoms on a 10-point visual analog scale. To get a total score add up the 3 individual scores and the total score ranges from 0 = unimpaired to 30 = highly impaired. Higher scores indicate worsening." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42, and Day 56
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline (n=234) | Change at Day 14 (n=216) | Change at Day 28 (n=225) | Change at Day 42 (n=225) | Change at Day 56 (n=225) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 17.4 | -4.6 | -7.0 | -8.3 | -10.1 |
"The MADRS is a 10 item scale designed to measure depression severity. Each item is scored on a 7 point scale and the scores range from 0 = item not present/normal to 6 = severe/continuous presence of the symptoms. Total score is calculated by adding the scores for all the 10 items and ranges from 0 to 60. The interpretations of the scores are: 0 to 6= normal/symptom absent; 7 to 19= mild depression; 20 to 34= moderate depression; 35 to 60= severe depression data was obtained by Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 7 (n=235) | Day 14 (n=240) | Day 28 (n=240) | Day 42 (n=240) | Day 56 (n=240) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 7.2 | 25.0 | 46.7 | 61.7 | 74.2 |
"HAM-A is a rating scale developed to quantify the severity of anxiety symptomatology. It consists of 14 items, each defined by a series of symptoms. Each item is rated on a 5 point scale, ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (severe). Total score is calculated by adding the scores for each of the 14 items and the score ranges from 0 to 56. The interpretation of total scores are: 0 to 17 is considered to be mild, 18 to 25 mild to moderate, and 26 to 30 moderate to severe and 31 to 56 indicate very severe anxiety. Higher scores indicate worsening data was obtained by Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 7 (n=235) | Day 14 (n=240) | Day 28 (n=240) | Day 42 (n=240) | Day 56 (n=240) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 4.3 | 15.8 | 31.7 | 43.8 | 61.3 |
QIDS-SR contains 16 question regarding 9 Major depression disorder symptoms (sleep, weight, psychomotor changes, depressed mood, decreased interest, fatigue, guilt, concentration, and suicidal ideation). Each question is rated on a 4-point scale (range, 0 to 3). Total score is the sum of scores calculated by adding scores for each question and the interpretation is as follows: 0-5 (no depression likely); 6-10 (possibly mildly depressed); 11-15 (moderate depression); 16-20 (severe depression); 21-27 (very severe depression). Higher scores represent more severe depression symptoms data was obtained by Last observation carried forward (LOCF) method. (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 7 (n=228) | Day 14 (n=237) | Day 28 (n=237) | Day 42 (n=237) | Day 56 (n=237) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 7.5 | 15.2 | 27.0 | 42.6 | 51.5 |
"Remission rate is defined as percentage of participants with MADRS total scores less than or equal to 10 at the endpoint (at week 8). The MADRS is a 10-item scale designed to measure depression severity. Each item is scored on 7-point scale, from 0 = not present/normal to 6 = severe/continuous presence of the symptoms and the total score (addition of all 10-items) ranges from 0 to 60. The interpretations of the scores are: 0 to 6= normal/symptom absent; 7 to 19= mild depression; 20 to 34= moderate depression; more than 34= severe depression." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Day 7, Day 14, Day 28, Day 42 and Day 56
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 7 (n=235) | Day 14 (n=240) | Day 28 (n=240) | Day 42 (n=240) | Day 56 (n=240) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 3.4 | 16.3 | 27.5 | 43.3 | 61.7 |
"Onset of effect is defined as the reduction rate greater than or equal to 20 percent change from baseline in Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) total scores. The MADRS is a 10-item scale designed to measure depression severity. Each item is scored on 7-point scale, from 0 = not present/normal to 6 = severe/continuous presence of the symptoms and the total score (addition of all 10-items) ranges from 0 to 60. The interpretations of the scores are: 0 to 6= normal/symptom absent; 7 to 19= mild depression; 20 to 34= moderate depression; more than 34= severe depression." (NCT01870843)
Timeframe: Week 1 and Week 2
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Week 1 (n=235) | Week 2 (n=240) | |
| Escitalopram Oxalate | 98 | 174 |
Change in 24-item Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) scores from baseline to Week 48: HAMD measures depression severity based on a series of 24 items items. The range of HAMD total score is 0-74; 0 indicates no depressive symptoms and a maximum HAMD score is a 74, where the greater the score indicates more significant psychopathology. In this study, moderate to severe depression is considered a HAMD-24 greater than 14. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | -15.2 |
Change in Selective Reminding Test-Delayed Recall scores from baseline to Week 48: SRT Delay is administered 15 minutes after the immediate recall portion. Patients are asked to remember as many of the words as they can from the 6 trials. Maximum raw score is a 12 for free recall. If a patient is unable to recall a word, they are given a chance to recognize it among three incorrect word choices. Maximum raw score for recognition is 12. The greater the score on the delayed recall portion, the better the patient does on the assessment. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 1.2 |
Change in Selective Reminding Test-Total Immediate Recall (SRT-IR) scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures word recall (maximum 12 words per trial, across 6 trials). Maximum total recall score across 6 trials is 72; minimum recall is 0 across 6 trials. The higher the raw score, the better the patient did at recalling the target words. The unit of measure is the raw score, or the sum of the number of words recalled across all 6 trials. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: baseline, 48 weeks
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 7.5 |
Change in Trails A scores from baseline to Week 48: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers from 1-25 in numerical order as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 1.9 |
Change from baseline to Week 48 on Trails B: Measures attention and executive function. It asks patients to connect numbers and letters in numerical to alphabetical order from (1-13 and A-L) as fast as they can. Patients are timed; the longer it takes for the patient to connect the numbers and letters, the worse their score. Unit of measure is in seconds. The amount of errors that the patient makes during trails is also recorded. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | seconds (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | -36.3 |
The CDR is a numeric rating scale that is used to quantify the severity of one's cognitive function. The scale goes from 0=normal; 0.5=mild cognitive impairment; 1 to 3=mild to moderate/severe dementia. CDR was used a dichotomous outcome measure (no=0; yes=1). (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 1 |
The CGI Cognitive Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses from the entire group were calculated. Mean at final visit and baseline is reported below. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| CGI-Cognitive Change (Baseline) | Clinical Global Impression-Cogntive Change (WK 48) | |
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 3.6 | 2.7 |
The CGI Depression Change follows a seven-point likert scale. Compared to the patient's condition at baseline in the study [prior to medication initiation], the patient's condition is rated as: 1=very much improved since the initiation of treatment; 2=much improved; 3=minimally improved; 4=no change from baseline (the initiation of treatment); 5=minimally worse; 6= much worse; 7=very much worse since the initiation of treatment. Responses were calculated for the entire group. Mean at final visit has been reported below. Higher mean at baseline indicates a decrease in depression scores. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Cognitive Global Impression at Baseline | Cognitive Global Impression at Final Visit (WK 48) | |
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 4.1 | 2.1 |
"Somatic side effect rating scale which includes 26 common somatic side effects associated with previous medication clinical trials; rated by the study physician. Factors were dichotomized to yes or no responses on this scale, which equated to the symptom being either present or not present. Yes and no responses were given a value of 0 (no) or 1 (yes). Responses from the entire group were calculated and the mean at baseline and the last visit is reported below." (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Treatment Emergent Side Effects (Baseline) | Treatment Emergent Side Effects (WK 48) | |
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 6.6 | 3.2 |
Change in Wechsler Memory Scale-III scores from baseline to Week 48: The WMS-III Visual Reproduction sub-test was used to measure visual working memory and delayed memory. Patients were shown pictures of four drawings and were asked to reproduce them from memory immediately after seeing them, and 25 minutes after seeing them. The four scores are summed and the greater the total raw score, the better the patient did on the assessment. The maximum raw score for this test is a 41 on both the immediate and delayed portions (the overall range is 0-82 points). The change score is calculated using the total scores of both the immediate and delayed portions. (NCT01876823)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 48
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Es-citalopram and Memantine Treatment | 9.9 |
The UKU (Udvalg for Kliniske Undersogelser) Side Effect Rating Scale organizes symptoms into 4 categories (i.e., Psychic, Neurologic, Autonomic, Other) containing 8-19 symptoms each. Each symptom receives a score for degree and causal relationship. Degree is scored between 0-3 with higher scores being more severe. Causal relationship is scored as improbable, possible, or probable. (NCT01902004)
Timeframe: Measured at 3, 6 months and 12 months
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 3 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
| Escitalopram and Memantine | 3 | 3 | 1 |
| Escitalopram and Placebo | 2 | 5 | 0 |
Clinician administered item scale measures severity of depressive symptoms. The 10 items are measured on a 7-point scale ranging from 0 to 6; creating a total range of 0-60. A score of 0 suggests absence of symptoms and higher scores represent greater severity of depression.Severity gradations for the MADRS have been proposed (9-17 = mild, 18-34 = moderate, and ≥ 35 = severe). Treatment remission is defined as an endpoint total score ≤ 10. (NCT01902004)
Timeframe: Measured at 3 months; 6 months and 12 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
| Escitalopram and Memantine | 16.7 | 7.1 | 6.0 | 8.8 |
| Escitalopram and Placebo | 14.8 | 8.7 | 8.6 | 8.0 |
Clinician administered scale measures severity of depressive symptoms. This measure includes 24 items. Response options vary item to item and include the following ranges: [0-2], [0-3], and [0-4]. A score of 0 suggests absence of symptoms and/or difficulties and higher scores represent more severe difficulties. Possible overall score range [0-74], higher scores representing more severe difficulties. (NCT01902004)
Timeframe: Measured at 3 months; 6 months and 12 months
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 3 Months | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
| Escitalopram and Memantine | 17.8 | 6.0 | 5.9 | 7.2 |
| Escitalopram and Placebo | 17.7 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 5.4 |
Neuropsychological battery of tests which included the following domains: learning, delayed recall, and executive functioning. Raw scores were transformed to z-scores for each test score of interest for each participant, and then averaged. These z-scores were averaged within each neuropsychological domain to produce composite scores and then averaged over all tests to calculate a global performance score. Higher scores are indicative of better performance. (NCT01902004)
Timeframe: Measured at 6 months and 12 months
| Intervention | z score (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | 6 Months | 12 Months | |
| Escitalopram and Memantine | .02 | 0.03 | .15 |
| Escitalopram and Placebo | -.04 | -.1 | -.26 |
"Change in amount of money earned between baseline and after 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment is determined through a summary score from a variety of decision-making tasks. Participants received between $5 and $40 per visit, depending on the outcomes of the decisions made on the computerized tasks. Variable payment ensured that the decision-making tasks were approached realistically, as opposed to using hypothetical points that do not have meaning in the real world. Greater earnings indicate better financial decision-making.~The specific tasks were:~risk task~balloon analogue risk task~temporal discounting task~ultimatum game~continuous performance task" (NCT01916824)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 6
| Intervention | US Dollars (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline Visit | After 6 Weeks of Treatment | |
| Healthy Controls | 25.0 | 21.9 |
| Participants With Major Depressive Disorder | 23.2 | 20.5 |
This 16-items assessment is used to rate the 9 criterion symptom domains of a major depressive episode: 4 items are used to rate sleep disturbance (early, middle, and late insomnia plus hypersomnia); 2 items are used to rate psychomotor disturbance (agitation and retardation); 4 items are used to rate appetite/weight disturbance (appetite increase or decrease and weight increase or decrease). Only 1 item is used to rate the remaining 6 domains (depressed mood, decreased interest, decreased energy, worthlessness/guilt, concentration/decision making, and suicidal ideation). Each item is rated 0-3. For symptom domains that require more than 1 item, the highest score of the item relevant for each domain is taken. The total score ranges from 0-27. A lower rating indicates higher expectancy of improvement and lower expectation of depressive symptomatology, and a higher rating indicates lower expectancy of improvement, higher expectation of depression. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 5.3 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 4.8 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 5.8 |
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Brain was acquired. We rated the severity of WMH on axial T2 FLAIR images using the Fazekas modified Coffey Rating Scale. Deep WMH are scored as 0 (absent), 1 (punctate foci), 2 (beginning confluence of foci), and 3 (large confluent areas); subcortical gray matter HIs (basal ganglia) are scored as 0 (absent), 1 (punctate), 2 (multipunctate), and 3 (diffuse); periventricular HIs are scored as 0 (absent), 1 (caps), 2 (smooth halo), and 3 (irregular and extending into the deep white matter). Our primary measure of WMH burden will be DWMH score, which has been used to establish the only empirically validated diagnostic criteria for vascular depression, where scores of 0-1 were normal, but 2-3 indicated WHM. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-Baseline
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 2.3 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 2.1 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 1.9 |
QIDS-SR is a 16 item scale self-report form that was used to measure depression outcomes. This self-report is valuable in this study, because it is less susceptible to clinician and rater bias. The QIDS-SR has been increasingly used in antidepressant studies due to its equivalent weightings for each symptom item, clearly understandable anchor points, and inclusion of all DSM criteria for depression. The scores range from 0-27 with 27 being worse depressive symptoms. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 8.00 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 6.93 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 6.34 |
QIDS-SR is a 16 item scale self-report form that was used to measure depression outcomes. This self-report is valuable in this study, because it is less susceptible to clinician and rater bias. The QIDS-SR has been increasingly used in antidepressant studies due to its equivalent weightings for each symptom item, clearly understandable anchor points, and inclusion of all DSM criteria for depression. The scores range from 0-27 with 27 being worse depressive symptoms. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 12.4 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 13.5 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 13.0 |
This 16-items assessment is used to rate the 9 criterion symptom domains of a major depressive episode: 4 items are used to rate sleep disturbance (early, middle, and late insomnia plus hypersomnia); 2 items are used to rate psychomotor disturbance (agitation and retardation); 4 items are used to rate appetite/weight disturbance (appetite increase or decrease and weight increase or decrease). Only 1 item is used to rate the remaining 6 domains (depressed mood, decreased interest, decreased energy, worthlessness/guilt, concentration/decision making, and suicidal ideation). Each item is rated 0-3. For symptom domains that require more than 1 item, the highest score of the item relevant for each domain is taken. The total score ranges from 0-27. A lower rating indicates higher expectancy of improvement and lower expectation of depressive symptomatology, and a higher rating indicates lower expectancy of improvement, higher expectation of depression. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Week 0
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 6.63 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 6.20 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 4.92 |
CES is an 8 item scale in which subjects rate their impression of the credibility of the treatment and how they estimate their expectation of improvement. The CES is the most widely used measure of expectancy and has demonstrated good psychometric properties in multiple studies. Question 2 ('Better') asks the patient the chances of their depression being completely better at the end of this study, from 1 = very poor to 7 = very good. The higher the number, the higher the expectancy that they will be better. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Week 0
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 5.63 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 5.00 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 5.67 |
CES is an 8 item scale in which subjects rate their impression of the credibility of the treatment and how they estimate their expectation of improvement. The CES is the most widely used measure of expectancy and has demonstrated good psychometric properties in multiple studies. CES question 3 ('Depression') asks how the patient's depression will be at the end of the study, compared with now, from 1 = much worse to 7= much better. The higher the number, the higher the expectancy that their depression will be much better. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 6.3 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 6.0 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 5.9 |
CES is an 8 item scale in which subjects rate their impression of the credibility of the treatment and how they estimate their expectation of improvement. The CES is the most widely used measure of expectancy and has demonstrated good psychometric properties in multiple studies. CES question 3 ('Depression') asks how the patient's depression will be at the end of the study, compared with now, from 1 = much worse to 7= much better. The higher the number, the higher the expectancy that their depression will be much better. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Week 0
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 5.88 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 5.40 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 6.06 |
Stroop Color Word test asks patients to name the color of a word rather than reading the word. Stroop Color Word is how many colors they can name in 45 sec (higher is better, e.g., less executive dysfunction). (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-Baseline
| Intervention | correct items (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 31.7 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 31.0 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 32.6 |
The Stroop is a measure of inhibition under distracting conditions that is sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction. in Stroop Color Word test patients are to name the color of a word rather than reading the word. Stroop Color Word is how many colors they can name in 45 sec (higher is better, e.g., less executive dysfunction). Stroop Interference is this score adjusted for age and education. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-Baseline
| Intervention | correct items (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 42.2 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 42.9 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 44.1 |
Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluate recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score of 16 or above is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 22.8 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 23.6 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 22.9 |
Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluate recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score of 16 or above is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 13.25 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 14.39 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 11.67 |
CES is an 8 item scale in which subjects rate their impression of the credibility of the treatment and how they estimate their expectation of improvement. The CES is the most widely used measure of expectancy and has demonstrated good psychometric properties in multiple studies. Question 2 ('Better') asks the patient the chances of their depression being completely better at the end of this study, from 1 = very poor to 7 = very good. The higher the number, the higher the expectancy that they will be better. (NCT01931202)
Timeframe: Pre-Baseline
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Double Blind-Placebo Group | 6 |
| Double Blind-Escitalopram Group | 5.5 |
| Open Treatment With Escitalopram | 5.3 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 14.8 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 10.8 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 15.1 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 11.6 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: 6 Months
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 12.5 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 13.3 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. Simple: the scores assigned to each of the items - none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. This method is referred to as simple scoring because the scores from each of the items are simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. This approach is practical to use as a hand-scoring approach and may be the method of choice in busy clinical settings or in paper-pencil interview situations. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 68.7 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: 12 Months
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 67.8 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: 6 Months
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 66.7 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 71.7 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 80.9 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 56.7 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Month 6
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 77.2 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 58.0 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 77.9 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 59.4 |
"Assesses the level of functioning of patients, a component of the frailty evaluation. The scores assigned to each of the items: none (0), mild (1) moderate (2), severe (3), and extreme (4) - are summed. Each of the items is simply added up without recoding or collapsing of response categories; thus, there is no weighting of individual items. As a result, the simple sum of the scores of the items across all domains constitutes a statistic that is sufficient to describe the degree of functional limitations.~Step 1 - Summing of recoded item scores within each domain. Step 2 - Summing of all six domain scores. Step 3 - Converting the summary score into a metric ranging from 0 to 100 (where 0 = no disability; 100 = full disability)." (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 82.3 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 56.8 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: 12 Months
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Medication Treatment | 13.6 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 21 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 19.7 |
Measure Description: Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. (NCT01973283)
Timeframe: Month 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Frail | 14.3 |
| Not/Intermediate Frail | 13.0 |
Brain activation on fMRI while participants undergo a Go/Nogo task. Percent of significant cluster in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for contrast of Hard Nogo minus Easy Nogo correlation with treatment effectiveness score. (NCT02080832)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Percent of significant voxels in cluster (Number) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram (20mg or 40mg) | 83 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Brain activation on fMRI while participants undergo a Go/Nogo task. Percent of significant cluster in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for contrast of Hard Nogo minus Easy Nogo correlation with treatment effectiveness score. (NCT02080832)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percent of significant voxels in cluster (Number) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram (20mg or 40mg) | 9 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Brain activation on fMRI while participants undergo a Go/Nogo task. Percent of significant cluster in Statistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) for contrast of Hard Nogo minus Easy Nogo correlation with treatment effectiveness score. (NCT02080832)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | percent of significant voxels in cluster (Number) |
|---|---|
| Citalopram (20mg or 40mg) | 8 |
| Placebo | 0 |
Number of benzoylecgonine negative urines divided by the total number of urines collected (NCT02080832)
Timeframe: 8 weeks of treatment
| Intervention | percentage of negative urines (Number) |
|---|---|
| Medication (Citalopram 20mg) | 6.6 |
| Placebo | 8.3 |
| Medication (Citalopram 40mg) | 29 |
"scale for depressive symptoms administered by trained rater. The HRSD is the standard measure of depression severity for clinical trials of antidepressants and was chosen as the primary outcome measure over other depression rating scales to ensure compatibility of study results with our meta-analyses and ongoing studies of expectancy. Although the HRSD list 21 items, the scoring is based on the first 17 items.~sum of the scores of the first 17 items (range from 0 to 54): 0-7 = NORMAL 8-13 = Mild Depression 14-18 = Moderate Depression 19-22 = Severe Depression >=23 = Very Severe Depression" (NCT02082392)
Timeframe: Baseline week
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management | 25 |
| Research Frequency Management | 31 |
Scale for anxiety symptoms administered by trained rater. The HARS is a standard measure of anxiety severity in pharmacotherapy studies that has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in studies of depressed patients. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4(severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indi-cates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and25-30 moderate to severe. (NCT02082392)
Timeframe: Baseline week
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management | 9.5 |
| Research Frequency Management | 13 |
"scales developed to measure the clinician's view of subjects' global functioning before and after initiating a study medication. The CGI correlates well with other standard outcome measures for depression (e.g., HRSD), is sensitive to change in antidepressant trials, and offers clinically understandable anchor points.~7-point scale: 0 = Not assessed 4 = Moderately ill~1 = Normal, not at all ill 5 = Markedly ill 2 = Borderline mentally ill 6 = Severely ill 3 = Mildly ill 7 = Among the most extremely ill patients" (NCT02082392)
Timeframe: Baseline week
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management | 3 |
| Research Frequency Management | 4 |
Remission from major depressive episode as assessed by 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. (NCT02137369)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | number of events (Number) |
|---|---|
| SSRI | 15 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 4 |
Response Defined as 50% Change in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 Score at 12 Weeks (NCT02137369)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | number of events (Number) |
|---|---|
| SSRI | 21 |
| Cognitive Behavioral Therapy | 5 |
Change in the level of Amyloid Beta peptides (Amyloid Beta 42 and Amyloid Beta 40) in the CSF between the measurement at baseline and the measurement after exposure with escitalopram. (NCT02161458)
Timeframe: 2 - 8 Weeks (we used week 8 minus baseline and week 2 minus baseline)
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Ab 42 in CSF | Ab 40 in CSF | |
| Escitalopram 20mg for 2 Weeks | -12.7 | 46.27 |
| Escitalopram 20mg for 8 Weeks | -25.63 | -41.82 |
| Escitalopram 30mg for 8 Weeks | -22.73 | -152.64 |
| Placebo (Sugar Pill) | 6.74 | 197.36 |
Urine samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Number of participants with urine specific gravity and potential of hydrogen (pH) outside (higher or lower) the normal range are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urine specific gravity, high,Screening, n=265, 255 | Urine specific gravity, low,Screening, n=265, 255 | Urine specific gravity,high, Week 8, n=171, 173 | Urine specific gravity,low, Week 8, n=171, 173 | Urine specific gravity, high, Taper, n=18, 28 | Urine specific gravity, low, Taper, n=18, 28 | Urine specific gravity, high, Follow-up, n=7, 14 | Urine specific gravity, low, Follow-up, n=7, 14 | Urine pH, high, Screening, n=265, 266 | Urine pH, low, Screening, n=265, 266 | Urine pH, high, Week 8, n=172, 178 | Urine pH, low, Week 8, n=172, 178 | Urine pH, high, Taper, n=18, 28 | Urine pH, low, Taper, n=18, 28 | Urine pH, high, Follow-up, n=7, 14 | Urine pH, low, Follow-up, n=7, 14 | |
| Bupropion XL | 20 | 1 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 37 | 5 | 23 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
| Escitalopram | 12 | 1 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 3 | 0 | 18 | 28 | 9 | 20 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 2 |
"C-SSRS is an assessment tool that evaluates suicidal ideation and behavior. It consists of 10 items, each with two possible answers (yes/no). Suicidal ideation was interpreted if yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the five suicidal ideation questions (item 1-5) on the C-SSRS. Suicidal behavior was interpreted if a yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the five suicidal behavior questions (item 6-10) on the C-SSRS. Suicidal ideation or behavior is interpreted if a yes answer at any time during treatment to any one of the ten suicidal ideation and behavior questions (item 1-10) on the C-SSRS. Number of participants with at least one on-treatment C-SSRS assessment were analyzed. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline and up to Taper visit (Week 9)
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suicidal Ideation or Behavior | Suicidal Ideation | Suicidal Behavior | Self-Injurious Behavior, no suicidal attempt | |
| Bupropion XL | 50 | 50 | 2 | 1 |
| Escitalopram | 43 | 43 | 1 | 1 |
ECG was recorded at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). PR interval <110 or >220 millisecond (msec); QRS interval <60 or >120 msec and corrected QT (QTc) interval >450 msec were considered as values outside of clinical concern range and were presented as 'High' or 'Low' values. Number of participants with ECG data outside of clinical concern range at any post-Baseline visit are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PR interval, high, Any visit post-randomization | PR interval, low,Any visit post-randomization | QRS interval, high, Any visit post-randomization | QRS interval, low, Any visit post-randomization | QTc interval, high, Any visit post-randomization | QTc interval, low, Any visit post-randomization | |
| Bupropion XL | 0 | 5 | 2 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
| Escitalopram | 0 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 3 | 0 |
An AE is any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant, temporally associated with the use of a medicinal product, whether or not considered related to the medicinal product. Any untoward event resulting in death, life threatening, requires hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, results in disability/incapacity, congenital anomaly/birth defect, any other situation according to medical or scientific judgment that may not be immediately life-threatening or result in death or hospitalization but may jeopardize the participant or may require medical or surgical intervention or all events of possible drug-induced liver injury with hyperbilirubinemia were categorized as SAE. Participants who received any of the study treatment and had any non-serious AE or SAE were considered for analysis. Safety Population comprised of all participants who took at least one dose of the study medication. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) | |
|---|---|---|
| Any non-serious AE | Any SAE | |
| Bupropion XL | 151 | 10 |
| Escitalopram | 150 | 11 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Giga cells per liter (GI/L) (Mean) | ||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| WBC count, Week 8, n=176, 183 | WBC count, Taper, n=13, 16 | WBC count, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Total Neutrophils, Week 8, n=176, 183 | Total Neutrophils, Taper, n=13, 16 | Total Neutrophils, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Lymphocytes, Week 8, n=176, 183 | Lymphocytes, Taper, n=13, 16 | Lymphocytes, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Basophil, Week 8, n=176, 182 | Basophil, Taper, n=13, 16 | Basophil, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Eosinophil, Week 8, n=176, 182 | Eosinophil, Taper, n=13, 16 | Eosinophil, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Monocyte, Week 8, n=176, 182 | Monocyte, Taper, n=13, 16 | Monocyte, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Platelet count, Week 8, n=176, 183 | Platelet count, Taper, n=13, 16 | Platelet count, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.032 | 0.065 | -0.743 | 0.101 | 0.306 | -0.869 | -0.154 | -0.242 | 0.042 | 0.001 | 0.001 | -0.003 | -0.004 | -0.012 | -0.005 | 0.021 | -0.001 | 0.058 | 7.73 | 17.15 | 28.50 |
| Escitalopram | -0.073 | -0.715 | 0.427 | -0.165 | -0.772 | 0.424 | 0.072 | 0.077 | 0.022 | 0.002 | 0.001 | -0.012 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.019 | 0.003 | -0.031 | 0.010 | 0.56 | 7.19 | 5.38 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Micromoles per liter (µmol/L) (Mean) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total bilirubin, Week 8, n=175, 181 | Total bilirubin, Taper, n=12, 15 | Total bilirubin, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | Direct bilirubin, Week 8, n=175, 180 | Direct bilirubin, Taper, n=11, 15 | Direct bilirubin, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | Creatinine, Week 8, n=174, 183 | Creatinine, Taper, n=12, 15 | Creatinine, Follow-up, n=8, 11 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.812 | -3.457 | 0.382 | -0.072 | -1.554 | -0.102 | 7.507 | 6.675 | 4.237 |
| Escitalopram | -0.071 | 1.198 | 0.338 | -0.006 | 0.654 | 0.382 | 0.307 | 0.880 | 1.618 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | 10^12 cells per liter (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| RBC Count, Week 8, n=176, 183 | RBC Count, Taper, n=13, 16 | RBC Count, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.009 | -0.088 | -0.132 |
| Escitalopram | -0.049 | -0.007 | 0.036 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Femtoliter (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MCV, Week 8, n=176, 183 | MCV, Taper, n=13, 16 | MCV, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | 4.668 | 0.508 | 0.320 |
| Escitalopram | -0.090 | 0.181 | 0.287 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Picograms (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| MCH, Week 8, n=176, 183 | MCH, Taper, n=13, 16 | MCH, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.032 | 0.269 | -0.050 |
| Escitalopram | 0.049 | 0.262 | -0.250 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Proportion of red blood cells in blood (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Hematocrit, Week 8, n=176, 183 | Hematocrit, Taper, n=13, 16 | Hematocrit, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | 0.0016 | -0.0051 | -0.0076 |
| Escitalopram | -0.0044 | 0.0017 | 0.0051 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Sleep Disorder subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 4, 5 and 6 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 6 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.6 | -0.8 | -1.4 | -1.8 | -2.3 |
| Escitalopram | -0.7 | -1.2 | -1.6 | -2.0 | -2.4 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Retardation subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 1, 7, 8 and 14 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 14 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -1.0 | -1.8 | -2.9 | -3.9 | -4.7 |
| Escitalopram | -1.0 | -2.0 | -3.1 | -3.9 | -4.9 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Depressed Mood Subscale is a factor score of item-1 (Depressed Mood) of HAMD-17 scale. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of depressed mood feelings) to 4 (when participants report virtually only these feeling states in his/her spontaneous verbal and non-verbal communicationtotal score). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.4 | -0.7 | -1.1 | -1.5 | -1.9 |
| Escitalopram | -0.4 | -0.8 | -1.3 | -1.6 | -1.9 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 Anxiety/Somatization subscale score was derived as sum of scores of items 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and 17 from HAMD-17. This subscale has a score in a range of 0 (absence of condition) to 18 (most severe condition). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline response from the specific post-Baseline response. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -1.3 | -2.0 | -3.0 | -4.0 | -4.8 |
| Escitalopram | -1.1 | -2.4 | -3.4 | -4.4 | -5.1 |
"CGI-S records the severity of illness at specific time points, with a range of responses from 1 (normal, not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill participants). Participants with zero values (0) representing Not assessed were excluded from analysis. Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline was obtained by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline value. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.3 | -0.7 | -1.1 | -1.6 | -2.1 |
| Escitalopram | -0.4 | -0.8 | -1.3 | -1.7 | -2.2 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Millimole per liter (mmol/L) (Mean) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Calcium, Week 8, n=173, 183 | Calcium, Taper, n=12, 12 | Calcium, Follow-up, n=8, 11 | Chloride, Week 8, n=173, 182 | Chloride, Taper, n=10, 13 | Chloride, Follow-up, n=8, 8 | Cholesterol, Week 8, n=175, 181 | Cholesterol, Taper, n=12, 14 | Cholesterol, Follow-up, n=9, 11 | Glucose, Week 8, n=173, 181 | Glucose, Taper, n=12, 16 | Glucose, Follow-up, n=9, 11 | Potassium, Week 8, n=173, 182 | Potassium, Taper, n=10, 13 | Potassium, Follow-up, n=8, 8 | Sodium, Week 8, n=173, 182 | Sodium, Taper, n=10, 13 | Sodium, Follow-up, n=8, 8 | Triglycerides, Week 8, n=175, 181 | Triglycerides, Taper, n=13, 15 | Triglycerides, Follow-up, n=9, 11 | Urea, Week 8, n=174, 183 | Urea, Taper, n=12, 16 | Urea, Follow-up, n=8, 11 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.017 | -0.019 | -0.060 | 0.259 | -0.498 | -0.287 | -0.122 | 0.022 | -0.124 | -0.051 | 0.352 | -0.194 | -0.021 | -0.114 | -0.110 | -0.205 | -0.611 | -0.175 | 0.003 | -0.032 | 0.637 | -0.068 | 0.517 | 0.687 |
| Escitalopram | -0.020 | 0.012 | -0.060 | -0.293 | -0.566 | -0.178 | 0.051 | 0.082 | -0.122 | -0.050 | 0.106 | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.046 | 0.036 | -0.178 | 0.978 | 0.770 | 0.022 | 0.574 | 0.181 | 0.015 | -0.269 | -0.419 |
HAMD-17 is used to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement. It consisted of 17 questions. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline total score (at Day 0, Week 0) from Week 8 observed total score. The Per Protocol (PP) Population is defined as all randomized participants in the Intent-To-Treat (ITT) Population who do not meet criteria of a major protocol deviation, with overall compliance of active drug for acute treatment phase in the range of 75%-125% and complete the first 6 weeks treatment and has HAMD-17 assessment at/after week 6 (that is >=35 days). All participants in the PP population were included in the mixed model repeated measures analysis. Only those participants with data available at the specified time point were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | -14.5 |
| Escitalopram | -15.4 |
CSFQ is a questionnaire about sexual activity and sexual function (sexual intercourse, masturbation, sexual fantasies and other activity). CSFQ is a gender-specific questionnaire. Both male and female versions consist of 14 items, each with 5 possible answers. CSFQ has a score in a range of 14 to 70. Higher score indicates higher sexual activity and sexual function. Value at Day 0 (Week 0) was considered as Baseline value. Change from Baseline at Week 8 was calculated by subtracting the Baseline score from the specific post-Baseline score. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 0) and Week 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | 3.0 |
| Escitalopram | 0.9 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Remission was defined as HAMD-17 total scores at end of acute treatment phase (Week 8) <=7. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | 39.7 |
| Escitalopram | 47.2 |
Vital signs including systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate (HR) were taken at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing), randomization visit (Week 0) and at Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). SBP <30 or >170 millimeter of mercury (mmHg); DBP <20 or >110 mmHg and heart rate <40 or >120 beats per minute (bpm) were considered as values outside of clinical concern range and were presented as 'High' or 'Low' values. Number of participants with vital signs outside of clinical concern range at any post-Baseline visit are presented. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Participants (Number) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| SBP, high, Any visit post-Baseline | SBP, low,Any visit post-Baseline | DBP, high, Any visit post-Baseline | DBP, low, Any visit post-Baseline | HR, high, Any visit post-Baseline | HR, low, Any visit post-Baseline | |
| Bupropion XL | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Escitalopram | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | Gram per Liter (G/L) (Mean) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hemoglobin, Week 8, n=176, 183 | Hemoglobin, Taper, n=13, 16 | Hemoglobin, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | Total protein, Week 8, n=174, 183 | Total protein, Taper, n=12, 15 | Total protein, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | Albumin, Week 8, n=175, 183 | Albumin, Taper, n=12, 15 | Albumin, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | MCHC, Week 8, n=176, 183 | MCHC, Taper, n=13, 16 | MCHC, Follow-up, n=10, 8 | |
| Bupropion XL | -0.22 | -1.54 | -3.10 | -0.640 | 1.197 | -4.650 | -0.254 | -0.086 | -1.925 | -0.09 | 0.54 | -2.10 |
| Escitalopram | -1.16 | 1.38 | 0.38 | -0.891 | 2.000 | -1.227 | -0.678 | -0.027 | -1.577 | 0.76 | 2.25 | -2.88 |
MADRS is a 10-point rating scale. Each item is scored on a scale of 0-6, with a total score range of 0-60. Higher score indicates worst symptoms. This scale is mainly used to assess the efficacy of antidepressant treatment. The ratings were based on the signs and symptoms during the preceding week prior to the visit. Values at Day0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. The observed MADRS total score was considered as missing if any item is missing. Change from Baseline in MADRS was obtained by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline value. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 196 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | -3.6 | -7.0 | -11.2 | -15.5 | -18.6 |
| Escitalopram | -3.8 | -8.3 | -12.4 | -16.3 | -19.5 |
Blood samples were collected at Screening (within 14 days prior to dosing) and at Week 8, Taper visit (Week 9) and Follow-up visit (Week 10). Baseline was considered as the value obtained at Screening. Change from Baseline was calculated by subtracting the Baseline value from the specific post-Baseline values. Only those participants with data available at the specified time points were analyzed (represented by n=X in the category titles). (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 10
| Intervention | International Units per liter (IU/L) (Mean) | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ALT, Week 8, n=176, 183 | ALT, Taper, n=12, 16 | ALT, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | ALP, Week 8, n=176, 181 | ALP, Taper, n=12, 15 | ALP, Follow-up, n=7, 12 | AST, Week 8, n=176, 183 | AST, Taper, n=12, 16 | AST, Follow-up, n=8, 12 | GGT, Week 8, n=175, 181 | GGT, Taper, n=12, 15 | GGT, Follow-up, n=7, 12 | LD, Week 8, n=176, 182 | LD, Taper, n=13, 13 | LD, Follow-up, n=8, 10 | |
| Bupropion XL | 2.254 | 7.993 | -7.337 | 1.866 | 3.674 | 5.643 | 0.330 | 3.193 | 0.925 | 0.688 | 1.403 | -2.029 | 1.292 | 14.463 | 11.037 |
| Escitalopram | 1.315 | -1.812 | 5.938 | 0.407 | 3.480 | -3.953 | 1.099 | 0.381 | 2.867 | -0.694 | -3.133 | 3.916 | 2.879 | -8.092 | -4.150 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Response was defined as decrease in HAMD-17 total scores at end of acute treatment phase (Week 8) relative to Baseline by at least 50%. Non-responder Imputation was used in calculation of rates. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | 69.6 |
| Escitalopram | 72.9 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Sustained remission was defined as remission at end of acute treatment phase and an earlier visit and non-missing HAMD-17 total scores at all visits between these two visits <=8. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | 25.5 |
| Escitalopram | 28.6 |
HAMD-17 is an extensively used tool to assess the severity of depression and symptom improvement during the treatment. The HAMD-17 adopted for this study consisted of 17 questions with multiple choice responses, each of which is numerically scored. The HAMD-17 total score is calculated by summing the individual response scores if there is no missing response. HAMD-17 has a total score in a range of 0 (not present) to 52 (severe). Values at Day 0, Week 0 was considered as Baseline value. Sustained response was defined as response at end of acute treatment phase and an earlier visit and the decrease from Baseline in non-missing HAMD-17 total scores at all visits between these two visits by at least 40%. (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Up to Week 8
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Bupropion XL | 51.6 |
| Escitalopram | 56.3 |
"For CGI-I rating, the raters indicated their assessment of the participant's total improvement or worsening compared to the participant's condition at the Baseline visit, whether or not the improvement or worsening was thought to be treatment related. Scores ranges from 0 to 7 where 0 represents Not assessed, and the remaining values 1-7 represent Very much improved (1) to Very much worse (7). Participants with score 0 were excluded from analysis. All participants in the PP population were analyzed and n=X in the category titles represented the number of participants with data available at the specified time points." (NCT02191397)
Timeframe: Baseline (Week 0) and Weeks 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Week 1, n=184, 199 | Week 2, n=182, 199 | Week 4, n=184, 198 | Week 6, n=183, 197 | Week 8, n=176, 188 | |
| Bupropion XL | 6 | 21.4 | 38.6 | 67.8 | 80.7 |
| Escitalopram | 7.5 | 22.1 | 52.5 | 71.6 | 83.5 |
The RRS is a self-report questionnaire assessing rumination, or responding to distress by passively focusing on the possible causes and consequences of one's distress. The RRS ranges from scores of 0-66, with higher scores indicating greater severity of rumination. Change is calculated as final RRS score - baseline RRS score, so a negative change indicates improvement in this symptom. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Blinded Escitalopram | -10.27 |
| Blinded Placebo | -5.41 |
Change in self-reported depression severity was measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated (QIDS-SR16). This scale ranges from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity. Change is calculated as final score less baseline score, so a negative value indicates a decrease in depression severity. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Week 8 to week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Open-label Bupropion XL | -2.83 |
Change in depression severity will be measured by the MADRS. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. Change calculated as Final MADRS - Baseline MADRS, so a negative score means greater improvement. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Week 8 to week 16
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Open-label Bupropion XL | -8.75 |
Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a clinician-rated measure of depression severity. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. This will be used to define remission as a final score of 7 or less (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: From Baseline up to Week 16
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Blinded Escitalopram / Open-Label Bupropion | 37 |
| Blinded Placebo / Open-Label Bupropion | 13 |
Self-rated depression severity was measured by the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Self-Rated (QIDS-SR16). The QIDS-SR16 is a self-report of depression severity ranging from 0-27, with higher scores indicating greater depression severity. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Blinded Escitalopram | -4.87 |
| Blinded Placebo | -2.09 |
Depression severity was measured by a study clinician using the MADRS. Higher scores indicate greater depression severity, ranging 0-60. Change calculated as Final MADRS - Baseline MADRS, so a negative score means greater improvement. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline to week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Blinded Escitalopram | -13.90 |
| Blinded Placebo | -6.09 |
The AES is a self-report scale of apathy symptoms. The scale ranges from 18-72, with higher scores indicating greater levels of apathy. Change is calculated as final AES score - baseline AES score, so a more negative value indicates greater improvement in that symptom. (NCT02332291)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Blinded Escitalopram | -4.52 |
| Blinded Placebo | -3.00 |
IL6 levels were measured in participants by blood draw 6 weeks after the first dose was given. (NCT02389465)
Timeframe: up to week 6
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Control | 5.25 |
| Placebo | 18.24 |
| Escitalopram | 3.69 |
| Escitalopram + Celecoxib | 6.84 |
"This depression rating scale will be used to determine clinical outcome for depressed participants.~Scores range from 0-60. The higher the score, the worse the outcome (see below)~Normal: 0-6 Mild Depression: 7-19 Moderate Depression: 20-34 Severe Depression: 35+ Very Severe Depression: 60" (NCT02389465)
Timeframe: Week 6
| Intervention | Total Score (Sum of Points) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Control | 1.27 |
| Placebo | 19.14 |
| Escitalopram | 14.04 |
| Escitalopram + Celecoxib | 12.93 |
IL10 levels were measured in participants by blood draw 6 weeks after the first dose was given (NCT02389465)
Timeframe: up to 6 weeks
| Intervention | pg/mL (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Healthy Control | 4.21 |
| Placebo | 64.9 |
| Escitalopram | 12.24 |
| Escitalopram + Celecoxib | 18.56 |
A participant was defined as a responder (yes=1 and no=0) at a given time point if the percent reduction from baseline in MADRS total score is at least 50 percent (%). The percentage of participants who achieved at least 50% reduction from baseline were reported. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: At Day 28 of Double-blind Induction phase
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 54.1 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 53.1 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 38.9 |
PHQ-9 is 9-item, self-reported scale assessing 9 symptom domains of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder criteria. Each item is rated on 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half days, 3 = Nearly every day). The scores are summed for a total score ranging from 0-27. Higher score indicates greater severity of depression. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Moderately Severe (15-19), Severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -11.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -11.7 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -9.1 |
"PHQ-9 is 9-item, self-reported scale assessing 9 symptom domains of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder criteria. Each item is rated on 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half days, 3 = Nearly every day). The scores are summed for a total score ranging from 0-27. Higher score indicates greater severity of depression. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Moderately Severe (15-19), Severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -10.9 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -10.9 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -8.9 |
The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first 3 items assess disruption of 1) work/school, 2) social life, and 3) family life/home responsibilities using 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely) rating scale. Score for first 3 items are summed to create total score of 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly impaired), where higher score indicates greater impairment. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -11.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -11.1 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -8.4 |
"The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first 3 items assess disruption of 1) work/school, 2) social life, and 3) family life/home responsibilities using 0 (not at all) to 10 (extremely) rating scale. Score for first 3 items are summed to create total score of 0 (unimpaired) to 30 (highly impaired) where higher score indicates greater impairment. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -10.7 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -10.2 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -8.1 |
Participants who had a MADRS total score of less than or equal to (<=) 12 were considered as remitters. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: At Day 28 of Double-blind Induction Phase
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 36 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 38.8 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 30.6 |
"Participants who had a MADRS total score of less than or equal to (<=) 12 were considered as remitters. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: At Day 28 (Double-blind Endpoint)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 34.8 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 35.4 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 29.2 |
"A participant was defined as a responder (yes=1 and no=0) at a given time point if the percent reduction from baseline in MADRS total score is at least 50 percent (%). The percentage of participants who achieved at least 50% reduction from baseline were reported. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: At Day 28 (Double-blind Endpoint)
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 53.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 47.8 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 37.2 |
A participant was defined as having a clinical response if there was at least 50% improvement (decrease) from baseline in the MADRS total score with onset by Day 2 and Day 8 that was maintained to Day 28. Participants were allowed one excursion (non-response) on Days 8, 15 or 22, however score must show at least 25% improvement. Participants who did not meet these criteria or discontinued during the study before Day 28 were considered as non-responders and were assigned the value of 0 (that is no). MADRS is clinician-rated scale that consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), for total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Day 2 up to Day 28 and Day 8 up to Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 2 up to Day 28 | Day 8 up to Day 28 | |
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 10.4 | 13.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 8.8 | 11.4 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 1.8 | 3.5 |
"CGI-S provides measure of severity of participant's illness including participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior and impact of symptoms on ability to function. CGI-S evaluates severity of psychopathology on scale of 0 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, participant is assessed on severity of mental illness according to: 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among most extremely ill patients (a decrease in score indicates improvement). Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -2.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -2.0 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -1.0 |
EQ-5D-5L measures health outcome self-completed by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). EQ-VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of Double-blind induction phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 20.9 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 19.1 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 14.9 |
EQ-5D-5L measures health outcome self-completed by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). The descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). The responses are used to generate Health Status Index (HSI). HSI range is -0.148 to 0.949, is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to End of Double-blind Induction Phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | 0.224 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | 0.243 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 0.181 |
EQ-5D-5L measures health outcome self-completed by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). The descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). The responses are used to generate Health Status Index (HSI). HSI range is -0.148 to 0.949, is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). EQ-VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of Double-blind Induction phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -19.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -19.4 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -14.6 |
"GAD-7 is a brief and validated 7-item self-reported assessment of overall anxiety. Participants responded to each item using a 4 point scale with response categories of 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score with a range of 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more anxiety. The recall period is 2 weeks. The severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14) and Severe (15-21). Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -7.4 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -7.7 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -6.0 |
MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction Phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -19.0 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -18.8 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -14.8 |
"MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Missing data was imputed using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) method and last post baseline observation during double-blind induction phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02417064)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine 56 mg Plus Oral Antidepressant | -18.3 |
| Intranasal Esketamine 84 mg Plus Oral AD | -17.4 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -14.3 |
"GAD-7 is a brief and validated 7-item self-report assessment of overall anxiety. Participants respond to each item using a 4-point scale with response categories of 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score with a range of 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more anxiety. The recall period is 2 weeks. The severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14) and Severe (15 -21). The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -7.9 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -6.8 |
The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. First three items assess disruption of 1 work/school, 2 social life, 3 family life/home responsibilities using a 0(no impairment)-10 (most severe impairment). Score for first 3 items are summed to create total score of 0-30 where higher score indicates greater impairment and a negative change in score indicates improvement. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when under productive. (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -13.6 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -9.4 |
"The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. First three items assess disruption of 1 work/school, 2 social life, 3 family life/home responsibilities using a 0(no impairment)-10 (most severe impairment). Score for first 3 items are summed to create total score of 0-30 where higher score indicates greater impairment and a negative change in score indicates improvement. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when under productive. The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -12.5 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -9.3 |
A participant was defined as having a clinical response if there is at least 50 percent (%) improvement from baseline in the MADRS total score with onset by Day 2 and Day 8 that was maintained to Day 28. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Participants who did not meet such criterion or discontinue during the study before Day 28 for any reason were considered as non-responders. (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Day 2 up to Day 28 and Day 8 up to Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Onset of Clinical response on Day 2 | Onset of Clinical response on Day 8 | |
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 7.9 | 10.5 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 4.6 | 6.4 |
Remission defined as SDS total score <= 6 and individual item scores each <= 2. SDS is a participant reported outcome measure and is a 5-item questionnaire which has been widely used and accepted for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first three items assess disruption of (1) work/school, (2) social life, and (3) family life/home responsibilities using a 0-10 rating scale. The score for the first three items were summed to create a total score of 0-30 where a higher score indicates greater impairment. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when under productive. (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: At Day 28 (End of Double-blind Induction Phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 39.5 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 20.9 |
"Remission was defined as participants who had a MADRS total score of less than or equal to (=<) 12. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: At Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 48.2 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 30.3 |
"MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. The percentage of participants with greater than or equal to (>=) 50 % reduction from baseline in MADRS total score was reported. The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: At Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 63.4 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 49.5 |
Response defined as SDS total score <= 12 and individual item scores each <= 4. SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. First three items assess disruption of 1 work/school, 2 social life, 3 family life/home responsibilities using a 0(no impairment)-10 (most severe impairment). Score for first 3 items are summed to create total score of 0-30 where higher score indicates greater impairment and a negative change in score indicates improvement. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when under productive. (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: At Day 28 [end of Double-blind Induction Phase]
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 57.0 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 39.5 |
"European Quality of Life Group-5 Dimension-5-Level (EQ-5D-5L) is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). Health Status Index range is -0.148 - 0.949, is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health)." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to End of Double-blind Induction Phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 0.288 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 0.231 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). Health Status Index range is -0.148 - 0.949, is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to End of Double-blind Induction Phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -23.2 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -17.1 |
EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. The EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his or her overall health status at the time of completion, on a scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to End of Double-blind Induction Phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 29.1 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | 20.9 |
MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction Phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -21.4 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -17.0 |
"MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -19.6 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -16.3 |
PHQ-9 is 9-item, self-report scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item is rated on 4-point scale (0=Not at all, 1=Several Days, 2=More than half days, 3=Nearly every day. Scale scores each of 9 symptom domains of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder criteria and it has been used both as screening tool and measure of response to treatment for depression. The participant's item responses are summed to provide a total score (range of 0 to 27) with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Moderately Severe (15-19), Severe (20-27). (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Day 28 of Double-blind Induction phase
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -13.0 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -10.2 |
"CGI-S provides measure of severity of participant's illness including participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior and impact of symptoms on ability to function. CGI-S evaluates severity of psychopathology on scale of 0 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, participant is assessed on severity of mental illness according to: 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among most extremely ill patients. CGI-S permits global evaluation of participant's condition at given time. The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -2.0 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -2.0 |
"PHQ-9 is 9-item, self-report scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item is rated on 4-point scale (0=Not at all, 1=Several Days, 2=More than half days, 3=Nearly every day). Scale scores each of 9 symptom domains of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Major Depressive Disorder criteria and it has been used both as screening tool and measure of response to treatment for depression. The participant's item responses are summed to provide a total score (range of 0 to 27) with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Moderately Severe (15-19), Severe (20-27). The last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as End Point for that phase." (NCT02418585)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine (Esk) Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -12.2 |
| Intranasal Placebo Plus Oral AD | -10.1 |
"CGI-S provides an overall clinician-determined summary measure of the severity of the participants illness including participants history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, and the impact of the symptoms on the participants ability to function. The CGI-S evaluates the severity of psychopathology on a scale of 0 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, a participant is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating according to: 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as the End Point for that phase." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -1.0 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 0.0 |
"Percentage of participants with greater than or equal to (>=50) percent (%) reduction from baseline are reported. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as the End Point for that phase." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: At Endpoint-Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28]
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 23.9 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 12.5 |
"Remission was defined as participants who had a MADRS total score of less than or equal to (=<) 12. MADRS is clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity, and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. Scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent more severe condition. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as the End Point for that phase." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: At Endpoint-Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28]
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 15.5 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 6.3 |
The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. The scale consists of 10 items (to evaluates apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel [interest level], pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0-60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase[Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -10.0 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -6.3 |
"The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. The scale consists of 10 items (to evaluates apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel [interest level], pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0-60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using Last Observation Carried Forward (LOCF) method and last post baseline observation during the double-blind induction phase was carried forward as the End Point for that phase." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -9.3 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -5.6 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). HSI ranges from -0.148 (health state value equal to dead) and 0.949 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -6.6 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | -1.6 |
"EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a health status index (HSI). HSI ranges from -0.148 (health state value equal to dead) and 0.949 (full health), is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health)." (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 0.081 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 0.026 |
EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. The EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his or her overall health status at the time of completion, on a scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). (NCT02422186)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Double-blind Induction Phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine Plus Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 6.2 |
| Oral AD Plus Intranasal Placebo | 4.4 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). HSI ranges from 0 (dead) to 1.00 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 7.5 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 10.9 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. HSI ranges from 0 (dead) to 1.00 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 3.0 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 8.4 |
The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and is a 5-item questionnaire used and accepted for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first 3 items assess disruption of 1: work/school 2: social life 3: family life/home responsibilities using a 0-10 rating scale. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when underproductive. The score for the first 3 items are summed to create a total score of 0-30 where a higher score indicates greater impairment. The recall period is 7 days. Scores <= 4 for each item and <= 12 for the total score are considered response. Scores <= 2 for each item and <= 6 for the total score are considered remission. The change from baseline in SDS total Score, (LOCF data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 2.2 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 6.8 |
GAD-7 is a brief and validated 7-item self-report assessment of overall anxiety. Participants respond to each item using a 4-point scale with response categories of 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score with a range of 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more anxiety. The recall period is 2 weeks. The severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14) and Severe (15 -21). Item responses are summed to yield a total score (range of 0 to 21), with higher scores indicating more anxiety. The change from baseline in GAD-7 total score, (LOCF data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 2.2 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 4.0 |
GAD-7 is a brief and validated 7-item self-report assessment of overall anxiety. Participants respond to each item using a 4-point scale with response categories of 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score with a range of 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more anxiety. The recall period is 2 weeks. The severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14) and Severe (15 -21). Item responses are summed to yield a total score (range of 0 to 21), with higher scores indicating more anxiety. The change from baseline in GAD-7 total score, (LOCF data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 1.4 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 2.6 |
MADRS: clinician-rated scale to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. It has 10 items, scored from 0-6 (not present/normal - severe/continuous symptoms), with total score of 60. Higher scores mean more severe condition. The change from baseline in MADRS total score (last observation carried forward [LOCF] data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 7.5 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 12.5 |
Relapse is defined as any of following: Montgomery-asberg depression rating scale (MADRS) total score greater than or equal to (>=) 22 for 2 consecutive assessments separated by 5-15 days and/or hospitalization for worsening depression or any other clinically relevant event to be suggestive of a relapse of depressive illness such as suicide attempt/completed suicide/hospitalization for suicide prevention; If hospitalized, start date of hospitalization will be date of relapse, if not hospitalized date of event will be used. MADRS: clinician-rated scale to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. It has 10 items, scored from 0-6 (not present/normal-severe/continuous symptoms), with total score of 60. Higher scores mean more severe condition. Stable remission: MADRS total score less than or equal to (<=) 12 for at least 3 of last 4 weeks of OP phase, with 1 excursion total score greater than (>) 12 or one missing assessment at OP week 13 or 14. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Time from randomization to the first relapse during the maintenance phase (up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | NA |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 273.0 |
MADRS: clinician-rated scale to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. It has 10 items, scored from 0-6 (not present/normal - severe/continuous symptoms), with total score of 60. Higher scores mean more severe condition. The change from baseline in MADRS total score (LOCF data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 4.4 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 11.4 |
Relapse is defined as any of following: MADRS total score >= 22 for 2 consecutive assessments separated by 5-15 days and/or hospitalization for worsening depression or any other clinically relevant event to be suggestive of a relapse of depressive illness such as suicide attempt/completed suicide/hospitalization for suicide prevention; If hospitalized, start date of hospitalization will be date of relapse, if not hospitalized date of event will be used. MADRS: clinician-rated scale to measure depression severity and to detect changes due to antidepressant treatment. It has 10 items, scored from 0-6 (not present/normal-severe/continuous symptoms), with total score of 60. Higher scores mean more severe condition. Stable response is defined as >= 50 percent (%) reduction in MADRS total score from baseline (Day 1 of induction phase, prior to first intranasal dose) in each of the last 2 weeks of the OP phase, but without meeting criteria for stable remission. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Time from randomization to the first relapse during the maintenance phase (up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 635.0 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 88.0 |
PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-report scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day). The participant's item responses are summed to provide a total score (range of 0 to 27) with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms. The severity of the PHQ-9 is categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19) and severe (20-27). The change from baseline in PHQ-9 total score, (LOCF data) at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 3.3 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 5.9 |
"EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. HSI ranges from 0 (dead) to 1.00 (full health)." (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | -0.023 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | -0.073 |
PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-report scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item is rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day). The participant's item responses are summed to provide a total score (range of 0 to 27) with higher scores indicating greater severity of depressive symptoms. The severity of the PHQ-9 is categorized as follows: None-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19) and severe (20-27). The change from baseline in PHQ-9 total score, (LOCF data) at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 1.7 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 4.7 |
The SDS is a participant-reported outcome measure and is a 5-item questionnaire used and accepted for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first 3 items assess disruption of 1: work/school 2: social life 3: family life/home responsibilities using a 0-10 rating scale. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when underproductive. The score for the first 3 items are summed to create a total score of 0-30 where a higher score indicates greater impairment. The recall period is 7 days. Scores <= 4 for each item and <= 12 for the total score are considered response. Scores <= 2 for each item and <= 6 for the total score are considered remission. The change from baseline in SDS total Score, (LOCF data), at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 4.7 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 7.2 |
"EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. HSI ranges from 0 (dead) to 1.00 (full health)." (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | -0.067 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | -0.096 |
EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. The EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his or her overall health status at the time of completion, on a scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | -1.3 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | -13.8 |
EQ-5D-5L is a 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, designed for self-completion by respondents. It consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. The EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his or her overall health status at the time of completion, on a scale of 0 (the worst health you can imagine) to 100 (the best health you can imagine). (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | -10.4 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | -16.1 |
CGI-S provides an overall clinician-determined summary measure of the severity of the participant's illness that takes into account all available information, including knowledge of the participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, and the impact of the symptoms on the participant's ability to function. The CGI-S evaluates the severity of psychopathology on a scale of 0 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, a participant is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating according to: 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. The change from baseline in CGI-S score, (LOCF data) at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 0.0 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 1.0 |
CGI-S provides an overall clinician-determined summary measure of the severity of the participant's illness that takes into account all available information, including knowledge of the participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, and the impact of the symptoms on the participant's ability to function. The CGI-S evaluates the severity of psychopathology on a scale of 0 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, a participant is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating according to: 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. The change from baseline in CGI-S score, (LOCF data) at endpoint was reported. The last post baseline observation was carried forward as the endpoint. (NCT02493868)
Timeframe: Baseline and Endpoint (Up to 92 Weeks)
| Intervention | Units on a scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral AD | 0.0 |
| Oral AD+ Intranasal Placebo | 1.0 |
HVLT measures performance in verbal memory, learning, and long-term recall in which a list of words is read up to three times. Approximately 20-25 minutes later, a delayed recall trial and a recognition trial are completed. The delayed recall requires free recall of any words remembered. The recognition trial is composed of 24 words, including the 12 target words and 12 false-positives. When scoring the HVLT, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score (0-36); the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score (0 -12); the retention (%) score (0-100%) is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. A higher score = higher cognition. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Number of words (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.5 |
"SDS was a 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first three items assess disruption of (1) work/school, (2) social life, (3) family life/home responsibilities using a 0 to 10 rating scale. Score for the first three items are summed to create a total score of 0 to 30, higher score indicates greater impairment and a negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND Phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -9.3 |
"SDS was a participant-reported outcome measure and was a 5 item questionnaire used for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first three items assess disruption of (1) work/school, (2) social life, and (3) family life/home responsibilities using a 0 to 10 rating scale. The score for the first three items are summed to create a total score of 0 to 30 where a higher score indicates greater impairment and a negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -1.6 |
"The CGI-S measures the severity of the participant's illness that include knowledge of the participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, and the impact of the symptoms on the participant's ability to function. The CGI-S evaluates the severity of psychopathology on a scale of 0 to 7, where 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.0 |
"CGI-S measures severity of participant's illness that include knowledge of participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, impact of symptoms on participant's ability to function. CGI-S evaluates severity of psychopathology on a scale range from 0 - 7, where 0=not assessed; 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -2.0 |
"The CADSS used to measure present-state dissociative symptoms, and to assess treatment-emergent dissociative symptoms. It comprises 23 subjective items divided into 3 components: depersonalization (with score range from 0 to 28), derealization (with score range from 0 to 52), and amnesia (with score range from 0 to 8). Participants responses are coded on a 5-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Mild, 2 = Moderate, 3 = 'Severe and 4 = Extreme). The total score is sum of the 23 items and range from 0 to 92, where 0 (best) and 92 (worst). A higher score indicates a more severe condition." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Predose, up to 1.5 hours postdose (up to end of OP/MA phase [Week 52])
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 86.1 |
Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) measures performance in verbal memory, learning, and long-term recall in which a list of words is read up to three times. Approximately 20-25 minutes later, a delayed recall trial and a recognition trial are completed. The delayed recall requires free recall of any words remembered. The recognition trial is composed of 24 words, including the 12 target words and 12 false-positives. When scoring the HVLT, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score (0-36); the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score (0 -12); the retention (%) score (0-100%) is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. A higher score = higher cognition. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Number correct (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 2.8 |
"The CADSS used to measure present-state dissociative symptoms, and to assess treatment-emergent dissociative symptoms. It comprises 23 subjective items divided into 3 components: depersonalization (with score range from 0 to 28), derealization (with score range from 0 to 52), and amnesia (with score range from 0 to 8). Participants responses are coded on a 5-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Mild, 2 = Moderate, 3 = 'Severe and 4 = Extreme). The total score is sum of the 23 items and range from 0 to 92, where 0 (best) and 92 (worst). A higher score indicates a more severe condition." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Predose, up to 1.5 hours postdose (up to end of IND phase [Week 4])
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 92.0 |
Percentage of participants with treatment-emergent acute hypertension (Systolic Blood Pressure >=180 millimeters of mercury [mm Hg] or Diastolic Blood Pressure >= 110 mm Hg) during IND and OP/MA Phases were evaluated. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Up to End of OP/MA phase (Week 52)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Systolic BP >=180 | Diastolic BP >=110 | Acute hypertension | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 2.2 | 2.4 | 4.1 |
This battery is a series of computerized cognition tests (detection, identification, one card learning, one back and groton maze learning) designed to measure reaction time, visual learning and memory, and executive function/sequencing. GMLT measures executive function; maze/sequencing test, scored for total number of errors. Total score ranges from 0 to 999 number of errors. Lower score indicates better performance. Higher change from baseline indicates better performance. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Number of Errors (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 6.9 |
This battery is a series of computerized cognition tests (detection, identification, one card learning, one back and groton maze learning) designed to measure reaction time, visual learning and memory, and executive function/sequencing. The DET is a measure of psychomotor function and uses a well-validated simple reaction time. In this outcome measure, speed of performance of participants (calculated as mean of the logarithmic base 10 transformed reaction times) for correct responses was reported. Total score ranges from 2 to 3.3 log 10 milliseconds (msec). Lower score indicates better performance. Higher change from baseline indicates better performance. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of Optimization/Maintenance [OP/MA] Phase)
| Intervention | log10 msec (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -0.0028 |
"Response is defined as >= 50 % reduction from baseline (IND phase) in PHQ-9 total score. PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-reporting scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day), with a total score range of 0-27. The scores are summed for a total score ranging from 0-27. A higher score indicates greater severity of depression. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: none-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Day 15 and Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 Week IND phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 15 | End point | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 37.2 | 62.0 |
"Response is defined as greater than or equal to (>=) 50 % reduction from baseline in the MADRS total score. MADRS measures depression severity, detects changes due to AD treatment. It consists 10 items (evaluate apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, suicidal thoughts), scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores indicate more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Days 8, 15, 22 and Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 8 | Day 15 | Day 22 | End point | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 11.6 | 25.0 | 42.8 | 78.4 |
"Remission is defined as PHQ-9 total score <= 4. PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-reporting scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day), with a total score range of 0-27. The scores are summed for a total score ranging from 0-27. A higher score indicates greater severity of depression. severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: none-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Day 15 and Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 15 | Endpoint | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 12.7 | 26.9 |
"Remission is defined as MADRS total score less than or equal to (<=) 12. MADRS measures depression severity, detects changes due to AD treatment. It consists 10 items (evaluate apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, suicidal thoughts), scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores indicate more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Days 8, 15, 22 and Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND Phase)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Day 8 | Day 15 | Day 22 | End point | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 7.3 | 15.6 | 27.2 | 47.2 |
"Percentage of participants with cystitis, urinary tract infections, renal and urinary tract symptoms, renal and urinary disorders were evaluated. Cystitis and urinary tract infections are selected MedDRA preferred terms, renal and urinary tract symptoms refers to any preferred term (PT) in the group of selected PTs; and renal and urinary disorders refers to a MedDRA System Organ Class (SOC)." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Up to End of Follow up Phase (Week 56)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cystitis | Urinary tract infections | Renal and urinary disorders | Renal and urinary tract symptoms | |
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.6 | 8.1 | 10.5 | 17.0 |
An adverse event is any untoward medical occurrence in a clinical study participants who administered a medicinal (investigational or non-investigational) product and does not necessarily have a causal relationship with the treatment. A TEAE defined as an event that was new in onset or increased in severity following treatment initiation. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Up to End of Follow up Phase (Week 56)
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 90.1 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. HSI ranges from -0.148 to 0.949 and is anchored at 0 (health state value equal to dead) and 1 (full health)." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.190 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. HSI ranges from -0.148 to 0.949 and is anchored at 0 (health state value equal to dead) and 1 (full health)." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -0.009 |
EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 17.0 |
EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 1.6 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). HSI ranges from -0.148 to 0.949 and is anchored at 0 (health state value equal to dead) and 1 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -15.3 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ VAS. EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). HSI ranges from -0.148 to 0.949 and is anchored at 0 (health state value equal to dead) and 1 (full health). EQ VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -0.7 |
"GAD-7 is brief and validated 7-item self-reported assessment of overall anxiety. Participants respond to each item using a 4 point scale with response categories: 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score ranges from 0 to 21, higher scores indicate more anxiety. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Severe (15 -21). Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.2 |
"GAD-7 is brief, validated 7-item self-reported assessment of overall anxiety. Participant's responded to each item using a 4 point scale with response categories: 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield total score ranges from 0 to 21, higher scores indicate more anxiety. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Severity of GAD-7 is categorized as: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14), Severe (15 -21). Missing data was imputed using LOCF method, last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -5.9 |
"PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-reporting scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day), with a total score range of 0-27. A higher score indicates greater severity of depression. severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: none-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -0.2 |
"MADRS measure depression severity, detects changes due to AD treatment. It evaluates 10 items: apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, suicidal thoughts, each of which is scored from 0 (item is not present or is normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (OP/MA) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.3 |
"MADRS measures depression severity, detects changes due to AD treatment. It consists 10 items (evaluate apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, interest level, pessimistic thoughts, suicidal thoughts), scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score of 0 to 60. Higher scores indicate more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using last observation carried forward (LOCF) method, last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -16.4 |
"PHQ-9 is a 9-item, self-reporting scale assessing depressive symptoms. Each item was rated on a 4-point scale (0 = Not at all, 1 = Several Days, 2 = More than half the days, and 3 = Nearly every day), with a total score range of 0-27. A higher score indicates greater severity of depression. Severity of PHQ-9 categorized as follows: none-minimal (0-4), mild (5-9), moderate (10-14), moderately severe (15-19), severe (20-27). The recall period is 2 weeks. Negative change in score indicates improvement. Missing data was imputed using LOCF method and the last post baseline observation during the phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 4 weeks of IND phase)
| Intervention | Unit on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -8.9 |
This battery is a series of computerized cognition tests (detection, identification, one card learning, one back and groton maze learning) designed to measure reaction time, visual learning and memory, and executive function/sequencing. IDN test is a measure of visual attention (choice reaction time) and scored for speed of response (mean of the log10 transformed reaction times for correct responses). Total score ranges from 2 to 3.3 log 10 msec. Lower score indicates better performance. Higher change from baseline indicates better performance. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | log10 msec (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | -0.0083 |
The ONB is a measure of working memory and scored for speed of correct response (mean of the log10-transformed reaction times for correct responses). Total score ranges from 2 to 3.54 log10 msec. Lower score indicates better performance. Higher change from baseline indicates better performance. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | log10 msec (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.0177 |
This battery is a series of computerized cognition tests (detection, identification, one card learning, one back and groton maze learning) designed to measure reaction time, visual learning and memory, and executive function/sequencing. OCL test is a measure of visual episodic memory and visual recall test scored using arcsine transformation of the percentage of correct responses (CR). The range for OCL is 0 to 100 percent (%) accuracy; presented as an arcsin transformation, the range is 0 to 1.57. Higher score indicates better performance. Higher change from baseline indicates better performance. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Arcsine ([sqrt] of proportion of [CR]) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.0502 |
HVLT measures performance in verbal memory, learning, and long-term recall in which a list of words is read up to three times. Approximately 20-25 minutes later, a delayed recall trial and a recognition trial are completed. The delayed recall requires free recall of any words remembered. The recognition trial is composed of 24 words, including the 12 target words and 12 false-positives. When scoring the HVLT, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score (0-36); the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score (0 -12); the retention (%) score (0-100%) is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. A higher score = higher cognition. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Number correct (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.8 |
HVLT measures performance in verbal memory, learning, and long-term recall in which a list of words is read up to three times. Approximately 20-25 minutes later, a delayed recall trial and a recognition trial are completed. The delayed recall requires free recall of any words remembered. The recognition trial is composed of 24 words, including the 12 target words and 12 false-positives. When scoring the HVLT, the three learning trials are combined to calculate a total recall score (0-36); the delayed recall trial creates the delayed recall score (0 -12); the retention (%) score (0-100%) is calculated by dividing the delayed recall trial by the higher of learning trial 2 or 3; and the recognition discrimination index is comprised by subtracting the total number of false positives from the total number of true positives. A higher score = higher cognition. (NCT02497287)
Timeframe: Baseline (IND) up to the Endpoint (last post-baseline assessment value during 52 weeks of OP/MA Phase)
| Intervention | Number of words recalled (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant | 0.3 |
To assess baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), beat-by-beat systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were collected using the Nexfin noninvasive BP monitor (Bmeye, Amsterdam, Netherlands). BRS was estimated from the magnitude of the transfer function relating R-R interval oscillations to SBP oscillations across the 0.07 to 0.1299 Hz, or low frequency band. (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | ms/mm Hg (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | 1.2 |
| Lexapro | 1.3 |
| Placebo | 1.5 |
To quantify heart rate variability (HRV), an electrocardiogram was recorded for 24-hours using the 3-channel DigiTrak XT Holter recorder (Philips Healthcare, Andover, Massachusetts). Electrocardiographic data were downloaded and edited using the Philips Zymed Holter analysis software (2010 Plus/1810 series) and HRV was estimated from the standard deviation of the normal-to-normal R-R intervals (SDNN). (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | msec (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | -0.3 |
| Lexapro | -8.7 |
| Placebo | -1.1 |
The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Anxiety, is a 7-item subscale with scores ranging from 0-21, with higher scores indicating more anxiety. (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | -3.9 |
| Lexapro | -5.7 |
| Placebo | -3.5 |
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein was quantified by ELISA (LabCorp). Values >10 mg/L were truncated at 10 to account for acute inflammatory processes that may have skewed the distribution of this blood marker. (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | ug/ml (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | -0.2 |
| Lexapro | 0.1 |
| Placebo | -0.3 |
Urinary catecholamines, an index of sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity, served as a biomarker of anxiety. Urinary concentrations of epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) were determined by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection (LabCorp). A composite 24-hr catecholamines z-score is presented. The z-score is the raw score minus the population mean, divided by the population standard deviation. A Z-score of 0 is equal to the mean. Negative numbers indicate values lower than the mean and positive numbers indicate values higher than the mean. (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | z-score (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | 0.05 |
| Lexapro | -0.24 |
| Placebo | 0.36 |
Endothelial function, assessed by Flow-Mediated Dilation (FMD), was determined from longitudinal B-mode ultrasound images of the brachial artery. Images were obtained using an Acuson (Mountain View, California) Aspen ultrasound platform with an 11-MHz linear-array transducer after 10 min of supine relaxation and during reactive hyperemia, induced by the inflation of a forearm pneumatic occlusion cuff to suprasystolic pressure (about 200 mm Hg) and subsequent deflation after 5 min. FMD was defined as the maximum percentage change in arterial diameter relative to resting baseline from 10 to 120 s after deflation of the occlusion cuff. (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | percentage of dilation (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | 0.7 |
| Lexapro | 0.5 |
| Placebo | 0.5 |
Lipids were obtained from fasting blood samples and assays were measured enzymatically (LabCorp). (NCT02516332)
Timeframe: Baseline, 3 months
| Intervention | mg/dL (Least Squares Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Total Cholesterol | LDL | HDL | |
| Lexapro | -15.3 | -9.8 | 3.4 |
| Placebo | -31.6 | -19.3 | 7.2 |
| Supervised Aerobic Exercise | -28.2 | -18.6 | 6.3 |
The Behavioral Health Measure - 20 (BHM-20) is a 20-item client-report questionnaire that assesses the three phases of behavioral health: (a) well-being (distress, life satisfaction, motivation), (b) psychological symptoms (depression, anxiety, panic disorder, mood swings associated with bipolar disorder, eating disorder, alcohol/drug abuse, suicidality, risk of violence), and (c) life functioning (work/school, intimate relationships, social relationships, life enjoyment). The BHM-20 assesses the most frequently seen problems in outpatient psychotherapy. Scores range from 0-4. Lower scores indicate more distress. (NCT02579343)
Timeframe: Assessed at Baseline and After Treatment, Approximately 6 Weeks later.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Auricular Acupuncture + Lexipro | 0.89 |
| Sham Auricular Acupuncture + Lexapro | 0.47 |
Instrument developed to assess functional impairment in three inter-related domains; work/school, social and family life. Items are scored on a 0 - 10 point scale. Higher scores indicate more functional impairment. (NCT02579343)
Timeframe: Assessed at baseline and 6 weeks.
| Intervention | units on a scale (Mean) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Work / School Domain | Social Life Domain | Family Life Domain | |
| Auricular Acupuncture + Lexipro | -3.57 | -2.29 | -3.42 |
| Sham Auricular Acupuncture + Lexapro | -1.5 | -1.0 | -0.17 |
Using Simultaneous Estimation, we imputed the arterial input function from a single venous sample. When we compared the resulting imputed arterial input function to the actual arterial input function collected from plasma samples, we calculated the percent difference in activity and report it here. (NCT02623205)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Percent of Activity (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Mixed | 2.0 |
Arterial measurements from samples taken at the wrist were compared to the values from the VersaPET scanner (at the ankle) where the correlation coefficient between the scanner and arterial sampling are being reported. Correlation coefficient ranges from -1 to 1. The closer the value is to 1, the higher the correlation or stronger the relationship. (NCT02623205)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Correlation Coefficient (Number) |
|---|---|
| Mixed | 0.97 |
Difference between MRGlu Metabolism in Right Insular Cortex before treatment (baseline) and after treatment (week 8). Details on methods and criteria used to assess brain glucose metabolism rates can be found here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8551925/ (NCT02623205)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | mg/(min*100 ml) (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 0.507489448 |
| Placebo | 0.068629964 |
"Comparison of Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-17 score at pretreatment and post-treatment.~Minimum score 0, maximum possible score 52, with remission defined as <=7. The higher the score on the scale, the more severe the degree of depression." (NCT02623205)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 11.81 |
| Placebo | 9.41 |
Our goal was to determine the Bias of plasma radioactivity measurements taken at the ankle with a Novel Positron Emission Tomography (VersaPET) Scanner compared to radioactivity from arterial sampling taken at the wrist. Bias refers to the offset between the ground truth and estimated data. A bias of 0% is ideal. (NCT02623205)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Percent (Number) |
|---|---|
| Mixed | 5 |
The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) is a ten-item diagnostic questionnaire which psychiatrists use to measure the severity of depressive episodes in patients with mood disorders. It was designed in 1979 by British and Swedish researchers as an adjunct to the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD) which would be more sensitive to the changes brought on by antidepressants and other forms of treatment than the Hamilton Scale was.[2] There is, however, a high degree of statistical correlation between scores on the two measures. (NCT02674529)
Timeframe: baseline and week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Changes in MADRS Scores From Baseline to Week 8 Within the Antidepressant Treatment Arm | 11 |
| Changes in MADRS Scores From Baseline to Week 8 Within the Placebo Arm | 12 |
Voxel-wise BOLD changes during the expectancy condition of the Sham Neurofeedback fMRI task. (NCT02674529)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | BOLD signal change (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Baseline fMRI Measures | 1.1 |
The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS) is a 16-item, self-reported measure of depression that ranges from 1 (no depression) to 27 (very severe depression). (NCT02674529)
Timeframe: baseline and 8 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Changes in QIDS Scores From Baseline to Week 8 Within the Antidepressant Treatment Arm | 6.82 |
| Changes in QIDS Scores From Baseline to Week 8 Within the Placebo Arm | 5.54 |
"The SAS-SR contains 54 questions that measure instrumental and expressive role performance over the past 2 weeks. Each question is rated on a 5-point scale. The overall adjustment score is obtained by summing the scores of all the items and dividing by the number of items answered.~The SAS-R overall score ranges from 0-270, with higher questions indication more impairment." (NCT03321006)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Antidepressant (AD) + Low Amplification (Sham) Hearing Aids | 1.96 |
| Antidepressant (AD) + Full Amplification Hearing Aids | 2.10 |
The patient is rated by a clinician among 24 dimensions (24-item HRSD) with a score on a 3 or 5 point scale. Maximum score is a 74. 0-7 are considered as being normal, 8-16 suggest mild depression, 17-23 moderate depression and scores over 24 are indicative of severe depression. (NCT03321006)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Antidepressant (AD) + Low Amplification (Sham) Hearing Aids | 12.04 |
| Antidepressant (AD) + Full Amplification Hearing Aids | 13.86 |
Clinical Global Impression - Severity scale (CGI-S) is a 7-point scale (range 0-7) that requires the clinician to rate the severity of the patient's illness at the time of assessment: range is from 0 (=normal, not at all ill) to 7 (=extremely ill, among the most extremely ill patients worsening) (NCT03321006)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Antidepressant (AD) + Low Amplification (Sham) Hearing Aids | 3.17 |
| Antidepressant (AD) + Full Amplification Hearing Aids | 3.20 |
To determine whether RT2CK17 + escitalopram results in greater consistency of adherence relative to placebo + escitalopram as measured by percentage of doses taken on schedule within 25% of the expected time interval, defined as +/- 6 hours from the participant's breakfast time (NCT03388164)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of pills taken on time (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + RT2CK17 | 89.8 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 93.6 |
To determine whether RT2CK17 + escitalopram results in higher rates of medication adherence relative to placebo + escitalopram as measured by percentage pill count (NCT03388164)
Timeframe: 8 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of pills taken (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram + RT2CK17 | 93.5 |
| Escitalopram + Placebo | 97.6 |
The CGI-S provides an overall clinician-determined summary measure of the severity of the participant's illness that takes into account all available information, including knowledge of the participant's history, psychosocial circumstances, symptoms, behavior, and the impact of the symptoms on the participant's ability to function. The CGI-S evaluates the severity of psychopathology on a scale of 1 to 7. Considering total clinical experience, a participant is assessed on severity of mental illness at the time of rating according to: 1=normal (not at all ill); 2=borderline mentally ill; 3=mildly ill; 4=moderately ill; 5=markedly ill; 6=severely ill; 7=among the most extremely ill patients. The CGI-S permits a global evaluation of the participant's condition at a given time. Negative change in score indicates improvement. The last post-baseline observation during the double-blind phase was carried forward as Endpoint. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Median) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -1.0 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -1.0 |
The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity and detects changes due to antidepressant treatment. The scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline (Day 1: predose) to 24 hours post first dose (Day 2)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -8.0 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -4.4 |
The MADRS is a clinician-rated scale designed to measure depression severity and detects changes due to antidepressant treatment. The scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of the double-blind treatment phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -10.1 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -8.1 |
The EQ-5D-5L is a standardized 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, primarily designed for self-completion by respondents. It essentially consists of the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and the EQ-VAS. EQ-VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Positive change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 16.7 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 11.9 |
"EQ-5D-5L consists of EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and EQ visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS). EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises of 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each has 5 levels of perceived problems (1-no problem, 2-slight problems, 3-moderate problems, 4-severe problems, 5-extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a Health Status Index (HSI). HSI ranges from -0.148 to 0.949 and is anchored at 0 (health state value equal to dead) and 1 (full health). EQ-VAS self-rating records the respondent's own assessment of his/her overall health status at time of completion, on a scale of 0 (worst health you can imagine) to 100 (best health you can imagine). Sum score ranges from 0 to 100 where, sum score = (sum of the scores from the 5 dimensions minus 5) *5. Higher score indicates worst health state." (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -13.4 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -9.5 |
"The EQ-5D-5L is a standardized 2-part instrument for use as a measure of health outcome, primarily designed for self-completion by respondents. It essentially consists of the EQ-5D-5L descriptive system and the EQ Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS). The EQ-5D-5L descriptive system comprises the following 5 dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. Each of the 5 dimensions is divided into 5 levels of perceived problems (Level 1 indicating no problem, Level 2 indicating slight problems, Level 3 indicating moderate problems, Level 4 indicating severe problems, and Level 5 indicating extreme problems). Participant selects answer for each of 5 dimensions considering response that best matches his/her health today. Responses were used to generate a HSI. Health Status Index ranges from -0.148 to 0.949, and is anchored at 0 (dead) and 1 (full health), a lower score indicates worse health." (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Double-blind Endpoint (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 0.152 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 0.103 |
The SDS is a subject-reported outcome measure that consists of a 5-item questionnaire which has been widely used and accepted for assessment of functional impairment and associated disability. The first three items assess disruption of (1) work/school, (2) social life, and (3) family life/home responsibilities using a 0-10 rating scale. The score for the first three items are summed to create a total score of 0-30, where a higher score indicates greater impairment. It also has one item on days lost from school or work and one item on days when underproductive. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to end of the double-blind treatment phase (Day 28)
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -6.3 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -5.3 |
Percentage of participants in remission at the end of double-blind treatment phase (Day 28) were assessed. A participant was considered as a remitter if participant had a MADRS total score of less than or equal to [<=] 12 at a visit. MADRS scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 12.8 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 10.4 |
Onset of clinical response is defined as greater than or equal to (>=) 50 percent (%) improvement from baseline in MADRS total score with onset by Day 2 that was maintained through Day 28. The MADRS scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Day 2 up to Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 6.5 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 1.6 |
Sustained remission is defined as the first occurrence of remission (MADRS Total score <=12) that was maintained through the Day 28 assessment with one excursion prior to Day 28. The MADRS scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Up to Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of Participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 5.6 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 6.3 |
Percentage of responders at the end of double-blind treatment phase (Day 28) were assessed. A participant was defined as a responder at a given time point if the percent improvement from baseline in MADRS total score is at least 50%. The MADRS scale consists of 10 items (apparent sadness, reported sadness, inner tension, sleep, appetite, concentration, lassitude, inability to feel (interest level), pessimistic thoughts, and suicidal thoughts), each of which is scored from 0 (item not present or normal) to 6 (severe or continuous presence of the symptoms), summed for a total possible score range of 0 to 60. Higher scores represent a more severe condition. Negative change in score indicates improvement. (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Day 28
| Intervention | Percentage of Responders (Number) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | 19.3 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | 16.0 |
"The GAD-7 is a brief and validated 7-item self-reported assessment of overall anxiety. Participants respond to each item using a 4 point scale with response categories of 0=not at all, 1=several days, 2=more than half the days, and 3=nearly every day. Item responses are summed to yield a total score with a range of 0 to 21, where higher scores indicate more anxiety. The recall period is 2 weeks. The severity of the GAD-7 is categorized as follows: None (0-4), Mild (5-9), Moderate (10-14) and Severe (15-21). The last post-baseline observation during the double-blind phase was carried forward as the Endpoint." (NCT03434041)
Timeframe: Baseline up to Endpoint (double-blind treatment phase [Day 28])
| Intervention | Units on a Scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Intranasal Esketamine + Oral Antidepressant (AD) | -4.3 |
| Intranasal Placebo + Oral AD | -2.9 |
Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) among those with high anxiety at baseline. The BAI is a self-report measure used for measuring the severity of anxiety. Scores range from 0 to 63, with a higher score representing more severe anxiety symptoms and higher scores representing worse outcomes. (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: baseline
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 18.0 |
| Standard of Care | 10.5 |
Percentage of participants who report taking the prescribed medication at 12 weeks and who have completed at least 2 of the chronic care management scheduled visits (telephone or clinic visit) (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 2 |
| Standard of Care | 0 |
| Survey Arm | 0 |
Percentage of participants who complete the 12 week outcome assessment (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 2 |
| Standard of Care | 2 |
| Survey Arm | 0 |
Percent eligible who consent to participate in treatment study (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: baseline
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment Plus Standard of Care Arm | 6 |
Using Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among those with high depression at baseline. The BDI-II is a self-report measure of depressive symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 63, with a higher score representing higher levels of depressive symptoms and higher scores representing worse outcome. (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: baseline
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 26.7 |
| Standard of Care | 21.0 |
Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) among those with high depression at baseline. The BDI-II is a self-report measure of depressive symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 63, with a higher score representing higher levels of depressive symptoms and higher scores representing worse outcome. (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 25.0 |
| Standard of Care | 17.0 |
Percentage of patients screened for the trial who are eligible (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: baseline
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment Plus Standard of Care Arm | 19 |
Beck Anxiety Index (BAI) among those with high anxiety at baseline. The BAI is a self-report measure used for measuring the severity of anxiety. Scores range from 0 to 63, with a higher score representing more severe anxiety symptoms and higher scores representing worse outcomes. (NCT03464383)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Epileptologist-Driven Treatment | 9.5 |
| Standard of Care | 11 |
Scale for anxiety symptoms administered by trained rater. The Hamilton Anxiety is a standard measure of anxiety severity in pharmacotherapy studies that has been shown to have acceptable reliability and validity in studies of depressed patients. Each item is scored on a scale of 0 (not present) to 4 (severe), with a total score range of 0-56, where <17 indicates mild severity, 18-24 mild to moderate severity and 25-30 moderate to severe. (NCT03812588)
Timeframe: Up to 8 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management: Placebo | 3.67 |
| Research Frequency Management: Placebo | 4.40 |
| Clinical Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 6.50 |
| Research Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 3.37 |
"Scales developed to measure the clinician's view of subjects' global functioning before and after initiating a study medication. The Clinical Global Impressions correlates well with other standard outcome measures for depression (e.g., HRSD), is sensitive to change in antidepressant trials, and offers clinically understandable anchor points.~7-point scale: 0 = Not assessed 4 = Moderately ill~1 = Normal, not at all ill 5 = Markedly ill 2 = Borderline mentally ill 6 = Severely ill 3 = Mildly ill 7 = Among the most extremely ill patients" (NCT03812588)
Timeframe: Up to 8 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management: Placebo | 1.00 |
| Research Frequency Management: Placebo | 1.20 |
| Clinical Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 0.67 |
| Research Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 1.50 |
"Scale for depressive symptoms administered by trained rater. The Hamilton is the standard measure of depression severity for clinical trials of antidepressants and was chosen as the primary outcome measure over other depression rating scales to ensure compatibility of study results with our meta-analyses and ongoing studies of expectancy. The scoring is based on the first 24 items of the Hamilton.~Sum of the scores of the first 24 items (range from 0 to 74):~0-7 = NORMAL 8-13 = Mild Depression 14-18 = Moderate Depression 19-22 = Severe Depression >=23 = Very Severe Depression" (NCT03812588)
Timeframe: Up to 8 Weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Clinical Frequency Management: Placebo | 1.33 |
| Research Frequency Management: Placebo | 11.4 |
| Clinical Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 5.33 |
| Research Frequency Management: Escitalopram | 9.25 |
Remission rate on the CGAS at acute treatment endpoint (Week 8). Functional remission is defined as CGAS >70. The CGAS used is a 100-point scale ranging from 1 to 100, with higher scores indicating better functioning. (NCT03924323)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 16.2 |
| Escitalopram 10 mg/Day | 18.1 |
Response is defined as a 50% improvement on the PARS severity score for GAD (NCT03924323)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 39 |
| Escitalopram 10 mg/Day | 49 |
Remission is defined as PARS severity score for GAD ≤8 (using 6 PARS items: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) (NCT03924323)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | 22 |
| Escitalopram 10 mg/Day | 22 |
Remission rate on CGI-S at acute treatment endpoint (Week 8). Remission rate is defined as the percentage of subjects having a CGI-S score ≤2 at endpoint. CGI-S is a seven point scale where 1=Normal and 7=Among the most extremely ill patients. (NCT03924323)
Timeframe: Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -1.2 |
| Escitalopram 10 mg/Day | -1.3 |
The PARS is a clinician-rated instrument for assessing the severity of anxiety symptoms associated with common anxiety disorders including generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in children. The PARS severity score for GAD will be assessed for all symptoms identified in the generalized anxiety section of the PARS symptom checklist derived by summing 5 of the 7 severity/impairment/interference items (2, 3, 5, 6, and 7) each item ranged from 0 (none) to 5 (extreme severity/impairment/interference). PARS severity scores for GAD ranged from 0 (none) to 25 (extreme severity), with a score of 15 indicating moderate illness severity. (NCT03924323)
Timeframe: Baseline to Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo | -6.38 |
| Escitalopram 10 mg/Day | -7.81 |
"17-item diagnostic questionnaire to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. The lowest possible score on the scale is 0 and the highest possible score is 52. The lowest possible score on the scale represents the lack of any depressive symptoms and the highest score represents the severe depressive symptoms." (NCT03927950)
Timeframe: The outcome was measured at the week 12
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram | 7.2 |
"Ten-item diagnostic questionnaire to measure the severity of depressive symptoms. The lowest possible score on the scale is 0 and the highest possible score is 60. The lowest possible score on the scale represents the lack of any depressive symptoms and the highest score represents the severe depressive symptoms." (NCT03927950)
Timeframe: the results are for a single time point (12 weeks)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Escitalopram Bupropion Open-label | 9.2 |
Side effects will be assessed using the 3-item self-administered Frequency, Intensity, and Burden of Side Effects (FIBSER). Each item is scored on a scale from 0-6. Items 1 and 2 (Frequency & Intensity respectively) are to provide information to the clinician, but they are not used in the scoring.The score that is used comes only from Item 3 - Burden. Lower scores represents lower burden. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | .25 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | 0 |
| CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 0 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 0 |
Capillary blood CRP levels will be compared with those obtained using venous blood obtained via venipuncture. Outcome will be number of participants whose capillary blood CRP levels and venous blood CRPT levels match in terms of <1 vs. >=1. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: Baseline
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | 2 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | 0 |
| CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 1 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 4 |
The primary study endpoint will be remission rates based on the 16-items Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology, Self-Report (QIDS-SR), which will be extracted from the 30-item Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (IDS-SR). The QIDS-SR score ranges from 0-27. A score of 5 or less represents remission. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 1 year
| Intervention | Participants (Count of Participants) |
|---|---|
| CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | 3 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | 1 |
| CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 1 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | 2 |
Improvement in social and occupational functioning will be measured with the 5-item self-administered Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS). The WSAS total score ranges from 0-40. Lower scores are better. (NCT03993457)
Timeframe: 12 weeks
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| CRP<1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | -17.3 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Consistent Antidepressant Selection | -24.4 |
| CRP<1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | -18.0 |
| CRP> or Equal to 1, CRP Inconsistent Antidepressant Selection | -23.5 |
The SHAPS-C is a 14-item clinician-administered scale assessing the amount of pleasure during common daily activities that the participant has experienced in the past week. Responses are given on a scale of 1 to 4 where 1 = lots of pleasure and 4 = no pleasure. Total scores range from 14 to 56 with lower scores indicating greater enjoyment of activities. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | Week 6 | Week 8 | |
| Bupropion | 39.400 | 36.222 | 33.778 | 35.375 | 32.125 |
| Escitalopram | 38.625 | 33.375 | 27.250 | 25.250 | 24.857 |
The Effort-Expenditure for Rewards Task (EEfRT) is a computer-based multi-trial game to assess motivation. Participants are given an opportunity to choose different task difficulty levels to obtain monetary rewards (easy tasks have low rewards while hard tasks have higher rewards). Each trial has a high, medium, or low probability of success, and this information is given to the participant when they are deciding between easy and hard tasks. The task lasts for 20 minutes, and first 50 trials are analyzed. The proportion of hard-task choices across each level of probability is calculated. Possible values range between 0 to1 with 1 being a better outcome indicating the mean probability of making a hard (high effort) choice. Lower proportions of hard task choices indicate decreased motivation. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 8
| Intervention | proportion of hard-task choices (Mean) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | Week 8 | |
| Bupropion | 0.392 | 0.450 | 0.348 | 0.360 |
| Escitalopram | 0.450 | 0.385 | 0.321 | 0.323 |
The MAP-SR is an 18-item self-report inventory that has been validated in psychiatric populations and is designed to disentangle motivational and consummatory components of everyday activities over a 24-hr period. Responses are given on a 5-point scale where 0 = no pleasure or motivation and 4 = extreme pleasure or motivation. Total scores range from 0 to 72 and higher scores indicate greater motivation and pleasure during everyday activities. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | Week 6 | Week 8 | |
| Bupropion | 27.800 | 29.333 | 35.250 | 37.250 | 38.000 |
| Escitalopram | 28.000 | 34.875 | 42.500 | 44.750 | 45.714 |
The IDS-SR is a 30-item self-reported measurement of depression severity. Responses are given on a 4-point scale where 0 = no problems and 3 = severe problems. Total scores are based on 28 items and range from 0 to 84 with higher scores indicating more severe symptoms of depression. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 2, Week 4, Week 6, Week 8
| Intervention | Score on a scale (Mean) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baseline | Week 2 | Week 4 | Week 6 | Week 8 | |
| Bupropion | 38.800 | 30.222 | 23.556 | 25.000 | 23.875 |
| Escitalopram | 42.250 | 30.250 | 21.500 | 16.250 | 18.143 |
Targeted FC is calculated as the degree of correlation in activity between a 3mm3 radius sphere in VS and the vmPFC cluster identified as being reward-sensitive in neuroimaging meta-analyses and as used to define vmPFC in previous work. Subject-level correlations for degree of vmPFC-VS FC is Fisher's Z transformed {Z(R)=0.5ln[(1+R)/(1-R)]}, a standard method for calculating fMRI functional connectivity, whereby greater Z-scores reflected stronger correlated functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) activity (i.e., higher VS-vmPFC connectivity). For each study timepoint, Z-scores will be extracted and the change in mean FC values compared to baseline will be calculated. The central value is 0, and the standard deviation depends on the sample variance. Increasing values indicate increasing connectivity between the indicated brain regions (VS and vmPFC). There are no relevant thresholds, and there is no direct interpretation of results in terms of clinical improvement. (NCT04352101)
Timeframe: Baseline, Week 4, Week 8
| Intervention | Z-score (Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline to Week 4 | Baseline to Week 8 | |
| Bupropion | 0.02 | 0.02 |
| Escitalopram | -0.13 | 0.09 |
An AE was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. A TEAE was defined as an AE with onset after the start of IP, or any worsening of a pre-existing medical condition/AE with onset after the start of IP and throughout the study. The severity was graded as mild, moderate and severe. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 58 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mild | Moderate | Severe | |
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 38.1 | 25.2 | 2.3 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 35.8 | 34.4 | 3.8 |
The CGI-S uses a 7-point Likert scale to rate the severity of the participant's illness at the time of assessment, relative to the clinician's past experience with participants who have the same diagnosis. Considering total clinical experience, the investigator rated the participant on severity of mental illness at the time of rating as: 1 = normal, not at all ill; 2 = borderline mentally ill; 3 = mildly ill; 4 = moderately ill; 5 = markedly ill; 6 = severely ill; and 7 = extremely ill. A higher score indicated extreme illness. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 15
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Active Comparator: Placebo + Assigned ADT | -1.7 |
| Experimental: SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -1.9 |
An adverse event (AE) was any untoward medical occurrence in a participant or clinical investigation participant administered a pharmaceutical product and that does not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment. An AE can therefore be any unfavorable and unintended sign, symptom or disease temporally associated with the use of a medicinal (investigational) product whether or not related to the medicinal (investigational) product. A TEAE was defined as an AE with onset after the start of IP, or any worsening of a pre-existing medical condition/AE with onset after the start of IP and throughout the study. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Up to approximately 58 weeks
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 65.6 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 74.1 |
MADRS response was defined as having a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in MADRS total score. The MADRS is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in participants with mood disorders. The MADRS total score was calculated as the sum of the 10 individual item scores. Each item yields a score of 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). The total MADRS score (sum of all individual items) ranges from 0 (symptoms absent) to 60 (severe depression). Higher MADRS scores indicated more severe depression. Percentages were rounded off to the first decimal point. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Day 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 48.2 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 51.6 |
MADRS remission was defined as having a MADRS total score of ≤10. The MADRS is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in participants with mood disorders. The MADRS total score was calculated as the sum of the 10 individual item scores. Each item yields a score of 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). The total MADRS score (sum of all individual items) ranges from 0 (symptoms absent) to 60 (severe depression). Higher MADRS scores indicated more severe depression. Percentages were rounded off to the first decimal point. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Day 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 28.4 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 30.9 |
The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. Least Squares (LS) mean was estimated using mixed effects model for repeated measures (MMRM) analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 3
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -7.0 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -8.9 |
The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. The data reported is summary of data collected and analyzed during double-blind treatment period at Baseline, Day 3, Day 8, Day 12, and Day 15 using equal weights for the scheduled visits. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline through Day 15
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -10.1 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -11.7 |
HAM-D response was defined as having a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in HAM-D total score. The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. Time (in days) from first dose of study drug to time of first HAMD response was reported in this outcome measure. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: From first dose of study drug up to first HAMD-17 response (up to approximately 65 days)
| Intervention | days (Median) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 15 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 13 |
The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. The missing values were imputed for the analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline, Days 15 and 42
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 15 | Day 42 | |
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -12.9 | -14.9 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -13.7 | -14.9 |
"CGI-I response was defined as having a CGI-I score of very much improved or much improved. The CGI-I employs a 7-point Likert scale to measure the overall improvement in the participant's condition post-treatment. The investigator rated the participant's total improvement whether or not it was due entirely to IP. Response choices included: 0 = not assessed, 1 = very much improved, 2 = much improved, 3 = minimally improved, 4 = no change, 5 = minimally worse, 6 = much worse, and 7 = very much worse. By definition, all CGI-I assessments are evaluated against baseline conditions. Higher scores indicated worse condition. Percentages were rounded off to the first decimal point." (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Days 3 and 15
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 3 | Day 15 | |
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 12.9 | 54.3 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 22.9 | 56.6 |
The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. End of blinded treatment was defined as the average of change from baseline values of Days 12, 15 and 18. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline, End of blinded treatment assessment (i.e., average of Days 12, 15 , and 18)
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -12.7 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -13.2 |
HAM-D response was defined as having a 50% or greater reduction from baseline in HAM-D total score. The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. Percentages were rounded off to the first decimal point. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: At Days 15 and 42
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 15 | Day 42 | |
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 49.2 | 65.3 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 53.4 | 59.9 |
The MADRS is a 10-item diagnostic questionnaire used to measure the severity of depressive episodes in participants with mood disorders. The MADRS total score was calculated as the sum of the 10 individual item scores. Each item yields a score of 0 (no symptoms) to 6 (symptoms of maximum severity). The total MADRS score (sum of all individual items) ranges from 0 (symptoms absent) to 60 (severe depression). Higher MADRS scores indicated more severe depression. A negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 15
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -15.9 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -17.2 |
Each of the 14 items in the HAM-A was defined by a series of symptoms, and measured both psychic anxiety (mental agitation and psychological distress) and somatic anxiety (physical complaints). The HAM-A total score was calculated as sum of the 14 individual item scores, each rated on a five point scale ranging from 0 (not present) to 4 (very severe). The total score (sum of all individual items) range from 0 to 56, where <17 indicated mild severity, 18 to 24 indicated mild to moderate severity, and 25 to 30 indicated moderate to severe severity. Higher scores indicated more severe disease. Negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline, Day 15
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -9.0 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -9.5 |
The PHQ-9 is a participant-rated depressive symptom severity scale. The PHQ-9 total score is calculated as the sum of the 9 individual item scores. For individual items, scoring is based on responses to specific questions, as follows: 0 = not at all; 1 = several days; 2 = more than half the days; and 3 = nearly every day. The PHQ-9 possible total score range is 0 to 27, with higher scores reflecting greater depressive symptoms, and is categorized as follows: 0 to 4 = minimal depression, 5 to 9 = mild depression, 10 to 14 = moderate depression, 15 to 19 = moderately severe depression, and 20 to 27 = severe depression. Negative change from baseline indicated improvement. LS mean was estimated using MMRM analysis. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Baseline and Day 15
| Intervention | score on a scale (Least Squares Mean) |
|---|---|
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | -8.7 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | -8.9 |
HAM-D remission was defined as having a HAM-D total score of ≤7. The 17-item HAM-D scale is used to assess the severity of depression. It is comprised of individual ratings related to following symptoms: depressed mood, feelings of guilt, suicide, insomnia, work and activities, retardation, agitation, anxiety, somatic symptoms, genital symptoms, hypochondriasis, loss of weight, and insight. Individual items are scored on either 3-point (0=none to 2=severe) or 5-point scale (0=none/absent to 4=most severe). Total score is the sum of individual items, ranging from 0 (not depressed) to 52 (severely depressed); where a higher score indicates more depression. Percentages were rounded off to the first decimal point. (NCT04476030)
Timeframe: Days 15 and 42
| Intervention | percentage of participants (Number) | |
|---|---|---|
| Day 15 | Day 42 | |
| Placebo + Assigned ADT | 21.8 | 39.2 |
| SAGE-217 + Assigned ADT | 29.1 | 37.9 |
Our target is depressive symptomatology as measured by the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD). The HRSD is a 24-item questionnaire used as an indication of depression and a guide to evaluating recovery. Total scores range from 0-74, not including atypical symptoms sub-scale. A score above 16 is typically considered to indicate the presence of depressive symptoms. Higher scores indicate greater severity. The change in Hamilton Rating Score for Depression (HRSD) from baseline to week 8 was calculated as Week 8 HRSD - Baseline HRSD. (NCT04697693)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 8
| Intervention | score on a scale (Mean) |
|---|---|
| Treatment With Escitalopram or Duloxetine | 3 |
| Substance | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials | Classes | Roles |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid | human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule |
| acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons. | 7.31 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent |
| betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative | fundamental metabolite |
| methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC). | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound | bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas |
| bupropion Bupropion: A propiophenone-derived antidepressant and antismoking agent that inhibits the uptake of DOPAMINE.. bupropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone carrying a tert-butylamino group at position 2 and a chloro substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring. | 11.52 | 6 | 2 | aromatic ketone; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| aminocaproic acid Aminocaproic Acid: An antifibrinolytic agent that acts by inhibiting plasminogen activators which have fibrinolytic properties.. 6-aminohexanoic acid : An epsilon-amino acid comprising hexanoic acid carrying an amino substituent at position C-6. Used to control postoperative bleeding, and to treat overdose effects of the thrombolytic agents streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; epsilon-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid | antifibrinolytic drug; hematologic agent; metabolite |
| creatine [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical |
| kynurenine Kynurenine: A metabolite of the essential amino acid tryptophan metabolized via the tryptophan-kynurenine pathway.. kynurenine : A ketone that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 2-aminobenzoyl group. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; substituted aniline | human metabolite |
| niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3 | antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| propionic acid propionic acid : A short-chain saturated fatty acid comprising ethane attached to the carbon of a carboxy group. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | saturated fatty acid; short-chain fatty acid | antifungal drug |
| pyrazinamide pyrazinecarboxamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of pyrazinoic acid (pyrazine-2-carboxylic acid) with ammonia. A prodrug for pyrazinoic acid, pyrazinecarboxamide is used as part of multidrug regimens for the treatment of tuberculosis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia; pyrazines | antitubercular agent; prodrug |
| pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6 | cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| thiamine thiamine(1+) : A primary alcohol that is 1,3-thiazol-3-ium substituted by (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl, methyl and 2-hydroxyethyl groups at positions 3, 4 and 5, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary alcohol; vitamin B1 | Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin 8-Hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin: A serotonin 1A-receptor agonist that is used experimentally to test the effects of serotonin.. 8-OH-DPAT : A tetralin substituted at positions 1 and 7 by hydroxy and dipropylamino groups respectively | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | phenols; tertiary amino compound; tetralins | serotonergic antagonist |
| phenytoin [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent |
| tacrine Tacrine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Tacrine has been used to counter the effects of muscle relaxants, as a respiratory stimulant, and in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other central nervous system disorders.. tacrine : A member of the class of acridines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine substituted by an amino group at position 9. It is used in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | acridines; aromatic amine | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor |
| acebutolol Acebutolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist with little effect on the bronchial receptors. The drug has stabilizing and quinidine-like effects on cardiac rhythm, as well as weak inherent sympathomimetic action.. acebutolol : An ether that is the 2-acetyl-4-(butanoylamino)phenyl ether of the primary hydroxy group of 3-(propan-2-ylamino)propane-1,2-diol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; ethanolamines; ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympathomimetic agent |
| acetaminophen Acetaminophen: Analgesic antipyretic derivative of acetanilide. It has weak anti-inflammatory properties and is used as a common analgesic, but may cause liver, blood cell, and kidney damage.. paracetamol : A member of the class of phenols that is 4-aminophenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the amino group has been replaced by an acetyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; phenols | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; human blood serum metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| acetazolamide Acetazolamide: One of the CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS that is sometimes effective against absence seizures. It is sometimes useful also as an adjunct in the treatment of tonic-clonic, myoclonic, and atonic seizures, particularly in women whose seizures occur or are exacerbated at specific times in the menstrual cycle. However, its usefulness is transient often because of rapid development of tolerance. Its antiepileptic effect may be due to its inhibitory effect on brain carbonic anhydrase, which leads to an increased transneuronal chloride gradient, increased chloride current, and increased inhibition. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1991, p337) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | anticonvulsant; diuretic; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor |
| acetohydroxamic acid acetohydroxamic acid: urease inhibitor. oxime : Compounds of structure R2C=NOH derived from condensation of aldehydes or ketones with hydroxylamine. Oximes from aldehydes may be called aldoximes; those from ketones may be called ketoximes.. N-hydroxyacetimidic acid : A carbohydroximic acid consisting of acetimidic acid having a hydroxy group attached to the imide nitrogen.. acetohydroxamic acid : A member of the class of acetohydroxamic acids that is acetamide in which one of the amino hydrogens has been replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetohydroxamic acids; carbohydroximic acid | algal metabolite; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor |
| alaproclate alaproclate: specific 5-hydroxytryptamine uptake inhibitors; RN given refers to (DL)-isomer | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester | |
| albendazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester | anthelminthic drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| albuterol Albuterol: A short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist that is primarily used as a bronchodilator agent to treat ASTHMA. Albuterol is prepared as a racemic mixture of R(-) and S(+) stereoisomers. The stereospecific preparation of R(-) isomer of albuterol is referred to as levalbuterol.. albuterol : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is 4-(2-amino-1-hydroxyethyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)phenol having a tert-butyl group attached to the nirogen atom. It acts as a beta-adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| alendronate alendronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is methanebis(phosphonic acid) in which the two methylene hydrogens are replaced by hydroxy and 3-aminopropyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); primary amino compound | bone density conservation agent; EC 2.5.1.1 (dimethylallyltranstransferase) inhibitor |
| alfuzosin alfuzosin: structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; quinazolines; tetrahydrofuranol | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| alosetron alosetron : A pyrido[4,3-b]indole compound having a 5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-ylmethyl group at the 2-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | imidazoles; pyridoindole | antiemetic; gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| alprazolam Alprazolam: A triazolobenzodiazepine compound with antianxiety and sedative-hypnotic actions, that is efficacious in the treatment of PANIC DISORDERS, with or without AGORAPHOBIA, and in generalized ANXIETY DISORDERS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p238). alprazolam : A member of the class of triazolobenzodiazepines that is 4H-[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine carrying methyl, phenyl and chloro substituents at positions 1, 6 and 8 respectively. Alprazolam is only found in individuals that have taken this drug. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| altretamine Altretamine: A hexamethyl-2,4,6-triamine derivative of 1,3,5-triazine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triamino-1,3,5-triazine | |
| amantadine amant: an antiviral compound consisting of an adamantane derivative chemically linked to a water-solube polyanioic matrix; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | analgesic; antiparkinson drug; antiviral drug; dopaminergic agent; NMDA receptor antagonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| ambenonium ambenonium : A symmetrical oxalamide-based bis-quaternary ammonium ion having ethyl and 2-chlorobenzyl groups attached to the nitrogens. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| diatrizoic acid Diatrizoate: A commonly used x-ray contrast medium. As DIATRIZOATE MEGLUMINE and as Diatrizoate sodium, it is used for gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography.. amidotrizoic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is benzoic acid having iodo substituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions and acetamido substituents at the 3- and 5-positions. It is used, mainly as its N-methylglucamine and sodium salts, as an X-ray contrast medium in gastrointestinal studies, angiography, and urography. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; benzoic acids; organoiodine compound | environmental contaminant; radioopaque medium; xenobiotic |
| amifostine anhydrous Amifostine: A phosphorothioate proposed as a radiation-protective agent. It causes splenic vasodilation and may block autonomic ganglia.. amifostine : An organic thiophosphate that is the S-phospho derivative of 2-[(3-aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol. A prodrug for the free thiol, WR-1065, which is used as a cytoprotectant in cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diamine; organic thiophosphate | antioxidant; prodrug; radiation protective agent |
| p-aminohippuric acid p-Aminohippuric Acid: The glycine amide of 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its sodium salt is used as a diagnostic aid to measure effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and excretory capacity.. p-aminohippurate : A hippurate that is the conjugate base of p-aminohippuric acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. p-aminohippuric acid : An N-acylglycine that is the 4-amino derivative of hippuric acid; used as a diagnostic agent in the measurement of renal plasma flow. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | Daphnia magna metabolite |
| theophylline [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dimethylxanthine | adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| amiodarone Amiodarone: An antianginal and class III antiarrhythmic drug. It increases the duration of ventricular and atrial muscle action by inhibiting POTASSIUM CHANNELS and VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. There is a resulting decrease in heart rate and in vascular resistance.. amiodarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans that is 1-benzofuran substituted by a butyl group at position 2 and a 4-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]-3,5-diiodobenzoyl group at position 3. It is a cardiovascular drug used for the treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone; organoiodine compound; tertiary amino compound | cardiovascular drug |
| dan 2163 [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; aromatic amine; benzamides; pyrrolidines; sulfone | environmental contaminant; second generation antipsychotic; xenobiotic |
| amitriptyline Amitriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant with anticholinergic and sedative properties. It appears to prevent the re-uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin at nerve terminals, thus potentiating the action of these neurotransmitters. Amitriptyline also appears to antagonize cholinergic and alpha-1 adrenergic responses to bioactive amines.. amitriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 5. | 4.54 | 3 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; tropomyosin-related kinase B receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| amlodipine Amlodipine: A long-acting dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. It is effective in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS and HYPERTENSION.. amlodipine : A fully substituted dialkyl 1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate derivative, which is used for the treatment of hypertension, chronic stable angina and confirmed or suspected vasospastic angina. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| amoxapine Amoxapine: The N-demethylated derivative of the antipsychotic agent LOXAPINE that works by blocking the reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, or both; it also blocks dopamine receptors. Amoxapine is used for the treatment of depression.. amoxapine : A dibenzooxazepine compound having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a piperazin-1-yl group at the 11-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| anastrozole [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| aniracetam [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidin-2-ones | |
| aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates | anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent |
| atenolol Atenolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker possessing properties and potency similar to PROPRANOLOL, but without a negative inotropic effect.. atenolol : An ethanolamine compound having a (4-carbamoylmethylphenoxy)methyl group at the 1-position and an N-isopropyl substituent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; monocarboxylic acid amide; propanolamine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; sympatholytic agent; xenobiotic |
| azathioprine Azathioprine: An immunosuppressive agent used in combination with cyclophosphamide and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck Index, 11th ed). azathioprine : A thiopurine that is 6-mercaptopurine in which the mercapto hydrogen is replaced by a 1-methyl-4-nitroimidazol-5-yl group. It is a prodrug for mercaptopurine and is used as an immunosuppressant, prescribed for the treatment of inflammatory conditions and after organ transplantation and also for treatment of Crohn's didease and MS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; C-nitro compound; imidazoles; thiopurine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| baclofen [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant |
| bendazac bendazac : A monocarboxylic acid that is glycolic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the 2-hydroxy group is replaced by a 1-benzyl-1H-indazol-3-yl group. Although it has anti-inflammatory, antinecrotic, choleretic and antilipidaemic properties and has been used for the treatment of various inflammatory skin disorders, its principal effect is to inhibit the denaturation of proteins. Its lysine salt is used in the management of cataracts. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indazoles; monocarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger |
| bendroflumethiazide Bendroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. It has been used in the treatment of familial hyperkalemia, hypertension, edema, and urinary tract disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p810). bendroflumethiazide : A sulfonamide consisting of 7-sulfamoyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a trifluoromethyl group and that at position 3 is substituted by a benzyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| benextramine benextramine: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| benzbromarone Benzbromarone: Uricosuric that acts by increasing uric acid clearance. It is used in the treatment of gout.. benzbromarone : 1-Benzofuran substituted at C-2 and C-3 by an ethyl group and a 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzoyl group respectively. An inhibitor of CYP2C9, it is used as an anti-gout medication. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ketone | uricosuric drug |
| betaxolol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | propanolamine | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bethanechol Bethanechol: A slowly hydrolyzing muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Bethanechol is generally used to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the GI tract following abdominal surgery or in urinary retention in the absence of obstruction. It may cause hypotension, HEART RATE changes, and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. bethanechol : The carbamic acid ester of 2-methylcholine. A slowly hydrolysed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects, it is used as its chloride salt to increase smooth muscle tone, as in the gastrointestinal tract following abdominal surgery, treatment of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and as an alternative to catheterisation in the treatment of non-obstructive urinary retention. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscarinic agonist |
| bicalutamide bicalutamide: approved for treatment of advanced prostate cancer. N-[4-cyano-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide : A member of the class of (trifluoromethyl)benzenes that is 4-amino-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzonitrile in which one of the amino hydrogens is substituted by a 3-[(4-fluorophenyl)sulfonyl]-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanoyl group.. bicalutamide : A racemate comprising of equal amounts of (R)-bicalutamide and (S)-bicalutamide. It is an oral non-steroidal antiandrogen used in the treatment of prostate cancer and hirsutism. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; monofluorobenzenes; nitrile; sulfone; tertiary alcohol | |
| biperiden Biperiden: A muscarinic antagonist that has effects in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. It has been used in the treatment of arteriosclerotic, idiopathic, and postencephalitic parkinsonism. It has also been used to alleviate extrapyramidal symptoms induced by phenothiazine derivatives and reserpine.. biperiden : A member of the class of piperidines that is N-propylpiperidine in which the methyl hydrogens have been replaced by hydroxy, phenyl, and 5-norbornen-2-yl groups. A muscarinic antagonist affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems, it is used in the treatment of all forms of Parkinson's disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antidote to sarin poisoning; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| bisacodyl Bisacodyl: A diphenylmethane stimulant laxative used for the treatment of CONSTIPATION and for bowel evacuation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p871) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| bisoprolol Bisoprolol: A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic blocker. It is effective in the management of HYPERTENSION and ANGINA PECTORIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | secondary alcohol; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent |
| bromazepam Bromazepam: One of the BENZODIAZEPINES that is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| bumetanide [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide | diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor |
| bupivacaine Bupivacaine: A widely used local anesthetic agent.. 1-butyl-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide : A piperidinecarboxamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-butylpipecolic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. bupivacaine : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of dextrobupivacaine and levobupivacaine. Used (in the form of its hydrochloride hydrate) as a local anaesthetic. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; piperidinecarboxamide; tertiary amino compound | |
| buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position. | 6.15 | 6 | 0 | azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines | anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist |
| busulfan [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | methanesulfonate ester | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; insect sterilant; teratogenic agent |
| secbutabarbital secbutabarbital: Butabarbital (a synonym for Secbutabarbital) should be distinguished from Butobarbital | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | |
| caffeine [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine | adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic |
| verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound | |
| candesartan candesartan: a nonpeptide angiotensin II receptor antagonist. candesartan : A benzimidazolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-benzimidazole-7-carboxylic acid substituted by an ethoxy group at position 2 and a ({2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-yl}methyl) group at position 1. It is a angiotensin receptor antagonist used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazolecarboxylic acid; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; ureas | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic |
| carbinoxamine carbinoxamine: Note: tradenames that start with Histex refer to more than one drug. carbinoxamine : An organochlorine compound that is 2-(4-chlorobenzyl)pyridine in which one of the benzylic hydrogens is substituted by 2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy group. It is an ethanolamine-type antihistamine, used as its maleate salt for treating hay fever, as well as mild cases of Parkinson's disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| carisoprodol Carisoprodol: A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant whose mechanism of action is not completely understood but may be related to its sedative actions. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1202). carisoprodol : A carbamate ester that is the mono-N-isopropyl derivative of meprobamate (which is a significant metabolite). Carisoprodol interrupts neuronal communication within the reticular formation and spinal cord, resulting in sedation and alteration in pain perception. It is used as a muscle relaxant in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester | muscle relaxant |
| carvedilol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| celecoxib [no description available] | 8.73 | 2 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrazoles; sulfonamide; toluenes | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| cetirizine Cetirizine: A potent second-generation histamine H1 antagonist that is effective in the treatment of allergic rhinitis, chronic urticaria, and pollen-induced asthma. Unlike many traditional antihistamines, it does not cause drowsiness or anticholinergic side effects.. cetirizine : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine in which the hydrogens attached to nitrogen are replaced by a (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl and a 2-(carboxymethoxy)ethyl group respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; piperazines | anti-allergic agent; environmental contaminant; H1-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| chlorcyclizine chlorcyclizine: was heading 1964-94 (Prov 1964-73); CHLOROCYCLIZINE & HISTACHLORAZINE were see CHLORCYCLIZINE 1977-94; use PIPERAZINES to search CHLORCYCLIZINE 1966-94; histamine H1-blocker used both orally and topically in allergies and also for the prevention of motion sickness | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2. | 3.71 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| chlormezanone Chlormezanone: A non-benzodiazepine that is used in the management of anxiety. It has been suggested for use in the treatment of muscle spasm.. chlormezanone : A 1,3-thiazine that is 1,3-thiazinan-4-one S,S-dioxide in which a hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a 4-chlorophenyl group and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by methyl. A non-benzodiazepine muscle relaxant, it was used in the management of anxiety and in the treatment of muscle spasms until being discontinued worldwide by its manufacturer in 1996, due to rare but serious cutaneous reactions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazine; lactam; monochlorobenzenes; sulfone | antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; muscle relaxant |
| chloroquine Chloroquine: The prototypical antimalarial agent with a mechanism that is not well understood. It has also been used to treat rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and in the systemic therapy of amebic liver abscesses.. chloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is quinoline which is substituted at position 4 by a [5-(diethylamino)pentan-2-yl]amino group at at position 7 by chlorine. It is used for the treatment of malaria, hepatic amoebiasis, lupus erythematosus, light-sensitive skin eruptions, and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; autophagy inhibitor; dermatologic drug |
| chlorothiazide Chlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p812). thiazide : Heterocyclic compound with sulfur and nitrogen in the ring.. chlorothiazide : 4H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide in which the hydrogen at position is substituted by chlorine and that at position 7 is substituted by a sulfonamide group. A diuretic, it is used for treatment of oedema and hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| chlorpheniramine Chlorpheniramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic reactions, hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. It has also been used in veterinary applications. One of the most widely used of the classical antihistaminics, it generally causes less drowsiness and sedation than PROMETHAZINE.. chlorphenamine : A tertiary amino compound that is propylamine which is substituted at position 3 by a pyridin-2-yl group and a p-chlorophenyl group and in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by methyl groups. A histamine H1 antagonist, it is used to relieve the symptoms of hay fever, rhinitis, urticaria, and asthma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidepressant; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety. | 3.89 | 3 | 0 | organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| chlorthalidone Chlorthalidone: A benzenesulfonamide-phthalimidine that tautomerizes to a BENZOPHENONES form. It is considered a thiazide-like diuretic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoindoles; monochlorobenzenes; sulfonamide | |
| chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound | muscle relaxant; sedative |
| cilostazol [no description available] | 6 | 2 | 1 | lactam; tetrazoles | anticoagulant; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; fibrin modulating drug; neuroprotective agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| cimetidine Cimetidine: A histamine congener, it competitively inhibits HISTAMINE binding to HISTAMINE H2 RECEPTORS. Cimetidine has a range of pharmacological actions. It inhibits GASTRIC ACID secretion, as well as PEPSIN and GASTRIN output.. cimetidine : A member of the class of guanidines that consists of guanidine carrying a methyl substituent at position 1, a cyano group at position 2 and a 2-{[(5-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)methyl]sulfanyl}ethyl group at position 3. It is a H2-receptor antagonist that inhibits the production of acid in stomach. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; guanidines; imidazoles; nitrile | adjuvant; analgesic; anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. | 13.63 | 55 | 17 | 2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound | |
| clofibrate angiokapsul: contains clofibrate & insoitolnicotinate | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; geroprotector; PPARalpha agonist |
| clomiphene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| clomipramine Clomipramine: A tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE that selectively inhibits the uptake of serotonin in the brain. It is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and demethylated in the liver to form its primary active metabolite, desmethylclomipramine.. clomipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine which is substituted by chlorine at position 3 and in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group. One of the more sedating tricyclic antidepressants, it is used as the hydrochloride salt for the treatment of depression as well as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | anticoronaviral agent; antidepressant; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; serotonergic antagonist; serotonergic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation. | 9.11 | 4 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | clonidine; imidazoline | |
| chlorazepate clorazepic acid : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone in which the oxo group is at position 2, and which is substituted at positions 3, 5, and 7 by carboxy, phenyl and chloro groups, respectively. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator; prodrug |
| clotrimazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; imidazole antifungal drug; imidazoles; monochlorobenzenes | antiinfective agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| cyclobenzaprine cyclobenzaprine: RN given refers to parent cpd; Lisseril is synonymous for HCl; structure. cyclobenzaprine : 5-Methylidene-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene in which one of the hydrogens of the methylidene group is substituted by a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant; muscle relaxant; tranquilizing drug |
| cyclofenil Cyclofenil: A gonadal stimulant and inducer of ovulation. It is used in the treatment of infertility and amenorrhea, but is thought to be less effective than CLOMIPHENE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dapsone [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | substituted aniline; sulfone | anti-inflammatory drug; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; leprostatic drug |
| deferoxamine Deferoxamine: Natural product isolated from Streptomyces pilosus. It forms iron complexes and is used as a chelating agent, particularly in the mesylate form.. desferrioxamine B : An acyclic desferrioxamine that is butanedioic acid in which one of the carboxy groups undergoes formal condensation with the primary amino group of N-(5-aminopentyl)-N-hydroxyacetamide and the second carboxy group undergoes formal condensation with the hydroxyamino group of N(1)-(5-aminopentyl)-N(1)-hydroxy-N(4)-[5-(hydroxyamino)pentyl]butanediamide. It is a siderophore native to Streptomyces pilosus biosynthesised by the DesABCD enzyme cluster as a high affinity Fe(III) chelator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acyclic desferrioxamine | bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; iron chelator; siderophore |
| desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine. | 8.93 | 3 | 0 | primary amine | |
| diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5. | 4.1 | 4 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic |
| diazoxide Diazoxide: A benzothiadiazine derivative that is a peripheral vasodilator used for hypertensive emergencies. It lacks diuretic effect, apparently because it lacks a sulfonamide group.. diazoxide : A benzothiadiazine that is the S,S-dioxide of 2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine which is substituted at position 3 by a methyl group and at position 7 by chlorine. A peripheral vasodilator, it increases the concentration of glucose in the plasma and inhibits the secretion of insulin by the beta- cells of the pancreas. It is used orally in the management of intractable hypoglycaemia and intravenously in the management of hypertensive emergencies. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfone | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; diuretic; K-ATP channel agonist; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasodilator agent |
| diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| dichlorphenamide Dichlorphenamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of glaucoma.. diclofenamide : A sulfonamide that is benzene-1,3-disulfonamide in which the hydrogens at positions 4 and 5 are substituted by chlorine. An oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor, it partially suppresses the secretion (inflow) of aqueous humor in the eye and so reduces intraocular pressure. It is used for the treatment of glaucoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; sulfonamide | antiglaucoma drug; EC 4.2.1.1 (carbonic anhydrase) inhibitor; ophthalmology drug |
| dicyclomine Dicyclomine: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic and in urinary incontinence. It has little effect on glandular secretion or the cardiovascular system. It does have some local anesthetic properties and is used in gastrointestinal, biliary, and urinary tract spasms.. dicyclomine : The ester resulting from the formal condensation of 1-cyclohexylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid with 2-(diethylamino)ethanol. An anticholinergic, it is used as the hydrochloride to treat or prevent spasm in the muscles of the gastrointestinal tract, particularly that associated with irritable bowel syndrome. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| pentetic acid Pentetic Acid: An iron chelating agent with properties like EDETIC ACID. DTPA has also been used as a chelator for other metals, such as plutonium. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pentacarboxylic acid | copper chelator |
| diflunisal Diflunisal: A salicylate derivative and anti-inflammatory analgesic with actions and side effects similar to those of ASPIRIN.. diflunisal : An organofluorine compound comprising salicylic acid having a 2,4-difluorophenyl group at the 5-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | monohydroxybenzoic acid; organofluorine compound | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| dimercaprol Dimercaprol: An anti-gas warfare agent that is effective against Lewisite (dichloro(2-chlorovinyl)arsine) and formerly known as British Anti-Lewisite or BAL. It acts as a chelating agent and is used in the treatment of arsenic, gold, and other heavy metal poisoning.. dimercaprol : A dithiol that is propane-1,2-dithiol in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group. a chelating agent originally developed during World War II as an experimental antidote against the arsenic-based poison gas Lewisite, it has been used clinically since 1949 for the treatment of poisoning by arsenic, mercury and gold. It can also be used for treatment of poisoning by antimony, bismuth and possibly thallium, and (with sodium calcium edetate) in cases of acute leaad poisoning. Administration is by (painful) intramuscular injection of a suspension of dimercaprol in peanut oil, typically every 4 hours for 2-10 days depending on the toxicity. In the past, dimercaprol was also used for the treatment of Wilson's disease, a severely debilitating genetic disorder in which the body tends to retain copper, with resultant liver and brain injury. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dithiol; primary alcohol | chelator |
| diphenhydramine Diphenhydramine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as an antiemetic, antitussive, for dermatoses and pruritus, for hypersensitivity reactions, as a hypnotic, an antiparkinson, and as an ingredient in common cold preparations. It has some undesired antimuscarinic and sedative effects.. diphenhydramine : An ether that is the benzhydryl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. It is a H1-receptor antagonist used as a antipruritic and antitussive drug.. antitussive : An agent that suppresses cough. Antitussives have a central or a peripheral action on the cough reflex, or a combination of both. Compare with expectorants, which are considered to increase the volume of secretions in the respiratory tract, so facilitating their removal by ciliary action and coughing, and mucolytics, which decrease the viscosity of mucus, facilitating its removal by ciliary action and expectoration. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | anti-allergic agent; antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; antiparkinson drug; antipruritic drug; antitussive; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; oneirogen; sedative |
| dipyridamole Dipyridamole: A phosphodiesterase inhibitor that blocks uptake and metabolism of adenosine by erythrocytes and vascular endothelial cells. Dipyridamole also potentiates the antiaggregating action of prostacyclin. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p752). dipyridamole : A pyrimidopyrimidine that is 2,2',2'',2'''-(pyrimido[5,4-d]pyrimidine-2,6-diyldinitrilo)tetraethanol substituted by piperidin-1-yl groups at positions 4 and 8 respectively. A vasodilator agent, it inhibits the formation of blood clots. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; pyrimidopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; tetrol | adenosine phosphodiesterase inhibitor; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| disopyramide Disopyramide: A class I anti-arrhythmic agent (one that interferes directly with the depolarization of the cardiac membrane and thus serves as a membrane-stabilizing agent) with a depressant action on the heart similar to that of guanidine. It also possesses some anticholinergic and local anesthetic properties.. disopyramide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is butanamide substituted by a diisopropylamino group at position 4, a phenyl group at position 2 and a pyridin-2-yl group at position 2. It is used as a anti-arrhythmia drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| disulfiram [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor |
| valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid | anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent |
| domperidone Domperidone: A specific blocker of dopamine receptors. It speeds gastrointestinal peristalsis, causes prolactin release, and is used as antiemetic and tool in the study of dopaminergic mechanisms.. domperidone : 1-[3-(Piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which the 4-position of the piperidine ring is substituted by a 5-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. A dopamine antagonist, it is used as an antiemetic for the short-term treatment of nausea and vomiting, and to control gastrointestinal effects of dopaminergic drugs given in the management of parkinsonism. The free base is used in oral suspensions, while the maleate salt is used in tablet preparations. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist |
| donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate | EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent |
| doxapram Doxapram: A central respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p1225). doxapram : A member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones that is N-ethylpyrrolidin-2-one in which both of the hydrogens at the 3 position (adjacent to the carbonyl group) are substituted by phenyl groups, and one of the hydrogens at the 4 position is substituted by a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant with a brief duration of action, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride or the hydrochloride hydrate) as a temporary treatment of acute respiratory failure, particularly when superimposed on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and of postoperative respiratory depression. It has also been used for treatment of postoperative shivering. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morpholines; pyrrolidin-2-ones | central nervous system stimulant |
| doxazosin Doxazosin: A prazosin-related compound that is a selective alpha-1-adrenergic blocker.. doxazosin : A member of the class of quinazolines that is quinazoline substituted by an amino group at position 4, methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a piperazin-1-yl group at position 2 which in turn is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-ylcarbonyl group at position 4. An antihypertensive agent, it is used in the treatment of high blood pressure. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzodioxine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; vasodilator agent |
| doxepin Doxepin: A dibenzoxepin tricyclic compound. It displays a range of pharmacological actions including maintaining adrenergic innervation. Its mechanism of action is not fully understood, but it appears to block reuptake of monoaminergic neurotransmitters into presynaptic terminals. It also possesses anticholinergic activity and modulates antagonism of histamine H(1)- and H(2)-receptors.. doxepin : A dibenzooxepine that is 6,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,e]oxepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propylidene group at position 11. It is used as an antidepressant drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant |
| doxylamine Doxylamine: Histamine H1 antagonist with pronounced sedative properties. It is used in allergies and as an antitussive, antiemetic, and hypnotic. Doxylamine has also been administered in veterinary applications and was formerly used in PARKINSONISM. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; antiemetic; antitussive; cholinergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; sedative |
| droperidol Droperidol: A butyrophenone with general properties similar to those of HALOPERIDOL. It is used in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as FENTANYL to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. It is also used as a premedicant, as an antiemetic, and for the control of agitation in acute psychoses. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p593). droperidol : An organofluorine compound that is haloperidol in which the hydroxy group has been eliminated with the introduction of a double bond in the piperidine ring, and the 4-chlorophenyl group has been replaced by a benzimidazol-2-on-1-yl group. It is used in the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and in conjunction with an opioid analgesic such as fentanyl to maintain the patient in a calm state of neuroleptanalgesia with indifference to surroundings but still able to cooperate with the surgeon. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound | anaesthesia adjuvant; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| dyphylline Dyphylline: A THEOPHYLLINE derivative with broncho- and vasodilator properties. It is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis.. dyphylline : An oxopurine that is theophylline bearing a 2,3-dihydroxypropyl group at the 7 position. It has broncho- and vasodilator properties, and is used in the treatment of asthma, cardiac dyspnea, and bronchitis. It is also an ingredient in preparations that have been promoted for coughs. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine; propane-1,2-diols | bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent |
| edrophonium Edrophonium: A rapid-onset, short-acting cholinesterase inhibitor used in cardiac arrhythmias and in the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. It has also been used as an antidote to curare principles.. edrophonium : A quaternary ammonium ion that is N-ethyl-N,N-dimethylanilinium in which one of the meta positions is substituted by a hydroxy group. It is a reversible inhibitor of cholinesterase, with a rapid onset (30-60 seconds after injection) but a short duration of action (5-15 minutes). The chloride salt is used in myasthenia gravis both diagnostically and to distinguish between under- or over-treatment with other anticholinesterases. It has also been used for the reversal of neuromuscular blockade in anaesthesia, and for the management of poisoning due to tetrodotoxin, a neuromuscular blocking toxin found in puffer fish and other marine animals. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenols; quaternary ammonium ion | antidote; diagnostic agent; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor |
| estazolam Estazolam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, hypnotic, and muscle relaxant properties. It has been shown in some cases to be more potent than DIAZEPAM or NITRAZEPAM.. estazolam : A triazolo[4,3-a][1,4]benzodiazepine having a phenyl group at position 6 and a chloro substituent at position 8. A short-acting benzodiazepine with general properties similar to diazepam, it is given by mouth as a hypnotic in the short-term management of insomnia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triazoles; triazolobenzodiazepine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator |
| ethacrynic acid Ethacrynic Acid: A compound that inhibits symport of sodium, potassium, and chloride primarily in the ascending limb of Henle, but also in the proximal and distal tubules. This pharmacological action results in excretion of these ions, increased urinary output, and reduction in extracellular fluid. This compound has been classified as a loop or high ceiling diuretic.. etacrynic acid : An aromatic ether that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the phenyl ring is substituted by chlorines at positions 2 and 3, and by a 2-methylidenebutanoyl group at position 4. It is a loop diuretic used to treat high blood pressure resulting from diseases such as congestive heart failure, liver failure, and kidney failure. It is also a glutathione S-transferase (EC 2.5.1.18) inhibitor. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid | EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; loop diuretic |
| ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| ethotoin ethotoin: was heading 1966-94 (see under HYDANTOINS 1966-90); use HYDANTOINS to search ETHOTOIN 1966-94. ethotoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted by ethyl and phenyl at positions 3 and 5, respectively. An antiepileptic, it is less toxic than phenytoin but also less effective. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
| etidronate Etidronic Acid: A diphosphonate which affects calcium metabolism. It inhibits ectopic calcification and slows down bone resorption and bone turnover.. etidronic acid : A 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) that is (ethane-1,1-diyl)bis(phosphonic acid) having a hydroxy substituent at the 1-position. It inhibits the formation, growth, and dissolution of hydroxyapatite crystals by chemisorption to calcium phosphate surfaces. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid) | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; chelator |
| etizolam etizolam: structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| etodolac Etodolac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor with potent analgesic and anti-arthritic properties. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS; and in the alleviation of postoperative pain (PAIN, POSTOPERATIVE).. etodolac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a 1,8-diethyl-1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indol-1-yl moiety. A preferential inhibitor of cyclo-oxygenase 2 and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, it is used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis, and for the alleviation of postoperative pain. Administered as the racemate, only the (S)-enantiomer is active. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| brl 42810 [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; acetate ester | antiviral drug; prodrug |
| felbamate Felbamate: A PEGylated phenylcarbamate derivative that acts as an antagonist of NMDA RECEPTORS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES in severe refractory EPILEPSY.. felbamate : The bis(carbamate ester) of 2-phenylpropane-1,3-diol. An anticonvulsant, it is used in the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester | anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent |
| felodipine Felodipine: A dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with positive inotropic effects. It lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels.. felodipine : The mixed (methyl, ethyl) diester of 4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)-2,6-dimethyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylic acid. A calcium-channel blocker, it lowers blood pressure by reducing peripheral vascular resistance through a highly selective action on smooth muscle in arteriolar resistance vessels. It is used in the management of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dihydropyridine; ethyl ester; methyl ester | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| fenofibrate Pharmavit: a polyvitamin product, comprising vitamins A, D2, B1, B2, B6, C, E, nicotinamide, & calcium pantothene; may be a promising agent for application to human populations exposed to carcinogenic and genetic hazards of ionizing radiation; RN from CHEMLINE | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; chlorobenzophenone; isopropyl ester; monochlorobenzenes | antilipemic drug; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| fenoldopam Fenoldopam: A dopamine D1 receptor agonist that is used as an antihypertensive agent. It lowers blood pressure through arteriolar vasodilation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; dopamine agonist; dopaminergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| fenoprofen Fenoprofen: A propionic acid derivative that is used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent.. fenoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 3-phenoxyphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, the dihydrate form of the calcium salt is used for the management of mild to moderate pain and for the relief of pain and inflammation associated with disorders such as arthritis. It is pharmacologically similar to aspirin, but causes less gastrointestinal bleeding. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| fentanyl Fentanyl: A potent narcotic analgesic, abuse of which leads to habituation or addiction. It is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. Fentanyl is also used as an adjunct to general anesthetics, and as an anesthetic for induction and maintenance. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1078). fentanyl : A monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of N-phenyl-1-(2-phenylethyl)piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | adjuvant; anaesthesia adjuvant; anaesthetic; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| fexofenadine fexofenadine: a second generation antihistamine; metabolite of the antihistaminic drug terfenadine; structure in first source; RN refers to HCl. fexofenadine : A piperidine-based anti-histamine compound. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| fipexide fipexide: regulates dopaminergic systems at macromolecular level | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| flavoxate Flavoxate: A drug that has been used in various urinary syndromes and as an antispasmodic. Its therapeutic usefulness and its mechanism of action are not clear. It may have local anesthetic activity and direct relaxing effects on smooth muscle as well as some activity as a muscarinic antagonist.. flavoxate : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of 3-methylflavone-8-carboxylic acid with 2-(1-piperidinyl)ethanol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; flavones; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| flecainide Flecainide: A potent anti-arrhythmia agent, effective in a wide range of ventricular and atrial ARRHYTHMIAS and TACHYCARDIAS.. flecainide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,5-bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoic acid with the primary amino group of piperidin-2-ylmethylamine. An antiarrhythmic agent used (in the form of its acetate salt) to prevent and treat tachyarrhythmia (abnormal fast rhythm of the heart). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid amide; organofluorine compound; piperidines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| flucytosine Flucytosine: A fluorinated cytosine analog that is used as an antifungal agent.. flucytosine : An organofluorine compound that is cytosine that is substituted at position 5 by a fluorine. A prodrug for the antifungal 5-fluorouracil, it is used for the treatment of systemic fungal infections. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidine antifungal drug; pyrimidone | prodrug |
| fluphenazine [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound | antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist |
| flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes | anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative |
| fluorescite fluorescein (acid form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent and commonly used as a fluorescent tracer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; cyclic ketone; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; organic heterotricyclic compound; phenols; xanthene dye | fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium |
| fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth. | 8.71 | 2 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group. | 6.12 | 12 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound | |
| flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative |
| flurbiprofen Flurbiprofen: An anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic of the phenylalkynoic acid series. It has been shown to reduce bone resorption in periodontal disease by inhibiting CARBONIC ANHYDRASE.. flurbiprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is a 2-fluoro-[1,1'-biphenyl-4-yl] moiety linked to C-2 of propionic acid. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, it is used as a pre-operative anti-miotic as well as orally for arthritis or dental pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluorobiphenyl; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| flutamide Flutamide: An antiandrogen with about the same potency as cyproterone in rodent and canine species. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrazoles | antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent |
| foscarnet Foscarnet: An antiviral agent used in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis. Foscarnet also shows activity against human herpesviruses and HIV.. phosphonoformic acid : Phosphoric acid in which one of the hydroxy groups is replaced by a carboxylic acid group. It is used as the trisodium salt as an antiviral agent in the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMV retinitis, an inflamation of the retina that can lead to blindness) and as an alternative to ganciclovir for AIDS patients who require concurrent antiretroviral therapy but are unable to tolerate ganciclovir due to haematological toxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; one-carbon compound; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; sodium-dependent Pi-transporter inhibitor |
| furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide | environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic |
| gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| gemfibrozil [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | antilipemic drug |
| glafenine Glafenine: An anthranilic acid derivative with analgesic properties used for the relief of all types of pain.. glafenine : A carboxylic ester that is 2,3-dihydroxypropyl anthranilate in which the amino group is substituted by a 7-chloroquinolin-4-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, glafenine and its hydrochloride salt were used for the relief of all types of pain, but high incidence of anaphylactic reactions resulted in their withdrawal from the market. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; carboxylic ester; glycol; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| glimepiride glimepiride: structure given in first source | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| glipizide Glipizide: An oral hypoglycemic agent which is rapidly absorbed and completely metabolized.. glipizide : An N-sulfonylurea that is glyburide in which the (5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoyl group is replaced by a (5-methylpyrazin-2-yl)carbonyl group. An oral hypoglycemic agent, it is used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-sulfonylurea; pyrazines | EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue |
| glyburide Glyburide: An antidiabetic sulfonylurea derivative with actions like those of chlorpropamide. glyburide : An N-sulfonylurea that is acetohexamide in which the acetyl group is replaced by a 2-(5-chloro-2-methoxybenzamido)ethyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea | anti-arrhythmia drug; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| 2-cyclopentyl-2-hydroxy-2-phenylacetic acid (1,1-dimethyl-3-pyrrolidin-1-iumyl) ester [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| granisetron [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | aromatic amide; indazoles | |
| guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methoxybenzenes | |
| guanethidine Guanethidine: An antihypertensive agent that acts by inhibiting selectively transmission in post-ganglionic adrenergic nerves. It is believed to act mainly by preventing the release of norepinephrine at nerve endings and causes depletion of norepinephrine in peripheral sympathetic nerve terminals as well as in tissues.. guanethidine : A member of the class of guanidines in which one of the hydrogens of the amino group has been replaced by a 2-azocan-1-ylethyl group.. guanethidine sulfate : A organic sulfate salt composed of two molecules of guanethidine and one of sulfuric acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azocanes; guanidines | adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; sympatholytic agent |
| guanfacine Guanfacine: A centrally acting antihypertensive agent with specificity towards ADRENERGIC ALPHA-2 RECEPTORS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides | |
| guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound | |
| haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety. | 4.27 | 5 | 0 | aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines | antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent |
| hydrochlorothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide: A thiazide diuretic often considered the prototypical member of this class. It reduces the reabsorption of electrolytes from the renal tubules. This results in increased excretion of water and electrolytes, including sodium, potassium, chloride, and magnesium. It is used in the treatment of several disorders including edema, hypertension, diabetes insipidus, and hypoparathyroidism.. hydrochlorothiazide : A benzothiadiazine that is 3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted by a chloro group at position 6 and a sulfonamide at 7. It is diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| hydroflumethiazide Hydroflumethiazide: A thiazide diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p822). hydroflumethiazide : A benzothiadiazine consisting of a 3,4-dihydro-HH-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine bicyclic system dioxygenated on sulfur and carrying trifluoromethyl and aminosulfonyl groups at positions 6 and 7 respectively. A diuretic with actions and uses similar to those of hydrochlorothiazide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine; thiazide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| hydroxychloroquine Hydroxychloroquine: A chemotherapeutic agent that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites. Hydroxychloroquine appears to concentrate in food vacuoles of affected protozoa. It inhibits plasmodial heme polymerase. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p970). hydroxychloroquine : An aminoquinoline that is chloroquine in which one of the N-ethyl groups is hydroxylated at position 2. An antimalarial with properties similar to chloroquine that acts against erythrocytic forms of malarial parasites, it is mainly used as the sulfate salt for the treatment of lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and light-sensitive skin eruptions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; organochlorine compound; primary alcohol; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimalarial; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug |
| hydroxyurea [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; ureas | antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent |
| hydroxyzine Hydroxyzine: A histamine H1 receptor antagonist that is effective in the treatment of chronic urticaria, dermatitis, and histamine-mediated pruritus. Unlike its major metabolite CETIRIZINE, it does cause drowsiness. It is also effective as an antiemetic, for relief of anxiety and tension, and as a sedative.. hydroxyzine : A N-alkylpiperazine that is piperzine in which the nitrogens atoms are substituted by 2-(2-hydroxyethoxy)ethyl and (4-chlorophenyl)(phenyl)methyl groups respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxyether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent; antipruritic drug; anxiolytic drug; dermatologic drug; H1-receptor antagonist |
| ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic |
| phenelzine Phenelzine: One of the MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS used to treat DEPRESSION; PHOBIC DISORDERS; and PANIC. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | |
| lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic |
| idebenone [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzoquinones; primary alcohol | antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor |
| ifosfamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ifosfamides | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom. | 4.88 | 5 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| amrinone Amrinone: A positive inotropic cardiotonic (CARDIOTONIC AGENTS) with vasodilator properties, phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitory activity, and the ability to stimulate calcium ion influx into the cardiac cell.. amrinone : A 3,4'-bipyridine substituted at positions 5 and 6 by an amino group and a keto function respectively. A pyridine phosphodiesterase 3 inhibitor, it is a drug that may improve the prognosis in patients with congestive heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bipyridines | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor |
| indapamide Indapamide: A benzamide-sulfonamide-indole derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. indapamide : A sulfonamide formed by condensation of the carboxylic group of 4-chloro-3-sulfamoylbenzoic acid with the amino group of 2-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-1-amine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles; organochlorine compound; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic |
| indomethacin Indomethacin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) that inhibits CYCLOOXYGENASE, which is necessary for the formation of PROSTAGLANDINS and other AUTACOIDS. It also inhibits the motility of POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUKOCYTES.. indometacin : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid in which the indole ring is substituted at positions 1, 2 and 5 by p-chlorobenzoyl, methyl, and methoxy groups, respectively. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used in the treatment of musculoskeletal and joint disorders including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, gout, bursitis and tendinitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; indole-3-acetic acids; monochlorobenzenes; N-acylindole | analgesic; drug metabolite; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic metabolite; xenobiotic |
| ioversol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amidobenzoic acid | |
| iproniazid [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide; pyridines | |
| avapro Irbesartan: A spiro compound, biphenyl and tetrazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION, and in the treatment of kidney disease.. irbesartan : A biphenylyltetrazole that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | azaspiro compound; biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| isocarboxazid Isocarboxazid: An MAO inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of major depression, dysthymic disorder, and atypical depression. It also is useful in the treatment of panic disorder and the phobic disorders. (From AMA, Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p311) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| isoniazid Hydra: A genus of freshwater polyps in the family Hydridae, order Hydroida, class HYDROZOA. They are of special interest because of their complex organization and because their adult organization corresponds roughly to the gastrula of higher animals.. hydrazide : Compounds derived from oxoacids RkE(=O)l(OH)m (l =/= 0) by replacing -OH by -NRNR2 (R groups are commonly H). (IUPAC). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antitubercular agent; drug allergen |
| isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| isoxsuprine Isoxsuprine: A beta-adrenergic agonist that causes direct relaxation of uterine and vascular smooth muscle. Its vasodilating actions are greater on the arteries supplying skeletal muscle than on those supplying skin. It is used in the treatment of peripheral vascular disease and in premature labor. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| isradipine Isradipine: A potent antagonist of CALCIUM CHANNELS that is highly selective for VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE. It is effective in the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris, hypertension, and congestive cardiac failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoxadiazole; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester; methyl ester | |
| itraconazole [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | piperazines | |
| ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group. | 5.36 | 7 | 0 | cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound | analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| ketoconazole 1-acetyl-4-(4-{[2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-(1H-imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-4-yl]methoxy}phenyl)piperazine : A dioxolane that is 1,3-dioxolane which is substituted at positions 2, 2, and 4 by imidazol-1-ylmethyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, and [para-(4-acetylpiperazin-1-yl)phenoxy]methyl groups, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; dioxolane; ether; imidazoles; N-acylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | |
| ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| ketorolac Ketorolac: A pyrrolizine carboxylic acid derivative structurally related to INDOMETHACIN. It is an NSAID and is used principally for its analgesic activity. (From Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed). ketorolac : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-(+)- and (S)-(-)-5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid. While only the (S)-(-) enantiomer is a COX1 and COX2 inhibitor, the (R)-(+) enantiomer exhibits potent analgesic activity. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ketorolac is mainly used (generally as the tromethamine salt) for its potent analgesic properties in the short-term management of post-operative pain, and in eye drops to relieve the ocular itching associated with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis. It was withdrawn from the market in many countries in 1993 following association with haemorrhage and renal failure.. 5-benzoyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-1-carboxylic acid : A member of the class of pyrrolizines that is 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine which is substituted at positions 1 and 5 by carboxy and benzoyl groups, respectively. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrrolizines; racemate | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| labetalol Labetalol: A salicylamide derivative that is a non-cardioselective blocker of BETA-ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and ALPHA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS.. labetalol : A diastereoisomeric mixture of approximately equal amounts of all four possible stereoisomers ((R,S)-labetolol, (S,R)-labetolol, (S,S)-labetalol and (R,R)-labetalol). It is an adrenergic antagonist used to treat high blood pressure.. 2-hydroxy-5-{1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}benzamide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2 and by a 1-hydroxy-2-[(4-phenylbutan-2-yl)amino]ethyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; benzenes; phenols; primary carboxamide; salicylamides; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| lamotrigine [no description available] | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; dichlorobenzene; primary arylamine | anticonvulsant; antidepressant; antimanic drug; calcium channel blocker; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; excitatory amino acid antagonist; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; xenobiotic |
| lansoprazole Lansoprazole: A 2,2,2-trifluoroethoxypyridyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. Lansoprazole is a racemic mixture of (R)- and (S)-isomers. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| leflunomide Leflunomide: An isoxazole derivative that inhibits dihydroorotate dehydrogenase, the fourth enzyme in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. It is used an immunosuppressive agent in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS and PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS.. leflunomide : A monocarboxylic acid amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxylic acid with the anilino group of 4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline. The prodrug of teriflunomide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; isoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid amide | antineoplastic agent; antiparasitic agent; EC 1.3.98.1 [dihydroorotate oxidase (fumarate)] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; immunosuppressive agent; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; pyrimidine synthesis inhibitor; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| letrozole [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; triazoles | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor |
| lomefloxacin lomefloxacin: structure given in first source. lomefloxacin : A fluoroquinolone antibiotic, used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) to treat bacterial infections including bronchitis and urinary tract infections. It is also used to prevent urinary tract infections prior to surgery. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antimicrobial agent; antitubercular agent; photosensitizing agent |
| lomustine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-nitrosoureas; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| loperamide Loperamide: One of the long-acting synthetic ANTIDIARRHEALS; it is not significantly absorbed from the gut, and has no effect on the adrenergic system or central nervous system, but may antagonize histamine and interfere with acetylcholine release locally.. loperamide : A synthetic piperidine derivative, effective against diarrhoea resulting from gastroenteritis or inflammatory bowel disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monochlorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antidiarrhoeal drug; mu-opioid receptor agonist |
| loratadine Loratadine: A second-generation histamine H1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and urticaria. Unlike most classical antihistamines (HISTAMINE H1 ANTAGONISTS) it lacks central nervous system depressing effects such as drowsiness.. loratadine : A benzocycloheptapyridine that is 6,11-dihydro-5H-benzo[5,6]cyclohepta[1,2-b]pyridine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)piperidin-4-ylidene group at position 11. It is a H1-receptor antagonist commonly employed in the treatment of allergic disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine; ethyl ester; N-acylpiperidine; organochlorine compound; tertiary carboxamide | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist |
| lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent. | 8.92 | 3 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| losartan Losartan: An antagonist of ANGIOTENSIN TYPE 1 RECEPTOR with antihypertensive activity due to the reduced pressor effect of ANGIOTENSIN II.. losartan : A biphenylyltetrazole where a 1,1'-biphenyl group is attached at the 5-position and has an additional trisubstituted imidazol-1-ylmethyl group at the 4'-position | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; imidazoles | angiotensin receptor antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| loxapine Loxapine: An antipsychotic agent used in SCHIZOPHRENIA. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzooxazepine | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| maprotiline Maprotiline: A bridged-ring tetracyclic antidepressant that is both mechanistically and functionally similar to the tricyclic antidepressants, including side effects associated with its use. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | anthracenes | |
| mebendazole Mebendazole: A benzimidazole that acts by interfering with CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM and inhibiting polymerization of MICROTUBULES.. mebendazole : A carbamate ester that is methyl 1H-benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate substituted by a benzoyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester | antinematodal drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator |
| mecamylamine Mecamylamine: A nicotinic antagonist that is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and crosses the blood-brain barrier. Mecamylamine has been used as a ganglionic blocker in treating hypertension, but, like most ganglionic blockers, is more often used now as a research tool. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary aliphatic amine | |
| mechlorethamine nitrogen mustard : Compounds having two beta-haloalkyl groups bound to a nitrogen atom, as in (X-CH2-CH2)2NR. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent |
| meclizine Meclizine: A histamine H1 antagonist used in the treatment of motion sickness, vertigo, and nausea during pregnancy and radiation sickness. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| meclofenamic acid Meclofenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with antipyretic and antigranulation activities. It also inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis.. meclofenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3-methylphenyl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of dysmenorrhoea (painful periods), osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound | analgesic; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mefenamic acid Mefenamic Acid: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties. It is an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase.. mefenamic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is anthranilic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 2,3-dimethylphenyl group. Although classed as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, its anti-inflammatory properties are considered to be minor. It is used to relieve mild to moderate pain, including headaches, dental pain, osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; secondary amino compound | analgesic; antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| memantine [no description available] | 11 | 2 | 1 | adamantanes; primary aliphatic amine | antidepressant; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; neuroprotective agent; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| mepenzolate mepenzolic acid: anticholinergic, antispasmodic agent; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| meperidine Meperidine: A narcotic analgesic that can be used for the relief of most types of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and the pain of labor. Prolonged use may lead to dependence of the morphine type; withdrawal symptoms appear more rapidly than with morphine and are of shorter duration.. pethidine : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is piperidine which is substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by phenyl and ethoxycarbonyl groups at position 4. It is an analgesic which is used for the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including postoperative pain and labour pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| mephenytoin Mephenytoin: An anticonvulsant effective in tonic-clonic epilepsy (EPILEPSY, TONIC-CLONIC). It may cause blood dyscrasias.. mephenytoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione (hydantoin) in which the imidazolidine nucleus carries a methyl group at N-3 and has ethyl and phenyl substituents at C-5. An anticonvulsant, it is no longer available in the USA or the UK but is still studied largely because of its interesting hydroxylation polymorphism. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | anticonvulsant |
| mepivacaine Mepivacaine: A local anesthetic that is chemically related to BUPIVACAINE but pharmacologically related to LIDOCAINE. It is indicated for infiltration, nerve block, and epidural anesthesia. Mepivacaine is effective topically only in large doses and therefore should not be used by this route. (From AMA Drug Evaluations, 1994, p168). mepivacaine : A piperidinecarboxamide in which N-methylpipecolic acid and 2,6-dimethylaniline have combined to form the amide bond. It is used as a local amide-type anaesthetic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidinecarboxamide | drug allergen; local anaesthetic |
| meprobamate Meprobamate: A carbamate with hypnotic, sedative, and some muscle relaxant properties, although in therapeutic doses reduction of anxiety rather than a direct effect may be responsible for muscle relaxation. Meprobamate has been reported to have anticonvulsant actions against petit mal seizures, but not against grand mal seizures (which may be exacerbated). It is used in the treatment of ANXIETY DISORDERS, and also for the short-term management of INSOMNIA but has largely been superseded by the BENZODIAZEPINES. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p603) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mesoridazine Mesoridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic with effects similar to CHLORPROMAZINE.. mesoridazine : A phenothiazine substituted at position 2 (para to the S atom) by a methylsulfinyl group, and on the nitrogen by a 2-(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; sulfoxide; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic |
| metaproterenol Metaproterenol: A beta-2 adrenergic agonist used in the treatment of ASTHMA and BRONCHIAL SPASM.. orciprenaline : A racemate composed of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-orciprenaline. Used (as its sulfate salt) to relax the airway muscles and improve breathing for patients suffering from asthma or bronchitis.. 5-[1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl]benzene-1,3-diol : A member of the class of resorcinols bearing an additional 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropanylamino)ethyl substituent at position 5 of resorcinol itself. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aralkylamino compound; phenylethanolamines; resorcinols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | guanidines | environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic |
| methadone Methadone: A synthetic opioid that is used as the hydrochloride. It is an opioid analgesic that is primarily a mu-opioid agonist. It has actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1082-3). methadone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dextromethadone and levomethadone. It is a opioid analgesic which is used as a painkiller and as a substitute for heroin in the treatment of heroin addiction.. 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one : A ketone that is heptan-3-one substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 6 and two phenyl groups at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; diarylmethane; ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| methazolamide Methazolamide: A carbonic anhydrase inhibitor that is used as a diuretic and in the treatment of glaucoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | |
| methiothepin Methiothepin: A serotonin receptor antagonist in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM used as an antipsychotic.. methiothepin : A dibenzothiepine that is 10,11-dihydrodibenzo[b,f]thiepine bearing additional methylthio and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 8 and 10 respectively. Potent 5-HT2 antagonist, also active as 5-HT1 antagonist. Differentiates 5-HT1D sub-types. Also displays affinity for rodent 5-HT5B, 5-HT5A, 5-HT7 and 5-HT6 receptors (pK1 values are 6.6, 7.0, 8.4 and 8.7 respectively). | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; dibenzothiepine; N-alkylpiperazine; tertiary amino compound | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist |
| methocarbamol Methocarbamol: A centrally acting muscle relaxant whose mode of action has not been established. It is used as an adjunct in the symptomatic treatment of musculoskeletal conditions associated with painful muscle spasm. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1206). methocarbamol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-methocarbamol. A centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant, it is used as an adjunct in the short-term symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm. The (R)-enantiomer is more active than the (S)-enantiomer.. 2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl carbamate : A carbamate ester that is glycerol in which one of the primary alcohol groups has been converted to its 2-methoxyphenyl ether while the other has been converted to the corresponding carbamate ester. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carbamate ester; secondary alcohol | |
| methoxsalen Methoxsalen: A naturally occurring furocoumarin compound found in several species of plants, including Psoralea corylifolia. It is a photoactive substance that forms DNA ADDUCTS in the presence of ultraviolet A irradiation.. methoxsalen : A member of the class of psoralens that is 7H-furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which the 9 position is substituted by a methoxy group. It is a constituent of the fruits of Ammi majus. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and severe psoriasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; psoralens | antineoplastic agent; cross-linking reagent; dermatologic drug; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| methyclothiazide Methyclothiazide: A thiazide diuretic with properties similar to those of HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p825) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | |
| methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group. | 11.48 | 4 | 1 | beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines | |
| metoclopramide Metoclopramide: A dopamine D2 antagonist that is used as an antiemetic.. metoclopramide : A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; gastrointestinal drug; xenobiotic |
| metolazone Metolazone: A quinazoline-sulfonamide derived DIURETIC that functions by inhibiting SODIUM CHLORIDE SYMPORTERS.. metolazone : A quinazoline that consists of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-one bearing additional methyl, 2-tolyl, sulfamyl and chloro substituents at positions 2, 3, 6 and 7 respectively. A quinazoline diuretic, with properties similar to thiazide diuretics. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; quinazolines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; diuretic; ion transport inhibitor |
| metoprolol Metoprolol: A selective adrenergic beta-1 blocking agent that is commonly used to treat ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS.. metoprolol : A propanolamine that is 1-(propan-2-ylamino)propan-2-ol substituted by a 4-(2-methoxyethyl)phenoxy group at position 1. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; propanolamine; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; xenobiotic |
| metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| metyrapone Metyrapone: An inhibitor of the enzyme STEROID 11-BETA-MONOOXYGENASE. It is used as a test of the feedback hypothalamic-pituitary mechanism in the diagnosis of CUSHING SYNDROME.. metyrapone : An aromatic ketone that is 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-one in which the methyl groups at positions 1 and 4 are replaced by pyridin-3-yl groups. A steroid 11beta-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.15.4) inhibitor, it is used in the diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | antimetabolite; diagnostic agent; EC 1.14.15.4 (steroid 11beta-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| mexiletine Mexiletine: Antiarrhythmic agent pharmacologically similar to LIDOCAINE. It may have some anticonvulsant properties.. mexiletine : An aromatic ether which is 2,6-dimethylphenyl ether of 2-aminopropan-1-ol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; primary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| mianserin Mianserin: A tetracyclic compound with antidepressant effects. It may cause drowsiness and hematological problems. Its mechanism of therapeutic action is not well understood, although it apparently blocks alpha-adrenergic, histamine H1, and some types of serotonin receptors.. mianserin : A dibenzoazepine (specifically 1,2,3,4,10,14b-hexahydrodibenzo[c,f]pyrazino[1,2-a]azepine) methyl-substituted on N-2. Closely related to (and now mostly superseded by) the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapinean, it is an atypical antidepressant used in the treatment of depression throughout Europe and elsewhere. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine agonist; sedative; serotonergic antagonist |
| midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound | anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative |
| midodrine Midodrine: An ethanolamine derivative that is an adrenergic alpha-1 agonist. It is used as a vasoconstrictor agent in the treatment of HYPOTENSION.. midodrine : An aromatic ether that is 1,4-dimethoxybenzene which is substituted at position 2 by a 2-(glycylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. A direct-acting sympathomimetic with selective alpha-adrenergic agonist activity, it is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a peripheral vasoconstrictor in the treatment of certain hypotensive states. The main active moiety is its major metabolite, deglymidodrine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; aromatic ether; secondary alcohol | alpha-adrenergic agonist; prodrug; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| milrinone [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | bipyridines; nitrile; pyridone | cardiotonic drug; EC 3.1.4.17 (3',5'-cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| minoxidil Minoxidil: A potent direct-acting peripheral vasodilator (VASODILATOR AGENTS) that reduces peripheral resistance and produces a fall in BLOOD PRESSURE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p371). minoxidil : A pyrimidine N-oxide that is pyrimidine-2,4-diamine 3-oxide substituted by a piperidin-1-yl group at position 6. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dialkylarylamine; tertiary amino compound | |
| mirtazapine Mirtazapine: A piperazinoazepine tetracyclic compound that enhances the release of NOREPINEPHRINE and SEROTONIN through blockage of presynaptic ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It also blocks both 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 serotonin receptors and is a potent HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used for the treatment of depression, and may also be useful for the treatment of anxiety disorders. | 7.57 | 7 | 2 | benzazepine; tetracyclic antidepressant | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; histamine antagonist; oneirogen; serotonergic antagonist |
| mitotane Mitotane: A derivative of the insecticide DICHLORODIPHENYLDICHLOROETHANE that specifically inhibits cells of the adrenal cortex and their production of hormones. It is used to treat adrenocortical tumors and causes CNS damage, but no bone marrow depression. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| mitoxantrone Mitoxantrone: An anthracenedione-derived antineoplastic agent.. mitoxantrone : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 1,4-dihydroxy-9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by 6-hydroxy-1,4-diazahexyl groups at positions 5 and 8. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxyanthraquinone | analgesic; antineoplastic agent |
| moclobemide Moclobemide: A reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A; (RIMA); (see MONOAMINE OXIDASE INHIBITORS) that has antidepressive properties.. moclobemide : A member of the class of benzamides that is benzamide substituted by a chloro group at position 4 and a 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl group at the nitrogen atom. It acts as a reversible monoamine oxidase inhibitor and is used in the treatment of depression. | 2.52 | 2 | 0 | benzamides; monochlorobenzenes; morpholines | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| modafinil Modafinil: A benzhydryl acetamide compound, central nervous system stimulant, and CYP3A4 inducing agent that is used in the treatment of NARCOLEPSY and SLEEP WAKE DISORDERS.. modafinil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of armodafinil and (S)-modafinil. A central nervous system stimulant, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. The optical enantiomers of modafinil have similar pharmacological actions in animals.. 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide : A sulfoxide that is dimethylsulfoxide in which two hydrogens attached to one of the methyl groups are replaced by phenyl groups, while one hydrogen attached to the other methyl group is replaced by a carbamoyl (aminocarbonyl) group. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; sulfoxide | |
| moxisylyte Moxisylyte: An alpha-adrenergic blocking agent that is used in Raynaud's disease. It is also used locally in the eye to reverse the mydriasis caused by phenylephrine and other sympathomimetic agents. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1312) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monoterpenoid | |
| nabumetone Nabumetone: A butanone non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) inhibitor that is used in the management of pain associated with OSTEOARTHRITIS and RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS.. nabumetone : A methyl ketone that is 2-butanone in which one of the methyl hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl group. A prodrug that is converted to the active metabolite, 6-methoxy-2-naphthylacetic acid, following oral administration. It is shown to have a slightly lower risk of gastrointestinal side effects than most other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; methyl ketone | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| nadolol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tetralins | |
| nalidixic acid [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| naratriptan naratriptan: structure given in first source | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| nefazodone nefazodone: may be useful as an opiate adjunct | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazoles | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; analgesic; antidepressant; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| nevirapine Nevirapine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in combination with nucleoside analogues for treatment of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. nevirapine : A dipyridodiazepine that is 5,11-dihydro-6H-dipyrido[3,2-b:2',3'-e][1,4]diazepine which is substituted by methyl, oxo, and cyclopropyl groups at positions 4, 6, and 11, respectively. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV-1, it is used in combination with other antiretrovirals for the treatment of HIV infection. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dipyridodiazepine | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nialamide Nialamide: An MAO inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound | |
| nicardipine Nicardipine: A potent calcium channel blockader with marked vasodilator action. It has antihypertensive properties and is effective in the treatment of angina and coronary spasms without showing cardiodepressant effects. It has also been used in the treatment of asthma and enhances the action of specific antineoplastic agents.. nicardipine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nicardipine. It is a calcium channel blocker which is used to treat hypertension.. 2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethyl methyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(3-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine substituted by a methyl, {2-[benzyl(methyl)amino]ethoxy}carbonyl, 3-nitrophenyl, methoxycarbonyl and methyl groups at positions 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; C-nitro compound; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound | |
| nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent |
| nilutamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; imidazolidinone | androgen antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| nimesulide nimesulide: structure. nimesulide : An aromatic ether having phenyl and 2-methylsulfonamido-5-nitrophenyl as the two aryl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; sulfonamide | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| nimodipine Nimodipine: A calcium channel blockader with preferential cerebrovascular activity. It has marked cerebrovascular dilating effects and lowers blood pressure.. nimodipine : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a (2-methoxyethoxy)carbonyl group at position 3, a m-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isopropoxycarbonyl group at position 5. An L-type calcium channel blocker, it acts particularly on cerebral circulation, and is used both orally and intravenously for the prevention and treatment of subarachnoid hemorrhage from ruptured intracranial aneurysm. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 2-methoxyethyl ester; C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; isopropyl ester | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; vasodilator agent |
| nisoldipine Nisoldipine: A dihydropyridine calcium channel antagonist that acts as a potent arterial vasodilator and antihypertensive agent. It is also effective in patients with cardiac failure and angina.. nisoldipine : A racemate consisting of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-nisoldipine. A calcium channel blocker, it is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris.. methyl 2-methylpropyl 2,6-dimethyl-4-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate : A dihydropyridine that is 1,4-dihydropyridine which is substituted by methyl groups at positions 2 and 6, a methoxycarbonyl group at position 3, an o-nitrophenyl group at position 4, and an isobutoxycarbonyl group at position 5. The racemate, a calcium channel blocker, is used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; dicarboxylic acids and O-substituted derivatives; diester; dihydropyridine; methyl ester | |
| nitrazepam Nitrazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used as an anticonvulsant and hypnotic.. nitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one which is substituted at positions 5 and 7 by phenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used as a hypnotic for the short-term management of insomnia and for the treatment of epileptic spasms in infants (West's syndrome). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound | anticonvulsant; antispasmodic drug; drug metabolite; GABA modulator; sedative |
| nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nitroglycerol | explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| nizatidine [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; C-nitro compound; carboxamidine; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; cholinergic drug; H2-receptor antagonist |
| nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| nortriptyline Nortriptyline: A metabolite of AMITRIPTYLINE that is also used as an antidepressive agent. Nortriptyline is used in major depression, dysthymia, and atypical depressions.. nortriptyline : An organic tricyclic compound that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulene substituted by a 3-(methylamino)propylidene group at position 5. It is an active metabolite of amitriptyline. | 5.45 | 3 | 1 | organic tricyclic compound; secondary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; drug metabolite |
| ofloxacin Ofloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent that inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA GYRASE, halting DNA REPLICATION.. 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid : An oxazinoquinoline that is 2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinolin-7-one substituted by methyl, carboxy, fluoro, and 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl groups at positions 3, 6, 9, and 10, respectively.. ofloxacin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of levofloxacin and dextrofloxacin. It is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent which inhibits the supercoiling activity of bacterial DNA gyrase, halting DNA replication. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo monocarboxylic acid; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxazinoquinoline | |
| omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | |
| ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties. | 5.97 | 5 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| orphenadrine Orphenadrine: A muscarinic antagonist used to treat drug-induced parkinsonism and to relieve pain from muscle spasm.. orphenadrine : A tertiary amino compound which is the phenyl-o-tolylmethyl ether of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ether; tertiary amino compound | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; NMDA receptor antagonist; parasympatholytic |
| oxaprozin Oxaprozin: An oxazole-propionic acid derivative, cyclooxygenase inhibitor, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug that is used in the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with of OSTEOARTHRITIS; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; and ARTHRITIS, JUVENILE.. oxaprozin : A monocarboxylic acid that is a propionic acid derivative having a 4,5-diphenyl-1,3-oxazol-2-yl substituent at position 3. It is non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used to relieve the pain and inflammatory responses associated with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles; monocarboxylic acid | analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| oxazepam Oxazepam: A benzodiazepine used in the treatment of anxiety, alcohol withdrawal, and insomnia.. oxazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a hydroxy group at position 3 and phenyl group at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound | anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| oxybutynin oxybutynin: RN given refers to parent cpd. oxybutynin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-oxybutynin and esoxybutynin. An antispasmodic used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; carboxylic ester; racemate; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antispasmodic drug; calcium channel blocker; local anaesthetic; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant; parasympatholytic |
| aminosalicylic acid Aminosalicylic Acid: An antitubercular agent often administered in association with ISONIAZID. The sodium salt of the drug is better tolerated than the free acid.. 4-aminosalicylic acid : An aminobenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminobenzoic acid; phenols | antitubercular agent |
| pamidronate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phosphonoacetic acid | |
| pantoprazole Pantoprazole: 2-pyridinylmethylsulfinylbenzimidazole proton pump inhibitor that is used in the treatment of GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX and PEPTIC ULCER.. pantoprazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole substituted by a difluoromethoxy group at position 5 and a [(3,4-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; organofluorine compound; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| papaverine Papaverine: An alkaloid found in opium but not closely related to the other opium alkaloids in its structure or pharmacological actions. It is a direct-acting smooth muscle relaxant used in the treatment of impotence and as a vasodilator, especially for cerebral vasodilation. The mechanism of its pharmacological actions is not clear, but it apparently can inhibit phosphodiesterases and it may have direct actions on calcium channels.. papaverine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is isoquinoline substituted by methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7 and a 3,4-dimethoxybenzyl group at position 1. It has been isolated from Papaver somniferum. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; dimethoxybenzene; isoquinolines | antispasmodic drug; vasodilator agent |
| pemoline Pemoline: A central nervous system stimulant used in fatigue and depressive states and to treat hyperkinetic disorders in children.. pemoline : A member of the class of 1,3-oxazoles that is 1,3-oxazol-4(5H)-one which is substituted by an amino group at position 2 and by a phenyl group at position 5. A central nervous system stimulant, it was used to treat hyperactivity disorders in children, but withdrawn from use following reports of serious hepatotoxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-oxazoles | central nervous system stimulant |
| pentamidine Pentamidine: Antiprotozoal agent effective in trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, and some fungal infections; used in treatment of PNEUMOCYSTIS pneumonia in HIV-infected patients. It may cause diabetes mellitus, central nervous system damage, and other toxic effects.. pentamidine : A diether consisting of pentane-1,5-diol in which both hydroxyl hydrogens have been replaced by 4-amidinophenyl groups. A trypanocidal drug that is used for treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; carboxamidine; diether | anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; calmodulin antagonist; chemokine receptor 5 antagonist; EC 2.3.1.48 (histone acetyltransferase) inhibitor; NMDA receptor antagonist; S100 calcium-binding protein B inhibitor; trypanocidal drug; xenobiotic |
| pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | GABAA receptor agonist |
| pentoxifylline [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oxopurine | |
| perhexiline Perhexiline: 2-(2,2-Dicyclohexylethyl)piperidine. Coronary vasodilator used especially for angina of effort. It may cause neuropathy and hepatitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | cardiovascular drug |
| perphenazine Perphenazine: An antipsychotic phenothiazine derivative with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROMAZINE.. perphenazine : A phenothiazine derivative in which the phenothiazine tricycle carries a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl group at N-10. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-alkylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | barbiturates | anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative |
| phenoxybenzamine Phenoxybenzamine: An alpha-adrenergic antagonist with long duration of action. It has been used to treat hypertension and as a peripheral vasodilator. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine | |
| phentermine Phentermine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It has been used most frequently in the treatment of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amine | adrenergic agent; appetite depressant; central nervous system drug; central nervous system stimulant; dopaminergic agent; sympathomimetic agent |
| 4-phenylbutyric acid 4-phenylbutyric acid: RN refers to the parent cpd. 4-phenylbutyric acid : A monocarboxylic acid the structure of which is that of butyric acid substituted with a phenyl group at C-4. It is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that displays anticancer activity. It inhibits cell proliferation, invasion and migration and induces apoptosis in glioma cells. It also inhibits protein isoprenylation, depletes plasma glutamine, increases production of foetal haemoglobin through transcriptional activation of the gamma-globin gene and affects hPPARgamma activation. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| pindolol Pindolol: A moderately lipophilic beta blocker (ADRENERGIC BETA-ANTAGONISTS). It is non-cardioselective and has intrinsic sympathomimetic actions, but little membrane-stabilizing activity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmocopoeia, 30th ed, p638). pindolol : A member of the class of indols which is the 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl ether derivative of 1H-indol-4-ol. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles; secondary amine | antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist; serotonergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| pioglitazone Pioglitazone: A thiazolidinedione and PPAR GAMMA agonist that is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS.. pioglitazone : A member of the class of thiazolidenediones that is 1,3-thiazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by a benzyl group at position 5 which in turn is substituted by a 2-(5-ethylpyridin-2-yl)ethoxy group at position 4 of the phenyl ring. It exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; pyridines; thiazolidinediones | antidepressant; cardioprotective agent; EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; insulin-sensitizing drug; PPARgamma agonist; xenobiotic |
| polythiazide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzothiadiazine | |
| duodote duodote: consists of atropine and pralidoxime chloride; for treating those exposed to organophosphorus-containing nerve agents | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | antidote to organophosphate poisoning; antidote to sarin poisoning; cholinergic drug; cholinesterase reactivator |
| praziquantel azinox: Russian drug | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| prazosin Prazosin: A selective adrenergic alpha-1 antagonist used in the treatment of HEART FAILURE; HYPERTENSION; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; RAYNAUD DISEASE; PROSTATIC HYPERTROPHY; and URINARY RETENTION.. prazosin : A member of the class of piperazines that is piperazine substituted by a furan-2-ylcarbonyl group and a 4-amino-6,7-dimethoxyquinazolin-2-yl group at positions 1 and 4 respectively. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; furans; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperazines; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor |
| primaquine Primaquine: An aminoquinoline that is given by mouth to produce a radical cure and prevent relapse of vivax and ovale malarias following treatment with a blood schizontocide. It has also been used to prevent transmission of falciparum malaria by those returning to areas where there is a potential for re-introduction of malaria. Adverse effects include anemias and GI disturbances. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeia, 30th ed, p404). primaquine : An N-substituted diamine that is pentane-1,4-diamine substituted by a 6-methoxyquinolin-8-yl group at the N(4) position. It is a drug used in the treatment of malaria and Pneumocystis pneumonia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoquinoline; aromatic ether; N-substituted diamine | antimalarial |
| primidone Primidone: A barbiturate derivative that acts as a GABA modulator and anti-epileptic agent. It is partly metabolized to PHENOBARBITAL in the body and owes some of its actions to this metabolite.. primidone : A pyrimidone that is dihydropyrimidine-4,6(1H,5H)-dione substituted by an ethyl and a phenyl group at position 5. It is used as an anticonvulsant for treatment of various types of seizures. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidone | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| probenecid Probenecid: The prototypical uricosuric agent. It inhibits the renal excretion of organic anions and reduces tubular reabsorption of urate. Probenecid has also been used to treat patients with renal impairment, and, because it reduces the renal tubular excretion of other drugs, has been used as an adjunct to antibacterial therapy.. probenecid : A sulfonamide in which the nitrogen of 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid is substituted with two propyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; sulfonamide | uricosuric drug |
| procainamide Procainamide: A class Ia antiarrhythmic drug that is structurally-related to PROCAINE.. procainamide : A benzamide that is 4-aminobenzamide substituted on the amide N by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group. It is a pharmaceutical antiarrhythmic agent used for the medical treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzamides | anti-arrhythmia drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; sodium channel blocker |
| procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; hydrazines | antineoplastic agent |
| prochlorperazine Prochlorperazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of NAUSEA; VOMITING; and VERTIGO. It is more likely than CHLORPROMAZINE to cause EXTRAPYRAMIDAL DISORDERS. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p612). prochlorperazine : A member of the class of phenothiazines that is 10H-phenothiazine having a chloro substituent at the 2-position and a 3-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl group at the N-10 position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; phenothiazines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antiemetic; cholinergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic |
| procyclidine Procyclidine: A muscarinic antagonist that crosses the blood-brain barrier and is used in the treatment of drug-induced extrapyramidal disorders and in parkinsonism.. procyclidine : A tertiary alcohol that consists of propan-1-ol substituted by a cyclohexyl and a phenyl group at position 1 and a pyrrolidin-1-yl group at position 3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrrolidines; tertiary alcohol | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| promethazine Promethazine: A phenothiazine derivative with histamine H1-blocking, antimuscarinic, and sedative properties. It is used as an antiallergic, in pruritus, for motion sickness and sedation, and also in animals.. promethazine : A tertiary amine that is a substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropan-2-amine moiety. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; tertiary amine | anti-allergic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; local anaesthetic; sedative |
| propafenone Propafenone: An antiarrhythmia agent that is particularly effective in ventricular arrhythmias. It also has weak beta-blocking activity.. propafenone : An aromatic ketone that is 3-(propylamino)propane-1,2-diol in which the hydrogen of the primary hydroxy group is replaced by a 2-(3-phenylpropanoyl)phenyl group. It is a class 1C antiarrhythmic drug with local anesthetic effects, and is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| propantheline Propantheline: A muscarinic antagonist used as an antispasmodic, in rhinitis, in urinary incontinence, and in the treatment of ulcers. At high doses it has nicotinic effects resulting in neuromuscular blocking. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | xanthenes | |
| propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenols | anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative |
| propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine | anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| protriptyline Protriptyline: Tricyclic antidepressant similar in action and side effects to IMIPRAMINE. It may produce excitation. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | carbotricyclic compound | antidepressant |
| pyridostigmine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridinium ion | |
| pyrilamine Pyrilamine: A histamine H1 antagonist. It has mild hypnotic properties and some local anesthetic action and is used for allergies (including skin eruptions) both parenterally and locally. It is a common ingredient of cold remedies.. mepyramine : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethylenediamine in which one of the amino nitrogens is substituted by two methyl groups and the remaining amino nitrogen is substituted by a 4-methoxybenzyl and a pyridin-2-yl group. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethylenediamine derivative | H1-receptor antagonist |
| pyrimethamine Maloprim: contains above 2 cpds | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; monochlorobenzenes | antimalarial; antiprotozoal drug; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| sch 16134 quazepam: structure given in first source | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| quetiapine [no description available] | 3.91 | 3 | 0 | dibenzothiazepine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rabeprazole Rabeprazole: A 4-(3-methoxypropoxy)-3-methylpyridinyl derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide | anti-ulcer drug; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor |
| raloxifene raloxifene : A member of the class of 1-benzothiophenes that is 1-benzothiophene in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 3, and 6 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl, p-[2-(piperidin-1-yl)ethoxy]benzoyl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; aromatic ketone; N-oxyethylpiperidine; phenols | bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| riluzole Riluzole: A glutamate antagonist (RECEPTORS, GLUTAMATE) used as an anticonvulsant (ANTICONVULSANTS) and to prolong the survival of patients with AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazoles | |
| rimantadine Rimantadine: An RNA synthesis inhibitor that is used as an antiviral agent in the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylamine | |
| risperidone Risperidone: A selective blocker of DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS and SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS that acts as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It has been shown to improve both positive and negative symptoms in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. risperidone : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2. | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rizatriptan rizatriptan: structure given in first source; RN given refers to benzoate | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rofecoxib [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | butenolide; sulfone | analgesic; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ropinirole [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | indolones; tertiary amine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; dopamine agonist |
| saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic |
| salicylsalicylic acid salicylsalicylic acid: structure. salsalate : A dimeric benzoate ester obtained by intermolecular condensation between the carboxy of one molecule of salicylic acid with the phenol group of a second. It is a prodrug for salycylic acid that is used for treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and also shows activity against type II diabetes. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; benzoic acids; phenols; salicylates | antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| sb 206553 SB 206553: a high-affinity 5-HT(2C/2B) antagonist; structure given in first source | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | pyrroloindole | |
| secobarbital Secobarbital: A barbiturate that is used as a sedative. Secobarbital is reported to have no anti-anxiety activity.. secobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates that is barbituric acid in which the hydrogens at position 5 are substituted by prop-2-en-1-yl and pentan-2-yl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | barbiturates | anaesthesia adjuvant; GABA modulator; sedative |
| sibutramine sibutramine: serotonin and norepinephrine transporter inhibitor; Meridia is tradename for sibutramine hydrochloride | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-obesity agent; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| sulfadiazine Sulfadiazine: One of the short-acting SULFONAMIDES used in combination with PYRIMETHAMINE to treat toxoplasmosis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and in newborns with congenital infections.. sulfadiazine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine with a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position.. diazine : The parent structure of the diazines. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antiprotozoal drug; coccidiostat; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.153 [sepiapterin reductase (L-erythro-7,8-dihydrobiopterin forming)] inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| risedronic acid Risedronic Acid: A pyridine and diphosphonic acid derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and inhibits BONE RESORPTION. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines | |
| sotalol Sotalol: An adrenergic beta-antagonist that is used in the treatment of life-threatening arrhythmias.. sotalol : A sulfonamide that is N-phenylmethanesulfonamide in which the phenyl group is substituted at position 4 by a 1-hydroxy-2-(isopropylamino)ethyl group. It has both beta-adrenoreceptor blocking (Vaughan Williams Class II) and cardiac action potential duration prolongation (Vaughan Williams Class III) antiarrhythmic properties. It is used (usually as the hydrochloride salt) for the management of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound; sulfonamide | anti-arrhythmia drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| imatinib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; benzamides; N-methylpiperazine; pyridines; pyrimidines | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| vorinostat Vorinostat: A hydroxamic acid and anilide derivative that acts as a HISTONE DEACETYLASE inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of CUTANEOUS T-CELL LYMPHOMA and SEZARY SYNDROME.. vorinostat : A dicarboxylic acid diamide comprising suberic (octanedioic) acid coupled to aniline and hydroxylamine. A histone deacetylase inhibitor, it is marketed under the name Zolinza for the treatment of cutaneous T cell lymphoma (CTCL). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; hydroxamic acid | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor |
| succinylcholine Succinylcholine: A quaternary skeletal muscle relaxant usually used in the form of its bromide, chloride, or iodide. It is a depolarizing relaxant, acting in about 30 seconds and with a duration of effect averaging three to five minutes. Succinylcholine is used in surgical, anesthetic, and other procedures in which a brief period of muscle relaxation is called for.. succinylcholine : A quaternary ammonium ion that is the bis-choline ester of succinic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium ion; succinate ester | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent |
| sulfamethizole Sulfamethizole: A sulfathiazole antibacterial agent.. sulfamethizole : A sulfonamide consisting of a 1,3,4-thiadiazole nucleus with a methyl substituent at C-5 and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at C-2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide; thiadiazoles | antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor |
| sulfasalazine Sulfasalazine: A drug that is used in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases. Its activity is generally considered to lie in its metabolic breakdown product, 5-aminosalicylic acid (see MESALAMINE) released in the colon. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p907). sulfasalazine : An azobenzene consisting of diphenyldiazene having a carboxy substituent at the 4-position, a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position and a 2-pyridylaminosulphonyl substituent at the 4'-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sulfathiazole Sulfathiazole: A sulfathiazole compound that is used as a short-acting anti-infective agent. It is no longer commonly used systemically due to its toxicity, but may still be applied topically in combination with other drugs for the treatment of vaginal and skin infections, and is still used in veterinary medicine.. sulfathiazole : A 1,3-thiazole compound having a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 2-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide | antiinfective agent; drug allergen; EC 2.5.1.15 (dihydropteroate synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| 2-(octylamino)-1-[4-(propan-2-ylthio)phenyl]-1-propanol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide | antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist |
| sumatriptan Sumatriptan: A serotonin agonist that acts selectively at 5HT1 receptors. It is used in the treatment of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. sumatriptan : A sulfonamide that consists of N,N-dimethyltryptamine bearing an additional (N-methylsulfamoyl)methyl substituent at position 5. Selective agonist for a vascular 5-HT1 receptor subtype (probably a member of the 5-HT1D family). Used (in the form of its succinate salt) for the acute treatment of migraine with or without aura in adults. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | sulfonamide; tryptamines | serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| talipexole talipexole: dopamine receptor agonist; structure given in first source | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azepine | |
| telenzepine telenzepine: structure given in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| temazepam Temazepam: A benzodiazepine that acts as a GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID modulator and anti-anxiety agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| temozolomide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazotetrazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; triazene derivative | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| terazosin Terazosin: induces decreased blood pressure; used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | furans; piperazines; primary amino compound; quinazolines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent |
| terbutaline Terbutaline: A selective beta-2 adrenergic agonist used as a bronchodilator and tocolytic.. terbutaline : A member of the class of phenylethanolamines that is catechol substituted at position 5 by a 2-(tert-butylamino)-1-hydroxyethyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; resorcinols | anti-asthmatic drug; beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; sympathomimetic agent; tocolytic agent |
| thalidomide Thalidomide: A piperidinyl isoindole originally introduced as a non-barbiturate hypnotic, but withdrawn from the market due to teratogenic effects. It has been reintroduced and used for a number of immunological and inflammatory disorders. Thalidomide displays immunosuppressive and anti-angiogenic activity. It inhibits release of TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR-ALPHA from monocytes, and modulates other cytokine action.. thalidomide : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-thalidomide.. 2-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl)-1H-isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione : A dicarboximide that is isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phthalimides; piperidones | |
| thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles | antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug |
| thioridazine Thioridazine: A phenothiazine antipsychotic used in the management of PHYCOSES, including SCHIZOPHRENIA.. thioridazine : A phenothiazine derivative having a methylsulfanyl subsitituent at the 2-position and a (1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)ethyl] group at the N-10 position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines; piperidines | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| thiotepa Thiotepa: A very toxic alkylating antineoplastic agent also used as an insect sterilant. It causes skin, gastrointestinal, CNS, and bone marrow damage. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), thiotepa may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 11th ed). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aziridines | |
| ticlopidine Ticlopidine: An effective inhibitor of platelet aggregation commonly used in the placement of STENTS in CORONARY ARTERIES.. ticlopidine : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; hematologic agent; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tinidazole Tinidazole: A nitroimidazole alkylating agent that is used as an antitrichomonal agent against TRICHOMONAS VAGINALIS; ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA; and GIARDIA LAMBLIA infections. It also acts as an antibacterial agent for the treatment of BACTERIAL VAGINOSIS and anaerobic bacterial infections.. tinidazole : 1H-imidazole substituted at C-1 by a (2-ethylsulfonyl)ethyl group, at C-2 by a methyl group and at C-5 by a nitro group. It is used as an antiprotozoal, antibacterial agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| tiopronin Tiopronin: Sulfhydryl acylated derivative of GLYCINE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| tizanidine tizanidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. tizanidine : 2,1,3-Benzothiadiazole substituted at C-4 by a Delta(1)-imidazolin-2-ylamino group and at C-4 by a chloro group. It is an agonist at alpha2-adrenergic receptor sites. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | benzothiadiazole; imidazoles | alpha-adrenergic agonist; muscle relaxant |
| tolazamide Tolazamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE.. tolazamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is 1-tosylurea in which a hydrogen attached to the nitrogen at position 3 is replaced by an azepan-1-yl group. A hypoglycemic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | hypoglycemic agent; potassium channel blocker |
| tolbutamide Tolbutamide: A sulphonylurea hypoglycemic agent with actions and uses similar to those of CHLORPROPAMIDE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p290). tolbutamide : An N-sulfonylurea that consists of 1-butylurea having a tosyl group attached at the 3-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | N-sulfonylurea | human metabolite; hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue; potassium channel blocker |
| tolmetin Tolmetin: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, NON-STEROIDAL) similar in mode of action to INDOMETHACIN.. tolmetin : A monocarboxylic acid that is (1-methylpyrrol-2-yl)acetic acid substituted at position 5 on the pyrrole ring by a 4-methylbenzoyl group. Used in the form of its sodium salt dihydrate as a nonselective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; monocarboxylic acid; pyrroles | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ultram 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-1-(3-methoxyphenyl)cyclohexanol : A tertiary alcohol that is cyclohexanol substituted at positions 1 and 2 by 3-methoxyphenyl and dimethylaminomethyl groups respectively. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | |
| tranexamic acid Tranexamic Acid: Antifibrinolytic hemostatic used in severe hemorrhage. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid | |
| trazodone Trazodone: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used as an antidepressive agent. It has been shown to be effective in patients with major depressive disorders and other subsets of depressive disorders. It is generally more useful in depressive disorders associated with insomnia and anxiety. This drug does not aggravate psychotic symptoms in patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p309). trazodone : An N-arylpiperazine in which one nitrogen is substituted by a 3-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a 3-(3-oxo[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3-a]pyridin-2(3H)-yl)propyl group. | 9.08 | 3 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; triazolopyridine | adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| triamterene Triamterene: A pteridinetriamine compound that inhibits SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS.. triamterene : Pteridine substituted at positions 2, 4 and 7 with amino groups and at position 6 with a phenyl group. A sodium channel blocker, it is used as a diuretic in the treatment of hypertension and oedema. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | pteridines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | triazolobenzodiazepine | sedative |
| trifluoperazine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines | antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug |
| trihexyphenidyl Trihexyphenidyl: One of the centrally acting MUSCARINIC ANTAGONISTS used for treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and drug-induced extrapyramidal movement disorders and as an antispasmodic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amine | |
| trimethadione Trimethadione: An anticonvulsant effective in absence seizures, but generally reserved for refractory cases because of its toxicity. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p378). trimethadione : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine-2,4-dione substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 5 and 5. It is an antiepileptic agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oxazolidinone | anticonvulsant; geroprotector |
| trimethobenzamide trimethobenzamide: major descriptor (64-84); on-line search BENZAMIDES (64-84); Index Medicus search TRIMETHOBENZAMIDE (64-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. trimethobenzamide : The amide obtained by formal condensation of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid with 4-[2-(N,N-dimethylamino)ethoxy]benzylamine. It is used to prevent nausea and vomitting in humans. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; tertiary amino compound | antiemetic |
| trimethoprim Trimethoprim: A pyrimidine inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase, it is an antibacterial related to PYRIMETHAMINE. It is potentiated by SULFONAMIDES and the TRIMETHOPRIM, SULFAMETHOXAZOLE DRUG COMBINATION is the form most often used. It is sometimes used alone as an antimalarial. TRIMETHOPRIM RESISTANCE has been reported.. trimethoprim : An aminopyrimidine antibiotic whose structure consists of pyrimidine 2,4-diamine and 1,2,3-trimethoxybenzene moieties linked by a methylene bridge. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; methoxybenzenes | antibacterial drug; diuretic; drug allergen; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| trimetrexate Trimetrexate: A nonclassical folic acid inhibitor through its inhibition of the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. It is being tested for efficacy as an antineoplastic agent and as an antiparasitic agent against PNEUMOCYSTIS PNEUMONIA in AIDS patients. Myelosuppression is its dose-limiting toxic effect. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| trimipramine Trimipramine: Tricyclic antidepressant similar to IMIPRAMINE, but with more antihistaminic and sedative properties.. trimipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)-2-methylpropyl group at the nitrogen atom. It is used as an antidepressant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dibenzoazepine; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| troglitazone Troglitazone: A chroman and thiazolidinedione derivative that acts as a PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTORS (PPAR) agonist. It was formerly used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS, but has been withdrawn due to hepatotoxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chromanes; thiazolidinone | anticoagulant; anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| tyramine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monoamine molecular messenger; primary amino compound; tyramines | EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter |
| delavirdine Delavirdine: A potent, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1.. delavirdine : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 5-[(methylsulfonyl)amino]-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid and 4-amino group of 1-[3-(isopropylamino)pyridin-2-yl]piperazine, delavirdine is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity specific for HIV-1. Viral resistance emerges rapidly when delavirdine is used alone, so it is therefore used (as the methanesulfonic acid salt) with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; indolecarboxamide; N-acylpiperazine; sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| venlafaxine venlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-methoxyphenyl group. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | cyclohexanols; monomethoxybenzene; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; analgesic; antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; serotonin uptake inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| vigabatrin [no description available] | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor |
| ici 204,219 zafirlukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; indoles; N-sulfonylcarboxamide | anti-asthmatic agent; leukotriene antagonist |
| zaleplon zaleplon: an azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; a hypnotic with less marked effect on psychomotor functions compared to lorazepam. zaleplon : A pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine having a nitrile group at position 3 and a 3-(N-ethylacetamido)phenyl substituent at the 7-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | nitrile; pyrazolopyrimidine | anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | imidazopyridine | central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative |
| zonisamide Zonisamide: A benzisoxazole and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a CALCIUM CHANNEL blocker. It is used primarily as an adjunctive antiepileptic agent for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES, with or without secondary generalization.. zonisamide : A 1,2-benzoxazole compound having a sulfamoylmethyl substituent at the 3-position. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; sulfonamide | anticonvulsant; antioxidant; central nervous system drug; protective agent; T-type calcium channel blocker |
| zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| cortisone acetate Cortisone Acetate: The acetate ester of cortisone that is used mainly for replacement therapy in adrenocortical insufficiency and in the treatment of many allergic and inflammatory disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | mitomycin | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent |
| corticosterone [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| prednisolone Prednisolone: A glucocorticoid with the general properties of the corticosteroids. It is the drug of choice for all conditions in which routine systemic corticosteroid therapy is indicated, except adrenal deficiency states.. prednisolone : A glucocorticoid that is prednisone in which the oxo group at position 11 has been reduced to the corresponding beta-hydroxy group. It is a drug metabolite of prednisone. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; drug metabolite; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; xenobiotic |
| reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic |
| phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent |
| sorbitol D-glucitol : The D-enantiomer of glucitol (also known as D-sorbitol). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glucitol | cathartic; Escherichia coli metabolite; food humectant; human metabolite; laxative; metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine | antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration. | 3.73 | 2 | 0 | 1-phenylpropan-2-amine | adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent |
| carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ammonium salt; carbamate ester | cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic |
| spironolactone Spironolactone: A potassium sparing diuretic that acts by antagonism of aldosterone in the distal renal tubules. It is used mainly in the treatment of refractory edema in patients with congestive heart failure, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis. Its effects on the endocrine system are utilized in the treatments of hirsutism and acne but they can lead to adverse effects. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p827). spironolactone : A steroid lactone that is 17alpha-pregn-4-ene-21,17-carbolactone substituted by an oxo group at position 3 and an alpha-acetylsulfanyl group at position 7. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; oxaspiro compound; steroid lactone; thioester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent; diuretic; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine | antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen |
| cysteine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cysteine zwitterion; cysteine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid | EC 4.3.1.3 (histidine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flour treatment agent; human metabolite |
| prednisone Prednisone: A synthetic anti-inflammatory glucocorticoid derived from CORTISONE. It is biologically inert and converted to PREDNISOLONE in the liver.. prednisone : A synthetic glucocorticoid drug that is particularly effective as an immunosuppressant, and affects virtually all of the immune system. Prednisone is a prodrug that is converted by the liver into prednisolone (a beta-hydroxy group instead of the oxo group at position 11), which is the active drug and also a steroid. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 11-oxo steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| estrone Hydroxyestrones: Estrone derivatives substituted with one or more hydroxyl groups in any position. They are important metabolites of estrone and other estrogens. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; phenolic steroid; phenols | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| oxandrolone Oxandrolone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; oxa-steroid | anabolic agent; androgen |
| penicillin g Penicillin G: A penicillin derivative commonly used in the form of its sodium or potassium salts in the treatment of a variety of infections. It is effective against most gram-positive bacteria and against gram-negative cocci. It has also been used as an experimental convulsant because of its actions on GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID mediated synaptic transmission.. benzylpenicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a phenylacetamido group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; epitope |
| pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pilocarpine | antiglaucoma drug |
| triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone |
| chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid | EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite |
| vincristine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; formamides; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; drug; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite; tubulin modulator |
| physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; indole alkaloid | antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic |
| sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | glycosyl glycoside | algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent |
| ethinyl estradiol Ethinyl Estradiol: A semisynthetic alkylated ESTRADIOL with a 17-alpha-ethinyl substitution. It has high estrogenic potency when administered orally, and is often used as the estrogenic component in ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES.. 17alpha-ethynylestradiol : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is estradiol substituted by a ethynyl group at position 17. It is a xenoestrogen synthesized from estradiol and has been shown to exhibit high estrogenic potency on oral administration. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 17-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | xenoestrogen |
| apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aporphine alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug |
| methyltestosterone Methyltestosterone: A synthetic hormone used for androgen replacement therapy and as an hormonal antineoplastic agent (ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, HORMONAL).. methyltestosterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone bearing a methyl group at the 17alpha position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; enone | anabolic agent; androgen; antineoplastic agent |
| tetrabenazine 9,10-dimethoxy-3-isobutyl-1,3,4,6,7,11b-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[2,1-a]isoquinolin-2-one : A benzoquinolizine that is 1,2,3,4,4a,9,10,10a-octahydrophenanthrene in which the carbon at position 10a is replaced by a nitrogen and which is substituted by an isobutyl group at position 2, an oxo group at position 3, and methoxy groups at positions 6 and 7. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoquinolizine; cyclic ketone; tertiary amino compound | |
| kanamycin a Kanamycin: Antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces kanamyceticus from Japanese soil. Comprises 3 components: kanamycin A, the major component, and kanamycins B and C, the minor components.. kanamycin : Kanamycin is a naturally occurring antibiotic complex from Streptomyces kanamyceticus that consists of several components: kanamycin A, the major component (also usually designated as kanamycin), and kanamycins B, C, D and X the minor components. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | kanamycins | bacterial metabolite |
| carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone | bacterial xenobiotic metabolite |
| edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid | anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector |
| cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amine; thiol | geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent |
| acetylcholine chloride acetylcholine chloride : The chloride salt of acetylcholine, and a parasympatomimetic drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quaternary ammonium salt | |
| mepazine mepazine: major descriptor (66-85); on-line search PHENOTHIAZINES (66-85); Index Medicus search MEPAZINE (66-85); RN given refers to parent cpd. pacatal : A phenothiazine derivative in which 10H-phenothiazine has an N-methylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl substituent at the N-10 position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines | |
| cloxacillin Cloxacillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic that is a chlorinated derivative of OXACILLIN.. cloxacillin : A semisynthetic penicillin antibiotic carrying a 3-(2-chlorophenyl)-5-methylisoxazole-4-carboxamido group at position 6. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| calcium acetate calcium acetate: a principal compound used as phosphate binders in patients with chronic renal failure; used like sevelamer. calcium acetate : The calcium salt of acetic acid. It is used, commonly as a hydrate, to treat hyperphosphataemia (excess phosphate in the blood) in patients with kidney disease: the calcium ion combines with dietary phosphate to form (insoluble) calcium phosphate, which is excreted in the faeces. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | calcium salt | chelator |
| methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkaloid; colchicine | anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen |
| mebanazine mebanazine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes | |
| oxacillin Oxacillin: An antibiotic similar to FLUCLOXACILLIN used in resistant staphylococci infections.. oxacillin : A penicillin antibiotic carrying a 5-methyl-3-phenylisoxazole-4-carboxamide group at position 6beta. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug |
| norethindrone Norethindrone: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE but functioning as a more potent inhibitor of ovulation. It has weak estrogenic and androgenic properties. The hormone has been used in treating amenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding, endometriosis, and for CONTRACEPTION.. norethisterone : A 17beta-hydroxy steroid that is testosterone in which the hydrogen at position 17 is replaced by an ethynyl group and in which the methyl group attached to position 10 is replaced by hydrogen. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound; tertiary alcohol | progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion | antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist |
| benziodarone benziodarone: minor descriptor (75-89); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search BENZOFURANS (68-89) & IODOBENZOATES (74) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| ampicillin Ampicillin: Semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin that functions as an orally active broad-spectrum antibiotic.. ampicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic; penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| mannitol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | mannitol | allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent |
| cytarabine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid | biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| perflutren Definity: a fluorocarbon-filled ultrasonic contrast agent; Definity is tradename. octafluoropropane : A fluorocarbon that is propane in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by fluorines. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | fluoroalkane; fluorocarbon | |
| fluoxymesterone Fluoxymesterone: An anabolic steroid that has been used in the treatment of male HYPOGONADISM, delayed puberty in males, and in the treatment of breast neoplasms in women. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; anabolic androgenic steroid; fluorinated steroid | anabolic agent; antineoplastic agent |
| phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; piperidines | anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug |
| methsuximide methsuximide: anticonvulsant effective in petit mal & psychomotor epilepsy; has a number of unpleasant & toxic side effects; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search SUCCINIMIDES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | primary amino compound; triol | buffer |
| methylprednisolone Methylprednisolone: A PREDNISOLONE derivative with similar anti-inflammatory action.. 6alpha-methylprednisolone : The 6alpha-stereoisomer of 6-methylprednisolone. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 6-methylprednisolone; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antiemetic; environmental contaminant; neuroprotective agent; xenobiotic |
| brompheniramine Brompheniramine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in treatment of allergies, rhinitis, and urticaria.. brompheniramine : Pheniramine in which the hydrogen at position 4 of the phenyl substituent is substituted by bromine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, brompheniramine is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organobromine compound; pyridines | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| penicillin v Penicillin V: A broad-spectrum penicillin antibiotic used orally in the treatment of mild to moderate infections by susceptible gram-positive organisms.. phenoxymethylpenicillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-(phenoxyacetyl)amino side-chain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | |
| isosorbide dinitrate Isosorbide Dinitrate: A vasodilator used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS. Its actions are similar to NITROGLYCERIN but with a slower onset of action. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glucitol derivative; nitrate ester | nitric oxide donor; vasodilator agent |
| pseudoephedrine Pseudoephedrine: A phenethylamine that is an isomer of EPHEDRINE which has less central nervous system effects and usage is mainly for respiratory tract decongestion.. pseudoephedrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1S)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol in which the pro-S hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a methyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenylethanolamines; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | anti-asthmatic drug; bronchodilator agent; central nervous system drug; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| diethylpropion Diethylpropion: A appetite depressant considered to produce less central nervous system disturbance than most drugs in this therapeutic category. It is also considered to be among the safest for patients with hypertension. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p2290). diethylpropion : An aromatic ketone that is propiophenone in which one of the hydrogens alpha- to the carbonyl is substituted by a diethylamino group. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, it is an appetite depressant and is used as the hydrochloride as an anoretic in the short term management of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; tertiary amine | appetite depressant |
| benzonatate benzonatate: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1107. benzonatate : The ester obtained by formal condensation of 4-butylaminobenzoic acid with nonaethylene glycol monomethyl ether. Structurally related to procaine and benzocaine, it has an anaesthetic effect on the stretch sensors in the lungs, and is used as a non-narcotic cough suppressant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoate ester; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline | anaesthetic; antitussive |
| thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound | non-polar solvent |
| methylergonovine Methylergonovine: A homolog of ERGONOVINE containing one more CH2 group. (Merck Index, 11th ed) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ergoline alkaloid | |
| cinchophen cinchophen: was heading 1963-94; ACIPHENOCHINOLIUM was see CHINOPHEN 1978-94; use QUINOLINES to search CINCHOPHEN 1966-94 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | quinolines | |
| nafcillin Nafcillin: A semi-synthetic antibiotic related to penicillin.. nafcillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a (2-ethoxy-1-naphthoyl)amino group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| methohexital Methohexital: An intravenous anesthetic with a short duration of action that may be used for induction of anesthesia.. methohexital : A barbiturate, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at N-1 by a methyl group and at C-5 by allyl and 1-methylpent-2-ynyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; barbiturates | drug allergen; intravenous anaesthetic |
| fluocortolone Fluocortolone: A glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity used topically for various skin disorders. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 21-hydroxy steroid | |
| thiazoles [no description available] | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene | |
| ephedrine Ephedrine: A phenethylamine found in EPHEDRA SINICA. PSEUDOEPHEDRINE is an isomer. It is an alpha- and beta-adrenergic agonist that may also enhance release of norepinephrine. It has been used for asthma, heart failure, rhinitis, and urinary incontinence, and for its central nervous system stimulatory effects in the treatment of narcolepsy and depression. It has become less extensively used with the advent of more selective agonists.. (-)-ephedrine : A phenethylamine alkaloid that is 2-phenylethanamine substituted by a methyl group at the amino nitrogen and a methyl and a hydroxy group at position 2 and 1 respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenethylamine alkaloid; phenylethanolamines | bacterial metabolite; environmental contaminant; nasal decongestant; plant metabolite; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic |
| aminophylline Aminophylline: A drug combination that contains THEOPHYLLINE and ethylenediamine. It is more soluble in water than theophylline but has similar pharmacologic actions. It's most common use is in bronchial asthma, but it has been investigated for several other applications.. aminophylline : A mixture comprising of theophylline and ethylenediamine in a 2:1 ratio. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | mixture | bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug |
| azacitidine Azacitidine: A pyrimidine analogue that inhibits DNA methyltransferase, impairing DNA methylation. It is also an antimetabolite of cytidine, incorporated primarily into RNA. Azacytidine has been used as an antineoplastic agent.. 5-azacytidine : An N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine that is 4-amino-1,3,5-triazin-2(1H)-one substituted by a beta-D-ribofuranosyl residue via an N-glycosidic linkage. An antineoplastic agent, it is used in the treatment of myeloid leukaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-glycosyl-1,3,5-triazine; nucleoside analogue | antineoplastic agent |
| galantamine Galantamine: A benzazepine derived from norbelladine. It is found in GALANTHUS and other AMARYLLIDACEAE. It is a cholinesterase inhibitor that has been used to reverse the muscular effects of GALLAMINE TRIETHIODIDE and TUBOCURARINE and has been studied as a treatment for ALZHEIMER DISEASE and other central nervous system disorders.. galanthamine : A benzazepine alkaloid isolated from certain species of daffodils. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine alkaloid fundamental parent; benzazepine alkaloid; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | antidote to curare poisoning; cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; plant metabolite |
| nandrolone decanoate Nandrolone Decanoate: Decanoic acid ester of nandrolone that is used as an anabolic agent to prevent or treat WASTING SYNDROME associated with severe chronic illness or HIV infection (HIV WASTING SYNDROME). It may also be used in the treatment of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| dextropropoxyphene Dextropropoxyphene: A narcotic analgesic structurally related to METHADONE. Only the dextro-isomer has an analgesic effect; the levo-isomer appears to exert an antitussive effect.. propoxyphene : A racemate of the (1R,2R)- and (1S,2R)- diastereoisomers.. dextropropoxyphene : The (1S,2R)-(+)-diastereoisomer of propoxyphene. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | 1-benzyl-3-(dimethylamino)-2-methyl-1-phenylpropyl propanoate | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| chenodeoxycholic acid Chenodeoxycholic Acid: A bile acid, usually conjugated with either glycine or taurine. It acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption and is reabsorbed by the small intestine. It is used as cholagogue, a choleretic laxative, and to prevent or dissolve gallstones.. chenodeoxycholic acid : A dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid that is (5beta)-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.. chenodeoxycholate : Conjugate base of chenodeoxycholic acid; major species at pH 7.3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| 4-hydroxybutyric acid 4-hydroxybutyric acid: was an entry term to Sodium Oxybate (74-98). 4-hydroxybutyric acid : A 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is butyric acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 4 is replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 4-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid | general anaesthetic; GHB receptor agonist; neurotoxin; sedative |
| dihydroergotamine Dihydroergotamine: A 9,10alpha-dihydro derivative of ERGOTAMINE. It is used as a vasoconstrictor, specifically for the therapy of MIGRAINE DISORDERS.. dihydroergotamine : Ergotamine in which a single bond replaces the double bond between positions 9 and 10. A semisynthetic ergot alkaloid with weaker oxytocic and vasoconstrictor properties than ergotamine, it is used (as the methanesulfonic or tartaric acid salts) for the treatment of migraine and orthostatic hypotension. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; semisynthetic derivative | dopamine agonist; non-narcotic analgesic; serotonergic agonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| psilocybin Psilocybin: The major of two hallucinogenic components of Teonanacatl, the sacred mushroom of Mexico, the other component being psilocin. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). psilocybin : A tryptamine alkaloid that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine carrying an additional phosphoryloxy substituent at position 4. The major hallucinogenic alkaloid isolated from Psilocybe mushrooms (also known as Teonanacatl or "magic mushrooms"). | 9.27 | 8 | 3 | organic phosphate; tertiary amino compound; tryptamine alkaloid | fungal metabolite; hallucinogen; prodrug; serotonergic agonist |
| medroxyprogesterone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| dimenhydrinate gravinol: has antioxidant and ant-inflammatory activities; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; secondary amine | central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic |
| levocarnitine (R)-carnitine : The (R)-enantiomer of carnitine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carnitine | antilipemic drug; nootropic agent; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; water-soluble vitamin (role) |
| sulfanilylurea sulfanilylurea: antimicrobial agent; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; sulfonamide | |
| lactulose [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glycosylfructose | gastrointestinal drug; laxative |
| pamabrom [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary |
| erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; erythromycin | |
| levonorgestrel Levonorgestrel: A synthetic progestational hormone with actions similar to those of PROGESTERONE and about twice as potent as its racemic or (+-)-isomer (NORGESTREL). It is used for contraception, control of menstrual disorders, and treatment of endometriosis. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| diphenoxylate Diphenoxylate: A MEPERIDINE congener used as an antidiarrheal, usually in combination with ATROPINE. At high doses, it acts like morphine. Its unesterified metabolite difenoxin has similar properties and is used similarly. It has little or no analgesic activity.. diphenoxylate : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of difenoxin. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; nitrile; piperidinecarboxylate ester; tertiary amine | antidiarrhoeal drug |
| estradiol valerate [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | steroid ester | |
| ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative | antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| vancomycin Vancomycin: Antibacterial obtained from Streptomyces orientalis. It is a glycopeptide related to RISTOCETIN that inhibits bacterial cell wall assembly and is toxic to kidneys and the inner ear.. vancomycin : A complex glycopeptide from Streptomyces orientalis. It inhibits a specific step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer in the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Clostridium difficile. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | glycopeptide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-tocopherol | algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite |
| ibufenac ibufenac: used in the treatment of rheumatism; also possesses antipyretic properties; minor descriptor (75-84); on-line & Index Medicus search PHENYLACETATES (75-84); RN given refers to parent cpd. ibufenac : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a 4-isobutylphenyl group. Although it was shown to be effective in treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, the clinical use of ibufenac was discontinued due to hepatotoxic side-effects. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| metaxalone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| spectinomycin Spectinomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces spectabilis. It is active against gram-negative bacteria and used for the treatment of GONORRHEA.. spectinomycin dihydrochloride : A hydrochloride obtained by combining spectinomycin with two molar equivalents of hydrochloric acid. An antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea.. spectinomycin : A pyranobenzodioxin and antibiotic that is active against gram-negative bacteria and used (as its dihydrochloride pentahydrate) to treat gonorrhea. It is produced by the bacterium Streptomyces spectabilis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic hemiketal; cyclic ketone; pyranobenzodioxin; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| s,n,n'-tripropylthiocarbamate Reward: An object or a situation that can serve to reinforce a response, to satisfy a motive, or to afford pleasure.. vernolate : A monounsaturated fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of vernolic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 4.11 | 2 | 1 | tertiary amine | |
| dronabinol Dronabinol: A psychoactive compound extracted from the resin of Cannabis sativa (marihuana, hashish). The isomer delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is considered the most active form, producing characteristic mood and perceptual changes associated with this compound.. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol : A diterpenoid that is 6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6H-benzo[c]chromene substituted at position 1 by a hydroxy group, positions 6, 6 and 9 by methyl groups and at position 3 by a pentyl group. The principal psychoactive constituent of the cannabis plant, it is used for treatment of anorexia associated with AIDS as well as nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | benzochromene; diterpenoid; phytocannabinoid; polyketide | cannabinoid receptor agonist; epitope; hallucinogen; metabolite; non-narcotic analgesic |
| amiloride Amiloride: A pyrazine compound inhibiting SODIUM reabsorption through SODIUM CHANNELS in renal EPITHELIAL CELLS. This inhibition creates a negative potential in the luminal membranes of principal cells, located in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct. Negative potential reduces secretion of potassium and hydrogen ions. Amiloride is used in conjunction with DIURETICS to spare POTASSIUM loss. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p705). amiloride : A member of the class of pyrazines resulting from the formal monoacylation of guanidine with the carboxy group of 3,5-diamino-6-chloropyrazine-2-carboxylic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; guanidines; organochlorine compound; pyrazines | diuretic; sodium channel blocker |
| pimozide Pimozide: A diphenylbutylpiperidine that is effective as an antipsychotic agent and as an alternative to HALOPERIDOL for the suppression of vocal and motor tics in patients with Tourette syndrome. Although the precise mechanism of action is unknown, blockade of postsynaptic dopamine receptors has been postulated. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p403). pimozide : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by a piperidin-4-yl group, which in turn is substituted on the nitrogen by a 4,4-bis(p-fluorophenyl)butyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzimidazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound | antidyskinesia agent; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| dexbrompheniramine dexbrompheniramine : The (pharmacologically active) (S)-(+)-enantiomer of brompheniramine. A histamine H1 receptor antagonist, it is used (commonly as its maleate salt) for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions, including rhinitis and conjunctivitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | brompheniramine | anti-allergic agent; H1-receptor antagonist |
| stavudine Stavudine: A dideoxynucleoside analog that inhibits reverse transcriptase and has in vitro activity against HIV.. stavudine : A nucleoside analogue obtained by formal dehydration across positions 2 and 3 of thymidine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dihydrofuran; nucleoside analogue; organic molecular entity | antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| dicloxacillin Dicloxacillin: One of the PENICILLINS which is resistant to PENICILLINASE.. dicloxacillin : A penicillin that is 6-aminopenicillanic acid in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 3-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazol-4-yl]formyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dichlorobenzene; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| megestrol Megestrol: A progestational hormone used most commonly as the acetate ester. As the acetate, it is more potent than progesterone both as a progestagen and as an ovulation inhibitor. It has also been used in the palliative treatment of breast cancer.. megestrol : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is pregna-4,6-diene-3,20-dione substituted by a methyl group at position 6 and a hydroxy group at position 17. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antineoplastic agent; appetite enhancer; contraceptive drug; progestin; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| streptomycin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; antibiotic fungicide; streptomycins | antibacterial drug; antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial agent; antimicrobial drug; bacterial metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| cladribine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound; purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent |
| carbenicillin Carbenicillin: Broad-spectrum semisynthetic penicillin derivative used parenterally. It is susceptible to gastric juice and penicillinase and may damage platelet function.. carbenicillin : A penicillin antibiotic having a 6beta-2-carboxy-2-phenylacetamido side-chain. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| floxacillin Floxacillin: Antibiotic analog of CLOXACILLIN.. flucloxacillin : A penicillin compound having a 6beta-[3-(2-chloro-6-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-1,2-oxazole-4-carboxamido] side-chain. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| clomacran clomacran: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acridines | |
| methenamine hippurate methenamine hippurate: both parts of molecule contribute to its antibacterial action | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylglycine | |
| levomethadone levomethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (R)-configuration. It is the active enantiomer of methadone and its hydrochloride salt is used to treat adults who are addicted to drugs such as heroin and morphine. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one | antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| olsalazine olsalazine: cpd with 2 salicylate molecules linked together by an azo bond. olsalazine : An azobenzene that consists of two molecules of 4-aminosalicylic acid joined by an azo linkage. A prodrug for mesalazine, an anti-inflammatory drug, it is used (as the disodium salt) in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azobenzenes; dicarboxylic acid | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug |
| phenylethylmalonamide Phenylethylmalonamide: A metabolite of primidone. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amine | |
| sodium thiosulfate sodium thiosulfate: do not confuse synonym sodium hyposulfite with sodium hyposulfite, synonym for di-Na salt of dithionous acid. sodium thiosulfate : An inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | inorganic sodium salt | antidote to cyanide poisoning; antifungal drug; nephroprotective agent |
| metopimazine metopimazine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenothiazines | |
| selegiline Selegiline: A selective, irreversible inhibitor of Type B monoamine oxidase that is used for the treatment of newly diagnosed patients with PARKINSON DISEASE, and for the treatment of depressive disorders. The compound without isomeric designation is Deprenyl. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | selegiline; terminal acetylenic compound | geroprotector |
| clemastine Clemastine: A histamine H1 antagonist used as the hydrogen fumarate in hay fever, rhinitis, allergic skin conditions, and pruritus. It causes drowsiness.. clemastine : 2-[(2R)-1-Methylpyrrolidin-2-yl]ethanol in which the hydrogen of the hydroxy group is substituted by a 1-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-phenylethyl group (R configuration). An antihistamine with antimuscarinic and moderate sedative properties, it is used as its fumarate salt for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions such as rhinitis, urticaria, conjunctivitis and in pruritic (severe itching) skin conditions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monochlorobenzenes; N-alkylpyrrolidine | anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; H1-receptor antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| danazol Danazol: A synthetic steroid with antigonadotropic and anti-estrogenic activities that acts as an anterior pituitary suppressant by inhibiting the pituitary output of gonadotropins. It possesses some androgenic properties. Danazol has been used in the treatment of endometriosis and some benign breast disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | anti-estrogen; estrogen antagonist; geroprotector |
| metergoline Metergoline: A dopamine agonist and serotonin antagonist. It has been used similarly to BROMOCRIPTINE as a dopamine agonist and also for MIGRAINE DISORDERS therapy.. metergoline : An ergoline alkaloid that is the N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of lysergamine. A 5-HT2 antagonist. Also 5-HT1 antagonist and 5-HT1D ligand. Has moderate affinity for 5-HT6 and high affinity for 5-HT7. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; ergoline alkaloid | dopamine agonist; geroprotector; serotonergic antagonist |
| fenclozic acid fenclozic acid: an analgesic & antipyretic with anti-inflammatory properties; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search THIAZOLES (75-86); RN given refers to parent cpd | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| laxagetten 4,4'-diacetoxydiphenylpyridylemethane [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones | antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite |
| fludarabine phosphate fludarabine phosphate: structure given in first source. fludarabine phosphate : A purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate having 2-fluoroadenine as the nucleobase. A prodrug, it is rapidly dephosphorylated to 2-fluoro-ara-A and then phosphorylated intracellularly by deoxycytidine kinase to the active triphosphate, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP. Once incorporated into DNA, 2-fluoro-ara-ATP functions as a DNA chain terminator. It is used for the treatment of adult patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who have not responded to, or whose disease has progressed during, treatment with at least one standard alkylating-agent containing regimenas. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; purine arabinonucleoside monophosphate | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| alclofenac alclofenac: was heading 1975-94 (was see under PHENYLACETATES 1975-90); use PHENYLACETATES to search ALCLOFENAC 1975-94; an anti-inflammatory agent used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis; acts also as an analgesic and an antipyretic. alclofenac : An aromatic ether in which the ether oxygen links an allyl group to the 4-position of (3-chlorophenyl)acetic acid.A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, it was withdrawn from the UK market in 1979 due to concerns with its association with vasculitis and rash. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | drug allergen; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| bromocriptine Bromocriptine: A semisynthetic ergotamine alkaloid that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It suppresses prolactin secretion. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | indole alkaloid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; hormone antagonist |
| oxyphenisatin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indoles | |
| fludrocortisone Fludrocortisone: A synthetic mineralocorticoid with anti-inflammatory activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; fluorinated steroid; mineralocorticoid | adrenergic agent; anti-inflammatory drug |
| ursodeoxycholic acid Ursodeoxycholic Acid: An epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid. It is a mammalian bile acid found first in the bear and is apparently either a precursor or a product of chenodeoxycholate. Its administration changes the composition of bile and may dissolve gallstones. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic.. ursodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid found in the bile of bears (Ursidae) as a conjugate with taurine. Used therapeutically, it prevents the synthesis and absorption of cholesterol and can lead to the dissolution of gallstones.. ursodeoxycholate : A bile acid anion that is the conjugate base of ursodeoxycholic acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group; major species at pH 7.3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| dexchlorpheniramine dexchlorpheniramine: RN given refers to parent cpd(S)-isomer | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chlorphenamine | |
| clometacin clometacin: structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylindole | |
| cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles | antibacterial drug |
| amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | timolol | anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist |
| oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine | anticonvulsant; drug allergen |
| carbidopa carbidopa (anhydrous) : 3-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid in which the hydrogens alpha- to the carboxyl group are substituted by hydrazinyl and methyl groups (S-configuration). Carbidopa is a dopa decarboxylase inhibitor, so prevents conversion of levodopa to dopamine. It has no antiparkinson activity by itself, but is used (commonly as its hydrate) in the management of Parkinson's disease to reduce peripheral adverse effects of levodopa. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | catechols; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid | antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
| moricizine Moricizine: An antiarrhythmia agent used primarily for ventricular rhythm disturbances.. moricizine : A phenothiazine substituted on the nitrogen by a 3-(morpholin-4-yl)propanoyl group, and at position 2 by an (ethoxycarbonyl)amino group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; morpholines; phenothiazines | anti-arrhythmia drug |
| amineptin amineptin: used in treatment of neuroses with psychoasthenic, anxio-phobic & depressive manifestations; synonym S 1694 refers to HCl; structure. amineptine : A carbocyclic fatty acid that is 5-aminoheptanoic acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d][7]annulen-5-yl group. A tricyclic antidepressant, it was never approved in the US and was withdrawn from the French market in 1999 due to concerns over abuse, dependence and severe acne. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; carbocyclic fatty acid; carbotricyclic compound; secondary amino compound | antidepressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor |
| zidovudine Zidovudine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by an azido group. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. The compound is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA during reverse transcription. It improves immunologic function, partially reverses the HIV-induced neurological dysfunction, and improves certain other clinical abnormalities associated with AIDS. Its principal toxic effect is dose-dependent suppression of bone marrow, resulting in anemia and leukopenia.. zidovudine : A pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside compound having a 3'-azido substituent and thymine as the nucleobase. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | azide; pyrimidine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| pirprofen pirprofen: anti-inflammatory agent used in therapy of rheumatoid arthritis; prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor; more potent than indomethacin; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrroline | |
| paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent |
| etoposide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor |
| dobutamine Dobutamine: A catecholamine derivative with specificity for BETA-1 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS. It is commonly used as a cardiotonic agent after CARDIAC SURGERY and during DOBUTAMINE STRESS ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY.. dobutamine : A catecholamine that is 4-(3-aminobutyl)phenol in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl group. A beta1-adrenergic receptor agonist that has cardiac stimulant action without evoking vasoconstriction or tachycardia, it is used as the hydrochloride to increase the contractility of the heart in the management of acute heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | catecholamine; secondary amine | beta-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent |
| penbutolol Penbutolol: A nonselective beta-blocker used as an antihypertensive and an antianginal agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethanolamines | |
| ribavirin Rebetron: Rebetron is tradename | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1-ribosyltriazole; aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; primary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| amikacin Amikacin: A broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from KANAMYCIN. It is reno- and oto-toxic like the other aminoglycoside antibiotics.. amikacin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is kanamycin A acylated at the N-1 position by a 4-amino-2-hydroxybutyryl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-D-glucoside; amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside; carboxamide | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; nephrotoxin |
| carbidopa [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | catechols; hydrate; hydrazines; monocarboxylic acid | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; EC 4.1.1.28 (aromatic-L-amino-acid decarboxylase) inhibitor |
| cephradine Cephradine: A semi-synthetic cephalosporin antibiotic.. cephradine : A first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a methyl substituent at position 3, and a (2R)-2-amino-2-cyclohexa-1,4-dien-1-ylacetamido substituent at position 7, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| ticrynafen Ticrynafen: A novel diuretic with uricosuric action. It has been proposed as an antihypertensive agent.. tienilic acid : An aromatic ketone that is 2,3-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in which the hydrogen at position 4 on the benzene ring is replaced by a thiophenecarbonyl group. A loop diuretic used to treat hypertension, it was withdrawn from the market in 1982 due to links with hepatitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; thiophenes | antihypertensive agent; hepatotoxic agent; loop diuretic |
| methyldopa Methyldopa: An alpha-2 adrenergic agonist that has both central and peripheral nervous system effects. Its primary clinical use is as an antihypertensive agent.. alpha-methyl-L-dopa : A derivative of L-tyrosine having a methyl group at the alpha-position and an additional hydroxy group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | alpha-adrenergic agonist; antihypertensive agent; hapten; peripheral nervous system drug; sympatholytic agent |
| diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate | antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent |
| vecuronium vecuronium : A 5alpha-androstane compound having 3alpha-acetoxy-, 17beta-acetoxy-, 2beta-piperidino- and 16beta-N-methylpiperidinium substituents. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; androstane; quaternary ammonium ion | drug allergen; muscle relaxant; neuromuscular agent; nicotinic antagonist |
| dexibuprofen dexibuprofen: structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ibuprofen | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| benoxaprofen benoxaprofen: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. benoxaprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid substituted at position 2 by a 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-1,3-benzoxazol-5-yl group. It was used as a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug until 1982 when it was withdrawn from the market due to adverse side-effects including liver necrosis, photosensitivity, and carcinogenicity in animals. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-benzoxazoles; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes | antipsoriatic; antipyretic; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; nephrotoxin; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; protein kinase C agonist |
| exifone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones | |
| mefloquine (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-mefloquine : An optically active form of [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol having (-)-(11S,2'R)-erythro-configuration. An antimalarial agent, used in racemic form, which acts as a blood schizonticide; its mechanism of action is unknown. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | [2,8-bis(trifluoromethyl)quinolin-4-yl]-(2-piperidyl)methanol | antimalarial |
| meptazinol Meptazinol: A narcotic antagonist with analgesic properties. It is used for the control of moderate to severe pain. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | azepanes | |
| nitazoxanide nitazoxanide: a 5-nitrothiazolyl derivative used for a broad range of intestinal parasitic infections including CRYPTOSPORIDIUM and GIARDIA; it is a redox-active nitrothiazolyl-salicylamide prodrug | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzamides; carboxylic ester | |
| sufentanil Sufentanil: An opioid analgesic that is used as an adjunct in anesthesia, in balanced anesthesia, and as a primary anesthetic agent.. sufentanil : An anilide resulting from the formal condensation of the aryl amino group of 4-(methoxymethyl)-N-phenyl-1-[2-(2-thienyl)ethyl]piperidin-4-amine with propanoic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | anilide; ether; piperidines; thiophenes | anaesthesia adjuvant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| acarbose [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tetrasaccharide derivative | EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent |
| torsemide Torsemide: A pyridine and sulfonamide derivative that acts as a sodium-potassium chloride symporter inhibitor (loop diuretic). It is used for the treatment of EDEMA associated with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY; and LIVER DISEASES. It is also used for the management of HYPERTENSION.. torasemide : An N-sulfonylurea obtained by formal condensation of [(3-methylphenyl)amino]pyridine-3-sulfonic acid with the free amino group of N-isopropylurea. It is a potent loop diuretic used for the treatment of hypertension and edema in patients with congestive heart failure. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aminopyridine; N-sulfonylurea; secondary amino compound | antihypertensive agent; loop diuretic |
| epirubicin Epirubicin: An anthracycline which is the 4'-epi-isomer of doxorubicin. The compound exerts its antitumor effects by interference with the synthesis and function of DNA. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminoglycoside; anthracycline antibiotic; anthracycline; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative; p-quinones; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| idarubicin Idarubicin: An orally administered anthracycline antineoplastic. The compound has shown activity against BREAST NEOPLASMS; LYMPHOMA; and LEUKEMIA. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | anthracycline antibiotic; deoxy hexoside; monosaccharide derivative | |
| piperacillin Piperacillin: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum, AMPICILLIN derived ureidopenicillin antibiotic proposed for PSEUDOMONAS infections. It is also used in combination with other antibiotics.. piperacillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-[(4-ethyl-2,3-dioxopiperazin-1-yl)carboxamido]-2-phenylacetamido group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | penicillin allergen; penicillin | antibacterial drug |
| paroxetine Paroxetine: A serotonin uptake inhibitor that is effective in the treatment of depression.. paroxetine : A benzodioxole that consists of piperidine bearing 1,3-benzodioxol-5-yloxy)methyl and 4-fluorophenyl substituents at positions 3 and 4 respectively; the (3S,4R)-diastereomer. Highly potent and selective 5-HT uptake inhibitor that binds with high affinity to the serotonin transporter (Ki = 0.05 nM). Ki values are 1.1, 350 and 1100 nM for inhibition of [3H]-5-HT, [3H]-l-NA and [3H]-DA uptake respectively. Displays minimal affinity for alpha1-, alpha2- or beta-adrenoceptors, 5-HT2A, 5-HT1A, D2 or H1 receptors at concentrations below 1000 nM, however displays weak affinity for muscarinic ACh receptors (Ki = 42 nM). Antidepressant and anxiolytic in vivo. | 10.34 | 8 | 0 | aromatic ether; benzodioxoles; organofluorine compound; piperidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; hepatotoxic agent; P450 inhibitor; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| captopril Captopril: A potent and specific inhibitor of PEPTIDYL-DIPEPTIDASE A. It blocks the conversion of ANGIOTENSIN I to ANGIOTENSIN II, a vasoconstrictor and important regulator of arterial blood pressure. Captopril acts to suppress the RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM and inhibits pressure responses to exogenous angiotensin.. captopril : A L-proline derivative in which L-proline is substituted on nitrogen with a (2S)-2-methyl-3-sulfanylpropanoyl group. It is used as an anti-hypertensive ACE inhibitor drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkanethiol; L-proline derivative; N-acylpyrrolidine; pyrrolidinemonocarboxylic acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| cefoperazone Cefoperazone: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that is resistant to beta-lactamase. It may be used to treat Pseudomonas infections.. cefoperazone : A semi-synthetic parenteral cephalosporin with a tetrazolyl moiety that confers beta-lactamase resistance. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| atracurium Atracurium: A non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent with short duration of action. Its lack of significant cardiovascular effects and its lack of dependence on good kidney function for elimination provide clinical advantage over alternate non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents.. atracurium : A diester compound consisting of pentane-1,5-diol with both hydroxyls bearing 3-[1-(3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolinium-2(1H)-yl]propanoyl groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diester; quaternary ammonium ion | muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| endralazine BQ 22-708: RN given refers to parent cpd | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | benzamides | |
| pergolide Pergolide: A long-acting dopamine agonist which has been used to treat PARKINSON DISEASE and HYPERPROLACTINEMIA but withdrawn from some markets due to potential for HEART VALVE DISEASES.. pergolide : A diamine that is ergoline in which the beta-hydrogen at position 8 is replaced by a (methylthio)methyl group and the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is replaced by a propyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist which also has D1 and D2 agonist properties, it is used as the mesylate salt in the management of Parkinson's disease, although it was withdrawn from the U.S. and Canadian markets in 2007 due to an increased risk of cardiac valve dysfunction. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | diamine; methyl sulfide; organic heterotetracyclic compound | antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| cefadroxil anhydrous Cefadroxil: Long-acting, broad-spectrum, water-soluble, CEPHALEXIN derivative.. cefadroxil : A cephalosporin bearing methyl and (2R)-2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| fialuridine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefaclor anhydrous Cefaclor: Semisynthetic, broad-spectrum antibiotic derivative of CEPHALEXIN.. cefaclor : A cephalosporin bearing chloro and (R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| pirazolac [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| alfentanil Alfentanil: A short-acting opioid anesthetic and analgesic derivative of FENTANYL. It produces an early peak analgesic effect and fast recovery of consciousness. Alfentanil is effective as an anesthetic during surgery, for supplementation of analgesia during surgical procedures, and as an analgesic for critically ill patients.. alfentanil : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine having a 2-(4-ethyl-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-tetrazol-1-yl)ethyl group at the 1-position as well as N-phenylpropanamido- and methoxymethyl groups at the 4-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidines | central nervous system depressant; intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; peripheral nervous system drug |
| miglustat miglustat: a glucosylceramide synthase inhibitor. miglustat : A hydroxypiperidine that is deoxynojirimycin in which the amino hydrogen is replaced by a butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; EC 2.4.1.80 (ceramide glucosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| haloperidol decanoate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cefotetan Cefotetan: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. The drug is highly resistant to a broad spectrum of beta-lactamases and is active against a wide range of both aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.. cefotetan : A semi-synthetic second-generation cephamycin antibiotic with [(1-methyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)sulfanyl]methyl, methoxy and {[4-(2-amino-1-carboxy-2-oxoethylidene)-1,3-dithietan-2-yl]carbonyl}amino groups at the 3, 7alpha, and 7beta positions, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. It is resistant to a wide range of beta-lactamases and is active against a broad spectrum of aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lovastatin Lovastatin: A fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Aspergillus terreus. The compound is a potent anticholesteremic agent. It inhibits 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It also stimulates the production of low-density lipoprotein receptors in the liver.. lovastatin : A fatty acid ester that is mevastatin carrying an additional methyl group on the carbobicyclic skeleton. It is used in as an anticholesteremic drug and has been found in fungal species such as Aspergillus terreus and Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; polyketide; statin (naturally occurring) | anticholesteremic drug; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; prodrug |
| flupirtine flupirtine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine | |
| tolrestat tolrestat: RN & structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | naphthalenes | EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor |
| enoximone Enoximone: A selective phosphodiesterase inhibitor with vasodilating and positive inotropic activity that does not cause changes in myocardial oxygen consumption. It is used in patients with CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone | |
| simvastatin Simvastatin: A derivative of LOVASTATIN and potent competitive inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES), which is the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis. It may also interfere with steroid hormone production. Due to the induction of hepatic LDL RECEPTORS, it increases breakdown of LDL CHOLESTEROL.. simvastatin : A member of the class of hexahydronaphthalenes that is lovastatin in which the 2-methylbutyrate ester moiety has been replaced by a 2,2-dimethylbutyrate ester group. It is used as a cholesterol-lowering and anti-cardiovascular disease drug. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | delta-lactone; fatty acid ester; hexahydronaphthalenes; statin (semi-synthetic) | EC 1.1.1.34/EC 1.1.1.88 (hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA reductase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.24.83 (anthrax lethal factor endopeptidase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; geroprotector; prodrug |
| remoxipride Remoxipride: An antipsychotic agent that is specific for dopamine D2 receptors. It has been shown to be effective in the treatment of schizophrenia. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dimethoxybenzene | |
| balsalazide balsalazide: a mesalamine 5-aminosalicylate prodrug; 99% of ingested drug remains intact through the stomach and is delivered to and activated in the colon; used for inflammatory bowel disease, ulcerative colitis and radiation-induced proctosigmoiditis but avoided in patients with known hypersensitivity reaction to salicylates or mesalamine; structure in first source. balsalazide : A monohydroxybenzoic acid consisting of 5-aminosalicylic acid (mesalazine) linked to 4-aminobenzoyl-beta-alanine via an azo bond. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pravastatin Pravastatin: An antilipemic fungal metabolite isolated from cultures of Nocardia autotrophica. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of HMG CoA reductase (HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COA REDUCTASES).. pravastatin : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of (S)-2-methylbutyric acid with the hydroxy group adjacent to the ring junction of (3R,5R)-7-[(1S,2S,6S,8S,8aR)-6,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-1,2,6,7,8,8a-hexahydronaphthalen-1-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyheptanoic acid. Derived from microbial transformation of mevastatin, pravastatin is a reversible inhibitor of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA). The sodium salt is used for lowering cholesterol and preventing cardiovascular disease. It is one of the lower potency statins, but has the advantage of fewer side effects compared with lovastatin and simvastatin. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 3-hydroxy carboxylic acid; carbobicyclic compound; carboxylic ester; hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; statin (semi-synthetic) | anticholesteremic drug; environmental contaminant; metabolite; xenobiotic |
| cabergoline Cabergoline: An ergoline derivative and dopamine D2-agonist that inhibits PROLACTIN secretion. It is used in the management of HYPERPROLACTINEMIA, and to suppress lactation following childbirth for medical reasons. Cabergoline is also used in the management of PARKINSON DISEASE.. cabergoline : An N-acylurea that is (8R)-ergoline-8-carboxamide in which the hydrogen attached to the piperidine nitrogen (position 6) is substituted by an allyl group and the hydrogens attached to the carboxamide nitrogen are substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group and an N-ethylcarbamoyl group. A dopamine D2 receptor agonist, cabergoline is used in the management of Parkinson's disease and of disorders associated with hyperprolactinaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acylurea | antineoplastic agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist |
| atomoxetine atomoxetine : A secondary amino compound having methyl and 3-(2-methylphenoxy)-3-phenylpropan-1-yl substituents. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | aromatic ether; secondary amino compound; toluenes | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| quinapril Quinapril: A tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative and ANGIOTENSIN CONVERTING ENZYME inhibitor that is used in the treatment of HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. quinapril : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is (3S)-2-L-alanyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in which the alpha-amino group of the alanyl residue has been substituted by a 1-ethoxycarbonyl-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group (the all-S isomer). A prodrug for quinaprilat (by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester to the corresponding carboxylic acid), it is used as an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE inhibitor) used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; isoquinolines; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| alpidem [no description available] | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| eproxindine eproxindine: structure given in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mifepristone Mifepristone: A progestational and glucocorticoid hormone antagonist. Its inhibition of progesterone induces bleeding during the luteal phase and in early pregnancy by releasing endogenous prostaglandins from the endometrium or decidua. As a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, the drug has been used to treat hypercortisolism in patients with nonpituitary CUSHING SYNDROME. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; acetylenic compound; tertiary amino compound | abortifacient; contraceptive drug; hormone antagonist; synthetic oral contraceptive |
| (S)-nomifensine (S)-nomifensine : The S enantiomer of nomifensine. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | nomifensine | |
| fosphenytoin fosphenytoin: structure given in first & second source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione | |
| ranolazine Ranolazine: An acetanilide and piperazine derivative that functions as a SODIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and prevents the release of enzymes during MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA. It is used in the treatment of ANGINA PECTORIS.. N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetamide : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(2-methoxyphenoxy)propyl]piperazin-1-yl}acetic acid with the amino group of 2,6-dimethylaniline.. ranolazine : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-ranolazine. Used for treatment of chronic angina. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; secondary alcohol | |
| finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| esmolol methyl 3-{4-[2-hydroxy-3-(propan-2-ylamino)propoxy]phenyl}propanoate : A methyl ester that is methyl 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoate in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by a 2-hydroxy-3-(isopropylamino)propyl group.. esmolol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-esmolol. A cardioselective and short-acting beta1 receptor blocker with rapid onset but lacking intrinsic sympathomimetic and membrane-stabilising properties, it is used as the hydrochloride salt in the management of supraventricular arrhythmias, and for the control of hypertension and tachycardia during surgery. While the S enantiomer possesses all of the heart rate control, both enantiomers contribute to lowering blood pressure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; ethanolamines; methyl ester; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| (2S)-2-[[oxo-(4-propan-2-ylcyclohexyl)methyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoic acid [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| sertindole sertindole : A phenylindole that is 1H-indole which is substituted on the nitrogen by a p-chlorophenyl group, at position 5 by chlorine, and at position 3 by a piperidin-4-yl group, which is itself substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-oxoimidazolidin-1-yl)ethyl group. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | heteroarylpiperidine; imidazolidinone; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; phenylindole | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| adefovir adefovir: inhibitor of African swine fever virus. adefovir(1-) : A organophosphonate oxoanion obtained by removal of a proton from the phosphonate group of adefovir, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is the major microspecies at pH 7.3 (according to Marvin v 6.2.0.).. adefovir : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 2-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)ethoxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(t-butoxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (dipivoxil ester) prodrug is used to treat chronic hepatitis B viral infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 6-aminopurines; ether; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; nephrotoxic agent |
| aromasil [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid | antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| zileuton [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzothiophenes; ureas | anti-asthmatic drug; EC 1.13.11.34 (arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; leukotriene antagonist; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| clopidogrel Clopidogrel: A ticlopidine analog and platelet purinergic P2Y receptor antagonist that inhibits adenosine diphosphate-mediated PLATELET AGGREGATION. It is used to prevent THROMBOEMBOLISM in patients with ARTERIAL OCCLUSIVE DISEASES; MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; STROKE; or ATRIAL FIBRILLATION.. clopidogrel : A thienopyridine that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-c]pyridine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an o-chlorobenzyl group, the methylene hydrogen of which is replaced by a methoxycarbonyl group (the S enantiomer). A P2Y12 receptor antagonist, it is used to inhibit blood clots and prevent heart attacks. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methyl ester; monochlorobenzenes; thienopyridine | anticoagulant; P2Y12 receptor antagonist; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| cidofovir anhydrous Cidofovir: An acyclic nucleoside phosphonate that acts as a competitive inhibitor of viral DNA polymerases. It is used in the treatment of RETINITIS caused by CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS and may also be useful for treating HERPESVIRUS INFECTIONS.. cidofovir anhydrous : Cytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 3-hydroxy-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl group (S configuration). A nucleoside analogue, it is an injectable antiviral used for the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phosphonic acids; pyrimidone | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; photosensitizing agent |
| tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes | anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor |
| topotecan Topotecan: An antineoplastic agent used to treat ovarian cancer. It works by inhibiting DNA TOPOISOMERASES, TYPE I.. topotecan : A pyranoindolizinoquinoline used as an antineoplastic agent. It is a derivative of camptothecin and works by binding to the topoisomerase I-DNA complex and preventing religation of these 328 single strand breaks. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | pyranoindolizinoquinoline | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor |
| bromfenac bromfenac: bromfenac sodium is the active cpd; structure in first source. bromfenac : Amfenac in which the the hydrogen at the 4 position of the benzoyl group is substituted by bromine. It is used for the management of ocular pain and treatment of postoperative inflammation in patients who have undergone cataract extraction. It was withdrawn from the US market in 1998, following concerns over off-label abuse and hepatic failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amino acid; benzophenones; organobromine compound; substituted aniline | non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| gemcitabine gemcitabine : A 2'-deoxycytidine having geminal fluoro substituents in the 2'-position. An inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, gemcitabine is used in the treatment of various carcinomas, particularly non-small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, bladder cancer and breast cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organofluorine compound; pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; photosensitizing agent; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic |
| ibutilide ibutilide: RN & structure in first source; RN refers to the fumarate salt | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; organic amino compound | |
| aripiprazole Aripiprazole: A piperazine and quinolone derivative that is used primarily as an antipsychotic agent. It is a partial agonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT1A and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTORS, where it also functions as a post-synaptic antagonist, and an antagonist of SEROTONIN RECEPTOR, 5-HT2A. It is used for the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA and BIPOLAR DISORDER, and as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of depression.. aripiprazole : An N-arylpiperazine that is piperazine substituted by a 4-[(2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-7-yl)oxy]butyl group at position 1 and by a 2,3-dichlorophenyl group at position 4. It is an antipsychotic drug used for the treatment of Schizophrenia, and other mood disorders. | 11.1 | 17 | 4 | aromatic ether; delta-lactam; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; quinolone | drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic agonist |
| remifentanil Remifentanil: A piperidine-propionate derivative and opioid analgesic structurally related to FENTANYL. It functions as a short-acting MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and is used as an analgesic during induction or maintenance of general anesthesia, following surgery, during childbirth, and in mechanically ventilated patients under intensive care.. remifentanil : A piperidinecarboxylate ester that is methyl piperidine-4-carboxylate in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl group and the hydrogen at position 4 is substituted the nitrogen of N-propanoylaniline. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; anilide; monocarboxylic acid amide; piperidinecarboxylate ester | intravenous anaesthetic; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; sedative |
| atorvastatin [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | aromatic amide; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrroles; statin (synthetic) | environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| lamivudine [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol | allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug |
| duloxetine hydrochloride Duloxetine Hydrochloride: A thiophene derivative and selective NEUROTRANSMITTER UPTAKE INHIBITOR for SEROTONIN and NORADRENALINE (SNRI). It is an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT and ANXIOLYTIC, and is also used for the treatment of pain in patients with DIABETES MELLITUS and FIBROMYALGIA.. (S)-duloxetine hydrochloride : A duloxetine hydrochloride in which the duloxetine moiety has S configuration. | 7.65 | 6 | 2 | duloxetine hydrochloride | antidepressant |
| duloxetine [no description available] | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | duloxetine | |
| irinotecan [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; delta-lactone; N-acylpiperidine; pyranoindolizinoquinoline; ring assembly; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; prodrug |
| valsartan Valsartan: A tetrazole derivative and ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to treat HYPERTENSION.. valsartan : A monocarboxylic acid amide consisting of L-valine in which the amino hydrogens have been replaced by a pentanoyl and a [2'-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)biphenyl]-4-yl]methyl group. It exhibits antihypertensive activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole; monocarboxylic acid amide; monocarboxylic acid | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ibandronic acid Ibandronic Acid: Aminobisphosphonate that is a potent inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION. It is used in the treatment of HYPERCALCEMIA associated with malignancy, for the prevention of fracture and bone complications in patients with breast cancer and bone metastases, and for the treatment and prevention of POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ziprasidone ziprasidone: a benzisothiazoylpiperazine derivative; has combined dopamine and serotonin receptor antagonist activity; structurally related to tiospirone. ziprasidone : A piperazine compound having 1,2-benzothiazol-3-yl- and 2-(6-chloro-1,3-dihydro-2-oxindol-5-yl)ethyl substituents attached to the nitrogen atoms. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | 1,2-benzisothiazole; indolones; organochlorine compound; piperazines | antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist |
| zolmitriptan zolmitriptan: an antimigraine compound; a serotonin (5HT)-1D receptor agonist. zolmitriptan : A member of the class of tryptamines that is N,N-dimethyltryptamine in which the hydrogen at position 5 of the indole ring has been replaced by a [(4S)-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-4-yl]methyl group. A serotonin 5-HT1 B and D receptor agonist, it is used for the treatment of migraine. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | oxazolidinone; tryptamines | anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| emtricitabine Emtricitabine: A deoxycytidine analog and REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE INHIBITOR with antiviral activity against HIV-1 and HEPATITIS B viruses. It is used to treat HIV INFECTIONS.. emtricitabine : An organofluorine compound that is 5-fluorocytosine substituted at the 1 position by a 2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl group (2R,5S configuration). It is used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; organofluorine compound; pyrimidone | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| tasosartan tasosartan: angiotensin II antagonist; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| tiludronic acid tiludronic acid: a bone resorption inhibitor; an antihypercalcemic agent; used in the tratment of Paget's disease; used in the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organochlorine compound | |
| tirofiban Tirofiban: Tyrosine analog and PLATELET GLYCOPROTEIN GPIIB-IIIA COMPLEX antagonist that inhibits PLATELET AGGREGATION and is used in the treatment of ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME.. tirofiban : A member of the class of piperidines that is L-tyrosine in which a hydrogen attached to the amino group is replaced by a butylsulfonyl group and in which the hydrogen attached to the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 4-(piperidin-4-yl)butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; piperidines; sulfonamide | anticoagulant; fibrin modulating drug; platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa receptor antagonist |
| capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug |
| adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside | analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent |
| pipothiazine pipothiazine: was heading 1975-94 (see under PHENOTHIAZINE TRANQUILIZERS 1975-90); use PHENOTHIAZINES to search PIPOTHIAZINE 1975-94; a member of the family of phenothiazine tranquilizers | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. | 6.31 | 7 | 1 | hydrochloride | |
| trovafloxacin trovafloxacin: a trifluoronaphthyridone derivative of 7-(3-azabicyclo(3.1.0)hexyl)naphthyridone; has antineoplastic activity. trovafloxacin : A 1,8-naphthyridine derivative that is 4-oxo-1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine-3-carboxylic acid bearing additional 2,4-difluorophenyl, fluoro and 6-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.1.0]hex-3-yl substituents at positions 1, 6 and 7 respectively. A broad-spectrum antibiotic that was withdrawn from the market due to risk of liver failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefprozil [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| efavirenz efavirenz: HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor. efavirenz : 1,4-Dihydro-2H-3,1-benzoxazin-2-one substituted at the 4 position by cyclopropylethynyl and trifluoromethyl groups (S configuration) and at the 6 position by chlorine. A non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with activity against HIV, it is used with other antiretrovirals for combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; benzoxazine; cyclopropanes; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound | antiviral drug; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| nelfinavir Nelfinavir: A potent HIV protease inhibitor. It is used in combination with other antiviral drugs in the treatment of HIV in both adults and children.. nelfinavir : An aryl sulfide that is used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of HIV and also exhibits some anticancer properties. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aryl sulfide; benzamides; organic heterobicyclic compound; phenols; secondary alcohol; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; HIV protease inhibitor |
| fenofibric acid fenofibric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. fenofibric acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is 2-methylpropanoic acid substituted by a 4-(4-chlorobenzoyl)phenoxy group at position 2. It is a metabolite of the drug fenofibrate. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ketone; chlorobenzophenone; monocarboxylic acid | drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| plerixafor plerixafor: a bicyclam derivate, highly potent & selective inhibitor of HIV-1 & HIV-2. plerixafor : An azamacrocycle consisting of two cyclam rings connected by a 1,4-phenylenebis(methylene) linker. It is a CXCR4 chemokine receptor antagonist and a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizer. It is used in combination with grulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) to mobilize hematopoietic stem cells to the perpheral blood for collection and subsequent autologous transplantation in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azacycloalkane; azamacrocycle; benzenes; crown amine; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anti-HIV agent; antineoplastic agent; C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist; immunological adjuvant |
| amprenavir [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; sulfonamide; tetrahydrofuryl ester | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| oseltamivir Oseltamivir: An acetamido cyclohexene that is a structural homolog of SIALIC ACID and inhibits NEURAMINIDASE.. oseltamivir : A cyclohexenecarboxylate ester that is the ethyl ester of oseltamivir acid. An antiviral prodrug (it is hydrolysed to the active free carboxylic acid in the liver), it is used to slow the spread of influenza. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; amino acid ester; cyclohexenecarboxylate ester; primary amino compound | antiviral drug; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| histamine phosphate histamine phosphate : A phosphate salt that is the diphosphate salt of histamine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phosphate salt | histamine agonist |
| tilbroquinol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organohalogen compound; quinolines | |
| bendamustine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles | |
| droxicam droxicam: structure given in first source. droxicam : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 2H,5H-[1,3]oxazino[5,6-c][1,2]benzothiazine-2,4(3H)-dione 6,6-dioxide substituted at positions 3 and 5 by pyridin-2-yl and methyl groups respectively. A prodrug of piroxicam, it is used for the relief of pain and inflammation in musculoskeletal disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic heterotricyclic compound; pyridines | cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prodrug |
| ebrotidine ebrotidine: an H2-receptor antagonist and gastric mucosa protector | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| repaglinide [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | piperidines | |
| telmisartan Telmisartan: A biphenyl compound and benzimidazole derivative that acts as an angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist. It is used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. telmisartan : A member of the class of benzimidazoles used widely in the treatment of hypertension. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; biphenyls; carboxybiphenyl | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| dexfenfluramine Dexfenfluramine: The S-isomer of FENFLURAMINE. It is a serotonin agonist and is used as an anorectic. Unlike fenfluramine, it does not possess any catecholamine agonist activity.. (S)-fenfluramine : The S-enantiomer of fenfluramine. It stimulates the release of serotonin and selectively inhibits its reuptake, but unlike fenfluramine it does not possess catecholamine agonist activity. It was formerly given by mouth as the hydrochloride in the treatment of obesity, but, like fenfluramine, was withdrawn wolrdwide following reports of valvular heart defects. | 2.45 | 2 | 0 | fenfluramine | appetite depressant; serotonergic agonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. | 7.76 | 12 | 1 | dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| zoledronic acid Zoledronic Acid: An imidobisphosphonate inhibitor of BONE RESORPTION that is used for the treatment of malignancy-related HYPERCALCEMIA; OSTEITIS DEFORMANS; and OSTEOPOROSIS.. zoledronic acid : An imidazole compound having a 2,2-bis(phosphono)-2-hydroxyethane-1-yl substituent at the 1-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-bis(phosphonic acid); imidazoles | bone density conservation agent |
| tianeptine tianeptine: structure given in first source. tianeptine : A racemate comprising of equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-tianeptine. It is an atypical antidepressant used in Europe to treat patients who respond poorly to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).. 7-[(3-chloro-6-methyl-5,5-dioxido-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepin-11-yl)amino]heptanoic acid : A member of the class of dibenzothiazepines that is 3-chloro-6-methyl-6,11-dihydrodibenzo[c,f][1,2]thiazepine 5,5-dioxide substituted by a (6-carboxyhexyl)amino group at position 11.. (S)-tianeptine : The S-enantiomer of tianeptine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dibenzothiazepine; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound | |
| drospirenone drospirenone: a progestational compound with antimineralocorticoid and antiandrogenic activity; structure given in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; steroid lactone | aldosterone antagonist; contraceptive drug; progestin |
| fenflumizole fenflumizole: structure in first source | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| acamprosate Acamprosate: Structural analog of taurine that is used for the prevention of relapse in individuals with ALCOHOLISM.. acamprosate : An organosulfonic acid that is propane-1-sulfonic acid substituted by an acetylamino group at position 3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetamides; organosulfonic acid | environmental contaminant; neurotransmitter agent; xenobiotic |
| isaxonine isaxonine: promotes nerve growth | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine | |
| metaclazepam Ka-2547: benzodiazepine deriv | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | benzodiazepine | |
| nebivolol 2,2'-iminobis[1-(6-fluoro-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-2-yl)ethanol] : A member of the class of chromanes that is 2,2'-iminodiethanol in which one hydrogen attached to each hydroxy-bearing carbon is replaced by a 6-fluorochroman-2-yl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | chromanes; diol; organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound | |
| uk 68798 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; potassium channel blocker |
| hp 873 iloperidone: an atypical, negative symptom antipsychotic agent. iloperidone : A member of the class of piperidines that is the 4-acetyl-2-methoxyphenyl ether of 3-(piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-ol which is substituted at position 4 of the piperidine ring by a 6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl group. A member of the group of second generation antipsychotics (also known as an atypical antipsychotics), it is used for the treatment of schizophrenia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; methyl ketone; monoamine; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound | dopaminergic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist |
| dexrazoxane Dexrazoxane: The (+)-enantiomorph of razoxane. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | razoxane | antineoplastic agent; cardiovascular drug; chelator; immunosuppressive agent |
| fenoxypropazine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| voriconazole Voriconazole: A triazole antifungal agent that specifically inhibits STEROL 14-ALPHA-DEMETHYLASE and CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. voriconazole : A triazole-based antifungal agent used for the treatment of esophageal candidiasis, invasive pulmonary aspergillosis, and serious fungal infections caused by Scedosporium apiospermum and Fusarium spp. It is an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) and CYP3A4. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; pyrimidines; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug | P450 inhibitor |
| aceclofenac [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; carboxylic ester; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound | EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| nitrefazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoles | |
| prednisolone phosphate prednisolone phosphate: RN given refers to (11 beta)-isomer. prednisolone phosphate : A synthetic glucocorticoid resulting from the formal condensation of the 21-hydroxy group of prednisolone with one of the hydroxy groups of phosphoric acid. It is a prodrug for prednisolone that is activated in vivo by phosphatases. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; glucocorticoid; steroid phosphate; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; glucocorticoid receptor agonist; prodrug |
| (S)-flurbiprofen [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | flurbiprofen | |
| doripenem Doripenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of infections such as HOSPITAL-ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA, and complicated intra-abdominal or urinary-tract infections, including PYELONEPHRITIS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbapenems | |
| atovaquone Atovaquone: A hydroxynaphthoquinone that has antimicrobial activity and is being used in antimalarial protocols.. atovaquone : A naphthoquinone compound having a 4-(4-chlorophenyl)cyclohexyl group at the 2-position and a hydroxy substituent at the 3-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | hydroxy-1,2-naphthoquinone | |
| rivastigmine [no description available] | 3.73 | 2 | 0 | carbamate ester; tertiary amino compound | cholinergic drug; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| frovatriptan [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbazoles | |
| eletriptan eletriptan: 5-HT(1B/1D) receptor agonist; structure in first source. eletriptan : An N-alkylpyrrolidine, that is N-methylpyrrolidine in which the pro-R hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a {5-[2-(phenylsulfonyl)ethyl]-1H-indol-3-yl}methyl group. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | indoles; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfone | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| rosiglitazone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyridine; thiazolidinediones | EC 6.2.1.3 (long-chain-fatty-acid--CoA ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inhibitor; insulin-sensitizing drug |
| bexarotene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; naphthalenes; retinoid | antineoplastic agent |
| flunisolide flunisolide: flunisolide HFA is a formulation of flunisolide using hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) as propellant in place of chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) ones | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic ketal; fluorinated steroid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory drug; immunosuppressive agent |
| clarithromycin Clarithromycin: A semisynthetic macrolide antibiotic derived from ERYTHROMYCIN that is active against a variety of microorganisms. It can inhibit PROTEIN SYNTHESIS in BACTERIA by reversibly binding to the 50S ribosomal subunits. This inhibits the translocation of aminoacyl transfer-RNA and prevents peptide chain elongation.. clarithromycin : The 6-O-methyl ether of erythromycin A, clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used in the treatment of respiratory-tract, skin and soft-tissue infections. It is also used to eradicate Helicobacter pylori in the treatment of peptic ulcer disease. It prevents bacteria from growing by interfering with their protein synthesis. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; protein synthesis inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| moexipril [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | peptide | |
| tandospirone tandospirone: structure given in first source. tandospirone : A dicarboximide that is (3aR,4S,7R,7aS)-hexahydro-1H-4,7-methanoisoindole-1,3(2H)-dione which is substituted by a 4-[4-(pyrimidin-2-yl)piperazin-1-yl]butyl group at position 2. It is a potent and selective 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist (Ki = 27 nM). | 9.95 | 2 | 2 | bridged compound; dicarboximide; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; pyrimidines | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug |
| lekoptin (S)-verapamil : A 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile that has S configuration. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile | |
| tarenflurbil tarenflurbil: R-enantiomer of flurbiprofen but not a COX inhibitor; modulates NF-kB, gamma-secretase, amyloid beta-protein; | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | flurbiprofen | |
| mci 9038 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| fulvestrant Fulvestrant: An estradiol derivative and estrogen receptor antagonist that is used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive, locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer.. fulvestrant : A 3-hydroxy steroid that is 17beta-estradiol in which the 7alpha hydrogen has been replaced by a nonyl group in which one of the hydrogens of the terminal methyl has been replaced by a (4,4,5,5,5-pentafluoropentyl)sulfinyl group. An estrogen receptor antagonist, it is used in the treatment of breast cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-hydroxy steroid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | antineoplastic agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist |
| bosentan anhydrous Bosentan: A sulfonamide and pyrimidine derivative that acts as a dual endothelin receptor antagonist used to manage PULMONARY HYPERTENSION and SYSTEMIC SCLEROSIS. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | primary alcohol; pyrimidines; sulfonamide | antihypertensive agent; endothelin receptor antagonist |
| perindopril Perindopril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is used in patients with hypertension and heart failure.. perindopril : An alpha-amino acid ester that is the ethyl ester of N-{(2S)-1-[(2S,3aS,7aS)-2-carboxyoctahydro-1H-indol-1-yl]-1-oxopropan-2-yl}-L-norvaline | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha-amino acid ester; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| tadalafil [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles; pyrazinopyridoindole | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| ibuprofen, (r)-isomer [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ibuprofen | |
| paliperidone 3-{2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl}-9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one : A member of the class of pyridopyrimidines that is 9-hydroxy-2-methyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydropyrido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one carrying an additional 2-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]ethyl group at position 2.. paliperidone : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-paliperidone. Paliperidone is the primary active metabolite of the older antipsychotic risperidone and is used for treatment of schizophrenia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2-benzoxazoles; heteroarylpiperidine; organofluorine compound; pyridopyrimidine; secondary alcohol | |
| nitisinone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; C-nitro compound; cyclohexanones; mesotrione | EC 1.13.11.27 (4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase) inhibitor |
| perospirone perospirone: structure given in first source | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
| clofarabine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adenosines; organofluorine compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| pramipexole Pramipexole: A benzothiazole derivative and dopamine agonist with antioxidant properties that is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. pramipexole : A member of the class of benzothiazoles that is 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1,3-benzothiazole in which the hydrogens at the 2 and 6-pro-S-positions are substituted by amino and propylamino groups, respectively. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | benzothiazoles; diamine | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; radical scavenger |
| valdecoxib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoxazoles; sulfonamide | antipyretic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| almotriptan almotriptan : An indole compound having a 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl group at the 3-position and a (pyrrolidin-1-ylsulfonyl)methyl group at the 5-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | indoles; sulfonamide; tertiary amine | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; serotonergic agonist; vasoconstrictor agent |
| gefitinib [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; monofluorobenzenes; morpholines; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist |
| desloratadine desloratadine: major metabolite of loratadine. desloratadine : Loratadine in which the ethoxycarbonyl group attached to the piperidine ring is replaced by hydrogen. The major metabolite of loratidine, desloratadine is an antihistamine which is used for the symptomatic relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis and chronic urticaria. It does not readily enter the central nervous system, so does not cause drowsiness. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzocycloheptapyridine | anti-allergic agent; cholinergic antagonist; drug metabolite; H1-receptor antagonist |
| desvenlafaxine O-desmethylvenlafaxine : A tertiary amino compound that is N,N-dimethylethanamine substituted at position 1 by a 1-hydroxycyclohexyl and 4-hydroxyphenyl group. It is a metabolite of the drug venlafaxine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclohexanols; phenols; tertiary amino compound | antidepressant; drug metabolite; marine xenobiotic metabolite |
| methotrexate [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; pteridines | abortifacient; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antirheumatic drug; dermatologic drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent |
| reboxetine Reboxetine: A morpholine derivative that is a selective and potent noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor; it is used in the treatment of DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| tamsulosin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 5-(2-{[2-(2-ethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino}propyl)-2-methoxybenzenesulfonamide | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antineoplastic agent |
| rufinamide rufinamide: for treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amide; heteroarene | |
| olmesartan medoxomil Olmesartan Medoxomil: An ANGIOTENSIN II TYPE 1 RECEPTOR BLOCKER that is used to manage HYPERTENSION. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | biphenyls | |
| dexpanthenol dexpanthenol: The alcohol of pantothenic acid | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino alcohol; monocarboxylic acid amide | cholinergic drug; provitamin |
| fosamprenavir fosamprenavir: a prodrug of the protease inhibitor amprenavir. fosamprenavir : A sulfonamide with a structure based on that of sulfanilamide substituted on the sulfonamide nitrogen by a (2R,3S)-4-phenyl-2-(phosphonooxy)-3-({[(3S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yloxy]carbonyl}amino)butyl group. It is a pro-drug of the HIV protease inhibitor and antiretroviral drug amprenavir. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | prodrug |
| safinamide safinamide: short-acting inhibitor of MOA-B; FCE 26743 is (S)-isomer, FCE 28073 is (R)-isomer; structure in first source | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide | |
| febuxostat Febuxostat: A thiazole derivative and inhibitor of XANTHINE OXIDASE that is used for the treatment of HYPERURICEMIA in patients with chronic GOUT.. febuxostat : A 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid that is 4-methyl-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted by a 3-cyano-4-(2-methylpropoxy)phenyl group at position 2. It is an orally-active, potent, and selective xanthine oxidase inhibitor used for the treatment of chronic hyperuricaemia in patients with gout. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazolemonocarboxylic acid; aromatic ether; nitrile | EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor |
| 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin 10-propargyl-10-deazaaminopterin: structure in first source. pralatrexate : A pteridine that is the N-4-[1-(2,4-diaminopteridin-6-yl)pent-4-yn-2-yl]benzoyl derivative of L-glutamic acid. Used for treatment of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma, an aggressive form of non-Hodgkins lymphoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pteridines; terminal acetylenic compound | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor |
| docetaxel anhydrous Docetaxel: A semisynthetic analog of PACLITAXEL used in the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic BREAST NEOPLASMS and NON-SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER.. docetaxel anhydrous : A tetracyclic diterpenoid that is paclitaxel with the N-benzyloxycarbonyl group replaced by N-tert-butoxycarbonyl, and the acetoxy group at position 10 replaced by a hydroxy group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetracyclic diterpenoid | antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| atazanavir atazanavir : A heavily substituted carbohydrazide that is an antiretroviral drug of the protease inhibitor (PI) class used to treat infection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrazide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| ezetimibe Ezetimibe: An azetidine derivative and ANTICHOLESTEREMIC AGENT that inhibits intestinal STEROL absorption. It is used to reduce total CHOLESTEROL; LDL CHOLESTEROL, and APOLIPOPROTEINS B in the treatment of HYPERLIPIDEMIAS.. ezetimibe : A beta-lactam that is azetidin-2-one which is substituted at 1, 3, and 4 by p-fluorophenyl, 3-(p-fluorophenyl)-3-hydroxypropyl, and 4-hydroxyphenyl groups, respectively (the 3R,3'S,4S enantiomer). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azetidines; beta-lactam; organofluorine compound | anticholesteremic drug; antilipemic drug; antimetabolite |
| ertapenem Ertapenem: A carbapenem derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial infections including intra-abdominal infections, acute gynecological infections, complicated urinary tract infections, skin infections, and respiratory tract infections. It is also used to prevent infection in colorectal surgery.. ertapenem : Meropenem in which the one of the two methyl groups attached to the amide nitrogen is replaced by hydrogen while the other is replaced by a 3-carboxyphenyl group. The sodium salt is used for the treatment of moderate to severe susceptible infections including intra-abdominal and acute gynaecological infections, pneumonia, and infections of the skin and of the urinary tract. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbapenemcarboxylic acid; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial drug |
| cox 189 lumiracoxib: a COX-2 inhibitor. lumiracoxib : An amino acid that is phenylacetic acid which is substituted at position 2 by the nitrogen of 2-chloro-6-fluoroaniline and at position 5 by a methyl group. A highly selective cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, it was briefly used for the treatment of osteoarthritis, but was withdrawn due to concersns of hepatotoxicity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound | cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| conivaptan conivaptan : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of 4-[(biphenyl-2-ylcarbonyl)amino]benzoic acid with the benzazepine nitrogen of 2-methyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydroimidazo[4,5-d][1]benzazepine. It is an antagonist for two of the three types of arginine vasopressin (AVP) receptors, V1a and V2. It is used as its hydrochloride salt for the treatment of hyponatraemia (low blood sodium levels) caused by syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| moxifloxacin Moxifloxacin: A fluoroquinolone that acts as an inhibitor of DNA TOPOISOMERASE II and is used as a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent.. moxifloxacin : A quinolone that consists of 4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid bearing a cyclopropyl substituent at position 1, a fluoro substitiuent at position 6, a (4aS,7aS)-octahydro-6H-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-6-yl group at position 7 and a methoxy substituent at position 8. A member of the fluoroquinolone class of antibacterial agents. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; pyrrolidinopiperidine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone | antibacterial drug |
| pralnacasan pralnacasan: NSAID, ICE inhibitor & metastasis inhibitor; RN & structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| clevidipine clevidipine: a calcium channel blocker and antihypertensive agent; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydropyridine | |
| solifenacin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| dexmethylphenidate dexmethylphenidate : A methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate in which both stereocentres have R configuration. It is the active enantiomer in the racemic drug methylphenidate. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate | adrenergic agent |
| disopyramide, (s)-isomer [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid | antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic |
| cinacalcet cinacalcet : A secondary amino compound that is (1R)-1-(naphthalen-1-yl)ethanamine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is substituted by a 3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]propyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; secondary amino compound | calcimimetic; P450 inhibitor |
| lubiprostone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| isradipine, (s)-isomer [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| olmesartan olmesartan: an active metabolite of CS 866 | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | biphenylyltetrazole | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| telbivudine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| asenapine asenapine : A racemate consisting of equal amounts of (R,R)- and (S,S)-asenapine. Used as its maleate salt for the acute treatment of schizophrenia and acute treatment of manic or mixed episodes associated with bipolar I disorder with or without psychotic features.. (S,S)-asenapine : A 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole in which both of the stereocentres have S configuration. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | 5-chloro-2-methyl-2,3,3a,12b-tetrahydrodibenzo[2,3:6,7]oxepino[4,5-c]pyrrole | |
| paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic | anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug |
| anidulafungin Anidulafungin: Echinocandin antifungal agent that is used in the treatment of CANDIDEMIA and CANDIDIASIS.. anidulafungin : A semisynthetic echinocandin anti-fungal drug. It is active against Aspergillus and Candida species and is used for the treatment of invasive candidiasis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; azamacrocycle; echinocandin; heterodetic cyclic peptide; semisynthetic derivative | |
| 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate 17 alpha-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate: Hydroxyprogesterone derivative that acts as a PROGESTIN and is used to reduce the risk of recurrent MISCARRIAGE and of PREMATURE BIRTH. It is also used in combination with ESTROGEN in the management of MENSTRUATION DISORDERS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | corticosteroid hormone | |
| varenicline Varenicline: A benzazepine derivative that functions as an ALPHA4-BETA2 NICOTINIC RECEPTOR partial agonist. It is used for SMOKING CESSATION.. varenicline : An organic heterotetracyclic compound that acts as a partial agonist for nicotinic cholinergic receptors and is used (in the form of its tartate salt) as an aid to giving up smoking. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fiduxosin fiduxosin: fiduxosin (ABT-980) is the (3aR,9bR)-isomer; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| erlotinib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; quinazolines; secondary amino compound; terminal acetylenic compound | antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist; protein kinase inhibitor |
| ketoprofen [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| esketamine esketamine : The S- (more active) enantiomer of ketamine. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ketamine | analgesic; intravenous anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist |
| etravirine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; aromatic ether; dinitrile; organobromine compound | antiviral agent; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| dronedarone Dronedarone: A non-iodinated derivative of amiodarone that is used for the treatment of ARRHYTHMIA.. dronedarone : A member of the class of 1-benzofurans used for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone; sulfonamide; tertiary amino compound | anti-arrhythmia drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ramelteon ramelteon: melatonin MT1/MT2 receptor agonist | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indanes | |
| lapatinib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | furans; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound; quinazolines | antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| darunavir Darunavir: An HIV PROTEASE INHIBITOR that is used in the treatment of AIDS and HIV INFECTIONS. Due to the emergence of ANTIVIRAL DRUG RESISTANCE when used alone, it is administered in combination with other ANTI-HIV AGENTS.. darunavir : An N,N-disubstituted benzenesulfonamide bearing an unsubstituted amino group at the 4-position, used for the treatment of HIV infection. A second-generation HIV protease inhibitor, darunavir was designed to form robust interactions with the protease enzyme from many strains of HIV, including those from treatment-experienced patients with multiple resistance mutations to other protease inhibitors. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbamate ester; furofuran; sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| deferasirox Deferasirox: A triazole and benzoate derivative that acts as a selective iron chelator. It is used in the management of chronic IRON OVERLOAD due to blood transfusion or non-transfusion dependent THALASSEMIA.. deferasirox : A member of the class of triazoles, deferasirox is 1,2,4-triazole substituted by a 4-carboxyphenyl group at position 1 and by 2-hydroxyphenyl groups at positions 3 and 5. An orally active iron chelator, it is used to manage chronic iron overload in patients receiving long-term blood transfusions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzoic acids; monocarboxylic acid; phenols; triazoles | iron chelator |
| tbc-11251 sitaxsentan: endothelin A receptor antagonist; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzodioxoles | |
| tolvaptan [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; benzenedicarboxamide | aquaretic; vasopressin receptor antagonist |
| sorafenib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; monochlorobenzenes; phenylureas; pyridinecarboxamide | angiogenesis inhibitor; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| lenalidomide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic amine; dicarboximide; isoindoles; piperidones | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; immunomodulator |
| regadenoson [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | purine nucleoside | |
| lacosamide Lacosamide: An acetamide derivative that acts as a blocker of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS. It is used as an anticonvulsant, for adjunctive or monotherapy, in the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-amino acid | |
| vincaleukoblastine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; tertiary alcohol; tertiary amino compound; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; immunosuppressive agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; plant metabolite |
| benzarone benzarone: antihemorrhagic agent; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans | |
| estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent |
| bortezomib [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino acid amide; L-phenylalanine derivative; pyrazines | antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; protease inhibitor; proteasome inhibitor |
| ritonavir Ritonavir: An HIV protease inhibitor that works by interfering with the reproductive cycle of HIV. It also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. ritonavir : An L-valine derivative that is L-valinamide in which alpha-amino group has been acylated by a [(2-isopropyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]methylcarbamoyl group and in which a hydrogen of the carboxamide amino group has been replaced by a (2R,4S,5S)-4-hydroxy-1,6-diphenyl-5-{[(1,3-thiazol-5-ylmethoxy)carbonyl]amino}hexan-2-yl group. A CYP3A inhibitor and antiretroviral drug from the protease inhibitor class used to treat HIV infection and AIDS, it is often used as a fixed-dose combination with another protease inhibitor, lopinavir. Also used in combination with dasabuvir sodium hydrate, ombitasvir and paritaprevir (under the trade name Viekira Pak) for treatment of chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection as well as cirrhosis of the liver. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; carbamate ester; carboxamide; L-valine derivative; ureas | antiviral drug; environmental contaminant; HIV protease inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| oxytocin Oxytocin: A nonapeptide hormone released from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR). It differs from VASOPRESSIN by two amino acids at residues 3 and 8. Oxytocin acts on SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS, such as causing UTERINE CONTRACTIONS and MILK EJECTION.. oxytocin : A cyclic nonapeptide hormone with amino acid sequence CYIQNCPLG that also acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain; the principal uterine-contracting and milk-ejecting hormone of the posterior pituitary. Together with the neuropeptide vasopressin, it is believed to influence social cognition and behaviour. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone | oxytocic; vasodilator agent |
| pentostatin Pentostatin: A potent inhibitor of ADENOSINE DEAMINASE. The drug induces APOPTOSIS of LYMPHOCYTES, and is used in the treatment of many lymphoproliferative malignancies, particularly HAIRY CELL LEUKEMIA. It is also synergistic with some other antineoplastic agents and has immunosuppressive activity.. pentostatin : A member of the class of coformycins that is coformycin in which the hydroxy group at position 2' is replaced with a hydrogen. It is a drug used for the treatment of hairy cell leukaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | coformycins | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; Aspergillus metabolite; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.4.4 (adenosine deaminase) inhibitor |
| quinidine Quinidine: An optical isomer of quinine, extracted from the bark of the CHINCHONA tree and similar plant species. This alkaloid dampens the excitability of cardiac and skeletal muscles by blocking sodium and potassium currents across cellular membranes. It prolongs cellular ACTION POTENTIALS, and decreases automaticity. Quinidine also blocks muscarinic and alpha-adrenergic neurotransmission.. quinidine : A cinchona alkaloid consisting of cinchonine with the hydrogen at the 6-position of the quinoline ring substituted by methoxy. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | alpha-adrenergic antagonist; anti-arrhythmia drug; antimalarial; drug allergen; EC 1.14.13.181 (13-deoxydaunorubicin hydroxylase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.44 (xenobiotic-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; muscarinic antagonist; P450 inhibitor; potassium channel blocker; sodium channel blocker |
| meropenem Meropenem: A thienamycin derivative antibacterial agent that is more stable to renal dehydropeptidase I than IMIPENEM, but does not need to be given with an enzyme inhibitor such as CILASTATIN. It is used in the treatment of bacterial infections, including infections in immunocompromised patients.. meropenem : A carbapenemcarboxylic acid in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and in which the azetidine and pyrroline rings carry 1-hydroxymethyl and 5-(dimethylcarbamoyl)pyrrolidin-3-ylthio substituents respectively. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; carbapenemcarboxylic acid; organic sulfide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide | antibacterial agent; antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound | antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite |
| cefoxitin Cefoxitin: A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic resistant to beta-lactamase.. cefoxitin : A semisynthetic cephamycin antibiotic which, in addition to the methoxy group at the 7alpha position, has 2-thienylacetamido and carbamoyloxymethyl side-groups. It is resistant to beta-lactamase. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; cephamycin; semisynthetic derivative | antibacterial drug |
| digitoxin Digitoxin: A cardiac glycoside sometimes used in place of DIGOXIN. It has a longer half-life than digoxin; toxic effects, which are similar to those of digoxin, are longer lasting. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p665). digitoxin : A cardenolide glycoside in which the 3beta-hydroxy group of digitoxigenin carries a 2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl-(1->4)-2,6-dideoxy-beta-D-ribo-hexopyranosyl trisaccharide chain. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside | EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor |
| saquinavir Saquinavir: An HIV protease inhibitor which acts as an analog of an HIV protease cleavage site. It is a highly specific inhibitor of HIV-1 and HIV-2 proteases, and also inhibits CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A.. saquinavir : An aspartic acid derivative obtained by formal condensation of the primary amino group of (2S,3R)-4-[(3S,4aS,8aS)-3-(tert-butylcarbamoyl)octahydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl]-3-hydroxy-1-phenylbutan-2-ylamine with the carboxy group of N(2)(-quinolin-2-ylcarbonyl)-L-asparagine. An inhibitor of HIV-1 protease. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | L-asparagine derivative; quinolines | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| pancuronium Pancuronium: A bis-quaternary steroid that is a competitive nicotinic antagonist. As a neuromuscular blocking agent it is more potent than CURARE but has less effect on the circulatory system and on histamine release.. pancuronium : A steroid ester in which a 5alpha-androstane skeleton is C-3alpha- and C-17beta-disubstituted with acetoxy groups and 2beta- and 16beta-disubstituted with 1-methylpiperidinium-1-yl groups. It is a non-depolarizing curare-mimetic muscle relaxant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; steroid ester | cholinergic antagonist; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist |
| abacavir abacavir: a carbocyclic nucleoside with potent selective anti-HIV activity. abacavir : A 2,6-diaminopurine that is (1S)-cyclopent-2-en-1-ylmethanol in which the pro-R hydrogen at the 4-position is substituted by a 2-amino-6-(cyclopropylamino)-9H-purin-9-yl group. A nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) with antiretroviral activity against HIV, it is used (particularly as the sulfate) with other antiretrovirals in combination therapy of HIV infection. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 2,6-diaminopurines | antiviral drug; drug allergen; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| miglitol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperidines | |
| metyrosine alpha-methyl-L-tyrosine : An L-tyrosine derivative that consists of L-tyrosine bearing an additional methyl substituent at position 2. An inhibitor of the enzyme tyrosine 3-monooxygenase, and consequently of the synthesis of catecholamines. It is used to control the symptoms of excessive sympathetic stimulation in patients with pheochromocytoma. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid | antihypertensive agent; EC 1.14.16.2 (tyrosine 3-monooxygenase) inhibitor |
| linezolid [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | acetamides; morpholines; organofluorine compound; oxazolidinone | antibacterial drug; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| chloramphenicol palmitate chloramphenicol palmitate: RN given refers to ((R-(R*,R*))-isomer) | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | hexadecanoate ester | |
| clindamycin phosphate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eplerenone Eplerenone: A spironolactone derivative and selective ALDOSTERONE RECEPTOR antagonist that is used in the management of HYPERTENSION and CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, post-MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; epoxy steroid; gamma-lactone; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; steroid acid ester | aldosterone antagonist; antihypertensive agent |
| tolterodine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tertiary amine | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist; muscle relaxant |
| darifenacin darifenacin : 2-[(3S)-1-Ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl]-2,2-diphenylacetamide in which one of the hydrogens at the 2-position of the ethyl group is substituted by a 2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl group. It is a selective antagonist for the M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, which is primarily responsible for bladder muscle contractions, and is used as the hydrobromide salt in the management of urinary incontinence. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1-benzofurans; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidines | antispasmodic drug; muscarinic antagonist |
| tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid; vitamin A | anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule |
| retinol Vitamin A: Retinol and derivatives of retinol that play an essential role in metabolic functioning of the retina, the growth of and differentiation of epithelial tissue, the growth of bone, reproduction, and the immune response. Dietary vitamin A is derived from a variety of CAROTENOIDS found in plants. It is enriched in the liver, egg yolks, and the fat component of dairy products.. vitamin A : Any member of a group of fat-soluble retinoids produced via metabolism of provitamin A carotenoids that exhibit biological activity against vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A is involved in immune function, vision, reproduction, and cellular communication.. all-trans-retinol : A retinol in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.. retinol : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraen-1-ol substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | retinol; vitamin A | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite |
| tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | macrolide lactam | bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent |
| cerivastatin cerivastatin: cerivastatin is the ((E)-(+))-isomer; structure given in first source. cerivastatin : (3R,5S)-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid in which the (7E)-hydrogen is substituted by a 4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2,6-diisopropyl-5-(methoxymethyl)pyridin-3-yl group. Formerly used (as its sodium salt) to lower cholesterol and prevent cardiovascular disease, it was withdrawn from the market worldwide in 2001 following reports of a severe form of muscle toxicity. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; pyridines; statin (synthetic) | |
| rosuvastatin rosuvastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-{4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-[methyl(methylsulfonyl)amino]-6-(propan-2-yl)pyrimidin-5-yl} hept-6-enoic acid carrying two hydroxy substituents at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-diastereomer). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidines; statin (synthetic); sulfonamide | anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; cardioprotective agent; CETP inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| mycophenolic acid Mycophenolic Acid: Compound derived from Penicillium stoloniferum and related species. It blocks de novo biosynthesis of purine nucleotides by inhibition of the enzyme inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMP DEHYDROGENASE). Mycophenolic acid exerts selective effects on the immune system in which it prevents the proliferation of T-CELLS, LYMPHOCYTES, and the formation of antibodies from B-CELLS. It may also inhibit recruitment of LEUKOCYTES to sites of INFLAMMATION.. mycophenolate : A monocarboxylic acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of mycophenolic acid.. mycophenolic acid : A member of the class of 2-benzofurans that is 2-benzofuran-1(3H)-one which is substituted at positions 4, 5, 6, and 7 by methyl, methoxy, (2E)-5-carboxy-3-methylpent-2-en-1-yl, and hydroxy groups, respectively. It is an antibiotic produced by Penicillium brevi-compactum, P. stoloniferum, P. echinulatum and related species. An immunosuppressant, it is widely used (partiularly as its sodium salt and as the 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethyl ester prodrug, mycophenolate mofetil) to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants and for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; monocarboxylic acid; phenols | anticoronaviral agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; xenobiotic |
| clindamycin Clindamycin: An antibacterial agent that is a semisynthetic analog of LINCOMYCIN.. clindamycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic that is the semisynthetic derivative of lincomycin, a natural antibiotic. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| fosfomycin Fosfomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces fradiae.. fosfomycin : A phosphonic acid having an (R,S)-1,2-epoxypropyl group attached to phosphorus. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | epoxide; phosphonic acids | antimicrobial agent; EC 2.5.1.7 (UDP-N-acetylglucosamine 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor |
| zithromax Azithromycin: A semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic structurally related to ERYTHROMYCIN. It has been used in the treatment of Mycobacterium avium intracellulare infections, toxoplasmosis, and cryptosporidiosis.. azithromycin : A macrolide antibiotic useful for the treatment of bacterial infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | macrolide antibiotic | antibacterial drug; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| octreotide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eptifibatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; macrocycle; organic disulfide | anticoagulant; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| decitabine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2'-deoxyribonucleoside | |
| teniposide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; beta-D-glucoside; cyclic acetal; furonaphthodioxole; gamma-lactone; monosaccharide derivative; phenols; thiophenes | antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor |
| dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | actinomycin | mutagen |
| melphalan Melphalan: An alkylating nitrogen mustard that is used as an antineoplastic in the form of the levo isomer - MELPHALAN, the racemic mixture - MERPHALAN, and the dextro isomer - MEDPHALAN; toxic to bone marrow, but little vesicant action; potential carcinogen.. melphalan : A phenylalanine derivative comprising L-phenylalanine having [bis(2-chloroethyl)amino group at the 4-position on the phenyl ring. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | L-phenylalanine derivative; nitrogen mustard; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound | alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent |
| tenofovir tenofovir (anhydrous) : A member of the class of phosphonic acids that is methylphosphonic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a [(2R)-1-(6-amino-9H-purin-9-yl)propan-2-yl]oxy group. An inhibitor of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase, the bis(isopropyloxycarbonyloxymethyl) ester (disoproxil ester) prodrug is used as the fumaric acid salt in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nucleoside analogue; phosphonic acids | antiviral drug; drug metabolite; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| posaconazole [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; conazole antifungal drug; N-arylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; oxolanes; triazole antifungal drug; triazoles | trypanocidal drug |
| micafungin Micafungin: A cyclic lipo-hexapeptide echinocandin antifungal agent that is used for the treatment and prevention of CANDIDIASIS.. micafungin : A cyclic hexapeptide echinocandin antibiotic which exerts its effect by inhibiting the synthesis of 1,3-beta-D-glucan, an integral component of the fungal cell wall. It is used as the sodium salt for the treatment of invasive candidiasis, and of aspergillosis in patients who are intolerant of other therapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; echinocandin | antiinfective agent |
| riboflavin vitamin B2 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called flavins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B2 deficiency. Symptoms associated with vitamin B2 deficiency include glossitis, seborrhea, angular stomaitis, cheilosis and photophobia. The vitamers include riboflavin and its phosphate derivatives (and includes their salt, ionised and hydrate forms). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | flavin; vitamin B2 | anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; food colouring; fundamental metabolite; human urinary metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite |
| sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt | antacid; food anticaking agent |
| arsenic trioxide Tetraarsenic Oxide: A form of As2O3 that exists as As4O6 in the solid state. It dissociates to As2O3 upon heating to the vapor phase above 800 degrees Celsius. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | arsenic oxide | antineoplastic agent; insecticide |
| sr 90107 fondaparinux sodium : An organic sodium salt, being the decasodium salt of fondaparinux. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| meglumine iodipamide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organoammonium salt | radioopaque medium |
| thyrotropin-releasing hormone PR 546: no other info available 9/89. protirelin : A tripeptide composed of L-pyroglutamyl, L-histidyl and L-prolinamide residues joined in sequence. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide hormone; tripeptide | human metabolite |
| chloroquine diphosphate [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | chloroquine | |
| rauwolscine Rauwolscine: A stereoisomer of yohimbine. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate | |
| dextromethadone D-methadone: an NMDA receptor antagonist analgesic that lacks opioid activity. dextromethadone : A 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one that has (S)-configuration. It is the less active enantiomer of methadone and has very little activity on opioid receptors and mainly responsible for the inhibition of hERG K+ channels and thus for cardiac toxicity. The drug is currently under clinical development for the treatment of major depressive disorder. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 6-(dimethylamino)-4,4-diphenylheptan-3-one | NMDA receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | vasopressin | cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen |
| s 1033 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; imidazoles; pyridines; pyrimidines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| tropisetron Tropisetron: An indole derivative and 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist that is used for the prevention of nausea and vomiting.. tropisetron : An indolyl carboxylate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of indole-3-carboxylic acid with the hydroxy group of tropine. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| propylthiouracil Propylthiouracil: A thiourea antithyroid agent. Propythiouracil inhibits the synthesis of thyroxine and inhibits the peripheral conversion of throxine to tri-iodothyronine. It is used in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopeoia, 30th ed, p534). 6-propyl-2-thiouracil : A pyrimidinethione consisting of uracil in which the 2-oxo group is substituted by a thio group and the hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a propyl group. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | pyrimidinethione | antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antimetabolite; antioxidant; antithyroid drug; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; hormone antagonist |
| etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ethyl ester; imidazoles | intravenous anaesthetic; sedative |
| mercaptopurine Mercaptopurine: An antimetabolite antineoplastic agent with immunosuppressant properties. It interferes with nucleic acid synthesis by inhibiting purine metabolism and is used, usually in combination with other drugs, in the treatment of or in remission maintenance programs for leukemia.. purine-6-thiol : A thiol that is the tautomer of mercaptopurine.. mercaptopurine : A member of the class of purines that is 6,7-dihydro-1H-purine carrying a thione group at position 6. An adenine analogue, it is used in the treatment of acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aryl thiol; purines; thiocarbonyl compound | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| dexketoprofen dexketoprofen : A monocarboxylic acid that is (S)-hydratropic acid substituted at position 3 on the phenyl ring by a benzoyl group. A cyclooxygenase inhibitor, it is used to relieve short-term pain, such as muscular pain, dental pain and dysmenorrhoea. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | benzophenones; monocarboxylic acid | cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| ondansetron, (s)-isomer [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| pyrantel Pyrantel: A depolarizing neuromuscular-blocking agent, that causes persistent nicotinic activation resulting in spastic paralysis of susceptible nematodes. It is a drug of second-choice after benzimidazoles for treatment of ascariasis, hookworm, and pinworm infections, being effective after a single dose. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p920). pyrantel : A carboxamidine that is 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine that is substituted at position 1 by a methyl group and at position 2 by an (E)-2-(2-thienyl)vinyl group. It is used, particularly as the embonate [4,4'-methylenebis(3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate)] salt, as an anthelmintic that is effective against intestinal nematodes including threadworms, roundworms and hookworms, and is included in the WHO 'Model List of Essential Medicines'. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidines; carboxamidine; thiophenes | antinematodal drug |
| thiothixene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-methylpiperazine | anticoronaviral agent |
| eszopiclone Eszopiclone: A pyridine, pyrazine, and piperazine derivative that is used as a HYPNOTIC AND SEDATIVE in the treatment of INSOMNIA.. eszopiclone : The (5S)- (active) enantiomer of zopiclone. Unlike almost all other hypnotic sedatives, which are approved only for the relief of short-term (6-8 weeks) insomnia, eszopiclone is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for long-term use. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | zopiclone | central nervous system depressant; sedative |
| benztropine Benztropine: A centrally active muscarinic antagonist that has been used in the symptomatic treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE. Benztropine also inhibits the uptake of dopamine.. benzatropine : Tropane in which a hydrogen at position 3 is substituted by a diphenylmethoxy group (endo-isomer). An acetylcholine receptor antagonist, it is used (particularly as its methanesulphonate salt) in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and to reduce parkinsonism and akathisia side effects of antipsychotic treatments. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones | antithyroid drug |
| sulindac Sulindac: A sulfinylindene derivative prodrug whose sulfinyl moiety is converted in vivo to an active NSAID analgesic. Specifically, the prodrug is converted by liver enzymes to a sulfide which is excreted in the bile and then reabsorbed from the intestine. This helps to maintain constant blood levels with reduced gastrointestinal side effects.. sulindac : A monocarboxylic acid that is 1-benzylidene-1H-indene which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 5 by methyl, carboxymethyl, and fluorine respectively, and in which the phenyl group of the benzylidene moiety is substituted at the para position by a methylsulfinyl group. It is a prodrug for the corresponding sulfide, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, used particularly in the treatment of acute and chronic inflammatory conditions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid; organofluorine compound; sulfoxide | analgesic; antineoplastic agent; antipyretic; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; prodrug; tocolytic agent |
| fluoxetine (S)-fluoxetine : An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has S configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine]. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| (R)-fluoxetine (R)-fluoxetine : An N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine that has R configuration. [The antidepressant drug fluoxetine is a racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine]. | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine | antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| terbinafine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetylenic compound; allylamine antifungal drug; enyne; naphthalenes; tertiary amine | EC 1.14.13.132 (squalene monooxygenase) inhibitor; P450 inhibitor; sterol biosynthesis inhibitor |
| thioguanine anhydrous Thioguanine: An antineoplastic compound which also has antimetabolite action. The drug is used in the therapy of acute leukemia.. tioguanine : A 2-aminopurine that is the 6-thiono derivative of 2-amino-1,9-dihydro-6H-purine. Incorporates into DNA and inhibits synthesis. Used in the treatment of leukaemia. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines | anticoronaviral agent; antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent |
| succimer Succimer: A mercaptodicarboxylic acid used as an antidote to heavy metal poisoning because it forms strong chelates with them.. succimer : A sulfur-containing carboxylic acid that is succinic acid bearing two mercapto substituents at positions 2 and 3. A lead chelator used as an antedote to lead poisoning. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dithiol; sulfur-containing carboxylic acid | chelator |
| digoxin Digoxin: A cardiotonic glycoside obtained mainly from Digitalis lanata; it consists of three sugars and the aglycone DIGOXIGENIN. Digoxin has positive inotropic and negative chronotropic activity. It is used to control ventricular rate in ATRIAL FIBRILLATION and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation. Its use in congestive heart failure and sinus rhythm is less certain. The margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p666). digoxin : A cardenolide glycoside that is digitoxin beta-hydroxylated at C-12. A cardiac glycoside extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata, it is used to control ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation and in the management of congestive heart failure with atrial fibrillation, but the margin between toxic and therapeutic doses is small. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cardenolide glycoside; steroid saponin | anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; epitope |
| streptozocin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tamoxifen [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | stilbenoid; tertiary amino compound | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; EC 1.2.3.1 (aldehyde oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| ethionamide Ethionamide: A second-line antitubercular agent that inhibits mycolic acid synthesis.. ethionamide : A thiocarboxamide that is pyridine-4-carbothioamide substituted by an ethyl group at position 2. A prodrug that undergoes metabolic activation by conversion to the corresponding S-oxide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | pyridines; thiocarboxamide | antilipemic drug; antitubercular agent; fatty acid synthesis inhibitor; leprostatic drug; prodrug |
| cancidas [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| lincomycin Lincomycin: An antibiotic produced by Streptomyces lincolnensis var. lincolnensis. It has been used in the treatment of staphylococcal, streptococcal, and Bacteroides fragilis infections.. lincomycin : A carbohydrate-containing antibiotic produced by the actinomyces Streptomyces lincolnensis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbohydrate-containing antibiotic; L-proline derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrrolidinecarboxamide; S-glycosyl compound | antimicrobial agent; bacterial metabolite |
| ranitidine Ranitidine: A non-imidazole blocker of those histamine receptors that mediate gastric secretion (H2 receptors). It is used to treat gastrointestinal ulcers.. ranitidine : A member of the class of furans used to treat peptic ulcer disease (PUD) and gastroesophageal reflux disease. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | C-nitro compound; furans; organic sulfide; tertiary amino compound | anti-ulcer drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; H2-receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| aplaviroc aplaviroc: a spiro-diketo-piperazine; a potent noncompetitive allosteric antagonist of the CCR5 receptor with concomitantly potent antiviral effects for HIV-1; structure in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| hmr 3647 [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ||
| maraviroc [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tropane alkaloid | |
| toremifene Toremifene: A first generation selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM). Like TAMOXIFEN, it is an estrogen agonist for bone tissue and cholesterol metabolism but is antagonistic on mammary and uterine tissue. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; organochlorine compound; tertiary amine | antineoplastic agent; bone density conservation agent; estrogen antagonist; estrogen receptor modulator |
| nelarabine nelarabine: prodrug of ara-G. nelarabine : A purine nucleoside in which O-methylguanine is attached to arabinofuranose via a beta-N(9)-glycosidic bond. Inhibits DNA synthesis and causes cell death; a prodrug of 9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylguanine (ara-G). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; purine nucleoside | antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; prodrug |
| 4-diphenylacetoxy-n-methylpiperidine methiodide 4-DAMP methiodide : A quaternary ammonium salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine and iodomethane. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | iodide salt; quaternary ammonium salt | cholinergic antagonist; muscarinic antagonist |
| 2-[(2-ethoxyphenoxy)-phenylmethyl]morpholine [no description available] | 2.05 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether | |
| dermatan sulfate Dermatan Sulfate: A naturally occurring glycosaminoglycan found mostly in the skin and in connective tissue. It differs from CHONDROITIN SULFATE A (see CHONDROITIN SULFATES) by containing IDURONIC ACID in place of glucuronic acid, its epimer, at carbon atom 5. (from Merck, 12th ed). alpha-L-IdopA-(1->3)-beta-D-GalpNAc4S : An oligosaccharide sulfate that is 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4-O-sulfo-beta-D-galactopyranose in which the hydroxy group at position 3 has been converted to the corresponding alpha-L-idopyranuronoside.. dermatan sulfate : Any of a group of glycosaminoglycans with repeating units consisting of variously sulfated beta1->4-linked L-iduronyl-(alpha1->3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine units. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amino disaccharide; glycosylgalactose derivative; iduronic acids; oligosaccharide sulfate | |
| dolasetron [no description available] | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | indolyl carboxylic acid | |
| orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative | anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor |
| quinine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cinchona alkaloid | antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic |
| fospropofol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| rasagiline [no description available] | 3.71 | 2 | 0 | indanes; secondary amine; terminal acetylenic compound | EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent |
| dasatinib N-(2-chloro-6-methylphenyl)-2-((6-(4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)amino)-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxamide: a dasatinib prodrug; structure in first source. dasatinib (anhydrous) : An aminopyrimidine that is 2-methylpyrimidine which is substituted at position 4 by the primary amino group of 2-amino-1,3-thiazole-5-carboxylic acid and at position 6 by a 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl group, and in which the carboxylic acid group has been formally condensed with 2-chloro-6-methylaniline to afford the corresponding amide. A multi-targeted kinase inhibitor, it is used, particularly as the monohydrate, for the treatment of chronic, accelerated, or myeloid or lymphoid blast phase chronic myeloid leukemia. Note that the name 'dasatinib' is used to refer to the monohydrate (USAN) as well as to anhydrous dasatinib (INN). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; aminopyrimidine; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organochlorine compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor |
| tocainide, (s)-isomer [no description available] | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| sitagliptin sitagliptin : A triazolopyrazine that exhibits hypoglycemic activity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | triazolopyrazine; trifluorobenzene | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; hypoglycemic agent; serine proteinase inhibitor; xenobiotic |
| tolcapone Tolcapone: A benzophenone and nitrophenol compound that acts as an inhibitor of CATECHOL O-METHYLTRANSFERASE, an enzyme involved in the metabolism of DOPAMINE and LEVODOPA. It is used in the treatment of PARKINSON DISEASE in patients for whom levodopa is ineffective or contraindicated.. tolcapone : Benzophenone substituted on one of the phenyl rings at C-3 and C-4 by hydroxy groups and at C-5 by a nitro group, and on the other phenyl ring by a methyl group at C-4. It is an inhibitor of catechol O-methyltransferase. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; benzophenones; catechols | antiparkinson drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| calcitriol dihydroxy-vitamin D3: as a major in vitro metabolite of 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, produced in primary cultures of neonatal human keratinocytes | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | D3 vitamins; hydroxycalciol; triol | antineoplastic agent; antipsoriatic; bone density conservation agent; calcium channel agonist; calcium channel modulator; hormone; human metabolite; immunomodulator; metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical |
| vitamin d 2 Ergocalciferols: Derivatives of ERGOSTEROL formed by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS breaking of the C9-C10 bond. They differ from CHOLECALCIFEROL in having a double bond between C22 and C23 and a methyl group at C24.. vitamin D2 : A vitamin D supplement and has been isolated from alfalfa. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-ergostane; vitamin D | bone density conservation agent; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; rodenticide |
| amphotericin b Amphotericin B: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus obtained from soil of the Orinoco river region of Venezuela.. amphotericin B : A macrolide antibiotic used to treat potentially life-threatening fungal infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; macrolide antibiotic; polyene antibiotic | antiamoebic agent; antiprotozoal drug; bacterial metabolite |
| clavulanic acid Clavulanic Acid: A beta-lactam antibiotic produced by the actinobacterium Streptomyces clavuligerus. It is a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. Administered alone, it has only weak antibacterial activity against most organisms, but given in combination with other beta-lactam antibiotics it prevents antibiotic inactivation by microbial lactamase.. clavulanate : The conjugate base of clavulanic acid.. clavulanic acid : Antibiotic isolated from Streptomyces clavuligerus. It acts as a suicide inhibitor of bacterial beta-lactamase enzymes. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | oxapenam | antibacterial drug; anxiolytic drug; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| pulmicort Budesonide: A glucocorticoid used in the management of ASTHMA, the treatment of various skin disorders, and allergic RHINITIS.. budesonide : A glucocorticoid steroid having a highly oxygenated pregna-1,4-diene structure. It is used mainly in the treatment of asthma and non-infectious rhinitis and for treatment and prevention of nasal polyposis. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(1),Delta(4)-steroid; cyclic acetal; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone | anti-inflammatory drug; bronchodilator agent; drug allergen |
| oxymetholone Oxymetholone: A synthetic hormone with anabolic and androgenic properties. It is used mainly in the treatment of anemias. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002), this compound may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). oxymetholone : A 3-oxo-5alpha- steroid that is 4,5alpha-dihydrotestosterone which is substituted by a hydroxymethylidene group at position 2 and by a methyl group at the 17alpha position. A synthetic androgen, it was mainly used for the treatment of anaemias until being replaced by treatments with fewer side effects. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| eprosartan eprosartan: angiotensin II receptor antagonist. eprosartan : A member of the class of imidazoles and thiophenes that is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; imidazoles; thiophenes | angiotensin receptor antagonist; antihypertensive agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| montelukast montelukast: a leukotriene D4 receptor antagonist | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | aliphatic sulfide; monocarboxylic acid; quinolines | anti-arrhythmia drug; anti-asthmatic drug; leukotriene antagonist |
| mivacurium Mivacurium: An isoquinoline derivative that is used as a short-acting non-depolarizing agent. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | isoquinolines | |
| hemabate carboprost tromethamine : The tromethamine salt of carboprost. It is used as an abortifacient agent that is effective in both the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mycophenolate mofetil mycophenolate mofetil : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation between the carboxylic acid group of mycophenolic acid and the hydroxy group of 2-(morpholin-4-yl)ethanol. In the liver, it is metabolised to mycophenolic acid, an immunosuppressant for which it is a prodrug. It is widely used to prevent tissue rejection following organ transplants as well as for the treatment of certain autoimmune diseases. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic ester; ether; gamma-lactone; phenols; tertiary amino compound | anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; immunosuppressive agent; prodrug |
| entacapone entacapone: structure given in first source. entacapone : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is N,N-diethylprop-2-enamide in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a cyano group and the hydrogen at the 3E position is substituted by a 3,4-dihydroxy-5-nitrophenyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-nitrophenols; catechols; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile | antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; central nervous system drug; EC 2.1.1.6 (catechol O-methyltransferase) inhibitor |
| paricalcitol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | hydroxy seco-steroid; seco-cholestane | antiparathyroid drug |
| 7432 s Ceftibuten: A cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections.. ceftibuten : A third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with a [(2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-4-carboxybut-2-enoyl]amino substituent at the 7 position of the cephem skeleton. An orally-administered agent, ceftibuten is used as the dihydrate to treat urinary-tract and respiratory-tract infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; dicarboxylic acid | antibacterial drug |
| glyceryl 2-arachidonate glyceryl 2-arachidonate: binds to cannabinoid receptors; structure in first source. 2-arachidonoylglycerol : An endocannabinoid and an endogenous agonist of the cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2). It is an ester formed from omega-6-arachidonic acid and glycerol. | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | 2-acylglycerol 20:4; endocannabinoid | human metabolite |
| isotretinoin Isotretinoin: A topical dermatologic agent that is used in the treatment of ACNE VULGARIS and several other skin diseases. The drug has teratogenic and other adverse effects.. isotretinoin : A retinoic acid that is all-trans-retinoic acid in which the double bond which is alpha,beta- to the carboxy group is isomerised to Z configuration. A synthetic retinoid, it is used for the treatment of severe cases of acne and other skin diseases. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | retinoic acid | antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; teratogenic agent |
| epoprostenol [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | prostaglandins I | mouse metabolite |
| indocyanine green [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate; benzoindole; cyanine dye | |
| triprolidine Triprolidine: Histamine H1 antagonist used in allergic rhinitis; ASTHMA; and URTICARIA. It is a component of COUGH and COLD medicines. It may cause drowsiness.. triprolidine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that is acrivastine in which the pyridine ring is lacking the propenoic acid substituent. It is a sedating antihistamine that is used (generally as the monohydrochloride monohydrate) for the relief of the symptoms of uticaria, rhinitis, and various pruritic skin disorders. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpyrrolidine; olefinic compound; pyridines | H1-receptor antagonist |
| pitavastatin pitavastatin : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is (6E)-7-[2-cyclopropyl-4-(4-fluorophenyl)quinolin-3-yl]hept-6-enoic acid in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 3 and 5 (the 3R,5S-stereoisomer). Used as its calcium salt for treatment of hypercholesterolemia (elevated levels of cholesterol in the blood) on patients unable to sufficiently lower their cholesterol levels by diet and exercise. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclopropanes; dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; monofluorobenzenes; quinolines; statin (synthetic) | antioxidant |
| ethamolin monoethanolamine oleate: used for treatment of pyogenic granuloma | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | long-chain fatty acid | |
| alatrofloxacin mesylate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| codeine [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| cyclosporine ramihyphin A: one of the metabolites produced by Fusarium sp. S-435; RN given refers to cpd with unknown MF | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide | anti-asthmatic drug; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antirheumatic drug; carcinogenic agent; dermatologic drug; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite |
| acitretin Acitretin: An oral retinoid effective in the treatment of psoriasis. It is the major metabolite of ETRETINATE with the advantage of a much shorter half-life when compared with etretinate.. acitretin : A retinoid that consists of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid having a 4-methoxy-2,3,6-trimethylphenyl group attached at position 9. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acitretin; alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; retinoid | keratolytic drug |
| estropipate estropipate: used therapeutically in menopausal patients | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | piperazinium salt; steroid sulfate | |
| hydromorphone Hydromorphone: An opioid analgesic made from MORPHINE and used mainly as an analgesic. It has a shorter duration of action than morphine.. hydromorphone : A morphinane alkaloid that is a hydrogenated ketone derivative of morphine. A semi-synthetic drug, it is a centrally acting pain medication of the opioid class. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| levetiracetam Levetiracetam: A pyrrolidinone and acetamide derivative that is used primarily for the treatment of SEIZURES and some movement disorders, and as a nootropic agent.. levetiracetam : A pyrrolidinone and carboxamide that is N-methylpyrrolidin-2-one in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by an aminocarbonyl group, while another is replaced by an ethyl group (the S enantiomer). An anticonvulsant, it is used for the treatment of epilepsy in both human and veterinary medicine. | 8.92 | 3 | 0 | pyrrolidin-2-ones | anticonvulsant; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic |
| ly 163892 loracarbef: 1-carbacephem antibiotic; has a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity; structure given in first source; carbacephems differ from cephalosporins in the substitution of a sulfur atom in the dihydrothiazine ring with a methylene group to form a tetrahydropyridine ring. loracarbef : A synthetic "carba" analogue of cefaclor, with carbon replacing sulfur at position 1. Used to treat a wide range of infections caused by both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carbacephem; zwitterion | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent |
| nabilone nabilone: cannabinol deriv; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist |
| oxycodone Oxycodone: A semisynthetic derivative of CODEINE.. oxycodone : A semisynthetic opioid of formula C18H21NO4 that is derived from thebaine. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally used for relief of moderate to severe pain. | 8.71 | 2 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound; semisynthetic derivative | antitussive; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| oxymorphone Oxymorphone: An opioid analgesic with actions and uses similar to those of MORPHINE, apart from an absence of cough suppressant activity. It is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, including pain in obstetrics. It may also be used as an adjunct to anesthesia. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1092) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| vitamin k 1 Vitamin K 1: A family of phylloquinones that contains a ring of 2-methyl-1,4-naphthoquinone and an isoprenoid side chain. Members of this group of vitamin K 1 have only one double bond on the proximal isoprene unit. Rich sources of vitamin K 1 include green plants, algae, and photosynthetic bacteria. Vitamin K1 has antihemorrhagic and prothrombogenic activity.. phylloquinone : A member of the class of phylloquinones that consists of 1,4-naphthoquinone having methyl and phytyl groups at positions 2 and 3 respectively. The parent of the class of phylloquinones. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phylloquinones; vitamin K | cofactor; human metabolite; plant metabolite |
| proscillaridin Proscillaridin: A cardiotonic glycoside isolated from Scilla maritima var. alba (Squill). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol | antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| topiramate Topiramate: A sulfamate-substituted fructose analog that was originally identified as a hypoglycemic agent. It is used for the treatment of EPILEPSY and MIGRAINE DISORDERS, and may also promote weight loss.. topiramate : A hexose derivative that is 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-beta-D-fructopyranose in which the hydroxy group has been converted to the corresponding sulfamate ester. It blocks voltage-dependent sodium channels and is used as an antiepileptic and for the prevention of migraine. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | cyclic ketal; ketohexose derivative; sulfamate ester | anticonvulsant; sodium channel blocker |
| trospium chloride trospium chloride : An organic chloride salt of trospium. It is an antispasmodic drug used for the treatment of overactive bladder. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound | anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic |
| benzphetamine Benzphetamine: A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. It is used in the treatment of obesity. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1222). benzphetamine : Dextroamphetamine in which the the hydrogens attached to the amino group are substituted by a methyl and a benzyl group. A sympathomimetic agent with properties similar to dextroamphetamine, it is used as its hydrochloride salt in the treatment of obesity. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines; tertiary amine | adrenergic uptake inhibitor; appetite depressant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; sympathomimetic agent |
| deamino arginine vasopressin Deamino Arginine Vasopressin: A synthetic analog of the pituitary hormone, ARGININE VASOPRESSIN. Its action is mediated by the VASOPRESSIN receptor V2. It has prolonged antidiuretic activity, but little pressor effects. It also modulates levels of circulating FACTOR VIII and VON WILLEBRAND FACTOR. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide | diagnostic agent; renal agent; vasopressin receptor agonist |
| dexmedetomidine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | medetomidine | alpha-adrenergic agonist; analgesic; non-narcotic analgesic; sedative |
| fluticasone Fluticasone: A STEROID with GLUCOCORTICOID RECEPTOR activity that is used to manage the symptoms of ASTHMA; ALLERGIC RHINITIS, and ATOPIC DERMATITIS.. fluticasone : A trifluorinated corticosteroid used in the form of its propionate ester for treatment of allergic rhinitis. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 11beta-hydroxy steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; corticosteroid; fluorinated steroid; thioester | anti-allergic agent; anti-asthmatic drug |
| goserelin Goserelin: A synthetic long-acting agonist of GONADOTROPIN-RELEASING HORMONE. Goserelin is used in treatments of malignant NEOPLASMS of the prostate, uterine fibromas, and metastatic breast cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| mdl 100907 Serotonin 5-HT2 Receptor Antagonists: Drugs that bind to but do not activate SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTORS, thereby blocking the actions of SEROTONIN or SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR AGONISTS. Included under this heading are antagonists for one or more specific 5-HT2 receptor subtypes. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nalbuphine Nalbuphine: A narcotic used as a pain medication. It appears to be an agonist at KAPPA RECEPTORS and an antagonist or partial agonist at MU RECEPTORS. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | organic heteropentacyclic compound | mu-opioid receptor antagonist; opioid analgesic |
| nateglinide Nateglinide: A phenylalanine and cyclohexane derivative that acts as a hypoglycemic agent by stimulating the release of insulin from the pancreas. It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES.. nateglinide : An N-acyl-D-phenylalanine resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of D-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of trans-4-isopropylcyclohexanecarboxylic acid. An orally-administered, rapidly-absorbed, short-acting insulinotropic agent, it is used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | phenylalanine derivative | |
| vinorelbine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; methyl ester; organic heteropentacyclic compound; organic heterotetracyclic compound; ring assembly; vinca alkaloid | antineoplastic agent; photosensitizing agent |
| silodosin silodosin: an alpha(1a)-adrenoceptor-selective antagonist; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | indolecarboxamide | |
| fluvoxamine Fluvoxamine: A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of DEPRESSION and a variety of ANXIETY DISORDERS.. fluvoxamine : An oxime O-ether that is benzene substituted by a (1E)-N-(2-aminoethoxy)-5-methoxypentanimidoyl group at position 1 and a trifluoromethyl group at position 4. It is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that is used for the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; 5-methoxyvalerophenone O-(2-aminoethyl)oxime | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| su 11248 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; pyrroles | angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; neuroprotective agent; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
| (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid (6E)-7-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1-(propan-2-yl)-1H-indol-2-yl]-3,5-dihydroxyhept-6-enoic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is N-isopropylindole which is substituted at position 3 by a p-fluorophenyl group and at position 2 by a 6-carboxy-3,5-dihydroxyhex-1-en-1-yl group. It has four possible diastereoisomers. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid; indoles; organofluorine compound | |
| methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone methyl-3-methoxy-4-hydroxystyryl ketone: structure given in first source; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation | 2.31 | 1 | 0 | hydroxycinnamic acid | |
| levorphanol Levorphanol: A narcotic analgesic that may be habit-forming. It is nearly as effective orally as by injection. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | |
| naltrexone Naltrexone: Derivative of noroxymorphone that is the N-cyclopropylmethyl congener of NALOXONE. It is a narcotic antagonist that is effective orally, longer lasting and more potent than naloxone, and has been proposed for the treatment of heroin addiction. The FDA has approved naltrexone for the treatment of alcohol dependence.. naltrexone : An organic heteropentacyclic compound that is naloxone substituted in which the allyl group attached to the nitrogen is replaced by a cyclopropylmethyl group. A mu-opioid receptor antagonist, it is used to treat alcohol dependence. | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | cyclopropanes; morphinane-like compound; organic heteropentacyclic compound | antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; environmental contaminant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dextromethorphan Dextromethorphan: Methyl analog of DEXTRORPHAN that shows high affinity binding to several regions of the brain, including the medullary cough center. This compound is an NMDA receptor antagonist (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and acts as a non-competitive channel blocker. It is one of the widely used ANTITUSSIVES, and is also used to study the involvement of glutamate receptors in neurotoxicity.. dextromethorphan : A 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene in which the sterocenters at positions 4a, 10 and 10a have S-configuration. It is a prodrug of dextrorphan and used as an antitussive drug for suppressing cough. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 6-methoxy-11-methyl-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-2H-10,4a-(epiminoethano)phenanthrene | antitussive; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; oneirogen; prodrug; xenobiotic |
| butorphanol Butorphanol: A synthetic morphinan analgesic with narcotic antagonist action. It is used in the management of severe pain.. butorphanol : Levorphanol in which a hydrogen at position 14 of the morphinan skeleton is substituted by hydroxy and one of the hydrogens of the N-methyl group is substituted by cyclopropyl. A semi-synthetic opioid agonist-antagonist analgesic, it is used as its (S,S)-tartaric acid salt for relief or moderate to severe pain. | 3.59 | 2 | 0 | morphinane alkaloid | antitussive; kappa-opioid receptor agonist; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic |
| cefixime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| lisinopril Lisinopril: One of the ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS (ACE inhibitors), orally active, that has been used in the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dipeptide | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| benazepril benazepril: structure given in first source. benazepril : A benzazepine that is benazeprilat in which the carboxy group of the 2-amino-4-phenylbutanoic acid moiety has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester. It is used (generally as its hydrochloride salt) as a prodrug for the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor benazeprilat in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzazepine; dicarboxylic acid monoester; ethyl ester; lactam | EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| ramipril Ramipril: A long-acting angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor. It is a prodrug that is transformed in the liver to its active metabolite ramiprilat.. ramipril : A dipeptide that is the prodrug for ramiprilat, the active metabolite obtained by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group. An angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, used to treat high blood pressure and congestive heart failure.. quark : Quarks comprise one of two classes of the fundamental particles. Quarks possess fractional electric charges and are not observed in free state. The word "quark" first appears in James Joyce's Finnegans Wake and has been chosen by Murray Gell-Mann as a name for fundamental building blocks of particles. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; cyclopentapyrrole; dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester | bradykinin receptor B2 agonist; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor; prodrug |
| verteporfin (2R,2(1)S)-8-ethenyl-2(1),2(2)-bis(methoxycarbonyl)-17-(3-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13-propanoic acid : The 2(1),2(2),17-trimethyl ester of (2R,2(1)S)-2(1),2(2)-dicarboxy-8-ethenyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethyl-2,2(1)-dihydrobenzo[b]porphyrin-13,17-dipropanoic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| indinavir sulfate Indinavir: A potent and specific HIV protease inhibitor that appears to have good oral bioavailability. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid diamide; N-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine; piperazinecarboxamide | HIV protease inhibitor |
| zimeldine Zimeldine: One of the SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITORS formerly used for depression but was withdrawn worldwide in September 1983 because of the risk of GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME associated with its use. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 29th ed, p385) | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | styrenes | |
| enalapril Enalapril: An angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor that is used to treat HYPERTENSION and HEART FAILURE.. enalapril : A dicarboxylic acid monoester that is ethyl 4-phenylbutanoate in which a hydrogen alpha to the carboxy group is substituted by the amino group of L-alanyl-L-proline (S-configuration). | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; geroprotector; prodrug |
| trientine hydrochloride [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| n-methylscopolamine bromide scopolamine methobromide : A quaternary ammonium salt resulting from the reaction of the amino group of scopolamine with methyl bromide. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| bleomycin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | bleomycin | antineoplastic agent; metabolite |
| enalaprilat anhydrous Enalaprilat: The active metabolite of ENALAPRIL and one of the potent, intravenously administered, ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS. It is an effective agent for the treatment of essential hypertension and has beneficial hemodynamic effects in heart failure. The drug produces renal vasodilation with an increase in sodium excretion.. enalaprilat dihydrate : The dihydrate form of enalaprilat, an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor that is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is administered by intravenous injection.. enalaprilat (anhydrous) : Enalapril in which the ethyl ester group has been hydrolysed to the corresponding carboxylic acid. Enalaprilat is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and is used (often in the form of its prodrug, enalapril) in the treatment of hypertension and heart failure, for reduction of proteinuria and renal disease in patients with nephropathies, and for the prevention of stroke, myocardial infarction, and cardiac death in high-risk patients. Unlike enalapril, enalaprilat is not absorbed by mouth but is given by intravenous injection, usually as the dihydrate. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid; dipeptide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor |
| ximelagatran ximelagatran: prodrug (via hydroxylation) of melagatran & a direct thrombin inhibitor; liver toxicity concerns so AZD0837 being developed to replace this. ximelagatran : A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted into the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximelagatran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | amidoxime; azetidines; carboxamide; ethyl ester; hydroxylamines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; tertiary carboxamide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor; prodrug; serine protease inhibitor |
| cefuroxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 3-(carbamoyloxymethyl)cephalosporin; furans; oxime O-ether | drug allergen |
| ceftriaxone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-triazines; 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.2.6 (beta-lactamase) inhibitor |
| cefepime Cefepime: A fourth-generation cephalosporin antibacterial agent that is used in the treatment of infections, including those of the abdomen, urinary tract, respiratory tract, and skin. It is effective against PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA and may also be used in the empiric treatment of FEBRILE NEUTROPENIA.. cefepime : A cephalosporin bearing (1-methylpyrrolidinium-1-yl)methyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug |
| pafuramidine pafuramidine: a prodrug of furamidine | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ceftazidime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| trandolapril trandolapril : A heterobicylic compound that is (2S,3aR,7aS)-1-[(2S)-2-aminopropanoyl]octahydro-1H-indole-2-carboxylic acid in which the hydrogen of the amino group is substituted by a (2R)-1-ethoxy-1-oxo-4-phenylbutan-2-yl group. It is a angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and a prodrug used for the treatment of hypertension. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | dicarboxylic acid monoester; dipeptide; ethyl ester; organic heterobicyclic compound; secondary amino compound; tertiary carboxamide | antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.15.1 (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) inhibitor; prodrug |
| pregabalin Pregabalin: A gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) derivative that functions as a CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER and is used as an ANTICONVULSANT as well as an ANTI-ANXIETY AGENT. It is also used as an ANALGESIC in the treatment of NEUROPATHIC PAIN and FIBROMYALGIA.. pregabalin : A gamma-amino acid that is gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) carrying an isobutyl substitutent at the beta-position (the S-enantiomer). Binds with high affinity to the alpha2-delta site (an auxiliary subunit of voltage-gated calcium channels) in central nervous system tissues. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | gamma-amino acid | anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker |
| alvimopan anhydrous alvimopan: mu opioid receptor antagonist; intended to treat constipation in patients taking opiates for pain | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | peptide | |
| aliskiren aliskiren: orally active nonpeptidic renin inhibitor. aliskiren : A monomethoxybenzene compound having a 3-methoxypropoxy group at the 2-position and a multi-substituted branched alkyl substituent at the 4-position. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | monocarboxylic acid amide; monomethoxybenzene | antihypertensive agent |
| famotidine [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; guanidines; sulfonamide | anti-ulcer drug; H2-receptor antagonist; P450 inhibitor |
| cefotaxime Cefotaxime: Semisynthetic broad-spectrum cephalosporin.. cefotaxime : A cephalosporin compound having acetoxymethyl and [2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetyl]amino side groups. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; cephalosporin; oxime O-ether | antibacterial drug; drug allergen |
| aztreonam [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; monobactam | antibacterial drug; drug allergen; EC 2.4.1.129 (peptidoglycan glycosyltransferase) inhibitor |
| (R)-citalopram (R)-citalopram : A 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile that has R-configuration at the chiral centre. It is the inactive enantiomer of citalopram. | 2.48 | 2 | 0 | 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile | |
| oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure. | 2.82 | 2 | 0 | ||
| cefpodoxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| palonosetron Palonosetron: Isoquinoline and quinuclidine derivative that acts as a 5-HT3 RECEPTOR antagonist. It is used in the prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by cytotoxic chemotherapy, and for the prevention of post-operative nausea and vomiting.. palonosetron : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is an antiemetic used (as its hydrochloride salt) in combination with netupitant (under the trade name Akynzeo) to treat nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing cancer chemotherapy. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | azabicycloalkane; delta-lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound | antiemetic; serotonergic antagonist |
| rifaximin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | acetate ester; cyclic ketal; lactam; macrocycle; organic heterohexacyclic compound; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative | antimicrobial agent; gastrointestinal drug; orphan drug |
| everolimus [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor |
| ixabepilone [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; beta-hydroxy ketone; epoxide; lactam; macrocycle | antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent |
| ceftizoxime [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| 1-methyl-d-lysergic acid butanolamide [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ergot alkaloid; monocarboxylic acid amide | serotonergic antagonist; sympatholytic agent; vasoconstrictor agent |
| nitrofurantoin Nitrofurantoin: A urinary anti-infective agent effective against most gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Although sulfonamides and antibiotics are usually the agents of choice for urinary tract infections, nitrofurantoin is widely used for prophylaxis and long-term suppression.. nitrofurantoin : An imidazolidine-2,4-dione that is hydantoin substituted at position 1 by a [(5-nitro-2-furyl)methylene]amino group. An antibiotic that damages bacterial DNA. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | imidazolidine-2,4-dione; nitrofuran antibiotic; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; hepatotoxic agent |
| sb 269970 SB 269970: a 5-HT(7) antagonist; structure in first source | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | |
| dantrolene [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cefdinir [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | cephalosporin; ketoxime | antibacterial drug |
| etonogestrel [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 17beta-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; terminal acetylenic compound | contraceptive drug; female contraceptive drug; progestin |
| temsirolimus [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | macrolide lactam | |
| dutasteride Dutasteride: A 5-ALPHA-REDUCTASE INHIBITOR that is reported to inhibit both type-1 and type2 isoforms of the enzyme and is used to treat BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. dutasteride : An aza-steroid that is inasteride in which the tert-butyl group is replaced by a 2,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl group. A synthetic 4-azasteroid, dutasteride is a selective inhibitor of both the type 1 and type 2 isoforms of steroid 5alpha-reductase, an intracellular enzyme that converts testosterone to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone. Dutasteride is used for the treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia in men with an enlarged prostate gland. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aza-steroid; delta-lactam | antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor |
| lu 208075 ambrisentan: an ET(A) receptor antagonist and antihypertensive agent; studied for use in pulmonary arterial hypertension | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| bibx 1382bs BIBX 1382BS: an ErbB receptor kinase inhibitor; no further information available 4/2001 | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | substituted aniline | |
| fesoterodine fesoterodine: a muscarinic antagonist for treatment of overactive bladder | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | diarylmethane | |
| gemifloxacin Gemifloxacin: A naphthyridine and fluoroquinolone derivative antibacterial agent and DNA TOPOISOMERASE II inhibitor that is used for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia and acute bacterial infections associated with chronic bronchitis.. gemifloxacin : A 1,4-dihydro-1,8-naphthyridine with a carboxy group at the 3-position, an oxo sustituent at the 4-position, a fluoro substituent at the 5-position and a substituted pyrrolin-1-yl group at the 7-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | 1,8-naphthyridine derivative; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; monocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic | antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; topoisomerase IV inhibitor |
| dexlansoprazole Dexlansoprazole: The R-isomer of lansoprazole that is used to treat severe GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzimidazoles; sulfoxide | |
| fosinopril [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| armodafinil armodafinil : A 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide that has R configuration at the sulfur atom. Like its racemate, modafinil, it is used for the treatment of sleeping disorders such as narcolepsy, obstructive sleep apnoea, and shift-work sleep disorder. Peak concentration in the blood later occurs later following administration than with modafinil, so it is thought that armodafinil may be more effective than modafinil in treating people with excessive daytime sleepiness. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-[(diphenylmethyl)sulfinyl]acetamide | central nervous system stimulant; eugeroic |
| desvenlafaxine succinate Desvenlafaxine Succinate: A cyclohexanol and phenol derivative and metabolite of venlafaxine that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT. | 3.7 | 1 | 1 | ||
| norfenfluramine Dexnorfenfluramine: D-isomer of Norfenfluramine | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | amphetamines | |
| sincalide Sincalide: An octapeptide hormone present in the intestine and brain. When secreted from the gastric mucosa, it stimulates the release of bile from the gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | |
| tapentadol Tapentadol: An opioid analgesic, MU OPIOID RECEPTOR agonist, and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of moderate to severe pain, and of pain associated with DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | alkylbenzene | |
| pentagastrin Pentagastrin: A synthetic pentapeptide that has effects like gastrin when given parenterally. It stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, pepsin, and intrinsic factor, and has been used as a diagnostic aid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic molecular entity | |
| cefditoren cefditoren: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (6R-(3(Z),6alpha,7beta(Z)))-isomer. cefditoren : A broad spectrum, third-generation cephalosporin antibiotic with (Z)-2-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-5-yl)ethenyl and (2Z)-2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetamido groups at positions 3 and 7, respectively, of the cephem skeleton. Generally administered as its orally absorbed pivaloyloxymethyl ester prodrug, it is used for the treatment of mild to moderate infections caused by susceptible strains of microorganisms in acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, community-acquired pneumonia, pharyngitis/tonsillitis, and uncomplicated skin and skin-structure infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxylic acid; cephalosporin | antibacterial drug |
| ginsenoside rb1 [no description available] | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | ginsenoside; glycoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid | anti-inflammatory drug; anti-obesity agent; apoptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger |
| vortioxetine Vortioxetine: A piperazine derivative that acts as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor, as a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, and 5-HT1A receptor agonist. It is used for the treatment of anxiety and depression.. vortioxetine : An N-arylpiperazine in which the aryl group is specified as 2-[(2,4-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]phenyl. Used (as its hydrobromide salt) for treatment of major depressive disorder. | 9.92 | 5 | 0 | aryl sulfide; N-arylpiperazine | antidepressant; anxiolytic drug; serotonergic agonist; serotonergic antagonist |
| pimavanserin pimavanserin: A 5-HT(2A) inverse agonist; ACP-103 is the dihydroxybutanedioate (2:1) salt. It is used to treat hallucinations and delusions associated with PARKINSON DISEASE; structure in first source.. pimavanserin : A member of the class of ureas in which three of the four hydrogens are replaced by 4-fluorobenzyl, 1-methylpiperidin-4-yl, and 4-(isopropyloxy)benzyl groups. An atypical antipsychotic that is used (in the form of its tartrate salt) for treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson's disease. | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | aromatic ether; monofluorobenzenes; piperidines; tertiary amino compound; ureas | 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor inverse agonist; antipsychotic agent; serotonergic antagonist |
| pazopanib pazopanib: a protein kinase inhibitor. pazopanib : A pyrimidine that is 5-(pyrimidin-2-yl}amino-2-methylbenzenesulfonamide substituted at position 4 by a (2,3-dimethylindazol-6-yl)(methyl)amino group. Used as its hydrochloride salt for treatment of kidney cancer. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | aminopyrimidine; indazoles; sulfonamide | angiogenesis modulating agent; antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist |
| prasugrel hydrochloride Prasugrel Hydrochloride: A piperazine derivative and PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITOR that is used to prevent THROMBOSIS in patients with ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME; UNSTABLE ANGINA and MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, as well as in those undergoing PERCUTANEOUS CORONARY INTERVENTIONS.. prasugrel hydrochloride : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-prasugrel hydrochloride. Used to prevent blood clots in people with acute coronary syndrome who are undergoing a procedure after a recent heart attack or stroke, and in people with certain disorders of the heart or blood vessels. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| baci-im [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | homodetic cyclic peptide; polypeptide; zwitterion | antibacterial agent; antimicrobial agent |
| bms 477118 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | adamantanes; azabicycloalkane; monocarboxylic acid amide; nitrile; tertiary alcohol | EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; hypoglycemic agent |
| sb 742457 3-benzenesulfonyl-8-piperazin-1-ylquinoline: a 5-HT6 receptor antagonist | 2.25 | 1 | 0 | ||
| nystatin a1 Nystatin: Macrolide antifungal antibiotic complex produced by Streptomyces noursei, S. aureus, and other Streptomyces species. The biologically active components of the complex are nystatin A1, A2, and A3.. nystatin : A heterogeneous mixture of polyene compounds produced by cultures of Streptomyces noursei. It mainly consists of three biologically active components designated nystatin A1, nystatin A2, and nystatin A3. It is used to treat oral and dermal fungal infections.. nystatin A1 : A polyene macrolide antibiotic; part of the nystatin complex produced by several Streptomyces species. It is an antifungal antibiotic used for the treatment of topical fungal infections caused by a broad spectrum of fungal pathogens comprising yeast-like and filamentous species. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nystatins | |
| sitagliptin phosphate Sitagliptin Phosphate: A pyrazine-derived DIPEPTIDYL-PEPTIDASE IV INHIBITOR and HYPOGLYCEMIC AGENT that increases the levels of the INCRETIN hormones GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDE-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). It is used in the treatment of TYPE 2 DIABETES. | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| milnacipran [no description available] | 3.85 | 3 | 0 | acetamides | |
| scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| brexpiprazole brexpiprazole: a serotonin agent; structure in first source | 2.82 | 2 | 0 | N-arylpiperazine | |
| bivalirudin bivalirudin: designed to bind to the alpha-thrombin catalytic site and anion-binding exosite for fibrin(ogen) recognition. bivalirudin : A synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids, comprising D-Phe, Pro, Arg, Pro, Gly, Gly, Gly, Gly, Asn, Gly, Asp, Phe, Glu, Glu, Ile, Pro, Glu, Glu, Tyr, and Leu in sequence. A congener of hirudin (a naturally occurring drug found in the saliva of the medicinal leech), it a specific and reversible inhibitor of thrombin, and is used as an anticoagulant. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | anticoagulant; EC 3.4.21.5 (thrombin) inhibitor |
| enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| ganirelix [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| teriparatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| salmon calcitonin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; peptide hormone; polypeptide | bone density conservation agent; metabolite |
| ly-146032 [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | heterodetic cyclic peptide; lipopeptide antibiotic; lipopeptide; macrocycle; macrolide | antibacterial drug; bacterial metabolite; calcium-dependent antibiotics |
| acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ilys-prolyl-alaninamide acetyl-2-naphthylalanyl-3-chlorophenylalanyl-1-oxohexadecyl-seryl-4-aminophenylalanyl(hydroorotyl)-4-aminophenylalanyl(carbamoyl)-leucyl-ILys-prolyl-alaninamide: FE-200486 is the acetate salt | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | polypeptide | |
| exenatide [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications. | 7.41 | 1 | 0 | glycoside | |
| lu aa33810 [no description available] | 2.06 | 1 | 0 | ||
| mesna Mesna: A sulfhydryl compound used to prevent urothelial toxicity by inactivating metabolites from ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS, such as IFOSFAMIDE or CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organosulfonic acid | |
| sodium lactate Sodium Lactate: The sodium salt of racemic or inactive lactic acid. It is a hygroscopic agent used intravenously as a systemic and urinary alkalizer.. sodium lactate : An organic sodium salt having lactate as the counterion. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | lactate salt; organic sodium salt | food acidity regulator; food preservative |
| sodium iothalamate [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| quetiapine fumarate Quetiapine Fumarate: A dibenzothiazepine and ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENT that targets the SEROTONIN 5-HT2 RECEPTOR; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTOR, adrenergic alpha1 and alpha2 receptors, as well as the DOPAMINE D1 RECEPTOR and DOPAMINE D2 RECEPTOR. It is used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER and DEPRESSIVE DISORDER. | 2.6 | 1 | 0 | fumarate salt | |
| cetrorelix cetrorelix: LHRH antagonist. cetrorelix : A synthetic ten-membered oligopeptide comprising N-acetyl-3-(naphthalen-2-yl)-D-alanyl, 4-chloro-D-phenylalanyl, 3-(pyridin-3-yl)-D-alanyl, L-seryl, L-tyrosyl, N(5)-carbamoyl-D-ornithyl, L-leucyl, L-arginyl, L-prolyl, and D-alaninamide residues coupled in sequence. A gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist, it is used for treatment of infertility and of hormone-sensitive cancers of the prostate and breast. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | oligopeptide | antineoplastic agent; GnRH antagonist |
| ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms. | 3.73 | 2 | 0 | ascorbic acid; vitamin C | coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent |
| raltegravir [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,2,4-oxadiazole; dicarboxylic acid amide; hydroxypyrimidine; monofluorobenzenes; pyrimidone; secondary carboxamide | antiviral drug; HIV-1 integrase inhibitor |
| tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ||
| chlortetracycline Chlortetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE with a 7-chloro substitution.. chlortetracycline : A member of the class of tetracyclines with formula C22H23ClN2O8 isolated from Streptomyces aureofaciens. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| oxytetracycline, anhydrous Oxytetracycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog isolated from the actinomycete STREPTOMYCES RIMOSUS and used in a wide variety of clinical conditions.. oxytetracycline : A tetracycline used for treatment of infections caused by a variety of Gram positive and Gram negative microorganisms including Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Pasteurella pestis, Escherichia coli, Haemophilus influenzae (respiratory infections), and Diplococcus pneumoniae. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ||
| minocycline Minocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog, having a 7-dimethylamino and lacking the 5 methyl and hydroxyl groups, which is effective against tetracycline-resistant STAPHYLOCOCCUS infections.. minocycline : A tetracycline analogue having a dimethylamino group at position 7 and lacking the methyl and hydroxy groups at position 5. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | ||
| methacycline Methacycline: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic related to TETRACYCLINE but excreted more slowly and maintaining effective blood levels for a more extended period.. methacycline : A tetracycline that is the 6-methylene analogue of oxytetracycline, obtained by formal dehydration at position 6. | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | ||
| piroxicam [no description available] | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide; pyridines | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| mobic Meloxicam: A benzothiazine and thiazole derivative that acts as a NSAID and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; OSTEOARTHRITIS; and ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS.. meloxicam : A benzothiazine that is piroxicam in which the pyridin-2-yl group is replaced by a 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug and selective inhibitor of COX-2, it is used particularly for the management of rheumatoid arthritis. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 1,3-thiazoles; benzothiazine; monocarboxylic acid amide | analgesic; antirheumatic drug; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone | |
| demeclocycline Demeclocycline: A TETRACYCLINE analog having a 7-chloro and a 6-methyl. Because it is excreted more slowly than tetracycline, it maintains effective blood levels for longer periods of time.. demeclocycline : Tetracycline which lacks the methyl substituent at position 7 and in which the hydrogen para- to the phenolic hydroxy group is substituted by chlorine. Like tetracycline, it is an antibiotic, but being excreted more slowly, effective blood levels are maintained for longer. It is used (mainly as the hydrochloride) for the treatment of Lyme disease, acne and bronchitis, as well as for hyponatraemia (low blood sodium concentration) due to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) where fluid restriction alone has been ineffective. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| tipranavir tipranavir: inhibits HIV-1 protease. tipranavir : A pyridine-2-sulfonamide substituted at C-5 by a trifluoromethyl group and at the sulfonamide nitrogen by a dihydropyrone-containing m-tolyl substituent. It is an HIV-1 protease inhibitor. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | sulfonamide | antiviral drug; HIV protease inhibitor |
| tigecycline [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| (S)-warfarin (S)-warfarin : A 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one that has (S)-configuration (the racemate is warfarin, an anticoagulant drug and rodenticide). | 2.03 | 1 | 0 | 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one | |
| fertinex [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers | 2.41 | 1 | 0 | ||
| entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol | antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor |
| acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antimetabolite; antiviral drug |
| folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid | human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient |
| rifampin Rifampin: A semisynthetic antibiotic produced from Streptomyces mediterranei. It has a broad antibacterial spectrum, including activity against several forms of Mycobacterium. In susceptible organisms it inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity by forming a stable complex with the enzyme. It thus suppresses the initiation of RNA synthesis. Rifampin is bactericidal, and acts on both intracellular and extracellular organisms. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1160) | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | cyclic ketal; hydrazone; N-iminopiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; rifamycins; semisynthetic derivative; zwitterion | angiogenesis inhibitor; antiamoebic agent; antineoplastic agent; antitubercular agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.6 (RNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; leprostatic drug; neuroprotective agent; pregnane X receptor agonist; protein synthesis inhibitor |
| clozapine Clozapine: A tricylic dibenzodiazepine, classified as an atypical antipsychotic agent. It binds several types of central nervous system receptors, and displays a unique pharmacological profile. Clozapine is a serotonin antagonist, with strong binding to 5-HT 2A/2C receptor subtype. It also displays strong affinity to several dopaminergic receptors, but shows only weak antagonism at the dopamine D2 receptor, a receptor commonly thought to modulate neuroleptic activity. Agranulocytosis is a major adverse effect associated with administration of this agent.. clozapine : A benzodiazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine substituted by a chloro group at position 8 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 11. It is a second generation antipsychotic used in the treatment of psychiatric disorders like schizophrenia. | 4.08 | 4 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organochlorine compound | adrenergic antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; GABA antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; xenobiotic |
| dacarbazine (E)-dacarbazine : A dacarbazine in which the N=N double bond adopts a trans-configuration. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | dacarbazine | |
| didanosine Didanosine: A dideoxynucleoside compound in which the 3'-hydroxy group on the sugar moiety has been replaced by a hydrogen. This modification prevents the formation of phosphodiester linkages which are needed for the completion of nucleic acid chains. Didanosine is a potent inhibitor of HIV replication, acting as a chain-terminator of viral DNA by binding to reverse transcriptase; ddI is then metabolized to dideoxyadenosine triphosphate, its putative active metabolite.. didanosine : A purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside that is inosine in which the hydroxy groups at both the 2' and the 3' positions on the sugar moiety have been replaced by hydrogen. An antiviral drug, it is used as a medication to treat HIV/AIDS. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | purine 2',3'-dideoxyribonucleoside | antimetabolite; antiviral drug; EC 2.4.2.1 (purine-nucleoside phosphorylase) inhibitor; geroprotector; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor |
| ganciclovir [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | 2-aminopurines; oxopurine | antiinfective agent; antiviral drug |
| valacyclovir Valacyclovir: A prodrug of acyclovir that is used in the treatment of HERPES ZOSTER and HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS INFECTION of the skin and mucous membranes, including GENITAL HERPES. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-valyl ester | antiviral drug |
| sildenafil sildenafil : A pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidin-7-one having a methyl substituent at the 1-position, a propyl substituent at the 3-position and a 2-ethoxy-5-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)sulfonyl]phenyl group at the 5-position. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | piperazines; pyrazolopyrimidine; sulfonamide | EC 3.1.4.35 (3',5'-cyclic-GMP phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| olanzapine Olanzapine: A benzodiazepine derivative that binds SEROTONIN RECEPTORS; MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS; HISTAMINE H1 RECEPTORS; ADRENERGIC ALPHA-1 RECEPTORS; and DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. It is an antipsychotic agent used in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA; BIPOLAR DISORDER; and MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER; it may also reduce nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing chemotherapy.. olanzapine : A benzodiazepine that is 10H-thieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine substituted by a methyl group at position 2 and a 4-methylpiperazin-1-yl group at position 4. | 3.91 | 3 | 0 | benzodiazepine; N-arylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine | antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; histamine antagonist; muscarinic antagonist; second generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor |
| vardenafil vardenafil : The sulfonamide resulting from formal condensation of the sulfo group of 4-ethoxy-3-(5-methyl-7-propylimidazo[5,1-f][1,2,4]triazin-4(1H)-one-2-yl)benzenesulfonic acid and the secondary amino group of 4-ethylpiperazine. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | imidazotriazine; N-alkylpiperazine; N-sulfonylpiperazine | EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; vasodilator agent |
| allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound | antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger |
| citrovorum factor [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | tetrahydrofolic acid | |
| leucovorin 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid : A formyltetrahydrofolic acid in which the formyl group is located at position 5. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | formyltetrahydrofolic acid | Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite |
| rifapentine rifapentine: cyclopentyl derivative of rifampicin | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-alkylpiperazine; N-iminopiperazine; rifamycins | antitubercular agent; leprostatic drug |
| bl 4162a anagrelide: imidazoquinazoline derivative which lowers platelet count probably by inhibiting thrombopoiesis and reduces platelet aggregation; used for thrombocythemia; structure in first source. anagrelide : A 1,5-dihydroimidazo[2,1-]quinazoline having an oxo substituent at the 2-position and chloro substituents at the 6- and 7-positions. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | imidazoquinazoline | anticoagulant; antifibrinolytic drug; cardiovascular drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor |
| tegaserod tegaserod: a nonbenzamide 5-hydroxytryptamine(4) agonist; used in treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; marketing suspended 2007 in US due to higher incidence of MI, stroke, and unstable angina; structure given in first source | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | carboxamidine; guanidines; hydrazines; indoles | gastrointestinal drug; serotonergic agonist |
| norclozapine norclozapine: structure given in first source. N-desmethylclozapine : A dibenzodoazepine substituted with chloro and piperazino groups which is a major metabolite of clozapine; a potent and selective 5-HT2C serotonin receptor antagonist. | 2.07 | 1 | 0 | dibenzodiazepine; organochlorine compound; piperazines | delta-opioid receptor agonist; metabolite; serotonergic antagonist |
| pemetrexed pemetrexed disodium : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of N-{4-[2-(2-amino-4-oxo-4,7-dihydro-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidin-5-yl)ethyl]benzoyl}-L-glutamic acid. Inhibits thymidylate synthase (TS), 421 dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), and glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GARFT). | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | N-acyl-L-glutamic acid; pyrrolopyrimidine | antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; EC 1.5.1.3 (dihydrofolate reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.45 (thymidylate synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.2.2 (phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase) inhibitor |
| valganciclovir Valganciclovir: A ganciclovir prodrug and antiviral agent that is used to treat CYTOMEGALOVIRUS RETINITIS in patients with AIDS, and for the prevention of CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTIONS in organ transplant recipients who have received an organ from a CMV-positive donor.. valganciclovir : The L-valinyl ester of ganciclovir, into which it is rapidly converted by intestinal and hepatic esterases. It is a synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | L-valyl ester; purines | antiviral drug; prodrug |
| aprepitant Aprepitant: A morpholine neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor antagonist that is used in the management of nausea and vomiting caused by DRUG THERAPY, and for the prevention of POSTOPERATIVE NAUSEA AND VOMITING.. aprepitant : A morpholine-based antiemetic, which is or the prevention of acute and delayed nausea and vomiting associated with initial and repeat courses of highly emetogenic cancer chemotherapy. Aprepitant is a selective high-affinity antagonist of human substance P/neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors. | 3.57 | 2 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; triazoles | antidepressant; antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; peripheral nervous system drug; substance P receptor antagonist |
| fosaprepitant fosaprepitant: a pro-drug form of aprepitant. fosaprepitant : A morpholine derivative that is the (1R)-1-[3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]ethyl ether of (3-{[(2R,3S)-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-hydroxymorpholin-4-yl]methyl}-5-oxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)phosphonic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | (trifluoromethyl)benzenes; cyclic acetal; morpholines; phosphoramide; triazoles | antiemetic; neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist; prodrug |
| rifabutin [no description available] | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | ||
| levomefolate calcium levomefolate calcium: an ingredient in Contraceptives, Oral, Combined. levomefolate calcium : An organic calcium salt of (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. | 3.23 | 1 | 0 | organic calcium salt | antidepressant |
| Condition | Indicated | Relationship Strength | Studies | Trials |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases. | 0 | 3.78 | 9 | 0 |
| Dementia Praecox [description not available] | 0 | 2.78 | 3 | 0 |
| Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior. | 1 | 9.78 | 3 | 0 |
| Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY. | 0 | 16.72 | 92 | 40 |
| Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5) | 1 | 18.72 | 92 | 40 |
| Affective Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.53 | 2 | 0 |
| Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature. | 0 | 2.53 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available] | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment. | 0 | 3.04 | 1 | 0 |
| Anemia, Fanconi [description not available] | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004) | 0 | 2.13 | 1 | 0 |
| Amentia [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Dementia An acquired organic mental disorder with loss of intellectual abilities of sufficient severity to interfere with social or occupational functioning. The dysfunction is multifaceted and involves memory, behavior, personality, judgment, attention, spatial relations, language, abstract thought, and other executive functions. The intellectual decline is usually progressive, and initially spares the level of consciousness. | 1 | 4.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.25 | 1 | 0 |
| Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available] | 0 | 5.84 | 5 | 1 |
| Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. | 0 | 10.84 | 5 | 1 |
| Anxiety Neuroses [description not available] | 0 | 10.13 | 13 | 9 |
| Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS. | 1 | 11.74 | 16 | 6 |
| Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY. | 1 | 12.13 | 13 | 9 |
| Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available] | 0 | 2.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH. | 0 | 3.84 | 7 | 0 |
| Breast Cancer [description not available] | 0 | 8.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST. | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age. | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Hot Flashes A sudden, temporary sensation of heat predominantly experienced by some women during MENOPAUSE. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed) | 0 | 8.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders. | 0 | 17.26 | 69 | 21 |
| Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Social Anxiety Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 9.71 | 2 | 2 |
| Phobia, Social Anxiety disorder characterized by the persistent and irrational fear, anxiety, or avoidance of social or performance situations. | 1 | 6.71 | 2 | 2 |
| B. burgdorferi Infection [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Acrodermatitis Inflammation involving the skin of the extremities, especially the hands and feet. Several forms are known, some idiopathic and some hereditary. The infantile form is called Gianotti-Crosti syndrome. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Lyme Disease An infectious disease caused by a spirochete, BORRELIA BURGDORFERI, which is transmitted chiefly by Ixodes dammini (see IXODES) and pacificus ticks in the United States and Ixodes ricinis (see IXODES) in Europe. It is a disease with early and late cutaneous manifestations plus involvement of the nervous system, heart, eye, and joints in variable combinations. The disease was formerly known as Lyme arthritis and first discovered at Old Lyme, Connecticut. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| ADDH [description not available] | 0 | 5.12 | 2 | 1 |
| Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity A behavior disorder originating in childhood in which the essential features are signs of developmentally inappropriate inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. Although most individuals have symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity, one or the other pattern may be predominant. The disorder is more frequent in males than females. Onset is in childhood. Symptoms often attenuate during late adolescence although a minority experience the full complement of symptoms into mid-adulthood. (From DSM-V) | 0 | 5.12 | 2 | 1 |
| Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available] | 0 | 4.28 | 2 | 1 |
| Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence. | 1 | 7.35 | 4 | 2 |
| Arteriosclerosis, Coronary [description not available] | 0 | 10.89 | 16 | 0 |
| Coronary Artery Disease Pathological processes of CORONARY ARTERIES that may derive from a congenital abnormality, atherosclerotic, or non-atherosclerotic cause. | 0 | 10.89 | 16 | 0 |
| Apoplexy [description not available] | 0 | 7.28 | 3 | 2 |
| Alogia [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Aphasia A cognitive disorder marked by an impaired ability to comprehend or express language in its written or spoken form. This condition is caused by diseases which affect the language areas of the dominant hemisphere. Clinical features are used to classify the various subtypes of this condition. General categories include receptive, expressive, and mixed forms of aphasia. | 1 | 11.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810) | 1 | 9.28 | 3 | 2 |
| Brain Contusion A bruise of the brain from an impact of the skull. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Panic Attacks [description not available] | 0 | 3.81 | 2 | 0 |
| Agoraphobia Obsessive, persistent, intense fear of open places. | 0 | 3.33 | 1 | 0 |
| Panic Disorder A type of anxiety disorder characterized by unexpected panic attacks that last minutes or, rarely, hours. Panic attacks begin with intense apprehension, fear or terror and, often, a feeling of impending doom. Symptoms experienced during a panic attack include dyspnea or sensations of being smothered; dizziness, loss of balance or faintness; choking sensations; palpitations or accelerated heart rate; shakiness; sweating; nausea or other form of abdominal distress; depersonalization or derealization; paresthesias; hot flashes or chills; chest discomfort or pain; fear of dying and fear of not being in control of oneself or going crazy. Agoraphobia may also develop. Similar to other anxiety disorders, it may be inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. | 1 | 5.81 | 2 | 0 |
| Lung Injury, Acute [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Acute Lung Injury A condition of lung damage that is characterized by bilateral pulmonary infiltrates (PULMONARY EDEMA) rich in NEUTROPHILS, and in the absence of clinical HEART FAILURE. This can represent a spectrum of pulmonary lesions, endothelial and epithelial, due to numerous factors (physical, chemical, or biological). | 0 | 7.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Disease Exacerbation [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Ophthalmoplegia, Progressive Supranuclear [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Supranuclear Palsy, Progressive A degenerative disease of the central nervous system characterized by balance difficulties; OCULAR MOTILITY DISORDERS (supranuclear ophthalmoplegia); DYSARTHRIA; swallowing difficulties; and axial DYSTONIA. Onset is usually in the fifth decade and disease progression occurs over several years. Pathologic findings include neurofibrillary degeneration and neuronal loss in the dorsal MESENCEPHALON; SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS; RED NUCLEUS; pallidum; dentate nucleus; and vestibular nuclei. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1076-7) | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Electrocardiogram QT Prolonged [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Long QT Syndrome A condition that is characterized by episodes of fainting (SYNCOPE) and varying degree of ventricular arrhythmia as indicated by the prolonged QT interval. The inherited forms are caused by mutation of genes encoding cardiac ion channel proteins. The two major forms are ROMANO-WARD SYNDROME and JERVELL-LANGE NIELSEN SYNDROME. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Arrest, Sudden [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Death, Sudden, Cardiac Unexpected rapid natural death due to cardiovascular collapse within one hour of initial symptoms. It is usually caused by the worsening of existing heart diseases. The sudden onset of symptoms, such as CHEST PAIN and CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS, particularly VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA, can lead to the loss of consciousness and cardiac arrest followed by biological death. (from Braunwald's Heart Disease: A Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine, 7th ed., 2005) | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Adverse Drug Event [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals. | 0 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Ache [description not available] | 0 | 3.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS. | 0 | 8.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Benign Neoplasms [description not available] | 0 | 4.72 | 1 | 1 |
| Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms. | 1 | 6.72 | 1 | 1 |
| Coronary Heart Disease [description not available] | 0 | 5.63 | 2 | 2 |
| Coronary Disease An imbalance between myocardial functional requirements and the capacity of the CORONARY VESSELS to supply sufficient blood flow. It is a form of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA (insufficient blood supply to the heart muscle) caused by a decreased capacity of the coronary vessels. | 0 | 5.63 | 2 | 2 |
| Anankastic Personality [description not available] | 0 | 3.16 | 3 | 0 |
| Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder An anxiety disorder characterized by recurrent, persistent obsessions or compulsions. Obsessions are the intrusive ideas, thoughts, or images that are experienced as senseless or repugnant. Compulsions are repetitive and seemingly purposeful behavior which the individual generally recognizes as senseless and from which the individual does not derive pleasure although it may provide a release from tension. | 1 | 10.16 | 3 | 0 |
| Arrhythmia [description not available] | 0 | 7.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction. | 0 | 2.72 | 2 | 0 |
| Depression, Endogenous [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Depressive Disorder An affective disorder manifested by either a dysphoric mood or loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. The mood disturbance is prominent and relatively persistent. | 1 | 4.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [description not available] | 0 | 2.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic A class of traumatic stress disorders with symptoms that last more than one month. | 1 | 4.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Anorexia Nervosa An eating disorder that is characterized by the lack or loss of APPETITE, known as ANOREXIA. Other features include excess fear of becoming OVERWEIGHT; BODY IMAGE disturbance; significant WEIGHT LOSS; refusal to maintain minimal normal weight; and AMENORRHEA. This disorder occurs most frequently in adolescent females. (APA, Thesaurus of Psychological Index Terms, 1994) | 0 | 8.8 | 1 | 1 |
| Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available] | 0 | 7.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Cancer of Liver [description not available] | 0 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER. | 0 | 2.9 | 2 | 0 |
| Abortion, Tubal [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Adult-Onset Dystonias [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Dystonia An attitude or posture due to the co-contraction of agonists and antagonist muscles in one region of the body. It most often affects the large axial muscles of the trunk and limb girdles. Conditions which feature persistent or recurrent episodes of dystonia as a primary manifestation of disease are referred to as DYSTONIC DISORDERS. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p77) | 0 | 7.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Dystonic Disorders Acquired and inherited conditions that feature DYSTONIA as a primary manifestation of disease. These disorders are generally divided into generalized dystonias (e.g., dystonia musculorum deformans) and focal dystonias (e.g., writer's cramp). They are also classified by patterns of inheritance and by age of onset. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available] | 0 | 5.9 | 4 | 4 |
| Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75) | 0 | 5.9 | 4 | 4 |
| Cancer of Stomach [description not available] | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH. | 0 | 2.41 | 1 | 0 |
| Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Sex Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Sexual Dysfunction, Physiological Physiological disturbances in normal sexual performance in either the male or the female. | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Cognitive Decline [description not available] | 0 | 8.49 | 6 | 6 |
| Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function. | 0 | 8.49 | 6 | 6 |
| Encephalopathy, Traumatic [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Brain Injuries, Traumatic A form of acquired brain injury which occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Childhood Tic Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Chronic Insomnia [description not available] | 0 | 3.3 | 3 | 0 |
| Agitation, Psychomotor [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Spondylisthesis [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition. | 0 | 3.3 | 3 | 0 |
| Psychomotor Agitation A feeling of restlessness associated with increased motor activity. This may occur as a manifestation of nervous system drug toxicity or other conditions. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V) | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Morbid Obesity [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Obesity, Morbid The condition of weighing two, three, or more times the ideal weight, so called because it is associated with many serious and life-threatening disorders. In the BODY MASS INDEX, morbid obesity is defined as having a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| 2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available] | 0 | 3.81 | 2 | 0 |
| Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available] | 0 | 3.52 | 1 | 0 |
| Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57) | 1 | 5.52 | 1 | 0 |
| Anhedonia Inability to experience pleasure due to impairment or dysfunction of normal psychological and neurobiological mechanisms. It is a symptom of many PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS (e.g., DEPRESSIVE DISORDER, MAJOR; and SCHIZOPHRENIA). | 0 | 2.82 | 2 | 0 |
| Lassitude [description not available] | 0 | 4.21 | 2 | 1 |
| Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli. | 0 | 4.21 | 2 | 1 |
| Cardiovascular Stroke [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Myocardial Infarction NECROSIS of the MYOCARDIUM caused by an obstruction of the blood supply to the heart (CORONARY CIRCULATION). | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51) | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Aura [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Absence Seizure [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313) | 0 | 8.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder. | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Nycturia [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Nocturia Frequent URINATION at night that interrupts sleep. It is often associated with outflow obstruction, DIABETES MELLITUS, or bladder inflammation (CYSTITIS). | 0 | 7.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Bilateral Headache [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS. | 0 | 8.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Acute Symptom Flare [description not available] | 0 | 3.52 | 1 | 0 |
| Hypomania [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Local Neoplasm Recurrence [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Behavior Disorders [description not available] | 0 | 3.52 | 1 | 0 |
| Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function. | 0 | 3.52 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiac Toxicity [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Asystole [description not available] | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Heart Arrest Cessation of heart beat or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. If it is treated within a few minutes, heart arrest can be reversed in most cases to normal cardiac rhythm and effective circulation. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION. | 0 | 2.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Rhabdomyolysis Necrosis or disintegration of skeletal muscle often followed by myoglobinuria. | 0 | 7.6 | 1 | 0 |
| Multiple System Atrophy Syndrome [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Adiadochokinesis [description not available] | 0 | 3.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Cerebellar Ataxia Incoordination of voluntary movements that occur as a manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES. Characteristic features include a tendency for limb movements to overshoot or undershoot a target (dysmetria), a tremor that occurs during attempted movements (intention TREMOR), impaired force and rhythm of diadochokinesis (rapidly alternating movements), and GAIT ATAXIA. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p90) | 0 | 8.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Multiple System Atrophy A syndrome complex composed of three conditions which represent clinical variants of the same disease process: STRIATONIGRAL DEGENERATION; SHY-DRAGER SYNDROME; and the sporadic form of OLIVOPONTOCEREBELLAR ATROPHIES. Clinical features include autonomic, cerebellar, and basal ganglia dysfunction. Pathologic examination reveals atrophy of the basal ganglia, cerebellum, pons, and medulla, with prominent loss of autonomic neurons in the brain stem and spinal cord. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1076; Baillieres Clin Neurol 1997 Apr;6(1):187-204; Med Clin North Am 1999 Mar;83(2):381-92) | 0 | 8.99 | 1 | 1 |
| Acute Coronary Syndrome An episode of MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA that generally lasts longer than a transient anginal episode that ultimately may lead to MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION. | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Colitis Gravis [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Colitis, Ulcerative Inflammation of the COLON that is predominantly confined to the MUCOSA. Its major symptoms include DIARRHEA, rectal BLEEDING, the passage of MUCUS, and ABDOMINAL PAIN. | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Coinfection [description not available] | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| HIV Infections Includes the spectrum of human immunodeficiency virus infections that range from asymptomatic seropositivity, thru AIDS-related complex (ARC), to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). | 0 | 2.31 | 1 | 0 |
| Colitis, Mucous [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Colonic Inertia Symptom characterized by the passage of stool once a week or less. | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Colicky Pain [description not available] | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Constipation Infrequent or difficult evacuation of FECES. These symptoms are associated with a variety of causes, including low DIETARY FIBER intake, emotional or nervous disturbances, systemic and structural disorders, drug-induced aggravation, and infections. | 0 | 9.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Abdominal Pain Sensation of discomfort, distress, or agony in the abdominal region. | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |
| Irritable Bowel Syndrome A disorder with chronic or recurrent colonic symptoms without a clearcut etiology. This condition is characterized by chronic or recurrent ABDOMINAL PAIN, bloating, MUCUS in FECES, and an erratic disturbance of DEFECATION. | 0 | 4.62 | 1 | 1 |