acrylamide profile

Acrylamide is a chemical compound with the formula CH2CHCONH2. It is a white, odorless, crystalline solid that is soluble in water, ethanol, and ether. Acrylamide is produced industrially by the hydrolysis of acrylonitrile, and it is used in the manufacture of polyacrylamide, a polymer used in a wide range of applications, including water treatment, papermaking, and cosmetics. Acrylamide can also be formed in foods during cooking, particularly when starchy foods are cooked at high temperatures, such as frying, baking, and roasting. The formation of acrylamide in food is a complex process that is influenced by factors such as the type of food, the cooking method, and the temperature. Acrylamide is a known human carcinogen, and it has been linked to an increased risk of several types of cancer, including endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancer. It is also a neurotoxin, and it can cause damage to the nervous system. As a result, acrylamide is a subject of ongoing research, and there is a growing body of evidence about its potential health effects. Research is ongoing to understand the mechanisms of acrylamide formation in food, as well as to develop methods for reducing its formation. This includes research into alternative cooking methods, as well as the development of new food processing technologies. Studies are also ongoing to evaluate the potential health risks associated with acrylamide exposure, and to develop strategies for reducing exposure. Acrylamide research is important because it helps to inform consumers about the potential health risks of acrylamide exposure, and it can guide the development of strategies for reducing acrylamide levels in food.'

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	6579
CHEMBL ID	348107
CHEBI ID	28619
MeSH ID	M0029842

Synonym
BIDD:ER0629
nsc7785
acrylic amide
wln: zv1u1
ethylenecarboxamide
nsc-7785
akrylamid
propenamide
CHEBI:28619 ,
acrylamide monome
amide propenoic acid
2-propeneamide
ethylene carboxamide
vinyl amide
inchi=1/c3h5no/c1-2-3(4)5/h2h,1h2,(h2,4,5
prop-2-enamide
himoloc ss 200
p 300
stokopol d 2624
solvitose 433
magnafloc r 292
p 250
dow j 100
porisutoron
nsc-118185
pamid
j 100
nacolyte 673
paa 70l
taloflote
k-pam
sursolan p 5
flokonit e
american cyanamid p-250
sumirez a 17
himoloc ok 507
gelamide 250
et 597
pam-50
paa-1
reten 420
versicol w 11
superfloc 900
praestol 2800
q 41f
nsc116575
nsc-116575
ap 273
cyanamer p 250
aminogen pa
stipix ad
nsc-116573
flygtol gb
nsc118185
bio-gel p 2
nsc116573
superfloc 84
aerofloc 3453
nsc-116574
sumitex a 1
paark 123sh
percol 720
american cyanamid kpam
dow et 597
sumirez a 27
cytame 5
9003-05-8
biogel p-100
cyanamer p 35
nsc116574
AAM ,
NCGC00090736-02
NCGC00090736-01
hsdb 191
brn 0605349
rcra waste number u007
acrylic acid amide
propenoic acid, amide
un2074
propenoic acid amide
ccris 7
einecs 201-173-7
nsc 7785
acrylagel
ai3-04119
rcra waste no. u007
amid kyseliny akrylove [czech]
propeneamide
optimum
akrylamid [czech]
amresco acryl-40
C01659
acrylamide ,
79-06-1
2-propenamide
acrylamide, suitable for electrophoresis, >=99%
acrylamide, for molecular biology, >=99% (hplc)
acrylamide, for electrophoresis, >=99% (hplc), powder
NCGC00090736-03
BC269F2E-D242-48E1-87E4-E51DB86FF0A8
A1132
A0139
acrylamide monomer
BMSE000392
acrylamide [un2074] [poison]
FT-0661414
CHEMBL348107
AKOS000120965
A839565
NCGC00090736-05
NCGC00090736-04
dtxcid6027
NCGC00253932-01
tox21_300145
NCGC00259076-01
tox21_201526
dtxsid5020027 ,
cas-79-06-1
STL282727
FT-0688081
ACRYLAMIDE_RAMANATHANGURUDEEBAN
amid kyseliny akrylove
ec 201-173-7
20r035klci ,
unii-20r035klci
1hc ,
acrylamide [mart.]
acrylamide [mi]
acrylamide [iarc]
acrylamide [inci]
acylamide-
acrylamide [hsdb]
gtpl4553
acrilamida
bio gel p2
acrylarnide
bio-gel p-2
bio gel p-2
acryl amide
acryloic acid amide
un 2074
ch2chconh2
F8880-6341
mfcd00008032
acrylamide, electrophoresis grade
J-510287
J-200356
acrylamide, >=99.9%
acrylamide, for northern and southern blotting, powder blend
acrylamide, purum, >=98.0% (gc)
acrylamide, >=98.0%
acrylamide, certified reference material, tracecert(r)
acrylamide, 97%
acrylamide, saj first grade, >=98.0%
acrylamide, for electrophoresis, >=99.0% (gc)
acrylamide, analytical standard
amide propenoate
acrylamide monomer (ca. 50% in water)
acrylamide monomer, [for electrophoresis]
acrylamide, ultrapure, electrophoresis grade
acrylamide monomer [for electrophoresis]
acrylamide, vetec(tm) reagent grade, suitable for electrophoresis
acrylamide, for synthesis, 99%
BCP25183
Q342939
bdbm50226193
acrylamide 1000 microg/ml in methanol
acrylamide solution, 40%
acrylamide (ultrapure)
EN300-20803
881 - acrylamide analysis in coffee
37 - acrylamide
788 - acrylamide analysis in snacks
acrylamide (iarc)
2-propene amide
acrylamide (mart.)
rcra waste numbrt u007
usepa pesticide code: 600008
propenamide (50%)
ethylene monoclinic tablets carboxamide

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Acrylamide (AA) is a toxicant to humans, but the association between AA exposure and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains unclear. "	( Associations of acrylamide with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in American adults: a nationwide cross-sectional study. Chen, S; Liu, Z; Wang, J; Xu, C; Zhang, Y, 2021)	2.41
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a recognized toxin that is known to induce neurotoxicity in humans and experimental animals. "	( Toxic effects of subacute exposure to acrylamide on motor endplates of the gastrocnemius in rats. Bai, Y; Gu, Z; Liu, J; Luo, L; Luo, Y; Ma, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, T, 2021)	2.34
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a potential neurotoxin commonly found in the environment, as well as in food repeatedly exposed heat processing, but the mechanism underpinning ACR-induced neurotoxicity remains unclear. "	( Acrylamide induces intrinsic apoptosis and inhibits protective autophagy Cui, Y; Deng, L; Jiang, L; Xia, Q; Yin, H; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen formed during thermal food processing and can cause tumors in rodents while its carcinogenic potency in humans is unclear. "	( Acrylamide-derived DNA adducts in human peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA: Correlation with body mass. Cartus, A; Hemgesberg, M; Hemmer, S; Püttmann, M; Schrenk, D; Stegmüller, S; Stockis, JP, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide is a group 2A carcinogen and potential endocrine disruptor that can enter the ecosystem by various routes and has recently become a dangerous pollutant. "	( An eco-friendly solvent-free reaction based on peptide probes: design an extraction-free method for analysis of acrylamide under microliter volume. Li, YS; Lu, CY; Suen, JL; Tseng, WL, 2021)	2.28
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen formed during thermal food processing and can cause tumors in rodents while its carcinogenic potency in humans is unclear. "	( A Benchmark analysis of acrylamide-derived DNA adducts in rat hepatocytes in culture measured by a new, highly sensitive method. Cartus, A; Hemgesberg, M; Schrenk, D; Stegmüller, S, 2021)	2.37
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a by-product of food processing that produces neurotoxicity in humans and animals."	( Curcumin Attenuates the PERK-eIF2α Signaling to Relieve Acrylamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in SH‑SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells. Wang, N; Wu, X; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yao, J; Yuan, J, 2022)	1.69
"Acrylamide (AA) is a potential carcinogen formed during the process of food heating. "	( Mitigation effects of high methoxyl pectin on acrylamide formation in the Maillard model system. Chen, F; Liu, Y; Lu, P; Sun, G; Wang, P; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.42
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a typical environmental contaminant, presenting potential health hazards that have been attracting increasing attention. "	( The involvement of oxidative stress, neuronal lesions, neurotransmission impairment, and neuroinflammation in acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in C57/BL6 mice. Deng, L; Fan, L; Lu, X; Zhao, L; Zhao, M; Zhu, Y, 2022)	2.38
"Acrylamide (AA) is a toxin in food systems associated with neurotoxicity, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity. "	( Novel powder-XRD method for detection of acrylamide in processed foods. Anandharamakrishnan, C; Moses, JA; Paranthaman, R, 2022)	2.43
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxic agent forming in foods. "	( The effects of thymoquinone and quercetin on the toxicity of acrylamide in rat glioma cells. Kacar, S; Kutlu, HM; Sahinturk, V; Tomsuk, O, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound that exhibits neurotoxic and genotoxic effects. "	( Acrylamide Neurotoxicity as a Possible Factor Responsible for Inflammation in the Cholinergic Nervous System. Banaś-Ząbczyk, A; Kopańska, M; Kuduk, B; Łagowska, A, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide is a toxic compound that is produced widely during food processing, but whether the daily dietary consumption of acrylamide can impair the cognitive dysfunction in diabetic individuals and the potential underlying mechanisms are unknown. "	( Effect of Dietary Exposure to Acrylamide on Diabetes-Associated Cognitive Dysfunction from the Perspectives of Oxidative Damage, Neuroinflammation, and Metabolic Disorders. Chen, J; He, Z; Jiao, Y; Li, M; Quan, W; Shen, Q; Zeng, M, 2022)	2.45
"Acrylamide is a potent neurotoxin produced during industrial production or food processing at high temperatures, and its effect on glycolytic processes may be critical in triggering neurotoxicity. "	( Acrylamide causes neurotoxicity by inhibiting glycolysis and causing the accumulation of carbonyl compounds in BV2 microglial cells. Chen, C; Fan, B; Wang, F; Zhang, W, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide (AA) is an organic contaminant that naturally forms in starchy foods during high-temperature cooking under low-moisture conditions. "	( Risk assessment of the exposure of Spanish children to acrylamide using human biomonitoring. Coscollà, C; Fernández, SF; Pardo, O; Yusà, V, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide is a thermal process contaminant, which gets global attention due to its neurotoxic nature and its omnipresence in carbohydrate-rich foods. "	( Amelioration of acrylamide induced neurotoxicity by benzo[b]thiophene analogs via glutathione redox dynamics in zebrafish larvae. Arockiaraj, J; Atef Hatamleh, A; Boopathi, S; Gatasheh, MK; Gopinath, P; Guru, A; Haridevamuthu, B; Juliet, A; Manjunathan, T; Murugan, R; Ranjith Wilson Alphonse, C, 2022)	2.51
"Acrylamide is a process contaminant and neurotoxic with growing evidence of cancer in human. "	( Integrated approach towards acrylamide reduction in potato-based snacks: A critical review. Agarwal, T; Bhattacharya, B; Chakkaravarthi, S; Kumari, A; Paul, V, 2022)	2.46
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widespread environmental and dietary-derived neurotoxin, which can induce oxidative stress and associated inflammation in the brain. "	( Blueberry Anthocyanins Extract Attenuates Acrylamide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Rats. Chen, F; Dong, L; Fang, Z; Luo, Y; Ma, C, 2022)	2.43
"Acrylamide (AA) is a product of food heating process that is widely present in cooked foods and known to be toxic to humans. "	( Acrylamide in coffee: What is known and what still needs to be explored. A review. Bicchi, C; Cordero, C; Liberto, E; Rubiolo, P; Strocchi, G, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide(AA) is a compound with wide usage areas including paper, dyes, and plastics industries. "	( Borax relieved the acrylamide-induced hematotoxic, hepatotoxic, immunotoxic and genotoxic damages in rainbow trout by regulating apoptosis and Nrf2 signaling pathway. Alak, G; Atamanalp, M; Çağlar, Ö; Oner, S; Özgeriş, FB; Parlak, V; Türkez, H; Ucar, A; Yeltekin, AÇ, 2022)	2.49
"Acrylamide is a food contaminant linked to developmental toxicity in animals and possibly in humans."	( Maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Åkesson, A; Filippini, T; Halldorsson, TI; Hogervorst, J; Laguzzi, F; Leander, K; Nawrot, T; Vinceti, M; Virgolino, A, 2022)	2.58
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a toxic chemical formed in foods processed at high temperature; it is a food-borne toxicant with increasing public health attention due to its carcinogenic, neurotoxic and reproductive toxicities. "	( Silymarin abrogates acrylamide-induced oxidative stress-mediated testicular toxicity via modulation of antioxidant mechanism, DNA damage, endocrine deficit and sperm quality in rats. Alturki, HA; Elsawy, HA; Famurewa, AC, 2022)	2.49
"Acrylamide (AA) is a common food contaminant that causes glucose metabolism disorders (GMD). "	( Acrylamide induced glucose metabolism disorder in rats involves gut microbiota dysbiosis and changed bile acids metabolism. Chen, Y; Dong, Q; Guo, M; Li, D; Li, L; Shi, Y; Sun, Z; Wu, H; Yue, Z; Zhang, L, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide (AA), is a chemical with multiple industrial applications, however, it can be found in foods that are rich in carbohydrates. "	( Acrylamide-Derived Ionome, Metabolic, and Cell Cycle Alterations Are Alleviated by Ascorbic Acid in the Fission Yeast. Kolláthová, R; Kovár, M; Navrátilová, A; Požgajová, M; Trakovická, A, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide is a chemical used in various industries and a product following high-temperature cooking of vegetables containing asparagine. "	( Acrylamide inhibits long-term potentiation and learning involving microglia and pro-inflammatory signaling. Fujii, C; Izumi, Y; O'Dell, KA; Zorumski, CF, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a surprisingly common chemical due to its widespread use in industry and various other applications. "	( Ferric ions release from iron-binding protein: Interaction between acrylamide and human serum transferrin and the underlying mechanisms of their binding. He, F; Liu, R; Liu, Y; Wang, J; Yuan, D; Zong, W, 2022)	2.4
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and carcinogen that forms during the thermal processing of food, inflicting irreversible harm to human health. "	( Ratiometric Fluorescent Metal-Organic Framework Biosensor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Acrylamide. Arslan, M; Gan, Z; Hu, X; Li, Z; Shi, J; Zhang, W; Zhang, X; Zou, X, 2022)	2.39
"Acrylamide is a known neurotoxic compound for humans. "	( Acrylamide; a neurotoxin in popcorns: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Abedini, A; Akbari, N; Badeenezhad, A; Saatloo, NV; Sadighara, P; Zirak, MR, 2023)	3.8
"Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-induced food contaminant, mainly metabolized by the liver. "	( Acrylamide induces ferroptosis in HSC-T6 cells by causing antioxidant imbalance of the XCT-GSH-GPX4 signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Haiyang, Y; Hui, L; Lu, L; Yong, P; Yuan, Y; Yucai, L, 2022)	3.61
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a toxic compound commonly found in fried, baked and heat-processed starchy foods. "	( Prenatal acrylamide exposure results in time-dependent changes in liver function and basal hematological, and oxidative parameters in weaned Wistar rats. Arciszewski, MB; Czech, A; Dobrowolski, P; Donaldson, J; Hułas-Stasiak, M; Kuc, D; Mielnik-Błaszczak, M; Muszyński, S; Świetlicka, I; Tomaszewska, E; Wojtysiak, D, 2022)	2.58
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical applied in industrial and laboratory processes. "	( The effects of acrylamide-mediated dorsal root ganglion neurons injury on ferroptosis. An, S; Cao, G; Feng, M; Li, Z; Shi, J, )	1.93
"Acrylamide is a typical process contaminant and in food it is formed as a result of the Maillard reaction."	( Acrylamide in human breast milk - the current state of knowledge. Mojska, H, 2022)	2.89
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a common neurotoxicant that can induce central-peripheral neuropathy in human beings. "	( Mitochondrial dysfunction promotes the necroptosis of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum of acrylamide-exposed rats. Huang, Z; Liu, Z; Lou, J; Shan, S; Song, F; Wang, S; Yang, Y; Yong, H, 2023)	2.57
"Acrylamide is a compound that occurs with high temperature during food processing and causes oxidative damage. "	( An in vitro Approach to Protective Effect of Lactoferrin on Acrylamide-induced Oxidative Damage. Aydoğdu, G; Bodur, M; Özçelik, AÖ; Yilmaz, E, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide is a toxic substance used in industrial and laboratory processes. "	( Investigation of the effects of swimming exercises in rats given acrylamide. Çetin, H; Dönmez, AÇ; Gündüz, D, 2023)	2.59
"Acrylamide (AM) is a potent neurotoxin and carcinogen that is mainly formed by the Maillard reaction of asparagine with starch at high temperatures. "	( Involvement of LARP7 in Activation of SIRT1 to Inhibit NF-κB Signaling Protects Microglia from Acrylamide-Induced Neuroinflammation. Guo, J; Jiang, P; Meng, J; Sun, W; Xue, H; Zhao, S; Zhong, H, 2022)	2.38
"Acrylamide (AA) is a potential carcinogen that mainly comes from fried, baked and roasted foods, and Hb adducts of AA (HbAA) and its metabolite glycidamide (HbGA) are the biomarkers of its exposure. "	( Association between acrylamide exposure and sex hormones among premenopausal and postmenopausal women: NHANES, 2013-2016. Deng, X; Ma, F; Ma, Q; Wang, R, 2023)	2.68
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a common pollutant formed during food thermal processing such as frying, baking and roasting. "	( Acrylamide in food: Occurrence, metabolism, molecular toxicity mechanism and detoxification by phytochemicals. Liu, R; Lu, Q; Wang, C; Wang, L; Yan, F; Zhao, L, 2023)	3.8
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an important chemical raw material for wastewater treatment, paper industry and textile industry, which is widely exposed from occupational, environmental and dietary situation. "	( Exposure to acrylamide induces zygotic genome activation defects of mouse embryos. Ji, YM; Ju, JQ; Sun, SC; Wu, SL; Zhang, HL; Zou, YJ, 2023)	2.73
"Acrylamide is a toxic reaction product occurring in dry-heated food such as bakery products. "	( Autofocusing MALDI MS imaging of processed food exemplified by the contaminant acrylamide in German gingerbread. Römpp, A; Wittek, O, 2023)	2.58
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an amide formed as a byproduct in many heat-processed starchy-rich foods. "	( Maternal acrylamide exposure changes intestinal epithelium, immunolocalization of leptin and ghrelin and their receptors, and gut barrier in weaned offspring. Arciszewski, MB; Dobrowolski, P; Donaldson, J; Hiżewska, L; Hułas-Stasiak, M; Kapica, M; Mozel, S; Muszyński, S; Puzio, I; Rycerz, K; Tomaszewska, E, 2023)	2.77
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen commonly found in foods that are processed at high temperatures."	( Ultra-processed food consumption and exposure to acrylamide in a nationally representative sample of the US population aged 6 years and older. Buckley, JP; Martínez Steele, E; Monteiro, CA, 2023)	1.89
"Acrylamide (AA) is a compound formed spontaneously during the thermal processing of some foods that are mainly consumed by children and adolescents."	( Prepubertal oral exposure to relevant doses of acrylamide impairs the testicular antioxidant system in adulthood, increasing protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation. Mello, MFF; Oliveira, JM; Romano, MA; Romano, RM; Santos, LDD; Silva, GID; Souza, TL, 2023)	1.89
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxicant in human and experimental animals. "	( Deletion of IL-1β exacerbates acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in mice. Ekuban, FA; Fergany, A; Ichihara, G; Ichihara, S; Iwakura, Y; Kimura, Y; Suzuki, A; Zong, C, 2023)	2.64
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a heat-related carcinogen used in cooking some foods as well as in other thermal treatments. "	( Therapeutic role of boron on acrylamide-induced nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and testicular toxicity in rats: Effects on Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathway and oxidative stress. Ayhancı, A; Cengiz, M; Cengiz, O; Gür, B; Gür, F; Sarıçiçek, O, 2023)	2.64
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen with widespread exposure via food. "	( Dietary intake of acrylamide in the Norwegian EuroMix biomonitoring study: Comparing probabilistic dietary estimates with haemoglobin adduct measurements. Dirven, H; Husøy, T; Myhre, O; Törnqvist, M; Vryonidis, E, 2023)	2.69
"Acrylamide is a carcinogenic chemical contaminant formed in heat-treated foods. "	( Assessment of dietary acrylamide exposure in children attending Spanish school canteens using the duplicate diet method. Delgado-Andrade, C; González-Mulero, L; Mesías, M; Morales, FJ, 2023)	2.67
"Acrylamide is an organic compound classified as probably carcinogenic to humans because of sufficient evidence in animals but not in humans. "	( Association between dietary intake of acrylamide and increased risk of mortality in women: Evidence from the E3N prospective cohort. Elbaz, A; Frenoy, P; Laouali, N; Mancini, FR; Marques, C; Severi, G; Shah, S, 2024)	3.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-processed potent food carcinogen that is widely used in industry, posing a significant risk to human health. "	( Dual-color nanospheres based on aggregation-induced emission and catalytic hairpin assembly for simultaneous imaging of acrylamide and miR-21 in living cells. Duan, N; Li, J; Lin, X; Lv, Z; Wang, Z; Wu, J; Wu, S, 2024)	3.09
"Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-induced toxin formed during thermal processing of many commonly consumed foods, including meat products, French fries, potato crisps, bread, cereals, cookies, and coffee. "	( Protective effects of hesperidin and diosmin against acrylamide-induced liver, kidney, and brain oxidative damage in rats. Abdel-Daim, MM; AlBasher, G; Aleya, L; Alfarraj, S; Almeer, R; Bahbah, EI; Bungău, SG; Elhelaly, AE; Fouda, MMA, 2019)	2.21
"Acrylamide is a food-borne chemical with well-known neurotoxic properties. "	( Neuron-specific toxicity of chronic acrylamide exposure in C. elegans. Murray, SM; Waddell, BM; Wu, CW, )	1.85
"Acrylamide is an important bulk chemical used for producing polyacrylamide, which is widely applied in diverse fields, such as enhanced oil recovery and water treatment. "	( Advances in acrylamide bioproduction catalyzed with Rhodococcus cells harboring nitrile hydratase. Jiao, S; Li, F; Shen, Z; Yu, H, 2020)	2.38
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical that is commonly used in chemical and cosmetic manufacture. "	( Neuroprotective effects of notoginsenoside R1 by upregulating Trx-1 on acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in PC12. Hu, Y; Huang, L; Li, X; Thomas, ER; Wang, W, 2020)	2.23
"Acrylamide (AA) is a food contaminant present in a wide range of frequently consumed foods, which makes human exposure to this toxicant unfortunately unavoidable. "	( A Review on Acrylamide in Food: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Mitigation Strategies. Rifai, L; Saleh, FA, )	1.95
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a heat-induced carcinogen substance that is found in some foods due to cooking or other thermal processes. "	( Protective effects of morin against acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity: A multi-biomarker approach. Caglayan, C; Darendelioğlu, E; Dortbudak, MB; Kandemir, FM; Kucukler, S; Yıldırım, S, 2020)	2.28
"Acrylamide (AA) is a compound formed spontaneously during heat processing of some foods that are mainly consumed by children and adolescents."	( Prepubertal acrylamide exposure causes dose-response decreases in spermatic production and functionality with modulation of genes involved in the spermatogenesis in rats. Bargi-Souza, P; de Araújo Ramos, AT; de Oliveira Hykavei, G; de Oliveira Tonete, ST; de Oliveira, IM; de Oliveira, VM; Ivanski, F; Marino Romano, R; Martino-Andrade, AJ; Romano, MA; Schiessel, DL, 2020)	1.66
"Acrylamide is a toxic compound that develops during the roasting process of coffee beans. "	( Processing effects on acrylamide content in roasted coffee production. Cirillo, T; De Vivo, A; Esposito, F; Fasano, E; Sarghini, F; Velotto, S, 2020)	2.32
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen. "	( Dietary Intake of Acrylamide and Risk of Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Adani, G; Blaha, L; Filippini, T; Halldorsson, TI; Vinceti, M; Wise, LA, 2020)	2.33
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogenic and genotoxic food contaminant occurring in carbohydrate-rich foods produced at high cooking temperatures. "	( Dietary acrylamide exposure from traditional food products in Lesser Poland and associated risk assessment. Cieslik, E; Cieślik, I; Surma, M; Topolska, K, 2020)	2.44
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic organic compound that is able to bind to several biomolecules and form adducts, through nucleophilic addition and in vivo by the Maillard Reaction, interfering with the biological functions of these molecules. "	( Acrylamide-hemoglobin adduct: A spectroscopic study. Barreiro, DS; Favinha, AG; Martins, JN; O'Toole, P; Pauleta, SR, 2020)	3.44
"Acrylamide is a known neurotoxin and probable carcinogen in humans. "	( Mitigation effect of sodium alginate on acrylamide formation in fried potato chips system based on response surface methodology. Li, X; Liu, H; Yuan, Y, 2020)	2.27
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a common food contaminant with neurotoxic effects that are formed in the Maillard browning reaction during the heat processing of food. "	( Acrylamide exposure represses neuronal differentiation, induces cell apoptosis and promotes tau hyperphosphorylation in hESC-derived 3D cerebral organoids. Bu, Q; Cen, X; Chen, K; Dai, Y; Fang, X; Gao, H; Huang, Y; Li, M; Liu, Q; Xue, A; Zhong, K, 2020)	3.44
"Acrylamide (AC) is a carcinogenic substance which is formed during the heating of starchy foods at high temperatures and constitutes an important risk for human health. "	( Morin attenuates acrylamide-induced testicular toxicity in rats by regulating the NF-κB, Bax/Bcl-2 and PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. Caglayan, C; Darendelioğlu, E; Kandemir, FM; Kucukler, S, 2020)	2.34
"Acrylamide is an undesirable carcinogenic substance that is metabolically activated and formed during the coffee roasting process."	( Optimization of the roasting conditions to lower acrylamide content and improve the nutrient composition and antioxidant properties of Coffea arabica. Belay, A; Endeshaw, H, 2020)	1.53
"Acrylamide is a suspected human carcinogen formed during high-temperature cooking of starch-rich foods. "	( Mutagenicity of acrylamide and glycidamide in human TP53 knock-in (Hupki) mouse embryo fibroblasts. Arlt, VM; Duffy, V; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hölzl-Armstrong, L; Kucab, JE; Loutkotová, L; Luijten, M; Moody, S; Phillips, DH; Stratton, MR; Zwart, EP, 2020)	2.35
"Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic substance that has recently been discovered in food. "	( Effect of Microwave Heating on the Acrylamide Formation in Foods. Czarnowska-Kujawska, M; Gujska, E; Klepacka, J; Michalak, J, 2020)	2.28
"Acrylamide (AA) is a neo-formed toxic compound that develops in foods during cooking at temperatures above 120 °C. "	( Occurrence of Acrylamide in Italian Baked Products and Dietary Exposure Assessment. Cirillo, T; Esposito, F; Rea, T; Stasi, T; Velotto, S, 2020)	2.36
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogenic substance that is easily found in working environment, food, contaminated air and tobacco smoke. "	( Method Validation of Acrylamide in Dried Blood Spot by Liquid Chromatography-tandem Mass Spectrometry. Harahap, Y; S Sitepu, E; Starlin, Z, 2020)	2.32
"Acrylamide (AA) is an organic chemical widely existing in the public diet, especially in foods with high-temperature fried and baked starchy and may have various adverse health effects on organisms. "	( Effects of Quercetin on Acrylamide-Induced Variation of Serum Elements in Rats. Kai, Z; Ruijuan, W; Siqi, J; Siqi, L; Tong, G; Xia, Z; Xiujuan, Z; Youwei, X, 2021)	2.37
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a known neurotoxicant which crosses the blood-brain barrier, passes the placenta and has been detected in breast milk. "	( Acrylamide alters CREB and retinoic acid signalling pathways during differentiation of the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. Attoff, K; Caiment, F; Cediel-Ulloa, A; Forsby, A; Gliga, A; Gupta, R; Johansson, Y; Lundqvist, J, 2020)	3.44
"Acrylamide (AA) is a "probably carcinogenic to humans" monomer that can form in heated starchy food and in tobacco smoke. "	( Are AAMA and GAMA Levels in Urine after Childbirth a Suitable Marker to Assess Exposure to Acrylamide from Passive Smoking during Pregnancy?-A Pilot Study. Gielecińska, I; Jasińska-Melon, E; Mojska, H; Sawicki, W; Winiarek, J, 2020)	2.22
"Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be found it both occupational and non-occupational environments. "	( Risk of exposure to acrylamide. Bencko, V; Bušová, M; Holcátová, I; Vargová, M; Veszelits Laktičová, K, 2020)	2.32
"Acrylamide is a toxic chemical substance produced when starch-rich foods are fried at high temperatures. "	( Oral Administration of Acrylamide Worsens the Inflammatory Responses in the Airways of Asthmatic Mice Through Agitation of Oxidative Stress in the Lungs. Abdollahi, M; Athari, SM; Athari, SS; Hajimohammadi, B; Vahedi, G, 2020)	2.31
"Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen in humans. "	( Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Ishihara, J; Iwasaki, M; Kito, K; Kotemori, A; Liu, R; Sawada, N; Sobue, T; Tsugane, S; Zha, L, 2020)	2.44
"Acrylamide is a toxic compound found in occupational and non-occupational environment. "	( Occurrence of acrylamide in selected food products. Babjaková, J; Bencko, V; Bušová, M; Kromerová, K; Nadjo, I, 2020)	2.36
"Acrylamide is a well-known carcinogen and neurotoxic substance that has been discovered in frying or baking carbohydrate-rich foods and is widely found in soils and groundwater. "	( Exposure to acrylamide induces skeletal developmental toxicity in zebrafish and rat embryos. Jiao, J; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, F, 2021)	2.44
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxin with moderate acute toxicity. "	( Subchronic exposure to acrylamide caused behaviour disorders and related pathological and molecular changes in rat cerebellum. Jiao, Y; Liu, Y; Wang, N; Wang, Y; Yan, D; Yan, H; Zhang, X, 2021)	2.37
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an environmental pollutant with well-demonstrated neurotoxic and neurodegenerative effects in both humans and experimental animals. "	( Metabolomic Profiling and Neuroprotective Effects of Purslane Seeds Extract Against Acrylamide Toxicity in Rat's Brain. Abd-Elsalam, RM; Ahmed, KA; Ali, SE; Alsherbiny, MA; El Badawy, SA; Farag, OM; Li, CG; Ogaly, HA, 2021)	2.29
"Acrylamide is a chemical monomer; its polymer compounds are used in the manufacture of plastic, papers, adhesive tapes, dyes, and food packaging. "	( Acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy: manifestations, mechanisms, and potential treatment modalities. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abdel-Fattah, AM; Bin-Jumah, M; El-Seedi, HR; Saied, EM, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide (AA) is a hazardous chemical that is widely used in industrial practices. "	( Potential protective effects of Spirulina platensis on liver, kidney, and brain acrylamide toxicity in rats. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abdelnaeim, N; Abulmeaty, MMA; Al-Huqail, AA; Bin-Jumah, MN; Fouda, MMA; Kamel, M; Saadeldin, IM, 2021)	2.29
"Acrylamide is a water-soluble toxicant found in high-protein and carbohydrate-containing foods exposed to high temperature like bread as the staple foodstuff. "	( Acrylamide in bread: a review on formation, health risk assessment, and determination by analytical techniques. Arab, M; Khorshidian, N; Mollakhalili-Meybodi, N; Nematollahi, A, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide is a readily exposed toxic organic compound due to its formation in many carbohydrate rich foods that are cooked at high temperatures. "	( Acrylamide Induces Mitophagy and Alters Macrophage Phenotype via Reactive Oxygen Species Generation. Hung, CH; Kuo, CH; Liao, WT; Lin, YC; Tsai, ML; Tsai, YG, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide is a fundamental cause of accidental toxicity in humans. "	( Vitamin E and 5-amino salicylic acid ameliorates acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy by inhibiting caspase-3 and inducible nitric oxide synthase immunoexpression. Ahmad Bainmahfouz, FR; Al-Shali, RA; Ali, SS; El-Shitany, NAE, 2021)	2.32
"Acrylamide (AA), is an important contaminant formed during food processing under high temperature. "	( Mitochondrial, lysosomal and DNA damages induced by acrylamide attenuate by ellagic acid in human lymphocyte. Baghal, E; Ghobadi, H; Hashemidanesh, N; Khodaparast, F; Salimi, A; Seydi, E, 2021)	2.31
"Acrylamide (Ac) is a carbonyl compound extracted from hydrated acrylonitrile with a significantly high chemical activity. "	( Exploring the possible neuroprotective and antioxidant potency of lycopene against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats' brain. Abdel-Daim, MM; Almeer, R; Emam, MA; Farouk, SM; Gad, FA, 2021)	2.29
"Acrylamide (AA) is a common endogenous contaminant in food, with a complex toxicity mechanism. "	( Rosmarinic acid attenuates acrylamide induced apoptosis of BRL-3A cells by inhibiting oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Bo, N; Chaoyue, Y; Chunyu, X; Haiqing, Y; Haiyang, Y; Hong, Z; Minghua, W; Yan, Z; Yuan, Y, 2021)	2.36
"Acrylamide is a commonly used industrial chemical that is known to be neurotoxic to mammals. "	( Developmental and Neurotoxicity of Acrylamide to Zebrafish. Cho, JW; Chun, HS; Kim, WK; Lee, J; Lee, S; Park, JS; Samanta, P; Yoon, S, 2021)	2.34
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a widespread industrial and food contaminant that garnered considerable attention for its carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and reproductive toxic effects. "	( Portulaca oleracea seeds' extract alleviates acrylamide-induced testicular dysfunction by promoting oxidative status and steroidogenic pathway in rats. Abd-Elsalam, RM; Ahmed, KA; Alsherbiny, MA; El Badawy, SA; Farag, OM; Ogaly, HA, 2021)	2.32
"Acrylamide is a contaminant as defined in Council Regulation (EEC) No 315/93 and as such, it is considered a chemical hazard in the food chain. "	( Acrylamide in Bakery Products: A Review on Health Risks, Legal Regulations and Strategies to Reduce Its Formation. Codină, GG; Dabija, A; Sarion, C, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide (AA), which is a carcinogen in humans, has been a research focus in terms of food risk assessment. "	( Investigation on the interaction of acrylamide with soy protein isolate: Exploring the binding mechanism in vitro. Dong, H; Feng, W; Jiang, Y; Liu, Q; Liu, T; Shao, M; Shen, Y; Xu, H; Zhao, S, 2021)	2.34
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-proven neurotoxin and potential food carcinogen in humans and rodent models. "	( Analysis of silymarin-modulating effects against acrylamide-induced cerebellar damage in male rats: Biochemical and pathological markers. Abdel-Moneim, AM; Alfwuaires, M; Alzahrani, AM; El-Trass, EE; Elsawy, H; Khalil, M; Mahmoud, O; Sedky, A, 2021)	2.32
"Acrylamide (AA) is a water-soluble toxic chemical that is considered one of the most important food contaminants. "	( Restoration and stabilization of acrylamide-induced DNA, mitochondrial damages and oxidative stress by chrysin in human lymphocyte. Baghal, E; Ghobadi, H; Hashemidanesh, N; Khodaparast, F; Salimi, A; Seydi, E, 2021)	2.35
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an unsaturated monomer that served various fields; however, it is a potent neurotoxin. "	( The potential neuroprotective effect of allicin and melatonin in acrylamide-induced brain damage in rats. Edres, HA; Elfeky, MS; Lebda, MA; Taha, NM, 2021)	2.3
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a widely used environmentally hazardous compound that is known to be neurotoxic, genotoxic, carcinogenic, and reproductive toxicity. "	( Comprehensive analysis of metabolic changes in rats exposed to acrylamide. Dang, R; Geng, C; Han, W; Jiang, P; Sun, W; Wang, C; Xue, H; Zhao, S; Zhong, H, 2021)	2.3
"Acrylamide is a well characterized neurotoxicant known to cause neuropathy and encephalopathy in humans and experimental animals. "	( Nrf2 Activation Attenuates Acrylamide-Induced Neuropathy in Mice. Davuljigari, CB; Ekuban, FA; Fergany, AAM; Ichihara, G; Morikawa, K; Zong, C, 2021)	2.36
"Acrylamide (AA) is an organic compound classified as "Probably carcinogenic to humans" (Group 2 A) that can be found principally in processed carbohydrate-rich foods and tobacco smoke. "	( Exposure assessment of Spanish lactating mothers to acrylamide via human biomonitoring. Coscollà, C; F Fernández, S; Pardo, O; Yusà, V, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide is a ubiquitous toxicant in human lives, due to its formation in many food products. "	( Epididymal CYP2E1 plays a critical role in acrylamide-induced DNA damage in spermatozoa and paternally mediated embryonic resorptions†. Katen, AL; Mitchell, LA; Nixon, B; Roman, SD; Sipilä, P; Stanger, SJ, 2017)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a common food contaminant formed during food heat processing that has neurotoxic effects. "	( Acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in primary astrocytes and microglia: Roles of the Nrf2-ARE and NF-κB pathways. Chan, HM; Chen, F; Hu, X; Lewis Wang, FS; Zhao, M, 2017)	3.34
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxic industrial chemical intermediate, which is also present in food and water. "	( Epigallocatechin-3-gallate attenuates cerebral cortex damage and promotes brain regeneration in acrylamide-treated rats. He, Y; Ji, S; Mi, Y; Tan, D; Zhou, Q, 2017)	2.12
"Acrylamide is a very common compound even reaching up to our daily foods. "	( Acrylamide-derived cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, and apoptotic effects on A549 cells. Kacar, S; Kutlu, HM; Sahinturk, V; Vejselova, D, 2018)	3.37
"Acrylamide is a probable carcinogen, and from animal evidence the margins of exposure indicate a concern for neoplastic effects."	( Acrylamide in commercial foods and intake by infants in Estonia. Elias, A; Elias, T; Nelis, K; Nurk, E; Reinik, M; Roasto, M, 2017)	2.62
"Acrylamide is a well-known potentially carcinogen compound formed during thermal processing as an intermediate of Maillard reactions. "	( Dietary acrylamide: What happens during digestion. Andrés, A; Heredia, A; Peinado, I; Sansano, M, 2017)	2.33
"Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxin and carcinogen which is mainly formed in foods containing large quantities of starch processed at high temperatures and its determination is very important to control the quality of foods. "	( Intellectual modifying a bare glassy carbon electrode to fabricate a novel and ultrasensitive electrochemical biosensor: Application to determination of acrylamide in food samples. Abdi, O; Gholivand, MB; Goicoechea, HC; Jalalvand, AR; Varmira, K, 2018)	2.12
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxicant, reproductive toxicant, and carcinogen in animal species. It is used in many industries and has been found to form naturally in foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Effects of alpha lipoic acid on acrylamide-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Al-Qahtani, FA; Arafah, M; Sharma, B; Siddiqi, NJ, 2017)	2.18
"Acrylamide is a chemical compound that typically forms in starchy food products during high-temperature cooking, including frying, baking and roasting. "	( Effect of the different doses of acrylamide on acetylocholinoesterase activity, thiol groups, malondialdehyde concentrations in hypothalamus and selected muscles of mice. Czech, J; Dobrek, L; Formicki, G; Kopanska, M; Thor, P; Zagata, P, 2017)	2.18
"Acrylamide (AA) is a well-known industrial monomer with carcinogenic, mutagenic, neurotoxic and endocrine disruptive effects on living organisms. "	( Effects of subchronic acrylamide treatment on the endocrine pancreas of juvenile male Wistar rats. Marković, J; Matavulj, M; Stošić, M, 2018)	2.24
"Acrylamide (AA) is a high production volume chemical in industrial applications and widely found in baked or fried carbohydrate-rich foods. "	( Characterization of acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and cardiovascular toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Huang, M; Jiao, J; Wang, J; Xia, Z; Zhang, Y, 2018)	2.25
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a classic neurotoxin in animals and humans. "	( Acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response are alleviated by N-acetylcysteine in PC12 cells: Involvement of the crosstalk between Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways regulated by MAPKs. Pan, X; Peng, C; Rao, C; Wu, X; Yan, D; Yan, H, 2018)	3.37
"Acrylamide (AA) is a toxic substance, used to synthesize polymers for industrial and laboratory processes. "	( Subchronic exposure to acrylamide leads to pancreatic islet remodeling determined by alpha cell expansion and beta cell mass reduction in adult rats. Marković, J; Matavulj, M; Stošić, M, 2018)	2.23
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxin known to produce neurotoxicity characterized by ataxia, skeletal muscle weakness, cognitive impairment, and numbness of the extremities. "	( Learning, memory deficits, and impaired neuronal maturation attributed to acrylamide. Chang, SC; Cho, JH; Kim, AH; Kim, HS; Lee, J; Lee, JY; Lee, S; Lee, W; Lee, Y; Park, HR; Song, HM, 2018)	2.15
"Acrylamide (AA) is a ubiquitous chemical contaminant in environmental waste, mainstream cigarette smoke and carbohydrate-rich foods, and widely used in industrial manufacturers and cosmetics."	( Association of acrylamide hemoglobin biomarkers with obesity, abdominal obesity and overweight in general US population: NHANES 2003-2006. Huang, M; Jiao, J; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhuang, P, 2018)	1.56
"Acrylamide is a chemical utilized in various industries, and many studies have demonstrated its toxicity. "	( Acrylamide exerts its cytotoxicity in NIH/3T3 fibroblast cells by apoptosis. Kacar, S; Kutlu, HM; Sahinturk, V; Vejselova, D, 2018)	3.37
"Acrylamide (AA) is a toxic chemical compound found in cooked foods. "	( Cerium oxide nanoparticles protects against acrylamide induced toxicity in HepG2 cells through modulation of oxidative stress. Amani, N; Azari, A; Shaki, F; Shokrzadeh, M; Zamani, E, 2019)	2.22
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a hazardous substance associated with the accumulation of excessive reactive oxygen species and causes oxidative stress. "	( The ameliorative effects of boron against acrylamide-induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and metabolic changes in rats. Acaroz, U; Arslan, HO; Arslan-Acaroz, D; Demirel, HH; Gurler, Z; Ince, S; Kucukkurt, I; Varol, N; Zhu, K, 2018)	2.19
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical used widely in industry, which can be formed in tobacco smoke and in starchy foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Carnosic acid attenuates acrylamide-induced retinal toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Akhtar, S; Albalawi, A; Alhasani, RHA; Biswas, L; Reilly, J; Shu, X, 2018)	2.23
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen and known human neurotoxin. "	( Estimation of long-term dietary exposure to acrylamide of the Japanese people. Aoki, Y; Imaizumi, Y; Kawahara, J; Kuroda, K; Suzuki, N, 2018)	2.18
"Acrylamide is a potentially carcinogenic substance that is formed in baked products of wheat via the Maillard reaction from carbonyl sources and asparagine."	( Assessing the variation and genetic architecture of asparagine content in wheat: What can plant breeding contribute to a reduction in the acrylamide precursor? Leiser, WL; Longin, CFH; Rapp, M; Schwadorf, K; Würschum, T, 2018)	1.4
"Acrylamide is a potent carcinogen and neurotoxin formed by the Maillard reaction when l-asparagine reacts with starch at high temperature. "	( Asparaginase conjugated magnetic nanoparticles used for reducing acrylamide formation in food model system. Ahmad, R; Alam, S; Khare, SK; Mishra, P; Pranaw, K, 2018)	2.16
"Acrylamide is a toxic compound that can be produced during food processing."	( Acrylamide Defects the Expression Pattern of the Circadian Clock and Mitochondrial Dynamics in C57BL/6J Mice Liver and HepG2 Cells. Liu, X; Liu, Z; Tan, X; Wang, J; Wang, Y; Wang, Z; Zhao, T, 2018)	2.64
"Acrylamide is a potential carcinogenic molecule formed during food heat processing at high temperature (Maillard reaction). "	( Reduction of acrylamide formation in fried potato chips by Aureobasidum pullulans L1 strain. Baraldi, E; Di Francesco, A; Genovese, J; Lazzeri, L; Mari, M; Parisi, B; Ugolini, L, 2019)	2.33
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a potent neurotoxin that can be produced during high-temperature food processing, but the underlying toxicological mechanism remains unclear. "	( MAPKs and NF-κB-mediated acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rat striatum and human neuroblastoma cells SY5Y. Chen, X; Pan, X; Shi, N; Wang, D; Wu, X; Yan, D; Yan, H; Yao, J, 2019)	2.26
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chronic neurotoxin which can lead to carcinogenicity, reproduction toxicity, teratogenicity, and neurotoxicity."	( Acrylamide aggravates cognitive deficits at night period via the gut-brain axis by reprogramming the brain circadian clock. Liu, W; Liu, X; Liu, Z; Shi, X; Tan, X; Ye, J; Zhang, C; Zhao, B, 2019)	2.68
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an environmental contaminant and a well-known neurotoxin. "	( Neuroprotective effects of Ellagic acid against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Aminzadeh, A; Fatemi, I; Goudarzi, M; Kalantari, H; Mehrzadi, S; Mombeini, MA; Najafzadehvarzi, H; Nesari, A, 2019)	2.21
"Acrylamide is a chemical, often present in bread, legally classified as carcinogen, mutagen and reproductive toxicant. "	( Health risk assessment of acrylamide in bread in Iran using LC-MS/MS. Eslamizad, S; Kobarfard, F; Tabib, K; Tsatsakis, A; Tsitsimpikou, C; Yazdanpanah, H, 2019)	2.26
"Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-induced food contaminant considered as genotoxic carcinogen. "	( Biomonitoring of nutritional acrylamide intake by consumers without dietary preferences as compared to vegans. Abraham, K; Bakuradze, T; Eisenbrand, G; Goerke, K; Lampen, A; Richling, E; Ruenz, M, 2019)	2.25
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a widespread industrial chemical with recognized adverse effects not only to humans but to other organisms in the environment as well. "	( Ecotoxicological biomarkers as investigating tools to evaluate the impact of acrylamide on Theba pisana snails. El-Gendy, KS; Eshra, EH; Gad, AF; Khamis, AE; Radwan, MA, 2019)	2.19
"Acrylamide is an important industrial chemical; it also is formed in starch-rich foodstuffs during baking, frying and roasting. "	( Effects of long term oral acrylamide administration on alpha naphthyl acetate esterase and acid phosphatase activities in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of rats. Çelik, I; Özaydin, T; Öznurlu, Y; Sur, E; Yener, Y, 2019)	2.26
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound, that forms in starchy food products during cooking at high-temperatures, including frying, baking, and roasting. "	( Acrylamide toxicity and cholinergic nervous system. Batoryna, M; Czech, J; Formicki, G; Kopanska, M; Muchacka, R, 2018)	3.37
"Acrylamide (AA) analysis is an important topic in food safety. "	( A highly sensitive determination method for acrylamide in beverages, grains, and confectioneries by supercritical fluid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Bamba, T; Izumi, Y; Miyamoto, Y; Nagatomi, Y; Suzuki, K; Yoshioka, T, 2019)	2.22
"Acrylamide (AA) is a food process contaminant with carcinogenic and genotoxic properties that is formed in thermally treated foods, especially carbohydrate-rich. "	( Estimation of acrylamide exposure in Italian schoolchildren consuming a canteen menu: health concern in three age groups. Altissimi, MS; Branciari, R; Haouet, NM; Mercuri, ML; Ranucci, D; Roila, R, 2020)	2.36
"Acrylamide (AA) is a common heat-generated toxicant in some food. "	( Allicin alleviates acrylamide-induced oxidative stress in BRL-3A cells. Hong, Y; Nan, B; Wu, X; Yan, H; Yuan, Y, 2019)	2.29
"Acrylamide is a contaminant that can form in certain plant-based foods during high-temperature cooking. "	( Acrylamide levels and dietary exposure from foods in the United States, an update based on 2011-2015 data. Abt, E; Adachi, Y; Chirtel, S; DiNovi, M; McGrath, S; Robin, LP; Srinivasan, J, 2019)	3.4
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen formed during cooking of starchy foods. "	( Acrylamide hemoglobin adduct levels and ovarian cancer risk: a nested case-control study. Poole, EM; Rosner, BA; Terry, KL; Tworoger, SS; Vesper, HW; Willett, WC; Wilson, KM; Xie, J, 2013)	3.28
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an electrophilic unsaturated carbonyl derivative that produces neurotoxicity by forming irreversible Michael-type adducts with nucleophilic sulfhydryl thiolate groups on cysteine residues of neuronal proteins. "	( Protein targets of acrylamide adduct formation in cultured rat dopaminergic cells. Barber, DS; Fang, B; Feswick, A; Gavin, T; Koomen, JM; Lopachin, RM; Martyniuk, CJ, 2013)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen found in several foods. "	( Relation between dietary acrylamide exposure and biomarkers of internal dose in Canadian teenagers. Ayotte, P; Bienvenu, JF; Blanchet, C; Bonvalot, Y; Bouchard, M; Brisson, B; Courteau, M; Fennell, TR; Gagné, M; Gaudreau, É; Lapointe, C; Normandin, L; Phaneuf, D; Snyder, RW, )	1.88
"Acrylamide is a synthetic chemical compound commonly used in many branches of industry. "	( [Toxicity of acrylamide and its metabolite - glicydamide]. Bukowska, B; Michałowicz, J; Pingot, D; Pyrzanowski, K, 2013)	2.2
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble chemical used in different industrial and laboratory processes. "	( Neurotoxicity of acrylamide in exposed workers. Malaguarnera, G; Malaguarnera, M; Pennisi, M; Puglisi, V; Vacante, M; Vinciguerra, L, 2013)	2.17
"Acrylamide is an industrial chemical which has toxic effects on reproduction. "	( Maternal acrylamide treatment reduces ovarian follicle number in newborn guinea pig offspring. Dobrowolski, P; Hułas-Stasiak, M; Kostro, K; Tomaszewska, E, 2013)	2.25
"Acrylamide is an amide used in several industrial applications making it easily discharged to aquatic ecosystems. "	( Histopathological findings on Carassius auratus hepatopancreas upon exposure to acrylamide: correlation with genotoxicity and metabolic alterations. Baptista, PV; Costa, MH; Costa, PM; Diniz, MS; Larguinho, M; Sousa, G, 2014)	2.07
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxin and potential carcinogen, but is found in various thermally processed foods such as potato chips, biscuits, and coffee. "	( Detection of acrylamide in potato chips using a fluorescent sensing method based on acrylamide polymerization-induced distance increase between quantum dots. Fu, Y; Hu, Q; Li, Y; Li, Z; Wang, J; Xu, X; Zhang, Y, 2014)	2.21
"Acrylamide is a neurological and reproductive toxicant in humans and laboratory animals; however, the neuron developmental toxicity of acrylamide remains unclear. "	( Cytotoxic effects of acrylamide in nerve growth factor or fibroblast growth factor 1-induced neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells. Chen, JH; Chiu, IM; Lee, DC, 2014)	2.16
"Acrylamide is a possible carcinogen and known to form in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. "	( Effects of formulation, extrusion cooking conditions, and CO₂ injection on the formation of acrylamide in corn extrudates. Gokmen, V; Koksel, H; Masatcioglu, MT; Ng, PK, 2014)	2.07
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known industrial toxic chemical that produces neurotoxicity, which is characterized by progressive central and peripheral neuronal degeneration. "	( Chrysin reduced acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo assessments. Hassani, FV; Hosseinzadeh, H; Karami, HV; Mehri, S, 2014)	2.19
"Acrylamide is a processing contaminant in food formed during cooking at high temperature, such as frying and baking. "	( Dietary exposure of Hong Kong adults to acrylamide: results of the first Hong Kong Total Diet Study. Chung, SW; Ho, YY; Lam, CH; Wong, WW; Xiao, Y, 2014)	2.11
"Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen found in carbohydrate-rich foods that have been heated to high temperatures. "	( Risks of dietary acrylamide exposure: a systematic review. Moreira, JD; Riboldi, BP; Vinhas, ÁM, 2014)	2.18
"Acrylamide is a hazardous substance having irritant and toxic properties as well as carcinogen, mutagen, and impaired fertility possible effects. "	( Occurrence and fate of acrylamide in water-recycling systems and sludge in aggregate industries. Gonzalez, C; Junqua, G; Spinelli, S, 2015)	2.17
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble monomer which has broad application in different industries and also can form in food during heating process. "	( Linalool as a neuroprotective agent against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in Wistar rats. Hosseinzadeh, H; Mehri, S; Meshki, MA, 2015)	2.12
"Acrylamide is a by-product of the common Maillard reaction where reducing sugars (i.e., fructose and glucose) react with the amino acid, asparagine."	( Dietary acrylamide and human cancer: a systematic review of literature. Barnes, S; Groopman, J; Nagy, TR; Virk-Baker, MK, 2014)	1.56
"Acrylamide is an antinutritional substance present in foods, such as bread, snacks, and chips."	( Chickpeas—composition, nutritional value, health benefits, application to bread and snacks: a review. Budryn, G; Nebesny, E; Rachwa-Rosiak, D, 2015)	1.14
"Acrylamide is a toxic ingredient generated as a by-product of the Maillard reaction in starchy foods processed at temperatures above 120°C. "	( The red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum allows for the convenient determination of fitness and survival as a measure of toxic effects of the food contaminant acrylamide. Boll, M; Grünwald, S; Gurmai, AM; Schuierer, K; Wenzel, U, 2014)	2.04
"Acrylamide (AA) is a heat-generated food toxicant formed when starchy foods are fried or baked. "	( Determination of acrylamide and glycidamide in various biological matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Choi, JH; Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, KB; Kim, TH; Seo, WS; Shin, BS; Shin, JC; Shin, S; Weon, KY, 2015)	2.2
"Acrylamide (AA) is a compound classified as carcinogenic to humans by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. "	( Acrylamide analysis in food by liquid chromatographic and gas chromatographic methods. Aboul-Enein, HY; Elbashir, AA; Ibrahim, WA; Omar, MM; Schmitz, OJ, 2014)	3.29
"Acrylamide (AA) is a contaminant in heated foods and is carcinogenic in multiple organs of rodents. "	( Acrylamide induces specific DNA adduct formation and gene mutations in a carcinogenic target site, the mouse lung. Ishii, Y; Kijima, A; Kodama, Y; Kuroda, K; Matsushita, K; Nishikawa, A; Takasu, S; Umemura, T; Yokoo, Y, 2015)	3.3
"Acrylamide is a well-known potent carcinogen and neurotoxin that, until now, has not been sufficiently investigated with regard to its effects on lipid metabolism. "	( Modified Lipoproteins by Acrylamide Showed More Atherogenic Properties and Exposure of Acrylamide Induces Acute Hyperlipidemia and Fatty Liver Changes in Zebrafish. Baek, JM; Cho, KH; Choi, I; Kim, J; Kim, JY; Kim, SM; Lim, SM, 2015)	2.16
"Acrylamide is an important chemical with widespread industrial and other uses in addition to generalized population exposure from certain cooked foods. "	( Two-year carcinogenicity study of acrylamide in Wistar Han rats with in utero exposure. Hansen, B; Maronpot, RR; Thoolen, RJ, 2015)	2.14
"Acrylamide is a hazardous substance inducing oxidative stress. "	( Trigonella foenum-graecum ameliorates acrylamide-induced toxicity in rats: Roles of oxidative stress, proinflammatory cytokines, and DNA damage. Abd Eldaim, MA; Abdel-Daim, MM; Hassan, AG, 2015)	2.13
"Acrylamide (AA) is a potential carcinogen which widely exists in heat-processed foods. "	( The kinetics of the inhibition of acrylamide by glycine in potato model systems. Chen, F; Hu, X; Wang, F; Wang, P; Zhao, M; Zhu, Y, 2016)	2.16
"Acrylamide is a byproduct of the Maillard reaction and is formed in a variety of heat-treated commercial starchy foods. "	( Application of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia Michx.) pomace extract to reduce carcinogenic acrylamide. Li, Z; Lu, J; Marshall, MR; Marshall, S; Simonne, A; Xu, C; Yagiz, Y, 2015)	2.08
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known neurotoxicant and carcinogenic agent which poses a greater risk for human and animal health."	( The effect of lipoic acid on acrylamide-induced neuropathy in rats with reference to biochemical, hematological, and behavioral alterations. Gad, SB; Lebda, MA; Rashed, RR, 2015)	2.15
"Acrylamide is a common chemical found in heated starchy foods especially potato products. "	( Influence of acrylamide on the gastric mucosa of adult albino rats and the possible protective role of rosemary. El-Mehi, AE; El-Sherif, NM, 2015)	2.23
"Acrylamide is a toxin that humans are readily exposed to due to its formation in many carbohydrate rich foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( The genetic consequences of paternal acrylamide exposure and potential for amelioration. Katen, AL; Roman, SD, 2015)	2.13
"Acrylamide (AA) is a known lethal neurotoxin and carcinogen. "	( Simultaneous determination of acrylamide, asparagine and glucose in food using short chain methyl imidazolium ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted extraction coupled with analyte focusing by ionic liquid micelle collapse capillary electrophoresis. Abd El-Hady, D; Albishri, HM, 2015)	2.15
"Acrylamide is an industrial chemical that has attracted considerable attention due to its presumed carcinogenic, neurotoxic, and cytotoxic effects. "	( Acrylamide toxic effects on mouse oocyte quality and fertility in vivo. Chen, KL; Duan, X; Liu, J; Sun, SC; Wang, QC; Zhu, CC, 2015)	3.3
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a widely used industrial chemical. "	( Phytoremediation potential of Arabidopsis with reference to acrylamide and microarray analysis of acrylamide-response genes. Gao, JJ; Peng, RH; Sun, M; Wang, B; Wang, LJ; Xu, J; Yao, QH; Zhu, B, 2015)	2.1
"Acrylamide is an industrial chemical used to manufacture polymers, and is produced in foods during cooking at high heat. "	( Dosimetry of Acrylamide and Glycidamide Over the Lifespan in a 2-Year Bioassay of Acrylamide in Wistar Han Rats. Fennell, TR; Friedman, M; Hansen, B; Snyder, R, 2015)	2.23
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical compound with severe neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity. "	( Effect of Acrylamide on Oocyte Nuclear Maturation and Cumulus Cells Apoptosis in Mouse In Vitro. An, L; Jiang, L; Kong, F; Kong, S; Liu, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, L; Zheng, R; Zhong, T, 2015)	2.26
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an industrial pollutant, to which humans are exposed through chemicals associated with day to day human life and contributes to neurological disorders. "	( Farnesol quells oxidative stress, reactive gliosis and inflammation during acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity: Behavioral and biochemical evidence. Anupriya, K; Pabitha, R; Santhanasabapathy, R; Sudhandiran, G; Vasudevan, S, 2015)	2.09
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a vinyl monomer with established human neurotoxic effects, which is characterized by the accumulation of neurofilaments (NFs) in the distal swellings of large axons in peripheral and central nervous systems. "	( Neuroprotective Effect of Calpeptin on Acrylamide-Induced Neuropathy in Rats. E, M; Li, G; Wang, S; Wei, X; Yan, F; Yang, X; Yu, S; Zhang, C; Zhang, F, 2015)	2.13
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, and its presence in a range of fried and oven-cooked foods has raised considerable health concern world-wide. "	( Possible causes of variation in acrylamide concentration in French fries prepared in food service establishments: an observational study. Bakker, EJ; Jinap, S; Luning, PA; Sanny, M; van Boekel, MA, 2012)	2.11
"Acrylamide is a potentially toxic and carcinogenic substance present in many high-consumption foods. "	( Direct determination of acrylamide in potato chips by using headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-flame ionization detection. Ghiasvand, AR; Hajipour, S, 2016)	2.18
"Acrylamide is a monomer widely used as an intermediate in the production of organic chemicals, e.g. "	( Assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays. Bošnir, J; Cvetković, Ž; Šikić, S; Vidaković-Cifrek, Ž; Zovko, M, 2015)	2.22
"Acrylamide is a small electrophilic olefin that readily undergoes phospha-Michael addition with an alkyl phosphine."	( Phospha-Michael Addition as a New Click Reaction for Protein Functionalization. Kurra, Y; Lee, YJ; Liu, WR, 2016)	1.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a process-contaminant that potentially increases the risk of developing cancer in humans. "	( Burden of disease of dietary exposure to acrylamide in Denmark. Granby, K; Jakobsen, LS; Knudsen, VK; Nauta, M; Pires, SM; Poulsen, M, 2016)	2.14
"Acrylamide is a contaminant formed in a wide variety of carbohydrate-containing foods during frying or baking at high temperatures. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake during pregnancy and anthropometry at birth in the French EDEN mother-child cohort study. Botton, J; Charles, MA; Forhan, A; Heude, B; Kadawathagedara, M; Sirot, V; Tong, ACH, 2016)	2.31
"Acrylamide is a well-known neurotoxic compound and people get exposed to the compound by food consumption and environmental pollutants. "	( Acrylamide affects proliferation and differentiation of the neural progenitor cell line C17.2 and the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y. Attoff, K; Forsby, A; Kertika, D; Lundqvist, J; Oredsson, S, 2016)	3.32
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a potent toxin that affects the human nervous system. "	( Mitochondrion-Mediated Apoptosis Induced by Acrylamide is Regulated by a Balance Between Nrf2 Antioxidant and MAPK Signaling Pathways in PC12 Cells. Lu, Q; Pan, X; Wang, D; Wu, X; Yan, D; Yan, H; Zhao, W, 2017)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a well-known neurotoxic compound in humans and experimental animals. "	( Endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated neuronal apoptosis by acrylamide exposure. Komoike, Y; Matsuoka, M, 2016)	2.12
"Acrylamide is a "probably human carcinogen" monomer that can form in heated starchy food as a result of a reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars via Maillard reaction. "	( Acrylamide content in cigarette mainstream smoke and estimation of exposure to acrylamide from tobacco smoke in Poland. Cendrowski, A; Gielecińska, I; Mojska, H, 2016)	3.32
"Acrylamide is a carcinogenic and neurotoxic process contaminant that is generated from food components during heat treatment, while it is absent in raw foodstuffs. "	( Determination of acrylamide in dried fruits and edible seeds using QuEChERS extraction and LC separation with MS detection. Antonelli, A; Barbanera, M; De Paola, EL; Garbini, D; Masino, F; Montevecchi, G, 2017)	2.24
"Acrylamide (AA), is a common food contaminant generated by heat processing. "	( Effect of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in a primary astrocytes/microglial co-culture model. Chan, HM; Chen, F; Hu, XS; Wang, FSL; Zhao, M, 2017)	2.3
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical intermediate utilized in industry. "	( Effect of epigallocatechin-3-gallate on acrylamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in PC12 cells. Bai, B; He, Y; Ji, S; Jiang, D; Mi, Y; Tan, D; Zhou, X, 2017)	2.17
"Acrylamide (AA) is a highly reactive organic compound capable of polymerization to form polyacrylamide, which is commonly used throughout a variety of industries. "	( Acrylamide: a common food toxin related to physiological functions and health. Formicki, G; Goc, Z; Martiniaková, M; Omelka, R; Semla, M, 2017)	3.34
"Acrylamide (AA) is a common chemical, produced during food processing and widely used in various industries and laboratory processes. "	( Evidence of acrylamide- and glycidamide-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in Leydig and Sertoli cells. Aydin, Y; Erkan, M; Yildizbayrak, N; Yilmaz, BO, 2017)	2.28
"Acrylamide is a substance that can be neurotoxic in humans and experimental animals. "	( Protective effect of carnosic acid against acrylamide-induced toxicity in RPE cells. Albalawi, A; Alhasani, RHA; Biswas, L; Reilly, J; Shu, X, 2017)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogenic and genotoxic food contaminant produced at high temperatures in foods that are rich in carbohydrates. "	( Dietary exposure to acrylamide from cafeteria foods in Jeddah schools and associated risk assessment. Al-Ansari, AM; Alrasheedi, AA; El Tawila, MM; Neamatallah, AA, 2017)	2.22
"Acrylamide is a toxic substance that induces a variety of cellular responses including neurotoxicity, male reproductive toxicity, tumorigenicity, clastogenicity, and DNA alkylation. "	( Inhibition of rat testicular nuclear kinesins (krp2; KIFC5A) by acrylamide as a basis for establishing a genotoxicity threshold. Friedman, MA; Marroni, DE; Sickles, DW; Zeiger, E, 2008)	2.03
"Acrylamide is an industrial chemical used in polymer manufacture. "	( Investigation of the low-dose response in the in vivo induction of micronuclei and adducts by acrylamide. Fennell, TR; Friedman, M; Haseman, JK; Recio, L; Snyder, RW; Zeiger, E, 2009)	2.01
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that was detected in several heat-treated foods, such as French fries and crisps, in 2002. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake is not associated with gastrointestinal cancer risk. Goldbohm, RA; Hogervorst, JG; Konings, EJ; Schouten, LJ; van den Brandt, PA, 2008)	2.22
"Acrylamide (AA) is a known mutagen and animal carcinogen. "	( Effect of dose volume on the toxicokinetics of acrylamide and its metabolites and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Bai, R; Burka, LT; Ghanayem, BI, 2009)	2.05
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that causes cancer at multiple sites in animal models. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort of men. Akesson, A; Bergkvist, L; Larsson, SC; Wolk, A, 2009)	2.23
"Acrylamide is a reactive neurotoxin with a high intestinal bioavailability. "	( Uptake of S-(3-amino-3-oxopropyl)-cysteine by Caco-2 cells. Schabacker, J; Schwend, T; Wetterauer, B; Wink, M, )	1.57
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, which is present in several heat-treated foods. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake and brain cancer risk. Goldbohm, RA; Hogervorst, JG; Konings, EJ; Schouten, LJ; van den Brandt, PA, 2009)	2.23
"Acrylamide (AA) is a suspected human carcinogen found to be generated during the heating of carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs. "	( Cytotoxicity and chromosomal aberrations induced by acrylamide in V79 cells: role of glutathione modulators. Fernandes, AS; Gaspar, JF; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J; Vaz, S, 2009)	2.05
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that is present in several heat-treated foods. "	( Lung cancer risk in relation to dietary acrylamide intake. Goldbohm, RA; Hogervorst, JG; Konings, EJ; Schouten, LJ; van den Brandt, PA, 2009)	2.06
"Acrylamide is a chemical known to produce neurotoxicity in animals, as well as in humans. "	( Acrylamide decreased dopamine levels and increased 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) levels in PC 12 cells. Ali, S; Duhart, H; Lyn-Cook, BD; Newport, G; Tareke, E, 2009)	3.24
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that can be formed in foods prepared at high temperatures. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake and prostate cancer risk in a prospective cohort of Swedish men. Akesson, A; Larsson, SC; Wolk, A, 2009)	2.23
"Acrylamide is an alpha,beta-unsaturated vinyl monomer that causes cytotoxicity due to its alkylating properties. "	( Alkylation of adenosine deaminase and thioredoxin by acrylamide in human cell cultures. Möller, M; Ruppert, T; Schabacker, J; Schwend, T; Wink, M, )	1.82
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that is neurotoxic to both humans and animals. "	( Acrylamide formed at physiological temperature as a result of asparagine oxidation. Ali, S; Gamboa da Costa, G; Heinze, TM; Tareke, E, 2009)	3.24
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a relatively potent neurotoxicant. "	( Effects of chronic oral acrylamide exposure on incremental repeated acquisition (learning) task performance in Fischer 344 rats. Garey, J; Paule, MG, )	1.88
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known neurotoxin in mammalian species that causes neuropathy characterized by ataxia and skeletal muscle weakness. "	( Acrylamide induces cell death in neural progenitor cells and impairs hippocampal neurogenesis. Kang, TS; Kim, HS; Kim, MS; Kim, SH; Kim, SJ; Kong, KH; Kwack, SJ; Lee, J; Park, HR; Park, M, 2010)	3.25
"Acrylamide (AA) is an industrial chemical, a by-product of fried starchy foods, and a mutagen and rodent carcinogen. "	( Mutagenicity of acrylamide and glycidamide in the testes of big blue mice. Doerge, DR; Manjanatha, MG; McDaniel, LP; Mei, N; Shelton, SD; Wang, RS, 2010)	2.15
"Acrylamide is a chemical found in starchy foods that have been cooked at high temperatures. "	( Determination of acrylamide level in popular Iranian brands of potato and corn products. Boroushaki, MT; Kazemi, A; Nikkhah, E; Oskooei, M; Raters, M, 2010)	2.14
"Acrylamide is a potential carcinogen formed during frying of potato products."	( Compositions of phenolic compounds, amino acids and reducing sugars in commercial potato varieties and their effects on acrylamide formation. Cai, YZ; Corke, H; Ke, J; Zhu, F, 2010)	1.29
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen formed during cooking of many common foods. "	( A prospective study on dietary acrylamide intake and the risk for breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers. Mucci, LA; Rosner, BA; Willett, WC; Wilson, KM, 2010)	2.09
"Acrylamide is a chemically reactive substance used in various industries. "	( The effects of acrylamide on sperm parameters and membrane integrity of epididymal spermatozoa in mice. Amini-Rad, O; Anvari, M; Ghahramani, R; Kermani-Alghoraishi, M; Miresmaili, SM; Talebi, AR, 2010)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen that is formed in heat-treated carbohydrate-rich foods. "	( Dietary determinants for Hb-acrylamide and Hb-glycidamide adducts in Danish non-smoking women. Christensen, J; Dragsted, L; Egeberg, R; Frandsen, H; Olesen, PT; Olsen, A; Outzen, M; Overvad, K; Tjønneland, A, 2011)	2.11
"Acrylamide is a toxic water-soluble highly-reactive substance of anthropogenic origin. "	( Acrylamide in biological materials and methods of the analytical determination. Cajdova, J; Dostal, A; Hudeckova, H, 2011)	3.25
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen that is found in many roasted and baked foods. "	( Acrylamide formation in almonds (Prunus dulcis): influences of roasting time and temperature, precursors, varietal selection, and storage. Huang, G; Mitchell, AE; Seiber, J; Xiao, L; Zhang, G, 2011)	3.25
"Acrylamide is a chemical product formed when frying, roasting, grilling or baking carbohydrate-rich foods at temperatures above 120 degrees C."	( Protective effects of selenium on acrylamide toxicity in the liver of the rat. Effects on the oxidative stress. Cuciureanu, M; Cuciureanu, R; Filip, C; Teodor, V; Zamosteanu, N, )	1.13
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a potent neurotoxic in human and animal models. "	( Neuroprotective effect of crocin on acrylamide-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. Abnous, K; Hosseinzadeh, H; Mehri, S; Mousavi, SH; Shariaty, VM, 2012)	2.1
"Acrylamide is a type-2 alkene monomer with established human neurotoxic effects. "	( Neurobehavioral and transcriptional effects of acrylamide in juvenile rats. Agarwal, AK; El-Alfy, AT; Feng, Q; Seale, SM, 2012)	2.08
"Acrylamide is a heat-induced carcinogen compound that is found in some foods consequently to cooking or other thermal processes. "	( Dietary acrylamide exposure of the French population: results of the second French Total Diet Study. Hommet, F; Leblanc, JC; Sirot, V; Tard, A, 2012)	2.26
"Acrylamide is a high-volume industrial chemical, a component of cigarette smoke, and a product formed in certain foods prepared at high temperatures. "	( Tumorigenicity of acrylamide and its metabolite glycidamide in the neonatal mouse bioassay. Beland, FA; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Koturbash, I; Matilde Marques, M; Pogribny, IP; Von Tungeln, LS; Witt, WM, 2012)	2.16
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxic, genotoxic substance present in many commonly consumed food products and has been shown to have carcinogenic effects in rodents. "	( Potato fiber protects the small intestinal wall against the toxic influence of acrylamide. Dobrowolski, P; Eriksson, S; Gawron, A; Huet, P; Karlsson, P; Pierzynowski, SG; Tomaszewska, E, 2012)	2.05
"Acrylamide (AA) is a reactive monomer used in many technological applications, but it is the incidental formation during cooking of common starchy foods that leads to pervasive human exposure, typically in the range of 1 μg/kg body weight (bw)/day (d). "	( Effects of acrylamide exposure on serum hormones, gene expression, cell proliferation, and histopathology in male reproductive tissues of Fischer 344 rats. Bowyer, JF; Camacho, L; Doerge, DR; Latendresse, JR; Muskhelishvili, L; Patton, R; Thomas, M, 2012)	2.21
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, with industrial contact, tobacco smoking and foods processed at high temperatures as the main routes of exposure. "	( Pre-diagnostic acrylamide exposure and survival after breast cancer among postmenopausal Danish women. Christensen, J; Frandsen, H; Halkjær, J; Olesen, PT; Olsen, A; Outzen, M; Overvad, K, 2012)	2.17
"Acrylamide (AA) is an industrial chemical that has been extensively investigated for central nervous system (CNS), reproductive, and genetic toxicity. "	( Expression analysis of hepatic mitochondria-related genes in mice exposed to acrylamide and glycidamide. Aidoo, A; Ali, AA; Branham, WS; Desai, VG; Fuscoe, JC; Lee, T; Manjanatha, MG; Moland, CL, 2012)	2.05
"Acrylamide is a reproductive toxicant that has been detected in foods such as potato chips and breads. "	( Chronic exposure to acrylamide induces DNA damage in male germ cells of mice. Nixon, B; Nixon, BJ; Roman, SD; Stanger, SJ, 2012)	2.15
"Acrylamide is a monomer that can form in heated starchy food as a result of Maillard reaction. "	( Determination of acrylamide level in commercial baby foods and an assessment of infant dietary exposure. Gielecińska, I; Mojska, H; Stoś, K, 2012)	2.16
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial toxic chemical that produce neurotoxicity characterized by progressive neuronal degeneration. "	( Ameliorating effect of fish oil on acrylamide induced oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in cerebral cortex. Anjum, S; Gopinath, K; Jayanthy, G; Lakshmi, D; Prakash, D; Sudhandiran, G, 2012)	2.1
"Acrylamide (AA) is known to be a neurotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic compound. "	( Protective effect of allicin against acrylamide-induced hepatocyte damage in vitro and in vivo. Miao, Y; Wu, S; Ye, H; Yuan, Y; Zhang, H; Zhang, L, 2012)	2.09
"Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen formed in carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs upon heating. "	( Genetic polymorphisms in detoxification and DNA repair genes and susceptibility to glycidamide-induced DNA damage. de Lima, JP; Fernandes, AS; Gaspar, JF; Martins, C; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2012)	1.82
"Acrylamide is a component of roasted coffee and certain baked and fried carbohydrate-rich foods prepared at high temperatures. "	( Carcinogenicity of acrylamide in B6C3F(1) mice and F344/N rats from a 2-year drinking water exposure. Beland, FA; Doerge, DR; Marques, MM; Mellick, PW; Mendoza, MC; Olson, GR, 2013)	2.16
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble, vinyl monomer that has multiple chemical and industrial applications. "	( Prophylaxis with Bacopa monnieri attenuates acrylamide induced neurotoxicity and oxidative damage via elevated antioxidant function. Bharath, MM; Raghunath, N; Shinomol, GK, 2013)	2.09
"Acrylamide is a common dietary exposure that crosses the human placenta. "	( Birth weight, head circumference, and prenatal exposure to acrylamide from maternal diet: the European prospective mother-child study (NewGeneris). Agramunt, S; Alexander, J; Botsivali, M; Brunborg, G; Chatzi, L; Fleming, S; Fthenou, E; Granum, B; Gutzkow, KB; Hardie, LJ; Kleinjans, JC; Knudsen, LE; Kogevinas, M; Kyrtopoulos, SA; Mendez, MA; Merlo, DF; Nielsen, JK; Pedersen, M; Rydberg, P; Segerbäck, D; Sunyer, J; Törnqvist, M; von Stedingk, H; Wright, J, 2012)	2.06
"Acrylamide is a chemical compound present in tobacco smoke and food, classified as a probable human carcinogen and a known human neurotoxin. "	( Challenges in estimating the validity of dietary acrylamide measurements. Ardanaz, E; Boutron-Ruault, MC; Bueno-de-Mesquita, B; Clavel-Chapelon, F; Crowe, F; Duell, EJ; Engeset, D; Ericson, U; Etxezarreta, PA; Ferrari, P; Freisling, H; Gallo, V; Grioni, S; Hallmans, G; Huerta, JM; Johansson, I; Kaaks, R; Katsoulis, M; Khaw, KT; Knüppel, S; Lujan-Barroso, L; Mattiello, A; Nailler, L; Nicolas, G; Norat, T; Ocke, M; Olsen, A; Orfanos, P; Overvad, K; Palli, D; Peeters, PH; Polidoro, S; Quirós, JR; Riboli, E; Sánchez, MJ; Slimani, N; Tjønneland, A; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Wareham, NJ; Wirfält, E, 2013)	2.09
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical used in many industries around the world and was found to form naturally in foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Acrylamide-treatment and responses to phenylephrine and potassium in rat aorta. Belviranlı, M; Esen, H; Nurullahoğlu-Atalık, E; Okudan, N; Oznurlu, Y; Yener, Y, 2012)	3.26
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a chemical used in many industries around the world and more recently was found to be formed naturally in foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Responses of acrylamide-treated rat bladders. Belviranli, M; Celik, I; Esen, H; Nurullahoglu-Atalik, E; Okudan, N; Yener, Y, 2013)	2.2
"Acrylamide is an organic chemical which occurs in foods widespreadly consumed in diets worldwide. "	( The dietary acrylamide intake adversely affects the serum trace element status. Yener, Y; Yerlikaya, FH, 2013)	2.21
"Acrylamide is a proved toxin for testicular function, found in food when heated for long period of time. "	( Camellia sinensis (green tea) extract attenuate acrylamide induced testicular damage in albino rats. George, SM; Moneim, EM; Refaiy, Ael R; Yassa, HA, 2014)	2.1
"Acrylamide (AA) is a probable human carcinogen generated in carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs upon heating. "	( Induction of sister chromatid exchange by acrylamide and glycidamide in human lymphocytes: role of polymorphisms in detoxification and DNA-repair genes in the genotoxicity of glycidamide. de Lima, JP; Fernandes, AS; Gaspar, JF; Gomes, BC; Labilloy, A; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2013)	2.1
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxicant and a multisite carcinogen in rats following chronic, high-dose exposures. "	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. Andersen, ME; Deskin, R; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Tonner-Navarro, L, 2003)	2.01
"Acrylamide (AA) is a high production volume chemical with many industrial uses; however, recent findings of ppm levels in starchy foods cooked at high temperature have refocused worldwide attention on the neurotoxicity, germ cell mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity of AA. "	( DNA adduct formation from acrylamide via conversion to glycidamide in adult and neonatal mice. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hamilton, LP; Marques, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2003)	2.06
"Acrylamide (AA) is a well-studied industrial toxicant; however, recent findings of AA at ppm levels in cooked starchy foods have refocused attention on the potential for neurotoxicity, germ cell mutagenicity, and carcinogenicity from AA. "	( Determination of acrylamide and glycidamide serum toxicokinetics in B6C3F1 mice using LC-ES/MS/MS. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2004)	2.11
"Acrylamide (AC) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical that has been recently found in carbohydrate-rich foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( The immunosuppressant FK506 elicits a neuronal heat shock response and protects against acrylamide neuropathy. Gold, BG; Gordon, H; Voda, J; Yu, X, 2004)	1.99
"Acrylamide (AA) is an important industrial chemical used mainly in the production of polymers. "	( Heritable translocations induced by dermal exposure of male mice to acrylamide. Adler, ID; Gonda, H; Hrabé de Angelis, M; Jentsch, I; Otten, IS; Speicher, MR, 2004)	2
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a water-soluble, vinyl monomer that has multiple chemical and industrial applications: e.g., waste water management, ore processing. "	( The changing view of acrylamide neurotoxicity. LoPachin, RM, 2004)	2.09
"Acrylamide (AA) is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic contaminant that is formed during the cooking of starchy foods. "	( Autoclave sterilization produces acrylamide in rodent diets: implications for toxicity testing. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2004)	2.05
"Acrylamide is a synthetic monomer with a wide scope of industrial applications, mainly as a precursor in the production of several polymers, such as polyacrylamide. "	( A review of acrylamide: an industry perspective on research, analysis, formation, and control. Ashby, P; Blank, I; Gondé, P; Lalljie, S; Lindblom, M; Lingnert, H; Matissek, R; Müller, D; O'Brien, J; Silvani, D; Stadler, RH; Studer, A; Taeymans, D; Tallmadge, D; Thompson, S; Van Eijck, P; Whitmore, T; Wood, J, 2004)	2.15
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widely studied industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells, and carcinogenic in rodents. "	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in B6C3F1 mice. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	2.1
"Acrylamide (AA) is an important industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells, and carcinogenic in chronic rodent bioassays. "	( DNA adducts derived from administration of acrylamide and glycidamide to mice and rats. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2005)	2.03
"Acrylamide (AA) is a food-borne toxicant suspected to be carcinogenic to humans. "	( Determination of haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide in smoking and non-smoking persons of the general population. Angerer, J; Drexler, H; Kütting, B; Letzel, S; Rossbach, B; Schettgen, T, 2004)	2.03
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical. "	( Effect of subchronic acrylamide exposure on the expression of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthase in rat brain. Kim, K, 2005)	2.09
"Acrylamide is a toxic substance classified by the International Agency of Research on Cancer, as well as the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, as a probable human carcinogen."	( Influence of diet on exposure to acrylamide--reflections on the validity of a questionnaire. Angerer, J; Beckmann, MW; Drexler, H; Kütting, B; Schettgen, T, )	1.13
"Acrylamide (AA) is an animal carcinogen, neurotoxin, and reproductive toxin. "	( Role of CYP2E1 in the epoxidation of acrylamide to glycidamide and formation of DNA and hemoglobin adducts. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Fennell, TR; Ghanayem, BI; McDaniel, LP; Snyder, R; Twaddle, NC, 2005)	2.04
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widely studied industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells, and carcinogenic in rodents. "	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in Fischer 344 rats. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	2.1
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an industrial neurotoxic chemical that has been recently found in carbohydrate-rich foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Protective role of Panax ginseng extract standardized with ginsenoside Rg3 against acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Abdel-Wahhab, MA; Ahmed, HH; Mannaa, F; Park, MH, )	1.8
"Acrylamide is a monomer of polyacrylamide, used in biochemistry, in paper manufacture, in water treatment, and as a soil stabilizer. "	( Mechanisms of acrylamide induced rodent carcinogenesis. Kamendulis, LM; Klaunig, JE, 2005)	2.13
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen as demonstrated in animal experiments, but the relevance for the human situation is still unclear. "	( Acrylamide and glycidamide: approach towards risk assessment based on biomarker guided dosimetry of genotoxic/mutagenic effects in human blood. Baum, M; Bertow, D; Eisenbrand, G; Fauth, E; Fritzen, S; Herrmann, A; Mertes, P; Rudolphi, M; Spormann, T; Zankl, H, 2005)	3.21
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widely studied industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells, and carcinogenic in rodents. "	( Metabolism of acrylamide to glycidamide and their cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes: protective effects of GSH precursors. Kurebayashi, H; Ohno, Y, 2006)	2.14
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a known industrial neurotoxic chemical that can induce neurodegeneration. "	( The changes of cytoskeletal proteins in plasma of acrylamide-induced rats. Li, G; Song, F; Xie, K; Yi, C; Yu, L; Yu, S; Zhao, X, 2006)	2.03
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widely studied industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells and carcinogenic in rodents. "	( Relationships between biomarkers of exposure and toxicokinetics in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice administered single doses of acrylamide and glycidamide and multiple doses of acrylamide. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Tareke, E; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2006)	1.98
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a conjugated type-2 alkene that produces synaptic toxicity presumably by sulfhydryl adduction. "	( Structure-toxicity analysis of type-2 alkenes: in vitro neurotoxicity. Barber, DS; Das, S; Gavin, T; Geohagen, BC; He, D; Lopachin, RM, 2007)	1.78
"Acrylamide (AA) is a suspected human carcinogen generated in carbohydrate-rich foodstuffs upon heating. "	( Cytogenetic damage induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in mammalian cells: correlation with specific glycidamide-DNA adducts. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Gaspar, JF; Marques, MM; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2007)	2.07
"Acrylamide is a substance with neurotoxic, genotoxic and carcinogenic properties."	( [Acrylamide content in potato crisps in Poland]. Chajewska, K; Gielecińska, I; Mojska, H; Szponar, L, 2006)	1.97
"Acrylamide (AA) is a widely studied industrial chemical that is neurotoxic, mutagenic to somatic and germ cells, and carcinogenic in mice and rats. "	( Urinary excretion of acrylamide and metabolites in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice administered a single dose of acrylamide. Angerer, J; Boettcher, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2007)	2.1
"Acrylamide is a food toxicant suspected to be carcinogenic to humans. "	( An absorption study of dietary administered acrylamide in swine. Aureli, F; Aureli, P; Coni, E; Di Pasquale, M; Lucchetti, D, 2007)	2.04
"Acrylamide is a probable human carcinogen, and the drinking water quality guideline for this compound is 0.5 mg/L. "	( Analysis of acrylamide in water using a coevaporation preparative step and isotope dilution liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Chu, S; Metcalfe, CD, 2007)	2.16
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a neurotoxicant known to produce peripheral neuropathy in rats and humans, but little is known of its potential for producing cognitive or motivational alterations. "	( Effects of chronic low-dose acrylamide exposure on progressive ratio performance in adolescent rats. Garey, J; Paule, MG, 2007)	2.08
"Acrylamide, which is a polar molecule in aqueous solution, in a low-pH environment in ACN acquires a proton, and thereby migrates under its own electrophoretic mobility in CE."	( NACE for the analysis of acrylamide in food. Başkan, S; Erim, FB, 2007)	1.36
"As acrylamide is a known neurotoxin for many animals and potential carcinogen for humans, it came as a surprise when the Swedish National Food Agency and Stockholm University reported in 2002 that it is formed during the frying or baking of foods. "	( Acrylamide-responsive genes in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Hasegawa, K; Isomura, K; Miwa, J; Miwa, S; Taniguchi, H; Tsutsumiuchi, K, 2008)	2.41
"Acrylamide is a common chemical material, extensively used in industry and scientific experiments. "	( [Toxicity of acrylamide on male reproduction]. Cao, SX; Liu, TZ; Song, HX; Wang, R, 2008)	2.16
"Acrylamide (AA) is a compound widely used in many industries around the world. "	( Acrylamide-induced molecular mutation spectra at HPRT locus in human promyelocytic leukaemia HL-60 and NB4 cell lines. An, H; Ao, L; Cao, J; Fong, CC; Liu, SX; Yang, MS, 2008)	3.23
"Acrylamide is a toxic and potentially cancer causing chemical formed in thermally treated starchy foods. "	( Assessment of the mean daily dietary intake of acrylamide in alexandria. El-Okazy, AM; Saleh, SI, 2007)	2.04
"Acrylamide is a known genetic, reproductive, and neural toxicant, although it is not known if one effect is predominant. "	( The reproductive and neural toxicities of acrylamide and three analogues in Swiss mice, evaluated using the continuous breeding protocol. Chapin, RE; Collins, BJ; Fail, PA; George, JD; Grizzle, TB; Harry, GJ; Heindel, JJ; Teague, J, 1995)	2
"Acrylamide is an important chemical used in the synthesis of polyacrylamides, which have a wide variety of industrial applications. "	( Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of glycidamide, an epoxide metabolite of acrylamide: behavioral, neurochemical and morphological studies. Bergmark, E; Calleman, CJ; Costa, LG; Deng, H, 1995)	1.97
"Acrylamide is an alkylating agent which reacts very slowly in direct reactions with DNA and is negative in the Ames test, but is carcinogenic in mice and rats. "	( Formation of N-7-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)guanine in DNA of the mouse and the rat following intraperitoneal administration of [14C]acrylamide. Calleman, CJ; Costa, LG; Faustman, EM; Schroeder, JL; Segerbäck, D, 1995)	1.94
"Acrylamide (ACR) is an environmental toxicant and prototypic tool for studying mechanisms of peripheral neuropathies. "	( Direct effect of the neurotoxicant acrylamide on kinesin-based microtubule motility. Brady, ST; Friedman, MA; Sickles, DW; Testino, A; Wrenn, RW, 1996)	2.01
"Acrylamide is a chemical which is extensively used in research laboratories for the preparation of polyacrylamide gels for electrophoresis (PAGE). "	( Hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and acrylonitrile in laboratory workers, smokers and nonsmokers. Bergmark, E, 1997)	2.05
"Acrylamide is a fluorescence quencher frequently applied for analysis of protein fluorophores exposure with the silent assumption that it does not affect the native structure of protein. "	( Effect of acrylamide on aldolase structure. I. Induction of intermediate states. Bułaj, G; Dobryszycki, P; Kochman, M; Rymarczuk, M, 1999)	2.15
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a cumulative neurotoxin which causes axonal degeneration in animals and man. "	( Effect of acrylamide on neurological recovery following spinal cord injury in rats. Al Deeb, S; Al Moutaery, K; Biary, N; Morais, C; Tariq, M, 1999)	2.15
"Acrylamide (AA) is a carcinogen in experimental animals. "	( Simultaneous analysis of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cheong, HK; Osterman-Golkar, S; Pérez, HL; Yang, JS, 1999)	2
"Acrylamide seems to be a specific inhibitor of GAPDH and NSE, whereas the inhibition caused by HgCl(2) on the enzymes was more general."	( Activities of glucose-metabolizing enzymes in experimental neurotoxic models with lipoate as an alleviator. Anuradha, B; Varalakshmi, P, )	0.85
"Acrylamide (AA) is a germ cell mutagen and induces clastogenic effects predominantly in spermatids of mice. "	( 1-Aminobenzotriazole inhibits acrylamide-induced dominant lethal effects in spermatids of male mice. Adler, ID; Baumgartner, A; Friedman, MA; Gonda, H; Skerhut, M, 2000)	2.04
"Acrylamide is a neurotoxin producing distal axonopathy. "	( Cutaneous nerve degeneration induced by acrylamide in mice. Chen, WP; Hsieh, ST; Ko, MH, 2000)	2.02
"Acrylamide is a widely used monomer that produces peripheral neuropathy. "	( Determination of acrylamide and glycidamide in rat plasma by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. Barber, DS; Ehrich, M; Hunt, J; LoPachin, RM, 2001)	2.09
"Acrylamide is a monomer of polyacrylamide, whose products are used in biochemistry, the manufacture of paper, water treatment, and as a soil stabilizer. "	( Acrylamide-induced cellular transformation. Friedman, MA; Kamendulis, LM; Klaunig, JE; Park, J, 2002)	3.2
"Acrylamide is an important industrial chemical which is neurotoxic to experimental animals as well as humans and recently has been shown to be mutagenic and carcinogenic. "	( Acrylamide is metabolized to glycidamide in the rat: evidence from hemoglobin adduct formation. Bergmark, E; Calleman, CJ; Costa, LG, )	3.02
"Acrylamide was found to be an effective quencher of Yt-base (Y-4,9-dihydro-4,6-dimethyl-9-oxo-1H-imidazo-1,2a-purine) in water. "	( Acrylamide quenching of Yt-base fluorescence in aqueous solution. Gryczynski, I; Johnson, ML; Lakowicz, JR, 1988)	3.16
"Acrylamide is a small organic molecule with very high water solubility."	( Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Abernathy, CO; Brantner, JH; Dearfield, KL; Hayes, PF; Ottley, MS, 1988)	2.44
"Acrylamide is a potent cumulative neurotoxin in animals and man. "	( Monitoring exposure to acrylamide by the determination of S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine in hydrolyzed hemoglobin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bailey, E; Bird, I; Farmer, PB; Lamb, JH; Peal, JA, 1986)	2.02
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a vinyl monomer which produces a distal axonopathy. "	( Acrylamide preferentially affects slowly adapting cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Goldstein, BD, 1985)	3.15

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Acrylamide exposure has a toxic effect on many systems."	( Investigation of the effects of swimming exercises in rats given acrylamide. Çetin, H; Dönmez, AÇ; Gündüz, D, 2023)	1.87
"Acrylamide (ACR) has a wide range of uses. "	( Protective effect of resveratrol on acrylamide-induced renal impairment. Attia, RA; Nasralla, MM; Zaki, SM, 2021)	2.34
"Acrylamide has a variety of toxicities, including carcinogenicity, and can be present in food via the Maillard reaction in processing of certain foods. "	( Inhibition of acrylamide toxicity in vivo by arginine-glucose maillard reaction products. Chai, X; Chen, S; He, A; Huang, Z; Ke, L; Rao, P; Wu, B; Xiang, L, 2021)	2.42
"Acrylamide content has a positive correlation with absorbance values at OD294 and OD420 but a negative correlation with the CIB L(∗) value of a solution (p<0.01)."	( Effect of different molecular weight chitosans on the mitigation of acrylamide formation and the functional properties of the resultant Maillard reaction products. Chang, YW; Chen, JY; Sung, WC, 2016)	1.39
"Acrylamide has a range of toxicological hazards including neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity; however, occupational risk management is driven by its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential (it is classified within the EU as a Category 2 carcinogen, R45 and Category 2 mutagen, R46). "	( An occupational hygiene investigation of exposure to acrylamide and the role for urinary S-carboxyethyl-cysteine (CEC) as a biological marker. Brooke, RK; Bull, PJ; Cocker, J; Jones, K; Warren, N, 2005)	2.02
"Acrylamide has an adverse effect on reproduction as evidenced by dominant lethal effects, degeneration of testicular epithelial tissue, and sperm-"	( Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Abernathy, CO; Brantner, JH; Dearfield, KL; Hayes, PF; Ottley, MS, 1988)	2.44
"Acrylamide has been reported as an important dietary risk factor from carbohydrate-rich processing food. "	( Unraveling the Serum Metabolomic Profile of Acrylamide-Induced Cardiovascular Toxicity. Chen, X; Jia, W; Jiao, J; Wang, A; Wu, S; Zhang, Y, 2021)	2.33
"Acrylamide (AA) has been shown to have neurological and reproductive toxicities, but little is known about transgenerational effects of AA. "	( Paternal acrylamide exposure induces transgenerational effects on sperm parameters and learning capability in mice. Aniagu, S; Chen, T; Jiang, Y; Shan, L; Zhang, H, 2022)	2.58
"Acrylamide (ACR) has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects. "	( Evaluation of the protective effects of morin against acrylamide-induced lung toxicity by biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Dogan, T; Eroz, R; Genc, A; Satici, E; Yesildag, K, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide has neurotoxic and/or cardiotoxic effects on humans however available information regarding the neuro- and cardiotoxicity currently is very limited for freshwater organism models. "	( Cardiotoxicity and neurobehavioral effects induced by acrylamide in Daphnia magna. Eghan, K; Kim, WK; Lee, S, 2022)	2.41
"Acrylamide exposure has a toxic effect on many systems."	( Investigation of the effects of swimming exercises in rats given acrylamide. Çetin, H; Dönmez, AÇ; Gündüz, D, 2023)	1.87
"Acrylamide has been studied for its carcinogenicity in experimental animals, causing tumors at several organ sites, and has been considered probably carcinogenic to humans as well. "	( Dietary Acrylamide Intake and the Risk of Liver Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Ikeda, S; Ishihara, J; Iwasaki, M; Jphc Study Group, FT; Kitamura, T; Kitamura, Y; Kotemori, A; Liu, R; Sawada, N; Sobue, T; Tsugane, S; Zha, L, 2020)	2.44
"Acrylamide (AA) has recently been recognized as an immediate hazardous chemical compound owing to its various toxicities and unavoidable contamination of certain daily foods prepared at a high temperature. "	( Intake of acrylamide at the dietary relevant concentration causes splenic toxicity in adult zebrafish. Komoike, Y; Matsuoka, M; Nomura-Komoike, K, 2020)	2.4
"Acrylamide (ACR) has a wide range of uses. "	( Protective effect of resveratrol on acrylamide-induced renal impairment. Attia, RA; Nasralla, MM; Zaki, SM, 2021)	2.34
"Acrylamide in foods has been widely studied because of its possible carcinogenicity. "	( Acrylamide in non-centrifugal sugars and syrups. Carbonell-Barrachina, ÁA; Chapanya, P; Lipan, L; Mueangmontri, R; Nitayapat, N; Pattamasuwan, A; Phaeon, N; Sriroth, K, 2021)	3.51
"Acrylamide has toxic effects on different body systems include genitourinary, reproductive, nervous system, along with being a carcinogenic substance."	( Acrylamide-induced peripheral neuropathy: manifestations, mechanisms, and potential treatment modalities. Abdel-Daim, MM; Abdel-Fattah, AM; Bin-Jumah, M; El-Seedi, HR; Saied, EM, 2021)	2.79
"Acrylamide has been classified as carcinogenic in the 2A group, with human exposure leading to progressive degeneration of the peripheral and central nervous systems characterized by cognitive and motor abnormalities."	( Acrylamide in Bakery Products: A Review on Health Risks, Legal Regulations and Strategies to Reduce Its Formation. Codină, GG; Dabija, A; Sarion, C, 2021)	2.79
"Acrylamide (ACR) has been previously associated with male sexual dysfunction and infertility. "	( Eruca sativa seed extract modulates oxidative stress and apoptosis and up-regulates the expression of Bcl-2 and Bax genes in acrylamide-induced testicular dysfunction in rats. Abd-Elsalam, RM; Ahmed, KA; El Badawy, SA; Farag, OM; Ibrahim, FM; Ogaly, HA, 2021)	2.27
"Acrylamide has a variety of toxicities, including carcinogenicity, and can be present in food via the Maillard reaction in processing of certain foods. "	( Inhibition of acrylamide toxicity in vivo by arginine-glucose maillard reaction products. Chai, X; Chen, S; He, A; Huang, Z; Ke, L; Rao, P; Wu, B; Xiang, L, 2021)	2.42
"Acrylamide has been classified as a "Group 2A carcinogen" (probably carcinogenic to humans) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. "	( Genotoxic and Epigenotoxic Alterations in the Lung and Liver of Mice Induced by Acrylamide: A 28 Day Drinking Water Study. Antunes, AMM; Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; de Conti, A; Pogribny, IP; Tryndyak, V; VonTungeln, LS, 2019)	2.18
"Acrylamide (AA) has been identified as probably carcinogenic to humans and thus represents a potential public health threat. "	( Association of urinary acrylamide concentration with lifestyle and demographic factors in a population of South Korean children and adolescents. Choi, SY; Hwang, MS; Kang, HS; Ko, A; Lee, HS, 2019)	2.27
"Acrylamide has been used industrially and also found in certain foods cooked at high temperatures. "	( Proteomic analysis of hippocampal proteins in acrylamide-exposed Wistar rats. Ichihara, G; Ichihara, S; Kitamura, Y; Nagashima, D; Oikawa, S; Sakurai, T; Watanabe, E; Yamano, Y; Zhang, L; Zong, C, 2019)	2.21
"Acrylamide has been classified as a probable human carcinogen based chiefly on laboratory evidence. "	( Dietary Acrylamide Intake and Risk of Esophageal, Gastric, and Colorectal Cancer: The Japan Public Health Center-Based Prospective Study. Ikeda, S; Ishihara, J; Iwasaki, M; Kitamura, T; Kitamura, Y; Kotemori, A; Liu, R; Sawada, N; Sobue, T; Tsugane, S; Zha, L, 2019)	2.39
"Acrylamide has attracted worldwide concern due to its neurotoxicity, genotoxicity, reproductive-development toxicity. "	( Study on a biomimetic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method for rapid determination of trace acrylamide in French fries and cracker samples. Ma, Y; Qiao, X; Sun, Q; Xu, L; Xu, Z, 2014)	2.06
"Acrylamide in food has drawn worldwide attention since 2002 due to its neurotoxic and carcinogenic effects. "	( Eco-friendly ionic liquid based ultrasonic assisted selective extraction coupled with a simple liquid chromatography for the reliable determination of acrylamide in food samples. Albishri, HM; El-Hady, DA, 2014)	2.04
"Acrylamide has attracted worldwide concerns because of its demonstrated neurotoxicity, genetoxicity and reproductive-development toxicity. "	( Preparation and application of immobilised ionic liquid in solid-phase extraction for determination of trace acrylamide in food samples coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography. Dai, B; Qiao, X; Wang, X; Xu, L; Xu, Z; Zhao, H, 2014)	2.06
"Acrylamide has been associated with carcinogenicity in experimental animals, but potential health risks of dietary acrylamide intake and endometrial cancer in human are inconclusive. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake and risk of endometrial cancer in prospective cohort studies. Je, Y, 2015)	2.29
"Acrylamide has not been found in raw foods or foods which have been cooked by boiling."	( Acrylamide in Caribbean foods - residual levels and their relation to reducing sugar and asparagine content. Bent, GA; Dasgupta, T; Maragh, P, 2012)	2.54
"Acrylamide levels have been quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method, using water as mobile phase."	( Acrylamide in Romanian food using HPLC-UV and a health risk assessment. Amariei, S; Gutt, G; Oroian, M, 2015)	2.58
"Acrylamide (AAM) has been recently discovered in food as a Maillard reaction product. "	( Acrylamide induces accelerated endothelial aging in a human cell model. Beuscart, JB; Boulanger, E; Desreumaux, P; Grossin, N; Lorenzi, R; Maladry, F; Nevière, R; Puisieux, F; Sellier, C; Tessier, FJ, 2015)	3.3
"Acrylamide (ACR) has been classified as a neurotoxic agent in animals and humans. "	( Melatonin Attenuates Oxidative Damage Induced by Acrylamide In Vitro and In Vivo. Lu, H; Lu, Q; Pan, X; Wang, D; Yan, H; Zhu, L, 2015)	2.11
"Acrylamide content has a positive correlation with absorbance values at OD294 and OD420 but a negative correlation with the CIB L(∗) value of a solution (p<0.01)."	( Effect of different molecular weight chitosans on the mitigation of acrylamide formation and the functional properties of the resultant Maillard reaction products. Chang, YW; Chen, JY; Sung, WC, 2016)	1.39
"Acrylamide (ACR) has been classified as a neurotoxic agent in animals and humans."	( Effects of argan oil on the mitochondrial function, antioxidant system and the activity of NADPH- generating enzymes in acrylamide treated rat brain. Aydın, B, 2017)	1.38
"High acrylamide levels have been found in potato products processed at high temperatures."	( Impact of harvest year on amino acids and sugars in potatoes and effect on acrylamide formation during frying. Olsson, KM; Sjöholm, IM; Skog, KI; Viklund, GA, 2008)	1.03
"Acrylamide (ACR) has demonstrable neurotoxic effects in animals and humans that stem from its chemical behavior as a soft electrophilic alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl compound. "	( Acrylamide-induced nerve terminal damage: relevance to neurotoxic and neurodegenerative mechanisms. Gavin, T; Lopachin, RM, 2008)	3.23
"Polyacrylamide has been used in cosmetic formulations."	( Analysis of acrylamide in a complex matrix of polyacrylamide solutions treated by heat and ultraviolet light. Fujioka, K; Ishizuka, M; Shibamoto, T, 2008)	1.21
"Acrylamide has been found in foods heated at high temperatures and there is evidence of carcinogenicity of acrylamide in experimental animals. "	( Long-term dietary acrylamide intake and risk of endometrial cancer in a prospective cohort of Swedish women. Akesson, A; Håkansson, N; Larsson, SC; Wolk, A, 2009)	2.13
"Acrylamide has been employed as an experimental probe to investigate biochemical and morphological changes in developing rat liver following toxin administration in pregnant rats. "	( Effect of prenatal and perinatal acrylamide on the biochemical and morphological changes in liver of developing albino rat. Abdul-Hamid, M; Allam, AA; Bakery, AE; El-Ghareeb, AW; Gad, M; Sabri, M, 2010)	2.08
"Acrylamide (AA) has been reported to be formed in fried and baked foods with various concentrations, and exposure levels to AA from cooked foods in children are estimated to be higher than those in adults. "	( Lack of modifying effects of prepubertal exposure to acrylamide (AA) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU)-induced multi-organ carcinogenesis in F344 rats. Cho, YM; Hirose, M; Imai, T; Nishikawa, A; Takami, S, 2010)	2.05
"Acrylamide has been known to have a neurotoxic effect which is associated with nerve damage in both the central and peripheral nervous systems. "	( The inhibitory effect of acrylamide on NCAM expression in human neuroblastoma cells: involvement of CK2/Ikaros signaling pathway. Cho, SJ; Kim, KH; Lee, HR; Park, HJ; Pyo, S; Rhee, DK, 2010)	2.11
"Acrylamide has been discovered in foods cooked at high temperature. "	( Food contaminant acrylamide increases expression of Cox-2 and nitric oxide synthase in breast epithelial cells. Hammons, GJ; Lyn-Cook, BD; Lyn-Cook, LE; Starlard-Davenport, A; Tareke, E; Word, B, 2011)	2.15
"Acrylamide (ACR) has been recognized as a neurological and reproductive toxin in humans and laboratory animals. "	( Proliferation inhibition, DNA damage, and cell-cycle arrest of human astrocytoma cells after acrylamide exposure. Chen, JH; Chiu, IM; Chou, CC; Tsou, TC, 2010)	2.02
"Acrylamide (ACR) has been shown to be a neurotoxic agent for both laboratory animals and human. "	( Potent neuroprotective role of novel melatonin derivatives for management of central neuropathy induced by acrylamide in rats. Abd-Elhalim, MM; Ahmed, HH; el-Sayed, el-SM; Elmegeed, GA; Shafic, RW; Shousha, WG, 2010)	2.02
"Acrylamide has been classified as a probable carcinogen and can be ingested, inhaled (e.g. "	( Acrylamide in health and disease. Flynn, NE; Pruser, KN, 2011)	3.25
"Acrylamide has been associated to cancer risk in rodents, but data on humans are inconclusive. "	( Exposure to acrylamide and human cancer--a review and meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Boffetta, P; Bosetti, C; Boyle, P; La Vecchia, C; Pelucchi, C, 2011)	2.19
"Acrylamide has been designated by IARC as a "probable human carcinogen." High levels are formed during cooking of many commonly consumed foods including French fries, potato chips, breakfast cereal and coffee. "	( Dietary acrylamide and risk of prostate cancer. Giovannucci, E; Mucci, LA; Stampfer, MJ; Wilson, KM, 2012)	2.26
"Acrylamide has shown developmental and reproductive toxicity in animals, as well as neurotoxic effects in humans with occupational exposures. "	( Dietary acrylamide intake during pregnancy and fetal growth-results from the Norwegian mother and child cohort study (MoBa). Alexander, J; Brantsæter, AL; Brunborg, G; Duarte-Salles, T; Granum, B; Gützkow, KB; Haugen, M; Meltzer, HM; Mendez, MA; Rydberg, P; Törnqvist, M; von Stedingk, H, 2013)	2.27
"Polyacrylamide has found numerous applications as a soil conditioner, in wastewater treatment, in the cosmetic, paper, and textile industries, and in the laboratory as a solid support for the separation of proteins by electrophoresis."	( Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review. Friedman, M, 2003)	1.07
"Acrylamide has significant cytotoxicity and genotoxicity on HaCaT cells. "	( [Effects of acrylamide on DNA damage in human keratinocytes]. Chen, Q; Cheng, H; Ma, XX; Yao, GD; Zeng, QL, 2003)	2.14
"Acrylamide (ACM) has recently been found in fried and baked foods, suggesting widespread public exposure. "	( Epidemiologic evidence for assessing the carcinogenicity of acrylamide. Erdreich, LS; Friedman, MA, 2004)	2.01
"Acrylamide has recently been found in a range of heat treated food items. "	( Risk assessment of dietary acrylamide intake in Flemish adolescents. Bilau, M; De Henauw, S; Govaert, Y; Matthys, C; Moons, E; Willems, JL, 2005)	2.07
"Acrylamide (AA) has been shown to cause neurotoxic effects in humans and neurotoxic, genotoxic, reproductive, and carcinogenic effects in laboratory animals. "	( Acrylamide tissue distribution and genotoxic effects in a common viral infection in mice. Abramsson-Zetterberg, L; Ilbäck, NG; Wong, J, 2005)	3.21
"Acrylamide has a range of toxicological hazards including neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity; however, occupational risk management is driven by its genotoxic and carcinogenic potential (it is classified within the EU as a Category 2 carcinogen, R45 and Category 2 mutagen, R46). "	( An occupational hygiene investigation of exposure to acrylamide and the role for urinary S-carboxyethyl-cysteine (CEC) as a biological marker. Brooke, RK; Bull, PJ; Cocker, J; Jones, K; Warren, N, 2005)	2.02
"Acrylamide (AA) has recently been reported to be spontaneously formed in fried and baked foods with various concentrations. "	( Enhancement by acrylamide of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea-induced rat mammary tumor development-possible application for a model to detect co-modifiers of carcinogenesis. Cho, YM; Hasumura, M; Hirose, M; Imai, T, 2005)	2.12
"Acrylamide has toxic effects on seminiferous tubules and decreases the production of sperm in male rats."	( [Oral acrylamide affects the development and reproductive performance of male rats]. Ge, JY; Shi, FX; Wang, H; Wang, ZC; Zhou, ZQ, 2007)	2.26
"Acrylamide monomer has several toxic effects and the extensive concern for its toxicity has arisen with the finding of acrylamide formation in some processed foods."	( [Toxicity of acrylamide on male reproduction]. Cao, SX; Liu, TZ; Song, HX; Wang, R, 2008)	1.44
"The acrylamide technique has numerous advantages over those using fresh-frozen or paraffin embedded material."	( Application of acrylamide as an embedding medium in studies of lectin and antibody binding in the vertebrate retina. Blanks, JC; Johnson, LV, 1984)	1.1
"Acrylamide has been shown to increase Ca2+/CaM-dependent phosphorylation of neurofilament (NF) triplet proteins and autophosphorylation of Ca2+/CaM-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase II; EC 2.7.1.37)."	( In vitro calcium and calmodulin-dependent kinase-mediated phosphorylation of rat brain and spinal cord neurofilament proteins is increased by glycidamide administration. Abou-Donia, MB; Friedman, MA; Reagan, KE; Wilmarth, KR, 1995)	1.01
"Acrylamide (AA) has been reported to induce dominant lethal mutations in male rat germ cells and tumors in a variety of organs, including the scrotum, thyroid and mammary glands, but not the liver of rats. "	( Tissue-specific genotoxic effects of acrylamide and acrylonitrile. Bentley, KS; Butterworth, BE; Eldridge, SR; Hurtt, ME; Sprankle, CS; Working, PK, 1992)	2
"acrylamide, has been prepared."	( Synthesis and bioactivity of copolymers with fragments of heparin. Hanna, HR; Mazid, MA; Moase, E; Scott, E; Unger, FM, 1991)	1
"Acrylamide has an adverse effect on reproduction as evidenced by dominant lethal effects, degeneration of testicular epithelial tissue, and sperm-"	( Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Abernathy, CO; Brantner, JH; Dearfield, KL; Hayes, PF; Ottley, MS, 1988)	2.44
"Acrylamide has recently been reported to induce tumors in laboratory animals. "	( The effect of acrylamide on hepatocellular DNA repair. McQueen, CA; Miller, MJ, 1986)	2.07

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Acrylamide was found to cause apoptosis by mitochondrial dysfunction."	( Acrylamide in human diet, its metabolism, toxicity, inactivation and the associated European Union legal regulations in food industry. Koszucka, A; Motyl, I; Nowak, A; Nowak, I, 2020)	2.72
"Acrylamide could cause DNA damage to multiple organs of mice. "	( [Studies on DNA damage and repair induced by acrylamide in cells from mouse various organs]. Cui, H; Ma, H; Wang, W; Yang, Y, 2008)	2.05
"Acrylamide is known to cause neurotoxicity in the experimental animals and humans. "	( Prenatal and perinatal acrylamide disrupts the development of cerebellum in rat: Biochemical and morphological studies. Abdul-Hamid, M; Allam, A; Baikry, A; El-Ghareeb, AA; Sabri, MI, 2011)	2.12
"Acrylamide caused an increase in MN and SCEs in splenocytes."	( Cytogenetic studies of ethyl acrylate using C57BL/6 mice. Atwater, AL; Bryant, MF; Dearfield, KL; Erexson, GL; Kligerman, AD; Kwanyuen, P, 1991)	1

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Acrylamide treatment increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity."	( Effect of prenatal and perinatal acrylamide on the biochemical and morphological changes in liver of developing albino rat. Abdul-Hamid, M; Allam, AA; Bakery, AE; El-Ghareeb, AW; Gad, M; Sabri, M, 2010)	1.36
"Acrylamide treatment delayed the proliferation in the granular layer and delayed both cell migration and differentiation."	( Prenatal and perinatal acrylamide disrupts the development of cerebellum in rat: Biochemical and morphological studies. Abdul-Hamid, M; Allam, A; Baikry, A; El-Ghareeb, AA; Sabri, MI, 2011)	1.4
"Acrylamide forms in heat treated foods and is a human neurotoxin and animal carcinogen."	( Comparison of acrylamide intake from Western and guideline based diets using probabilistic techniques and linear programming. Buttrey, SE; Fadel, JG; Katz, JM; Winter, CK, 2012)	1.46
"Acrylamide-treated mice also showed significantly higher activity of glutathione S-transferase in association with decreased levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), which may imply an enhanced rate of conjugation of AA with GSH in liver."	( Expression analysis of hepatic mitochondria-related genes in mice exposed to acrylamide and glycidamide. Aidoo, A; Ali, AA; Branham, WS; Desai, VG; Fuscoe, JC; Lee, T; Manjanatha, MG; Moland, CL, 2012)	1.33
"Acrylamide treatment did not significantly affect mouse or testis weight, and no gross morphological effects were observed in the testis."	( Chronic exposure to acrylamide induces DNA damage in male germ cells of mice. Nixon, B; Nixon, BJ; Roman, SD; Stanger, SJ, 2012)	1.42
"Acrylamide treatment resulted in a dose-related prolongation of the behavioral response to ocular zingerone."	( A simple, sensitive method for detecting early peripheral nerve dysfunction in the rat following acrylamide treatment. Burks, TF; Miller, MJ; Miller, MS; Sipes, IG, 1984)	1.21
"Acrylamide or 2,5-HD treatment had no effect on microCANP and CINP activities of SN, whereas carbon disulfide enhanced microCANP after 15 d and CINP activity after 10 d."	( Alterations in the neutral proteinase activities of central and peripheral nervous systems of acrylamide-, carbon disulfide-, or 2,5-hexanedione-treated rats. Abou-Donia, MB; Gupta, RP, 1996)	1.23
"Acrylamide-treated cells fell between these two extremes, spreading slowly in the absence of serum, but almost as rapidly as cytochalasin-treated cells in its presence."	( Cytoskeletal dynamics in rabbit synovial fibroblasts: II. Reformation of stress fibers in cells rounded by treatment with collagenase-inducing agents. Aggeler, J, 1990)	1
"Acrylamide-treated cells appeared to locomote normally, showing membrane ruffling and changes in shape, but cytoplasmic organelles did not appear to move normally throughout the cell but remained at the cell center."	( Alteration of intermediate filament distribution in PtK1 cells by acrylamide. Eckert, BS, 1985)	1.23
"Acrylamide treatment induces changes in composition of fast-transported protein that are qualitatively similar to those seen after axotomy."	( Acrylamide neuropathy: changes in the composition of proteins of fast axonal transport resemble those observed in regenerating axons. Bisby, MA; Redshaw, JD, 1987)	2.44
"Acrylamide treatment produced dose-related lesions in the gill and liver of rainbow trout."	( Behavioral and histological effects of acrylamide in rainbow trout. Cooper, KR; Friedman, MA; Lech, JJ; Petersen, DW, 1987)	1.26
"Treatment with acrylamide resulted in the decrease of NCAM expression, which was reversed by CK2 inhibitor, 4,5,6,7-tetrabromobenzotriazole (TBB)."	( The inhibitory effect of acrylamide on NCAM expression in human neuroblastoma cells: involvement of CK2/Ikaros signaling pathway. Cho, SJ; Kim, KH; Lee, HR; Park, HJ; Pyo, S; Rhee, DK, 2010)	1
"Rats treated with acrylamide 25 mg/kg body weight for 10 days showed mild affection, whether acrylamide was administered orally or intraperitoneally. "	( Effect of acrylamide on testis of albino rats. Ultrastructure and DNA cytometry study. Mustafa, HN, 2012)	1.12
"Treatment with acrylamide at micromolar concentrations increased the frequency of mutations in the cII gene up to twofold relative to control treatment (13.8 x 10(-5), 95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.3 to 15.3 x 10(-5) versus 6.9 x 10(-5), 95% CI = 6.5 to 7.3 x 10(-5), df = 2, 21; P<.001; ANOVA)."	( Weak yet distinct mutagenicity of acrylamide in mammalian cells. Besaratinia, A; Pfeifer, GP, 2003)	0.94
"Treatment with acrylamide also decreased the moduli and viscosity, but only at the highest concentration tested."	( The role of the cytoskeleton in the viscoelastic properties of human articular chondrocytes. Guilak, F; Trickey, WR; Vail, TP, 2004)	0.66
"Treatment with acrylamide did not interfere with dynamic cell adhesion, whereas under static conditions it partially reduced adhesion rates."	( Role of the cytoskeleton in adhesion stabilization of human colorectal carcinoma cells to extracellular matrix components under dynamic conditions of laminar flow. Haier, J; Nicolson, GL, 1999)	0.64
"Cotreatment with acrylamide and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), a sulfhydryl group donor, resulted in the reduction of acrylamide-induced morphological transformation in SHE cells."	( Acrylamide-induced cellular transformation. Friedman, MA; Kamendulis, LM; Klaunig, JE; Park, J, 2002)	2.09

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"This case study illustrates how a very simple dynamic modeling approach can extract information of interest for both toxic mechanism research and risk assessment from a series of dose/time/response data."	( Analysis of dose/time/response relationships for chronic toxic effects: the case of acrylamide. Hattis, D; Shapiro, K, 1990)	0.5
" Initially, considerable information will have to be gathered from various laboratories to form the background data on which decisions of toxic effects can be made."	( Correlation between behavioral and pathological changes in the evaluation of neurotoxicity. Beyrouty, P; Broxup, B; Losos, G; Robinson, K, 1989)	0.28
" It appears that acrylamide may produce neurotoxic effects in neonates from exposures not overtly toxic to the mothers."	( Acrylamide: its metabolism, developmental and reproductive effects, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. Abernathy, CO; Brantner, JH; Dearfield, KL; Hayes, PF; Ottley, MS, 1988)	2.06
" The principal toxic effect of acrylamide, both in animals and in humans, is neurotoxicity."	( Evaluation of the neurotoxicity of glycidamide, an epoxide metabolite of acrylamide: behavioral, neurochemical and morphological studies. Bergmark, E; Calleman, CJ; Costa, LG; Deng, H, 1995)	0.81
" Based on these results, the NOAEL (No Observed Adverse Effect Level) for developmental toxicity is less than 5 mg/kg/day, the NOAEL for maternal toxicity is 5 mg/kg/day, and that for developmental neurotoxicity is 10 mg/kg/day."	( Developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of acrylamide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Duchai, DM; Gordon, LR; Morrissey, RE; Soper, KA; Wise, LD, )	0.4
" Realisation of toxic effects of acrylamide may involve a decrease of the carbohydrate energy metabolism, but in the intact organism these processes precede the induction of the phenobarbital-dependent cytochrome P450."	( [Participation of the cytochrome P450-dependent biotransformation system in realizing the toxic effects of acrylamide]. Romanova, TA, )	0.63
" This requires a thorough knowledge of the possible mechanisms of toxic action, and of the physiology of the target organs."	( Toxicodynamic modelling and the interpretation of in vitro toxicity data. Blaauboer, BJ, 2001)	0.31
" Some of these chemicals cause experimental tumours only at high or toxic doses."	( Genotoxicity--threshold or not? Introduction of cases of industrial chemicals. Bolt, HM, 2003)	0.32
" Specifically covered are the following aspects: nonfood and food sources; exposure from the environment and the diet; mechanism of formation in food from asparagine and glucose; asparagine-asparaginase relationships; Maillard browning-acrylamide relationships; quenching of protein fluorescence; biological alkylation of amino acids, peptides, proteins, and DNA by acrylamide and its epoxide metabolite glycidamide; risk assessment; neurotoxicity, reproductive toxicity, and carcinogenicity; protection against adverse effects; and possible approaches to reducing levels in food."	( Chemistry, biochemistry, and safety of acrylamide. A review. Friedman, M, 2003)	0.77
" 50 (2002) 4998] regarding the presence of ACR in potato and grain-based foods, there has been a renewed interest in the toxic actions of this chemical."	( The changing view of acrylamide neurotoxicity. LoPachin, RM, 2004)	0.64
" The present study aims to evaluate acrylamide toxicity to a green paramecium, Paramecium bursaria, bearing many endosymbiotic algae, because some chemicals are highly toxic to paramecia or microalgae, and some protozoa are already used for evaluation of environmental contaminations."	( A new approach for the assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a green paramecium. Hosoya, H; Kawano, T; Kosaka, T; Takahashi, T; Yoshii, M, 2005)	0.88
" For this reason, reported studies of adverse biological effects of pure acrylamide may not always be directly relevant to acrylamide in processed food, which may contain Maillard and other biologically active products."	( Biological effects of Maillard browning products that may affect acrylamide safety in food: biological effects of Maillard products. Friedman, M, 2005)	0.8
" The data suggest that CYP2E1 played a major role in metabolizing AA to more toxic GA."	( Metabolism of acrylamide to glycidamide and their cytotoxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes: protective effects of GSH precursors. Kurebayashi, H; Ohno, Y, 2006)	0.69
" Our results indicate that it is possible to estimate LOEDs by integrating in vitro toxicity data as surrogates for lowest observed target tissue levels with PBBK models, provided that some knowledge about toxic mechanisms is known."	( Integration of in vitro neurotoxicity data with biokinetic modelling for the estimation of in vivo neurotoxicity. Blaauboer, B; Forsby, A, 2007)	0.34
" Acrylamide monomer has several toxic effects and the extensive concern for its toxicity has arisen with the finding of acrylamide formation in some processed foods."	( [Toxicity of acrylamide on male reproduction]. Cao, SX; Liu, TZ; Song, HX; Wang, R, 2008)	1.63
"The influence of acrylamide, a potentially toxic substance present in some types of food, on survival, postembryonic development and haemocytes, insect's blood cells, of the housefly was examined."	( Toxic effects of acrylamide on survival, development and haemocytes of Musca domestica. Banach, Z; Pyza, E; Szczerbina, T; Tylko, G, 2008)	1.03
"Acrylamide is a toxic substance that induces a variety of cellular responses including neurotoxicity, male reproductive toxicity, tumorigenicity, clastogenicity, and DNA alkylation."	( Inhibition of rat testicular nuclear kinesins (krp2; KIFC5A) by acrylamide as a basis for establishing a genotoxicity threshold. Friedman, MA; Marroni, DE; Sickles, DW; Zeiger, E, 2008)	2.03
"Potentially toxic acrylamide is largely derived from heat-induced reactions between the amino group of the free amino acid asparagine and carbonyl groups of glucose and fructose in cereals, potatoes, and other plant-derived foods."	( Review of methods for the reduction of dietary content and toxicity of acrylamide. Friedman, M; Levin, CE, 2008)	0.91
" While pre-treatment with GSH-EE did not modify the cytotoxicity or the frequency of ACEG induced by AA, co-treatment with AA and GSH decreased both parameters, rendering the cells less prone to the toxic effects of AA."	( Cytotoxicity and chromosomal aberrations induced by acrylamide in V79 cells: role of glutathione modulators. Fernandes, AS; Gaspar, JF; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J; Vaz, S, 2009)	0.6
" Therefore, the SPH-IPN was preliminarily considered to be biocompatible and might be a safe carrier for protein drugs."	( Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of superporous hydrogel containing interpenetrating polymer networks. Cui, L; Ding, J; He, M; Tang, C; Yin, C; Yin, L; Zhao, X, 2009)	0.35
" The present review focuses on the several adverse health effects of acrylamide including mutagenicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, neurotoxicity and reproductive toxicity, and the possible outcomes of childhood exposure from baby foods and infant formulas."	( Toxicity of acrylamide and evaluation of its exposure in baby foods. Baydar, T; Erkekoğlu, P, 2010)	0.97
"Humans are exposed to dietary acrylamide (AA) during their lifetime, it is therefore necessary to investigate the mechanisms associated with AA-induced toxic effects."	( Olive oil hydroxytyrosol reduces toxicity evoked by acrylamide in human Caco-2 cells by preventing oxidative stress. Bravo, L; Goya, L; Martín, MÁ; Ramos, S; Rodríguez-Ramiro, I, 2011)	0.91
"We report on a sensitive, simple, label-free cell-based electrochemical sensor to monitor the toxic effect of acrylamide on the Pheochromocytoma cells."	( Development of a novel electrochemical sensor using pheochromocytoma cells and its assessment of acrylamide cytotoxicity. Ji, J; Jiang, D; Li, X; Li, Z; Sun, X; Wu, Y; Zhang, Y, 2013)	0.82
" A novel soil amendment based on micron-size thiol functional cross-linked acrylamide polymer hydrogel particles (X3) binds toxic soluble metals irreversibly and significantly reduces their concentrations in the soil solution to below the phytotoxicity thresholds."	( Metal-binding hydrogel particles alleviate soil toxicity and facilitate healthy plant establishment of the native metallophyte grass Astrebla lappacea in mine waste rock and tailings. Bigot, M; Doley, D; Guterres, J; Pillai-McGarry, U; Pudmenzky, A; Rossato, L; Schmidt, S; Whittaker, M, 2013)	0.62
"Acrylamide, a food contaminant, belongs to a large class of structurally similar toxic chemicals, 'type-2 alkenes', to which humans are widely exposed."	( Acrylamide neurotoxicity. Baydar, T; Erkekoglu, P, 2014)	3.29
" However, the deleterious effects observed in the pancreatic acini, more severe than in the liver, could indicate a specific, albeit unknown toxic mechanism of acrylamide to fish that overran the organism's metabolic defences against a chemical agent rather than causing a general systemic failure."	( Histopathological findings on Carassius auratus hepatopancreas upon exposure to acrylamide: correlation with genotoxicity and metabolic alterations. Baptista, PV; Costa, MH; Costa, PM; Diniz, MS; Larguinho, M; Sousa, G, 2014)	0.83
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a well-known industrial toxic chemical that produces neurotoxicity, which is characterized by progressive central and peripheral neuronal degeneration."	( Chrysin reduced acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in both in vitro and in vivo assessments. Hassani, FV; Hosseinzadeh, H; Karami, HV; Mehri, S, 2014)	2.19
" The more branched polymer was significantly less toxic to both daphnids and the bivalves, which could be linked to the distinctive features of its bimodal size chain distribution."	( The effects of acrylamide polyelectrolytes on aquatic organisms: relating toxicity to chain architecture. Costa, R; Gomes, J; Gonçalves, F; Hunkeler, D; Pereira, JL; Rasteiro, MG, 2014)	0.76
"The embryo toxicities of two food-processing-induced toxic compounds, acrylamide and furan, with and without added L-cysteine were examined individually and in mixtures using the frog embryo teratogenesis assay-Xenopus (FETAX)."	( Potential protective effect of L-cysteine against the toxicity of acrylamide and furan in exposed Xenopus laevis embryos: an interaction study. Cline, GR; Friedman, M; Rayburn, JR; Sauterer, R; Williams, JR, 2014)	0.87
" Results of acute oral toxicity tests on ICR mice suggested that the hydrogels are nontoxic up to 2000 mg/kg when administered orally, as no toxic response or histopathological changes were observed in comparison to control mice."	( Bacterial cellulose/acrylamide pH-sensitive smart hydrogel: development, characterization, and toxicity studies in ICR mice model. Amin, MC; Mohamad, N; Pandey, M, 2014)	0.73
"The individual toxic effects of aluminum and acrylamide are known but there is no data on their combined effects."	( Co-exposure to aluminum and acrylamide disturbs expression of metallothionein, proinflammatory cytokines and induces genotoxicity: Biochemical and histopathological changes in the kidney of adult rats. Boudawara, T; Ellouze Chaabouni, S; Fendri, N; Ghorbel, I; Jamoussi, K; Maktouf, S; Zeghal, N, 2016)	0.99
"Potentially toxic acrylamide is largely derived from the heat-inducing reactions between the amino group of the amino acid asparagine and carbonyl groups of glucose and fructose in plant-derived foods including cereals, coffees, almonds, olives, potatoes, and sweet potatoes."	( Acrylamide: inhibition of formation in processed food and mitigation of toxicity in cells, animals, and humans. Friedman, M, 2015)	2.19
" In this study we investigated possible acrylamide reproductive toxic effects in female mice."	( Acrylamide toxic effects on mouse oocyte quality and fertility in vivo. Chen, KL; Duan, X; Liu, J; Sun, SC; Wang, QC; Zhu, CC, 2015)	2.13
" According to the toxic unit approach, the values estimated by the Lemna minor and Daphnia magna bioassays, classify acrylamide as slightly toxic (TU=0-1; Class 1)."	( Assessment of acrylamide toxicity using a battery of standardised bioassays. Bošnir, J; Cvetković, Ž; Šikić, S; Vidaković-Cifrek, Ž; Zovko, M, 2015)	0.99
"Under the conditions of this experiment, ACR may induce hepatic toxicity through the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway, and NAC could antagonize the hepatic toxicity of ACR by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, whereas the toxic effect of ACR on kidney needs to be further studied."	( [The antagonistic effect and mechanism of N-acetylcysteine on acrylamide-induced hepatic and renal toxicity]. Pan, X; Qi, J; Wang, D; Yan, D; Yan, H, 2016)	0.67
"To investigate the toxic effects occurring in the liver tissues of the pregnant rats and the fetuses, which are administered acrylamide and vitamin E as a protector during pregnancy."	( Biochemical investigation of the toxic effects of acrylamide administration during pregnancy on the liver of mother and fetus and the protective role of vitamin E. Aksungur, Z; Altinoz, E; Dogan, Z; Erdemli, ME; Gozukara Bag, H; Turkoz, Y, 2017)	0.91
" In the present study we used sum of toxic units (TUsum = ∑TUi) to assess the relative toxicity of different type-2 alkene mixtures."	( Joint toxic effects of the type-2 alkene electrophiles. Gavin, T; Geohagen, BC; LoPachin, RM; Zhang, L, 2016)	0.43
"The zebrafish has become a commonly used vertebrate model for toxicity assessment, of particular relevance to the study of toxic effects on the visual system because of the structural similarities shared by zebrafish and human retinae."	( A colour preference technique to evaluate acrylamide-induced toxicity in zebrafish. Albalawi, A; Jia, L; Raghupathy, RK; Reilly, J; Shu, X; Xiao, Q; Zhao, Z, 2017)	0.72
" These cellular responses may provide new insights for the development of adverse outcome pathway approaches for risk assessments of AA."	( Acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in primary astrocytes and microglia: Roles of the Nrf2-ARE and NF-κB pathways. Chan, HM; Chen, F; Hu, X; Lewis Wang, FS; Zhao, M, 2017)	1.9
"Exposure to chemicals might be toxic to the developing brain."	( Comparison of neurons derived from mouse P19, rat PC12 and human SH-SY5Y cells in the assessment of chemical- and toxin-induced neurotoxicity. Jacobsson, SOP; Karlsson, J; Popova, D, 2017)	0.46
" These data support the suitability of the developed zebrafish model for screening of molecules with therapeutic value against this toxic neuropathy."	( Modelling acrylamide acute neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. Admon, A; Ben-Lulu, S; Garcia-Reyero, N; Gómez-Canela, C; Padrós, F; Prats, E; Raldúa, D; Tauler, R; Tornero, D; Ziv, T, 2017)	0.86
" N-acetylcysteine prevented the toxic effects of its on fetal brain (p < 0."	( Acrylamide applied during pregnancy causes the neurotoxic effect by lowering BDNF levels in the fetal brain. Altinoz, E; Arif Aladag, M; Bag, HG; Demirtas, S; Erdemli, ME; Turkoz, Y; Yigitcan, B, )	1.57
"Our study indicated that acrylamide has toxic effects in the fetal brain and N-acetylcysteine prevents its toxic effect."	( Acrylamide applied during pregnancy causes the neurotoxic effect by lowering BDNF levels in the fetal brain. Altinoz, E; Arif Aladag, M; Bag, HG; Demirtas, S; Erdemli, ME; Turkoz, Y; Yigitcan, B, )	1.88
"Acrylamide (AA) is a toxic chemical compound found in cooked foods."	( Cerium oxide nanoparticles protects against acrylamide induced toxicity in HepG2 cells through modulation of oxidative stress. Amani, N; Azari, A; Shaki, F; Shokrzadeh, M; Zamani, E, 2019)	2.22
" When embryos were simultaneously exposed to ACR and the natural antioxidative substance carnosic acid (CA), the presence of the latter (10 μM) markedly counteracted the above ACR-induced toxic effects."	( Carnosic acid attenuates acrylamide-induced retinal toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Akhtar, S; Albalawi, A; Alhasani, RHA; Biswas, L; Reilly, J; Shu, X, 2018)	0.78
" These findings suggest that prebiotic supplementation during pregnancy may be useful in attenuating the perinatal toxic effects associated with neurotoxin exposure."	( Oral supplements of combined fructo- and xylo-oligosaccharides during perinatal period significantly offsets acrylamide-induced oxidative impairments and neurotoxicity in rats. Krishna, G; Muralidhara, -, 2018)	0.69
" The challenges to characterize the molecular mechanisms triggered by acrylamide and to establish safe levels of consumption and/or exposure are also discussed in the present review."	( Acrylamide: A review about its toxic effects in the light of Developmental Origin of Health and Disease (DOHaD) concept. Bargi-Souza, P; Ivanski, F; Matoso, V; Romano, MA; Romano, RM, 2019)	2.19
" Despite its neurotoxicity, no studies have shown its toxic effects on dopaminergic neurons yet."	( Neurotoxic effects of acrylamide on dopaminergic neurons in primary mesencephalic cell culture. Al-Emam, A; Al-Shraim, M; Moldzio, R; Radad, K; Rausch, WD, 2019)	0.83
" Due to the high exposure to AA, recognition of its toxic effect is necessary, especially in developing countries where awareness about AA health risks is still very low."	( A Review on Acrylamide in Food: Occurrence, Toxicity, and Mitigation Strategies. Rifai, L; Saleh, FA, )	0.51
" No adverse effects were observed as a result of test diet consumption."	( Safety evaluation of E12, W8, X17, and Y9 potatoes: Nutritional evaluation and 90-day subchronic feeding study in rats. Gibson, C; Mukerji, P; Roper, JM; Rudgers, GW, 2020)	0.56
" To determine whether dietary AA intake causes adverse health effects, adult zebrafish were fed a diet containing AA at a relevant dose for one month."	( Intake of acrylamide at the dietary relevant concentration causes splenic toxicity in adult zebrafish. Komoike, Y; Matsuoka, M; Nomura-Komoike, K, 2020)	0.96
" Since liver and kidneys were possible toxic targets of both T-2 toxin and ACR, this study assessed whether combined exposure could increase hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity using both cell cultures and animal models."	( The combination of T-2 toxin and acrylamide synergistically induces hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity via the activation of oxidative stress and the mitochondrial pathway. Fan, L; Hou, L; Hu, H; Liu, S; Yin, S; Zhao, C, 2021)	0.9
" The purpose of this study was to investigate the adverse effects of exposure to acrylamide on skeletal development."	( Exposure to acrylamide induces skeletal developmental toxicity in zebrafish and rat embryos. Jiao, J; Wang, J; Zhang, Y; Zhu, F, 2021)	1.23
" However, its adverse effects on euryhaline fish are still unknown."	( The adverse effects of acrylamide exposure on the early development of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) and its mechanisms. Chen, Y; He, L; Li, L; Luo, L; Tian, E; Wang, J; Yang, L; Yue, Z, 2021)	0.93
" PSE markedly ameliorated brain damage as evidenced by the decreased lactate dehydrogenase (LDL), increased acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities, as well as the increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that were altered by the toxic dose of ACR."	( Metabolomic Profiling and Neuroprotective Effects of Purslane Seeds Extract Against Acrylamide Toxicity in Rat's Brain. Abd-Elsalam, RM; Ahmed, KA; Ali, SE; Alsherbiny, MA; El Badawy, SA; Farag, OM; Li, CG; Ogaly, HA, 2021)	0.85
"There is a worldwide concern on adverse health effects of dietary exposure to acrylamide (AA) due to its presence in commonly consumed foods."	( Does the food processing contaminant acrylamide cause developmental neurotoxicity? A review and identification of knowledge gaps. Alexander, J; Andreassen, M; Caspersen, IH; Dirven, H; Forsby, A; Hofer, T; Husøy, T; Johansson, Y; Knutsen, HK; Lindeman, B; Myhre, O; Paulsen, RE; Vejrup, K, 2021)	1.12
" Whether MRPs and acrylamide were physically mixed or when the solution is prepared from heating the mixture of arginine, glucose and acrylamide, the presence of MRPs effectively reduced the adverse changes caused by acrylamide."	( Inhibition of acrylamide toxicity in vivo by arginine-glucose maillard reaction products. Chai, X; Chen, S; He, A; Huang, Z; Ke, L; Rao, P; Wu, B; Xiang, L, 2021)	1.32
" TQ and capsaicin have shown efficacy in alleviating all of the acrylamide's toxic insults in the current reproductive toxicity model."	( Therapeutic effects of thymoquinone or capsaicin on acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity in rats mediated by their effect on oxidative stress, inflammation, and tight junction integrity. Abd Al Haleem, EN; Arafa, HMM; Hasan, WYS, 2022)	1.21
" This study aimed to investigate the toxic effects of subacute exposure of the motor endplate (MEP) of the gastrocnemius in rats to ACR."	( Toxic effects of subacute exposure to acrylamide on motor endplates of the gastrocnemius in rats. Bai, Y; Gu, Z; Liu, J; Luo, L; Luo, Y; Ma, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, T, 2021)	0.89
" Therefore, how to mitigate the toxic effect of AC is a research spot."	( Blumea laciniata protected Hep G2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans against acrylamide-induced toxicity via insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway. Chen, T; Ding, C; Feng, S; Luo, S; Wang, X; Yuan, M; Zhang, Y; Zhou, L; Zhou, Y; Zhu, S, 2021)	0.85
"Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine metabolic disorder, and previous studies have shown that diabetics are more sensitive to the toxic environmental contaminants."	( Short-term exposure to acrylamide exacerbated metabolic disorders and increased metabolic toxicity susceptibility on adult male mice with diabetes. Chen, Y; Feng, W; Guo, Y; Ji, H; Mao, G; Wu, X; Yang, L; Zhao, T, 2022)	1.03
" PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: ACR is a toxic chemical produced by frying, baking, roasting, or grilling foods with high starch content and has genotoxic, neurotoxic, and carcinogenic effects."	( Evaluation of the protective effects of morin against acrylamide-induced lung toxicity by biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and autophagy. Dogan, T; Eroz, R; Genc, A; Satici, E; Yesildag, K, 2022)	0.97
" In our study, first, toxic doses of acrylamide, nontoxic doses of thymoquinone and quercetin in C6 cells for 24 h were determined by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) colorimetric test."	( The effects of thymoquinone and quercetin on the toxicity of acrylamide in rat glioma cells. Kacar, S; Kutlu, HM; Sahinturk, V; Tomsuk, O, 2022)	1.24
"Acrylamide (ACR) is a toxic chemical formed in foods processed at high temperature; it is a food-borne toxicant with increasing public health attention due to its carcinogenic, neurotoxic and reproductive toxicities."	( Silymarin abrogates acrylamide-induced oxidative stress-mediated testicular toxicity via modulation of antioxidant mechanism, DNA damage, endocrine deficit and sperm quality in rats. Alturki, HA; Elsawy, HA; Famurewa, AC, 2022)	2.49
" Naringin (NA) is a flavonoid and it has been determined by studies that it has no toxic effect on tissues."	( Effects of naringin on oxidative stress, inflammation, some reproductive parameters, and apoptosis in acrylamide-induced testis toxicity in rat. Aksu, EH; Cinar, İ; Gelen, V; Sengul, E; Yildirim, S, 2023)	1.13
"Acrylamides are widely used industrial chemicals that cause adverse effects in humans or animals, such as carcinogenicity or neurotoxicity."	( Reactivity of Acrylamides Causes Cytotoxicity and Activates Oxidative Stress Response. Beil, S; Escher, BI; Grasse, N; Henneberger, L; Huchthausen, J; König, M, 2023)	2.71

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In an effort to improve risk-based decisions for acrylamide (AMD) and its epoxide metabolite, glycidamide (GLY), a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model was developed for describing AMD and GLY kinetics in the rat."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. Andersen, ME; Deskin, R; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Tonner-Navarro, L, 2003)	0.83
"A pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model has been developed for acrylamide (AMD) and its oxidative metabolite, glycidamide (GLY), in the rat based on available information."	( Kinetic and mechanistic data needs for a human phsiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for acrylamide: pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide. Andersen, ME; Olin, SS; Scimeca, J, 2005)	0.79
"A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model was developed for acrylamide (AA) and three of its metabolites: glycidamide (GA) and the glutathione conjugates of acrylamide (AA-GS) and glycidamide (GA-GS)."	( Physiologically based pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model for acrylamide and its metabolites in mice, rats, and humans. Doerge, DR; Luecke, RH; Young, JF, 2007)	0.82
" The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of AA and GA following intravenous and oral administration of AA in rats."	( Determination of acrylamide and glycidamide in various biological matrices by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and its application to a pharmacokinetic study. Choi, JH; Jeong, SW; Joo, SH; Kim, KB; Kim, TH; Seo, WS; Shin, BS; Shin, JC; Shin, S; Weon, KY, 2015)	0.76
"The study was designed to evaluate daily acrylamide exposure in US adults via hemoglobin adducts and urinary metabolites using a pharmacokinetic framework."	( Reconstructing population exposures to acrylamide from human monitoring data using a pharmacokinetic framework. Caffrey, JL; Chou, WC; Kadry, AR; Lin, YS; Morozov, V, 2023)	1.45
" Three acrylamide biomarkers including hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide in blood and two urine metabolites, N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)cysteine (AAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-l-cysteine (GAMA) were used to estimate daily acrylamide exposure using validated pharmacokinetic prediction models."	( Reconstructing population exposures to acrylamide from human monitoring data using a pharmacokinetic framework. Caffrey, JL; Chou, WC; Kadry, AR; Lin, YS; Morozov, V, 2023)	1.63
" This study also highlights the value of integrating a pharmacokinetic approach into exposure assessments."	( Reconstructing population exposures to acrylamide from human monitoring data using a pharmacokinetic framework. Caffrey, JL; Chou, WC; Kadry, AR; Lin, YS; Morozov, V, 2023)	1.18

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"In this research, for the first time, we successfully developed ultrasonic-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a new, fast and highly sensitive method for determining of acrylamide in potato chips samples."	( Ultrasonic-assisted extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as an efficient and sensitive method for determining of acrylamide in potato chips samples. Abedi, AS; Kamankesh, M; Mohammadi, A; Shojaee-Aliababadi, S; Zokaei, M, 2017)	0.83

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These results show that orally administered acrylamide is poorly absorbed and rapidly eliminated from hens and accumulates in their eggs in a nonextractable form."	( Toxicokinetics of a single 50 mg/kg oral dose of [2,3-14C]acrylamide in White Leghorn hens. Abdel-Rahman, AA; Abou-Donia, MB; Blumenthal, GM; Friedman, MA; Wilmarth, KR, 1995)	0.8
" The variability of acrylamide concentrations found in this investigation is most likely caused by variable intersubject bioavailability and metabolism."	( Acrylamide: increased concentrations in homemade food and first evidence of its variable absorption from food, variable metabolism and placental and breast milk transfer in humans. Hofmann, A; Illauer, M; Kinzig-Schippers, M; Landersdorfer, C; Skott, A; Sörgel, F; Weissenbacher, R, 2002)	2.08
" However, data on the bioavailability of acrylamide from food matrices in humans are limited."	( Reduction of acrylamide uptake by dietary proteins in a caco-2 gut model. Schabacker, J; Schwend, T; Wink, M, 2004)	0.96
" While oral administration was found to attenuate AA bioavailability to 23% from the diet and to 32-52% from aqueous gavage, a first-pass effect or other kinetic change resulted in higher relative internal exposure to GA when compared to the intravenous route."	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in B6C3F1 mice. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	0.66
" AA bioavailability after aqueous gavage was 60--98% and from the diet was 32--44%; however, first-pass metabolism or other kinetic change resulted in much higher internal exposures to GA (2- to 7-fold) when compared to the intravenous route."	( Toxicokinetics of acrylamide and glycidamide in Fischer 344 rats. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2005)	0.66
" This has to be accounted for, particularly in exposure assessment and in studies of bioavailability and, in the long run, the health risk assessment."	( Some analytical factors affecting measured levels of acrylamide in food products. Eriksson, S; Karlsson, P, 2005)	0.58
" Our previous toxicokinetic investigations of AA and its important genotoxic metabolite, glycidamide (GA), in rodents showed that AA is highly bioavailable from oral routes of administration, is widely distributed to tissues and that the dietary route, in particular, favors metabolism to GA."	( Relationships between biomarkers of exposure and toxicokinetics in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice administered single doses of acrylamide and glycidamide and multiple doses of acrylamide. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Tareke, E; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2006)	0.54
" Our previous toxicokinetic investigations of AA and its genotoxic metabolite, glycidamide (GA), in rodents showed that AA is highly bioavailable from oral routes of administration, is widely distributed to tissues, and that the dietary route, in particular, favors metabolism to GA."	( Urinary excretion of acrylamide and metabolites in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice administered a single dose of acrylamide. Angerer, J; Boettcher, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2007)	0.66
" In conclusion, these results show the existence of significant differences in AA bioavailability from an aqueous solution depending on the sex and age of animals."	( Formation of hemoglobin adducts of acrylamide after its ingestion in rats is dependent on age and sex. Cabrer, JM; Palou, A; Picó, C; Rosselló, CA; Sánchez, J, 2008)	0.62
" We studied whether the food matrix modulates bioavailability and/or biotransformation and investigated kinetics and biological effectiveness of AA in rats."	( Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: a study in rats. Baum, M; Berger, FI; Bertow, D; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Fricker, G; Gerhardt, N; Merz, KH; Richling, E, 2011)	0.68
" Altogether, no significant differences in bioavailability of AA from water and the different food matrices were observed."	( Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: a study in rats. Baum, M; Berger, FI; Bertow, D; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Fricker, G; Gerhardt, N; Merz, KH; Richling, E, 2011)	0.68
" These findings confirmed the risk of potato chips as dietary AA exposure for consumers, and that strains of the genus Lactobacillus could be employed to reduce the bioavailability of dietary AA."	( Evaluation of acrylamide-removing properties of two Lactobacillus strains under simulated gastrointestinal conditions using a dynamic system. Garcia, HS; González-Córdova, AF; Hernandez-Mendoza, A; Ramírez-Ortiz, K; Rivas-Jimenez, L; Vallejo-Cordoba, B, 2016)	0.79
"Acrylamide and phenolic compounds on both fresh and cooked olives were monitored by HPLC/MS-MS and reversed-phase-HPLC methods along different procedures: elaboration process, high hydrostatic pressure (HHP), cooking treatment and bioavailability evaluation."	( Monitoring of acrylamide and phenolic compounds in table olive after high hydrostatic pressure and cooking treatments. Cabrera-Bañegil, M; Delgado-Adámez, J; Fernández, A; Lodolini, EM; Martín-Vertedor, D; Ramírez, R, 2019)	2.32
" Reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability has been associated with increased CVD in CKD patients."	( Association between Acrylamide Metabolites and Cardiovascular Risk in Children With Early Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease. Chang-Chien, GP; Hou, CY; Hsu, CN; Lin, S; Lu, PC; Tain, YL, 2020)	0.88

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Contrast increment thresholds were elevated for the dosed monkeys only in one of the two conditions tested."	( Visual effects of damage to P ganglion cells in macaques. Lynch, JJ; Merigan, WH; Perry, VH; Silveira, LC, 1992)	0.28
" Rats were dosed every other day with acrylamide (50 mg/kg, IP) and sampled intermittently throughout a 4 week exposure period."	( Gene probe for P0 messenger RNA used to index acrylamide toxic neuropathy in rats. Gupta, S; Jones, K; Mezei, C; Pringle, J; Veronesi, B, 1991)	0.81
" Therefore, both ACR and 2,5-HD produce a transient and repeated compromise of fast anterograde transport during the dosing regimen which results in distal nerve degeneration."	( Toxic neurofilamentous axonopathies and fast anterograde axonal transport. III. Recovery from single injections and multiple dosing effects of acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione. Sickles, DW, 1991)	0.48
" Retrograde axon transport deficits appeared within hours of dosing with acrylamide."	( Progressive deficits in retrograde axon transport precede degeneration of motor axons in acrylamide neuropathy. Moretto, A; Sabri, MI, 1988)	0.73
" Dose-response relationships between quipazine and the area-under-the-MSR showed a significant shift to the right in the ACR 10 from control and no significant change in the ACR 20 from control."	( Acrylamide neurotoxicity: altered spinal monosynaptic responses to quipazine, a serotonin agonist, in cats. Goldstein, BD, 1985)	1.71
" Monkeys dosed with acrylamide showed large reductions of contrast sensitivity at high spatial as well as low temporal frequencies."	( Spatio-temporal vision of macaques with severe loss of P beta retinal ganglion cells. Eskin, TA; Merigan, WH, 1986)	0.59
"Male beagle dogs and miniature pigs were given acrylamide in the diet for 3-4 wk at a dosage of 1 mg/kg/day."	( Comparative tissue distribution and excretion of [1-14C]acrylamide in beagle dogs and miniature pigs. Ikeda, GJ; Inskeep, PB; Michel, TC; Miller, E; Sapienza, PP, 1987)	0.78
" Dose-response studies revealed a dose-dependent increase in both the MSR and DRR."	( Paradoxical changes in spinal cord reflexes following the acute administration of acrylamide. Fincher, DR; Goldstein, BD, 1986)	0.5
" The dose-response relationship between production of hemoglobin adduct and dose of acrylamide (0."	( Monitoring exposure to acrylamide by the determination of S-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine in hydrolyzed hemoglobin by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Bailey, E; Bird, I; Farmer, PB; Lamb, JH; Peal, JA, 1986)	0.81
" The experiments reported demonstrate that after subchronic oral dosing in the male rat, acrylamide induced significant elevations in both pre- and post-implantation loss following dominant lethal testing."	( Dominant lethal effects of subchronic acrylamide administration in the male Long-Evans rat. George, EL; Long, RE; Preston, RJ; Smith, MK; Zenick, H, 1986)	0.76
" Pattern-reversal-evoked responses exhibited increased latency and reduced amplitude during dosing but substantially recovered after exposure."	( Acrylamide effects on the macaque visual system. I. Psychophysics and electrophysiology. Barkdoll, E; Eskin, TA; Lapham, LW; Maurissen, JP; Merigan, WH, 1985)	1.71
"Oral acrylamide dosing for 6-10 weeks produced axonal swellings with neurofilament accumulation in the distal optic tract and lateral geniculate nucleus of macaques."	( Acrylamide effects on the macaque visual system. II. Retinogeniculate morphology. Eskin, TA; Lapham, LW; Maurissen, JP; Merigan, WH, 1985)	2.23
" Likewise, the simultaneous dosing of both drugs, which causes an evident loss of weight in the animals, has demonstrated that an activation on the dopaminergic system is produced."	( Effect of oral CDP-choline on acrylamide-induced lesion. Agut, J; Font, E; Ortiz, JA; Sacristán, A, 1983)	0.55
" Additional groups of rats were dosed with 5, 15 or 50 mg/kg/day acrylamide for 5 days, then sacrificed on day 6 at various time intervals after iv injections of tritiated tyrosine (Tyr) or tryptophan (Trp)."	( Evaluation of acrylamide treatment on levels of major brain biogenic amines, their turnover rates, and metabolites. Aldous, CN; Farr, CH; Sharma, RP, )	0.73
"A heritable translocation test was carried out with acrylamide (AA) to obtain a dose-response relationship for induction of reciprocal translocations in late spermatids of the mouse."	( Dose response for heritable translocations induced by acrylamide in spermatids of mice. Adler, ID; Reitmeir, P; Schmöller, R; Schriever-Schwemmer, G, 1994)	0.79
" The last litter was reared and dosed after weaning until mating at 74 +/- 10 days of age with the same level of compound given to the parents Neurotoxicity was assessed at several times in both generations by measuring forelimb and hindlimb grip strength."	( The reproductive and neural toxicities of acrylamide and three analogues in Swiss mice, evaluated using the continuous breeding protocol. Chapin, RE; Collins, BJ; Fail, PA; George, JD; Grizzle, TB; Harry, GJ; Heindel, JJ; Teague, J, 1995)	0.56
" There were dose-related decreases in average F0 maternal body weight gains during the dosing period in the 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg/day groups, and characteristic hindlimb splaying was observed in dams of the two highest dosage groups."	( Developmental neurotoxicity evaluation of acrylamide in Sprague-Dawley rats. Duchai, DM; Gordon, LR; Morrissey, RE; Soper, KA; Wise, LD, )	0.4
" Deaths occurred in all groups of hens given 2,5-hexanedione (75, 105, or 150 mg/kg) before sacrifice at 3 wk, but all rats given 2,5-hexanedione (150, 225, 350 mg/kg) survived a 4-wk study period, even though gait changes were evident in the 225 and 350 mg/kg dosage groups by 3 wk."	( Comparison of toxicities of acrylamide and 2,5-hexanedione in hens and rats on 3-week dosing regimens. Ehrich, M; Jortner, BS, 1993)	0.58
" We employed two differently designed experiments with respect to the dosage levels and treatment periods for developing clinical neuropathies."	( The effects of 2,5-hexanedione and acrylamide on myosin heavy chain isoforms of slow and fast skeletal muscles of the rat. Futatsuka, M; Miyamoto, E; Nagano, M; Oishi, Y; Yamamoto, H, 1996)	0.57
" Because duration of dosing had no impact on the kinetics of acrylamide, these data indicate that the toxicity of acrylamide is not due to an accumulation of acrylamide in the target tissue."	( The impact of dose rate on the neurotoxicity of acrylamide: the interaction of administered dose, target tissue concentrations, tissue damage, and functional effects. Anthony, DC; Crofton, KM; MacPhail, RC; Padilla, S; Raymer, JH; Tilson, HA, 1996)	0.79
" The dose-response mechanism relies on the production of light-scattering polymer micro-particles in the gel at each site of radiation absorption."	( Radiation dose distributions in three dimensions from tomographic optical density scanning of polymer gels: II. Optical properties of the BANG polymer gel. Gore, JC; Maryañski, MJ; Zastavker, YZ, 1996)	0.29
" Days of dosing were 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, and 19."	( Simple neurobehavioral functional observational battery and objective gait analysis validation by the use of acrylamide and methanol with a built-in recovery period. Santi, BW; Youssef, AF, 1997)	0.51
" To investigate mechanisms of endocrine disruption, short-term, low-level oral dosing studies were conducted."	( Changes in thyroid gland morphology after acute acrylamide exposure. Davis, CA; Foley, GL; Friedman, MA; Hansen, LG; Khan, MA, 1999)	0.56
" Dosed dams exhibited progressive toxicity, including mortality (two), severely reduced feed and water consumption, BW, and BW gain, and behavioral neurotoxicity (with no sciatic nerve pathology)."	( Effects of lactational administration of acrylamide on rat dams and offspring. Friedman, MA; Gerling, FS; Marr, MC; Myers, CB; Ross, WP; Tyl, RW, )	0.4
" White Leghorn hens were dosed with the neuropathic compounds di-1-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate (dibutyl dichlorvos, DBDCV), tri-o-cresyl phosphate (TOCP), or acrylamide, and regions from brain were fractionated into axolemmal, synaptosomal, and microsomal preparations."	( Brainstem axolemmal protein phosphorylation in vitro in hens dosed with di-1-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate. Huggins, DJ; Richardson, RJ, 1999)	0.5
" vs gavage) of intoxication have shown that swelling and degeneration were related to neurotoxicant dosing conditions (i."	( Redefining toxic distal axonopathies. LoPachin, RM, 2000)	0.31
" Both dosing regimens produced moderate levels of behavioral neurotoxicity and, for each, ACR was rapidly absorbed from the site of administration and evenly distributed to tissues."	( Metabolism, toxicokinetics and hemoglobin adduct formation in rats following subacute and subchronic acrylamide dosing. Barber, DS; Ehrich, MF; Hunt, JR; Lehning, EJ; LoPachin, RM, 2001)	0.53
" Clear-cut dose-response associations were found between the Hb-adduct levels and PNS symptoms."	( Health effects of occupational exposure to acrylamide using hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of internal dose. Aprea, P; Axmon, A; Bruze, M; Granath, F; Hagmar, L; Kautiainen, A; Magnusson, AL; Malmberg, B; Nordander, C; Rosén, I; Törnqvist, M, 2001)	0.57
" The use of Hb adducts of acrylamide as a biomarker of internal dose revealed strong dose-response associations."	( Health effects of occupational exposure to acrylamide using hemoglobin adducts as biomarkers of internal dose. Aprea, P; Axmon, A; Bruze, M; Granath, F; Hagmar, L; Kautiainen, A; Magnusson, AL; Malmberg, B; Nordander, C; Rosén, I; Törnqvist, M, 2001)	0.87
" However, ACR has also been shown to produce early nerve terminal degeneration of somatosensory, somatomotor and autonomic nerve fibers under a variety of dosing conditions."	( Nerve terminals as the primary site of acrylamide action: a hypothesis. Lehning, EJ; LoPachin, RM; Ross, JF, 2002)	0.58
" Dosing of AMD via the intravenous, intraperitoneal, or oral route of exposure is incorporated into the model structure."	( A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for acrylamide and its metabolite, glycidamide, in the rat. Andersen, ME; Deskin, R; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Tonner-Navarro, L, 2003)	0.57
" In the rat no positive dose-response relationship was obtained, probably due to toxic effects to the bone marrow."	( Induction of micronuclei in mouse and rat by glycidamide, genotoxic metabolite of acrylamide. Golding, B; Granath, F; Grawé, J; Henderson, A; Kotova, N; Paulsson, B; Törnqvist, M, 2003)	0.54
" We have registered the effects of a series of low doses in the sensitive flow cytometer-based micronucleus assay in mice, paying special attention to deviations from the expected linear dose-response function."	( The dose-response relationship at very low doses of acrylamide is linear in the flow cytometer-based mouse micronucleus assay. Abramsson-Zetterberg, L, 2003)	0.57
" A number of processes may result in nonlinearity of the dose-response relationships for acrylamide carcinogenicity in the low-dose region, including detoxication reactions, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and immune surveillance."	( Risk assessment of acrylamide in foods. Dybing, E; Sanner, T, 2003)	0.87
" Adduct levels were modestly higher in adult mice dosed with GA as opposed to AA; however, treatment of neonatal mice with GA produced 5-7-fold higher whole body DNA adduct levels than with AA, presumably reflective of lower oxidative enzyme activity in newborn mice."	( DNA adduct formation from acrylamide via conversion to glycidamide in adult and neonatal mice. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Hamilton, LP; Marques, MM; Von Tungeln, LS, 2003)	0.62
"Methods for dose-response modeling of in vivo genotoxicity data are introduced and applied to a case study of acrylamide."	( Dose-response modeling of in vivo genotoxicity data for use in risk assessment: some approaches illustrated by an analysis of acrylamide. Allen, B; Friedman, M; Lawrence, G; Shipp, A; Zeiger, E, 2005)	0.75
" We especially looked for any deviation from linearity of the dose-response curves."	( A comparison of genotoxicity between three common heterocyclic amines and acrylamide. Abramsson-Zetterberg, L; Durling, LJ, 2005)	0.56
" Dosing mice and rats with AA (50 mg/kg) led to presence of glycidamide (GA) in serum and tissues."	( DNA adducts derived from administration of acrylamide and glycidamide to mice and rats. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2005)	0.59
" Furthermore, our results might indicate that the dose-response curve for acrylamide is not linear."	( Determination of haemoglobin adducts of acrylamide and glycidamide in smoking and non-smoking persons of the general population. Angerer, J; Drexler, H; Kütting, B; Letzel, S; Rossbach, B; Schettgen, T, 2004)	0.82
" In the present study female Balb/c mice were infected with CB3, and on day 1 of the infection, dosed orally with approximately 50 microg/kg bw of [(14)C]acrylamide ((14)AA) and subsequently sacrificed on day 3 of the infection for studies of the distribution of radioactivity and genotoxic effects in terms of the frequency of micronucleated erythrocytes."	( Acrylamide tissue distribution and genotoxic effects in a common viral infection in mice. Abramsson-Zetterberg, L; Ilbäck, NG; Wong, J, 2005)	1.97
" Dosing of dams ended when litters were born; pups received daily gavage at the same dose as their dam from postnatal day (PND) 1 through PND22."	( Developmental and behavioral effects of acrylamide in Fischer 344 rats. Ferguson, SA; Garey, J; Paule, MG, )	0.4
"8%, and showed a good dose-response relationship in large colonies."	( [Mutational spectra in the tk gene of mouse lymphoma cells induced by acrylamide]. Cao, J; Liu, JY; Liu, SX; Yuan, J, 2005)	0.56
" Urine samples before dosing and within 46 h after the dose were analysed for d(3)-AAMA and d(3)-GAMA by LC-ESI-MS/MS."	( Excretion of mercapturic acids of acrylamide and glycidamide in human urine after single oral administration of deuterium-labelled acrylamide. Angerer, J; Boettcher, MI; Bolt, HM; Drexler, H, 2006)	0.61
" Hemoglobin (Hb), serum albumin (SA), protamine, sperm DNA, tails and heads were isolated 24h post dosing and the adduct levels were measured by AMS, respectively."	( Adduction of biomacromolecules with acrylamide (AA) in mice at environmental dose levels studied by accelerator mass spectrometry. Ding, X; Fu, D; Liu, K; Liu, Y; Sun, H; Xie, Q, 2006)	0.61
" It was shown that the dose-response behaviour of the NIPAM/Bis gel dosimeter is comparable to that of normoxic polyacrylamide gel (PAGAT) in terms of high dose-sensitivity and low dependence on dose rate and irradiation temperature, within the ranges considered."	( Polymer gel dosimeters with reduced toxicity: a preliminary investigation of the NMR and optical dose-response using different monomers. De Jean, P; McAuley, KB; Schreiner, LJ; Senden, RJ, 2006)	0.54
" The purpose of this investigation was to review the toxicity data, identify any new relevant data, and select those data to be used in dose-response modeling."	( Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer effects. Allen, B; Bartow, H; Bounds, J; Clewell, H; Gentry, R; Lawrence, G; Macdonald, N; McDonald, T; Shipp, A; Van Landingham, C, )	1.57
" The goal was to investigate possible relationships between these circulating biomarkers of exposure and serum toxicokinetic parameters for AA and GA and tissue GA-DNA adducts in rodents from both single and repeated dosing with AA."	( Relationships between biomarkers of exposure and toxicokinetics in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F1 mice administered single doses of acrylamide and glycidamide and multiple doses of acrylamide. Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Tareke, E; Twaddle, NC; Young, JF, 2006)	0.54
" A linear dose-response relationship was observed between the GA concentration and the levels of N7-GA-Gua."	( Cytogenetic damage induced by acrylamide and glycidamide in mammalian cells: correlation with specific glycidamide-DNA adducts. Beland, FA; Churchwell, MI; Doerge, DR; Gamboa da Costa, G; Gaspar, JF; Marques, MM; Martins, C; Martins, V; Oliveira, NG; Pingarilho, M; Rueff, J, 2007)	0.63
" Concentrations of AA and AAMA correlated significantly with average AUC values determined previously for AA in groups of rats and mice similarly dosed with AA."	( Urinary excretion of acrylamide and metabolites in Fischer 344 rats and B6C3F(1) mice administered a single dose of acrylamide. Angerer, J; Boettcher, MI; Doerge, DR; McDaniel, LP; Twaddle, NC, 2007)	0.66
"5 days delivering a therapeutically relevant dosage and was fit to a power law model indicating zero-order release characteristics with n=0."	( Zero-order therapeutic release from imprinted hydrogel contact lenses within in vitro physiological ocular tear flow. Ali, M; Byrne, ME; Hong, JW; Horikawa, S; Saha, J; Venkatesh, S, 2007)	0.34
"030 (mg/kg-day)(-1) for the low area of the dose-response curve associated with possible mutagenicity."	( Evidence-based dose-response assessment for thyroid tumorigenesis from acrylamide. Allen, B; Dourson, M; Haber, L; Hertzberg, R; Kohrman, M; Kroner, O; Maier, A; Parker, A, 2008)	0.58
" This study evaluated the low-dose MN response in mouse bone marrow and the shape of the dose-response curve."	( Investigation of the low-dose response in the in vivo induction of micronuclei and adducts by acrylamide. Fennell, TR; Friedman, M; Haseman, JK; Recio, L; Snyder, RW; Zeiger, E, 2009)	0.57
" It was hypothesized that despite the administration of AA at similar doses, the discrepancy in the observed effects was most likely due to varying AA concentrations in the administered dosing solution."	( Effect of dose volume on the toxicokinetics of acrylamide and its metabolites and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Bai, R; Burka, LT; Ghanayem, BI, 2009)	0.61
" In comparison with pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and ascorbic acid, PM exerted the highest inhibition activity against AA formation, and a clear dose-response was observed."	( Effect of pyridoxamine on acrylamide formation in a glucose/asparagine model system. Arribas-Lorenzo, G; Morales, FJ, 2009)	0.65
" Gavaging continued at the same doses to pups through weaning on post-natal day (PND) 22 after which dosing continued via their drinking water."	( Effects of chronic oral acrylamide exposure on incremental repeated acquisition (learning) task performance in Fischer 344 rats. Garey, J; Paule, MG, )	0.44
" Based on modes of action (MoA), a nonlinear dose-response approach was applied for neurotoxicity (non-genotoxicity) and carcinogenicity (mixed: genotoxicity and epigenetic MoA)."	( Estimation of safe dietary intake levels of acrylamide for humans. Carson, ML; Gargas, ML; Kirman, CR; Sweeney, LM; Tardiff, RG, 2010)	0.62
" In all rats, serum AA and GA levels exhibited a dose-response relationship."	( Preweaning behaviors, developmental landmarks, and acrylamide and glycidamide levels after pre- and postnatal acrylamide treatment in rats. Doerge, DR; Ferguson, SA; Garey, J; Paule, MG; Smith, ME; Twaddle, NC, )	0.38
" We performed a dose-response study with AA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats."	( N7-glycidamide-guanine DNA adduct formation by orally ingested acrylamide in rats: a dose-response study encompassing human diet-related exposure levels. Baum, M; Berger, F; Böhm, N; Eisenbrand, G; Feld, J; Lampen, A; Merz, KH; Reemtsma, T; Richling, E; Scherbl, D; Skipper, PL; Tannenbaum, SR; Watzek, N, 2012)	0.62
" However, a significant dose-dependent increase in DNA damage was observed in germ cells following 6 months of exposure in the two highest dosage groups (1 and 10 µg/ml)."	( Chronic exposure to acrylamide induces DNA damage in male germ cells of mice. Nixon, B; Nixon, BJ; Roman, SD; Stanger, SJ, 2012)	0.7
" LA was used in combination with aluminum sulfate or polyaluminum chloride, namely Al-LA (Al was dosed firstly) and LA-Al (LA was dosed firstly), in humic acid water treatment."	( Characterization of size, strength and structure of aluminum-polymer dual-coagulant flocs under different pH and hydraulic conditions. Dong, M; Gao, B; Li, Q; Rong, H; Sun, S; Yue, Q; Zhao, Y, 2013)	0.39
"61), but not in the fourth quartile, and there was no evidence for a linear dose-response trend."	( Dietary intake of acrylamide and esophageal cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition cohort. Amiano, P; Bamia, C; Barricarte, A; Benetou, V; Boeing, H; Boutron-Ruault, MC; Bueno-de-Mesquita, HB; Clavel-Chapelon, F; Duell, EJ; Ericson, U; Ferrari, P; Freisling, H; González, CA; Grioni, S; Johansson, M; Katzke, V; Khaw, KT; Kühn, T; Lujan-Barroso, L; Mattiello, A; Navarro, C; Numans, ME; Obón-Santacana, M; Olsen, A; Overvad, K; Peeters, PH; Quirós, JR; Racine, A; Riboli, E; Saieva, C; Sánchez-Cantalejo, E; Siersema, PD; Skeie, G; Slimani, N; Sund, M; Tjønneland, A; Travis, RC; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Vineis, P; Wareham, N; Weiderpass, E; Wirfält, E, 2014)	0.74
" No associations and no evidence for a dose-response were observed between energy-adjusted acrylamide intake and EOC risk (HR10μg/d,1."	( Dietary intake of acrylamide and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in the european prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Baglietto, L; Barricarte, A; Boeing, H; Bueno-de-Mesquita, HB; Clavel-Chapelon, F; Dossus, L; Duell, EJ; Fortner, RT; Freisling, H; Gram, IT; Huerta Castaño, JM; Idahl, A; Khaw, KT; Larrañaga, N; Lundin, E; Masala, G; Mattiello, A; Menéndez, V; Merritt, MA; Obón-Santacana, M; Olsen, A; Onland-Moret, NC; Orfanos, P; Overvad, K; Peeters, PH; Riboli, E; Sanchez, MJ; Schock, H; Sieri, S; Skeie, G; Stocks, T; Tjønneland, A; Travis, RC; Trichopoulos, D; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Vineis, P; Wareham, N; Weiderpass, E; Wirfält, E, 2015)	0.97
" PCA showed differences between the ACR-dosed and control groups 20 days after the start of dosing; a bigger separation between the two groups was seen after dosing for 40 days."	( A urinary metabolomics study of rats after the exposure to acrylamide by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry. Chen, JS; Jin, XW; Ma, WW; Wang, DC; Wang, SY; Wang, Y; Wu, YH; Zhang, Y, 2015)	0.66
" Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were dosed orally with ACR at 0 (saline), 20, 30, and 40 mg/kg/day for 20 days."	( Acrylamide increases dopamine levels by affecting dopamine transport and metabolism related genes in the striatal dopaminergic system. Cheng, G; Guo, X; Lu, Q; Pan, X; Xiong, F; Yan, H, 2015)	1.86
" As it had multiple functional groups from the raw materials, the amphoteric flocculant showed high color removal efficiency to anionic (acid blue 113, >95%), neutral (reactive black 5, >95%) and cationic dyes (methyl orange, >50%) in a wide range of flocculant dosage and pH windows."	( Preparation of lignosulfonate-acrylamide-chitosan ternary graft copolymer and its flocculation performance. He, K; Lou, T; Wang, X; Zhao, W, 2015)	0.71
"83, respectively); however, no linear dose-response trends were observed."	( Acrylamide and Glycidamide Hemoglobin Adducts and Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Nested Case-Control Study in Nonsmoking Postmenopausal Women from the EPIC Cohort. Ardanaz, E; Baglietto, L; Boeing, H; Boutron-Ruault, MC; Bueno-de-Mesquita, HB; Castaño, JM; Chamosa, S; Duell, EJ; Ferrari, P; Fortner, RT; Freisling, H; Gunter, MJ; Idahl, A; Khaw, KT; Klinaki, E; Lujan-Barroso, L; Lundin, E; Mattiello, A; Menéndez, V; Merritt, MA; Obón-Santacana, M; Onland-Moret, NC; Ose, J; Papatesta, EM; Peeters, PH; Riboli, E; Sacerdote, C; Saieva, C; Sánchez-Cantalejo, E; Severi, G; Tagliabue, G; Travis, RC; Trichopoulou, A; Tumino, R; Vesper, HW; Wareham, N; Weiderpass, E, 2016)	1.88
" The results indicated that the dose-response (R2) of AMPS/Bis had a linear trend over a wide dose range."	( Characteristics of a novel polymer gel dosimeter formula for MRI scanning: Dosimetry, toxicity and temporal stability of response. Abtahi, SM, 2016)	0.43
" In contrast to oral dosage forms, there is currently no clear consensus on a standard for in vitro drug dissolution studies for parenteral formulations."	( Macroporous acrylamide phantoms improve prediction of in vivo performance of in situ forming implants. Exner, AA; Gawlik, N; Gilbert, D; Goss, M; Hernandez, C; Jeganathan, S; Zhou, H, 2016)	0.81
" Similar dose-response associations were found at 5 and 8 years."	( Dietary acrylamide intake during pregnancy and postnatal growth and obesity: Results from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa). Alexander, J; Botton, J; Brantsaeter, AL; de Lauzon-Guillain, B; Haugen, M; Kadawathagedara, M; Meltzer, HM; Papadopoulou, E, 2018)	0.92
"Unexpectedly, there was a statistically non-significant inverse association between acrylamide and ER+ breast cancer risk among all women but with no clear dose-response relationship, and no association among never smokers."	( Interaction between dietary acrylamide intake and genetic variants for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer risk. Godschalk, RWL; Hogervorst, JGF; Schouten, LJ; van den Brandt, PA; van Schooten, FJ, 2019)	1.03
"Twenty-four adult albino rats weighing 150-200 g were randomly divided into four equal groups (6 rats each): control group (Group I), the rats that received ACR 45 mg/kg/day (Group II), the rats that received ACR concomitant with omega 3 at a dosage of 200 mg/kg/day (Group III), the rats that received ACR concomitant with green tea dissolved in drinking water at a dosage of 5 g/L (Group IV)."	( Acrylamide-induced adverse cerebellar changes in rats: possible oligodendrogenic effect of omega 3 and green tea. Gadallah, HN; Imam, RA, 2019)	1.96
" We performed a systematic review of the association between estimated dietary intake of acrylamide and risk of female breast, endometrial, and ovarian cancers in nonexperimental studies published through February 25, 2020, and conducted a dose-response meta-analysis."	( Dietary Intake of Acrylamide and Risk of Breast, Endometrial, and Ovarian Cancers: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis. Adani, G; Blaha, L; Filippini, T; Halldorsson, TI; Vinceti, M; Wise, LA, 2020)	1.11
" We found significantly negative dose-response relationships of all urinary acrylamide metabolites and TGF-β1 with all six HRV indices after adjusting for potential confounders (all P < 0."	( Exposure to acrylamide and reduced heart rate variability: The mediating role of transforming growth factor-β. Cen, X; Chen, A; Chen, W; Cheng, M; Guo, Y; He, H; Li, W; Ma, J; Mu, G; Qiu, W; Wang, B; Wang, D; Wang, X; Xiao, L; Yang, M; Yang, S; Zhang, X; Zhou, M; Zhou, Y; Zhu, C, 2020)	1.17
" All treatments were given by oral dosing every day for 60 days."	( Portulaca oleracea seeds' extract alleviates acrylamide-induced testicular dysfunction by promoting oxidative status and steroidogenic pathway in rats. Abd-Elsalam, RM; Ahmed, KA; Alsherbiny, MA; El Badawy, SA; Farag, OM; Ogaly, HA, 2021)	0.88
" Therefore, U87-MG cells were treated with varying ACR concentrations, while the cell activity reduction depended on the specific dosage and time parameters."	( Acrylamide induces intrinsic apoptosis and inhibits protective autophagy Cui, Y; Deng, L; Jiang, L; Xia, Q; Yin, H; Zhao, L; Zhao, M, 2022)	2.16
"We performed a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies evaluating the relationship between maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and the risk of being small for gestational age (SGA) and birth weight, birth head circumference and birth length."	( Maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Åkesson, A; Filippini, T; Halldorsson, TI; Hogervorst, J; Laguzzi, F; Leander, K; Nawrot, T; Vinceti, M; Virgolino, A, 2022)	1.34
" Results from the dose-response meta-analysis between increasing maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and birth weight showed no clear evidence of a deviation from linearity."	( Maternal acrylamide exposure during pregnancy and fetal growth: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of epidemiological studies. Åkesson, A; Filippini, T; Halldorsson, TI; Hogervorst, J; Laguzzi, F; Leander, K; Nawrot, T; Vinceti, M; Virgolino, A, 2022)	1.37
" At the start of the second week, the medium and high dosage rutin group's rats' gait scores significantly decreased as compared to those of the ACR group."	( Protective effect of rutin on spinal motor neuron in rats exposed to acrylamide and the underlying mechanism. Li, L; Li, S; Liu, J; Liu, S; Luo, Y; Ma, Y; Zhang, C; Zhang, T, 2023)	1.14

Role	Description
carcinogenic agent	A role played by a chemical compound which is known to induce a process of carcinogenesis by corrupting normal cellular pathways, leading to the acquistion of tumoral capabilities.
neurotoxin	A poison that interferes with the functions of the nervous system.
mutagen	An agent that increases the frequency of mutations above the normal background level, usually by interacting directly with DNA and causing it damage, including base substitution.
alkylating agent	Highly reactive chemical that introduces alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevents their proper functioning. It could be used as an antineoplastic agent, but it might be very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. It could also be used as a component of poison gases.
Maillard reaction product	Any thermal degradation product obtained as a result of a chemical reaction between an amino acid and a reducing sugar (Maillard reaction, a non-enzymatic browning procedure that usually imparts flavour to starch-based food products).
[role information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Class	Description
acrylamides	An enamide which is acrylamide or a derivative of acrylamide obtained by replacement of one or more of its hydrogens.
N-acylammonia	A carboxamide obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy group of any carboxylic acid with ammonia.
primary carboxamide	A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Pathway	Proteins	Compounds
superpathway of acrylonitrile degradation	0	10
acrylonitrile degradation I	2	6
acrylonitrile degradation	0	6
Acrylamide biotransformation and exposure biomarkers	0	4

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
caspase 7, apoptosis-related cysteine protease	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.2815	0.0133	26.9810	70.7614	AID1346978
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	32.4648	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
thyroid stimulating hormone receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0013	18.0743	39.8107	AID926; AID938
glucocorticoid receptor [Homo sapiens]	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	3.1623	0.0002	14.3764	60.0339	AID588532
retinoic acid nuclear receptor alpha variant 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	55.0115	0.0030	41.6115	22,387.1992	AID1159552; AID1159555
retinoid X nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	36.1493	0.0008	17.5051	59.3239	AID1159527; AID588544
estrogen-related nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	77.1937	0.0015	30.6073	15,848.9004	AID1224849
pregnane X nuclear receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	54.6489	0.0054	28.0263	1,258.9301	AID1346982
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.2153	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID588514; AID743069; AID743075
vitamin D (1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3) receptor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.0012	0.0237	23.2282	63.5986	AID743223
caspase-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	17.2815	0.0133	26.9810	70.7614	AID1346978
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	74.9780	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
lethal factor (plasmid)	Bacillus anthracis str. A2012	Potency	2.5119	0.0200	10.7869	31.6228	AID912
Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.6132	0.0023	19.5956	74.0614	AID651631
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Alcohol dehydrogenase E chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Ki	7,762.4702	0.1412	2.8927	8.7000	AID33855
Alcohol dehydrogenase S chain	Equus caballus (horse)	Ki	7,762.4702	0.1412	2.8927	8.7000	AID33855
Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)	IC50 (µMol)	0.9380	0.0008	0.6217	8.6200	AID1431290
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle G2/M phase transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ER overload response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
in utero embryonic development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
somitogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell proliferation involved in immune response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
B cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell lineage commitment	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to ischemia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleotide-excision repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
double-strand break repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein import into nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
autophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in cell cycle arrest	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator resulting in transcription of p21 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
Ras protein signal transduction	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
gastrulation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of neuroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein localization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA replication	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell population proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
determination of adult lifespan	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
rRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to salt stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to inorganic substance	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to X-ray	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cardiac muscle cell apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
viral process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cerebellum development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of cell growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitotic G1 DNA damage checkpoint signaling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of telomere maintenance via telomerase	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
T cell differentiation in thymus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
tumor necrosis factor-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of tissue remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism growth	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to glucose starvation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to DNA damage by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
entrainment of circadian clock by photoperiod	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial DNA repair	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of DNA damage response, signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription initiation-coupled chromatin remodeling	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of proteolysis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of RNA polymerase II transcription preinitiation complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to antibiotic	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of fibroblast proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian behavior	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
bone marrow development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
embryonic organ development	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein stabilization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of helicase activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein tetramerization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromosome organization	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of cell cycle	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
hematopoietic stem cell differentiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glial cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
type II interferon-mediated signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cardiac septum morphogenesis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of programmed necrotic cell death	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex assembly	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to endoplasmic reticulum stress	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of thymocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
necroptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to xenobiotic stimulus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to ionizing radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to gamma radiation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to UV-C	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to actinomycin D	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of release of cytochrome c from mitochondria	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replicative senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oxidative stress-induced premature senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
oligodendrocyte apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of execution phase of apoptosis	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of mitophagy	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of mitochondrial membrane permeability involved in apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway by p53 class mediator	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of miRNA transcription	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of G1 to G0 transition	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of miRNA processing	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of glucose catabolic process to lactate via pyruvate	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of pentose-phosphate shunt	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway in response to hypoxia	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fibroblast apoptotic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
negative regulation of stem cell proliferation	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cellular senescence	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
response to bile acid	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of cell population proliferation	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor receptor signaling pathway	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of gene expression	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of extracellular matrix disassembly	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell migration	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
peptidyl-tyrosine phosphorylation	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of lipid metabolic process	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
glucose homeostasis	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cholesterol homeostasis	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of catalytic activity	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of proteolysis	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein autophosphorylation	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
phosphate ion homeostasis	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of bile acid biosynthetic process	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA biosynthetic process	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
cell surface receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
multicellular organism development	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of kinase activity	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
transcription cis-regulatory region binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
core promoter sequence-specific DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
TFIID-class transcription factor complex binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription activator activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protease binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
p53 binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mRNA 3'-UTR binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
copper ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
enzyme binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor tyrosine kinase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ubiquitin protein ligase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase regulator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP-dependent DNA/DNA annealing activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
histone deacetylase binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein heterodimerization activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-folding chaperone binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein phosphatase 2A binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
RNA polymerase II-specific DNA-binding transcription factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
14-3-3 protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
MDM2/MDM4 family protein binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
disordered domain specific binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
general transcription initiation factor binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
molecular function activator activity	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
promoter-specific chromatin binding	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor receptor activity	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
ATP binding	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
heparin binding	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
fibroblast growth factor binding	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nuclear body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
replication fork	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleolus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasm	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrion	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
mitochondrial matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
centrosome	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cytosol	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear matrix	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
PML body	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription repressor complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
site of double-strand break	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
germ cell nucleus	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
transcription regulator complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex	Cellular tumor antigen p53	Homo sapiens (human)
cell-cell junction	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular region	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endosome	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
endoplasmic reticulum	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
Golgi apparatus	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
transport vesicle	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
receptor complex	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Fibroblast growth factor receptor 4	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1431290	Inhibition of human N-terminal GST-tagged FGFR4 cytoplasmic domain (460 to 802 end residues) expressed in baculovirus expression system using CSKtide as substrate after 90 mins	2017	European journal of medicinal chemistry, Jan-27, Volume: 126	An overview of the binding models of FGFR tyrosine kinases in complex with small molecule inhibitors.
AID33855	Inhibitory activity against horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 29, Issue:5	A quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular graphics analysis of hydrophobic effects in the interactions of inhibitors with alcohol dehydrogenase.
AID1188367	Inhibition of human GAPDH assessed as ratio of kinact to Ki by Kitz-Wilson double-reciprocal plot at pH 7.4	2014	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Sep-11, Volume: 57, Issue:17	Discovery of covalent inhibitors of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, a target for the treatment of malaria.
AID1469831	Inhibition of [3H]dopamine uptake at DAT in rat brain striatal synaptosomes by liquid scintillation counting analysis	2017	Journal of medicinal chemistry, 02-09, Volume: 60, Issue:3	Covalent Modifiers: A Chemical Perspective on the Reactivity of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyls with Thiols via Hetero-Michael Addition Reactions.
AID23467	Partition coefficient (logP)	1986	Journal of medicinal chemistry, May, Volume: 29, Issue:5	A quantitative structure-activity relationship and molecular graphics analysis of hydrophobic effects in the interactions of inhibitors with alcohol dehydrogenase.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	264 (7.94)	18.7374
1990's	390 (11.73)	18.2507
2000's	946 (28.44)	29.6817
2010's	1144 (34.40)	24.3611
2020's	582 (17.50)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	2 (0.06%)	5.53%
Reviews	216 (6.25%)	6.00%
Case Studies	9 (0.26%)	4.05%
Observational	3 (0.09%)	0.25%
Other	3,224 (93.34%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
dinitrochlorobenzene Dinitrochlorobenzene: A skin irritant that may cause dermatitis of both primary and allergic types. Contact sensitization with DNCB has been used as a measure of cellular immunity. DNCB is also used as a reagent for the detection and determination of pyridine compounds.. 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene : A C-nitro compound that is chlorobenzene carrying a nitro substituent at each of the 2- and 4-positions.	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes	allergen; epitope; sensitiser
ethylene chlorohydrin Ethylene Chlorohydrin: Used as a solvent, in the manufacture of insecticides, and for treating sweet potatoes before planting. May cause nausea, vomiting, pains in head and chest, stupefaction. Irritates mucous membranes and causes kidney and liver degeneration.. chloroethanol : An organochlorine compound that is ethanol substituted by at least one chloro group.	3.49	2	0	chloroethanol	xenobiotic metabolite
phosphoserine Phosphoserine: The phosphoric acid ester of serine.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; O-phosphoamino acid; serine derivative	human metabolite
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	2.07	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	2.02	1	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
ethylene glycol Ethylene Glycol: A colorless, odorless, viscous dihydroxy alcohol. It has a sweet taste, but is poisonous if ingested. Ethylene glycol is the most important glycol commercially available and is manufactured on a large scale in the United States. It is used as an antifreeze and coolant, in hydraulic fluids, and in the manufacture of low-freezing dynamites and resins.. ethanediol : Any diol that is ethane or substituted ethane carrying two hydroxy groups.. ethylene glycol : A 1,2-glycol compound produced via reaction of ethylene oxide with water.	2.03	1	0	ethanediol; glycol	metabolite; mouse metabolite; solvent; toxin
acetic acid Acetic Acid: Product of the oxidation of ethanol and of the destructive distillation of wood. It is used locally, occasionally internally, as a counterirritant and also as a reagent. (Stedman, 26th ed). acetic acid : A simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.	2.97	4	0	monocarboxylic acid	antimicrobial food preservative; Daphnia magna metabolite; food acidity regulator; protic solvent
acetamide acetimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is acetic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.	7.92	4	0	acetamides; carboximidic acid; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acylammonia
acetone methyl ketone : A ketone of formula RC(=O)CH3 (R =/= H).	2.95	4	0	ketone body; methyl ketone; propanones; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; polar aprotic solvent
adenine [no description available]	4.41	6	0	6-aminopurines; purine nucleobase	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium hydroxide azane : Saturated acyclic nitrogen hydrides having the general formula NnHn+2.	2.42	2	0	azane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; NMR chemical shift reference compound; nucleophilic reagent; refrigerant
beta-alanine [no description available]	5.23	15	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
benzene [no description available]	8.9	3	0	aromatic annulene; benzenes; volatile organic compound	carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; non-polar solvent
benzoic acid Benzoic Acid: A fungistatic compound that is widely used as a food preservative. It is conjugated to GLYCINE in the liver and excreted as hippuric acid.. benzoic acid : A compound comprising a benzene ring core carrying a carboxylic acid substituent.. aromatic carboxylic acid : Any carboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is directly bonded to an aromatic ring.	2.03	1	0	benzoic acids	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
betaine glycine betaine : The amino acid betaine derived from glycine.	7.52	2	0	amino-acid betaine; glycine derivative	fundamental metabolite
bromide Bromides: Salts of hydrobromic acid, HBr, with the bromine atom in the 1- oxidation state. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 4th ed)	2.01	1	0	halide anion; monoatomic bromine
1-butanol 1-Butanol: A four carbon linear hydrocarbon that has a hydroxy group at position 1.. butan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is butane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It it produced in small amounts in humans by the gut microbes.	2.21	1	0	alkyl alcohol; primary alcohol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
butyric acid Butyric Acid: A four carbon acid, CH3CH2CH2COOH, with an unpleasant odor that occurs in butter and animal fat as the glycerol ester.. butyrate : A short-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of butyric acid, obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group.. butyric acid : A straight-chain saturated fatty acid that is butane in which one of the terminal methyl groups has been oxidised to a carboxy group.	2.42	2	0	fatty acid 4:0; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	human urinary metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
carbamates [no description available]	2.96	4	0	amino-acid anion
carbon monoxide Carbon Monoxide: Carbon monoxide (CO). A poisonous colorless, odorless, tasteless gas. It combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin, which has no oxygen carrying capacity. The resultant oxygen deprivation causes headache, dizziness, decreased pulse and respiratory rates, unconsciousness, and death. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). carbon monoxide : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is joined only to a single oxygen. It is a colourless, odourless, tasteless, toxic gas.	2.06	1	0	carbon oxide; gas molecular entity; one-carbon compound	biomarker; EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; ligand; metabolite; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; neurotransmitter; P450 inhibitor; probe; signalling molecule; vasodilator agent
formic acid formic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. formic acid : The simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects.	2.25	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antibacterial agent; astringent; metabolite; protic solvent; solvent
carnitine [no description available]	7.17	1	0	amino-acid betaine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
catechol [no description available]	2.05	1	0	catechols	allelochemical; genotoxin; plant metabolite
methane Methane: The simplest saturated hydrocarbon. It is a colorless, flammable gas, slightly soluble in water. It is one of the chief constituents of natural gas and is formed in the decomposition of organic matter. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). methane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to four hydrogen atoms. It is a colourless, odourless, non-toxic but flammable gas (b.p. -161degreeC).	8.37	6	0	alkane; gas molecular entity; mononuclear parent hydride; one-carbon compound	bacterial metabolite; fossil fuel; greenhouse gas
chlordecone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cyclic ketone; organochlorine compound	insecticide; persistent organic pollutant
choline [no description available]	6.96	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
citric acid, anhydrous Citric Acid: A key intermediate in metabolism. It is an acid compound found in citrus fruits. The salts of citric acid (citrates) can be used as anticoagulants due to their calcium chelating ability.. citric acid : A tricarboxylic acid that is propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 2. It is an important metabolite in the pathway of all aerobic organisms.	4.85	7	1	tricarboxylic acid	antimicrobial agent; chelator; food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.31	19	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric Acid: A strong corrosive acid that is commonly used as a laboratory reagent. It is formed by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. GASTRIC ACID is the hydrochloric acid component of GASTRIC JUICE.. hydrogen chloride : A mononuclear parent hydride consisting of covalently bonded hydrogen and chlorine atoms.	2.42	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; gas molecular entity; hydrogen halide; mononuclear parent hydride	mouse metabolite
coumarin 2H-chromen-2-one: coumarin derivative	2.25	1	0	coumarins	fluorescent dye; human metabolite; plant metabolite
salicylic acid Scalp: The outer covering of the calvaria. It is composed of several layers: SKIN; subcutaneous connective tissue; the occipitofrontal muscle which includes the tendinous galea aponeurotica; loose connective tissue; and the pericranium (the PERIOSTEUM of the SKULL).	2.46	2	0	monohydroxybenzoic acid	algal metabolite; antifungal agent; antiinfective agent; EC 1.11.1.11 (L-ascorbate peroxidase) inhibitor; keratolytic drug; plant hormone; plant metabolite
hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide: A flammable, poisonous gas with a characteristic odor of rotten eggs. It is used in the manufacture of chemicals, in metallurgy, and as an analytical reagent. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). hydrogen sulfide : A sulfur hydride consisting of a single sulfur atom bonded to two hydrogen atoms. A highly poisonous, flammable gas with a characteristic odour of rotten eggs, it is often produced by bacterial decomposition of organic matter in the absence of oxygen.. thiol : An organosulfur compound in which a thiol group, -SH, is attached to a carbon atom of any aliphatic or aromatic moiety.	3.1	1	0	gas molecular entity; hydracid; mononuclear parent hydride; sulfur hydride	Escherichia coli metabolite; genotoxin; metabolite; signalling molecule; toxin; vasodilator agent
3-hydroxybutyric acid 3-Hydroxybutyric Acid: BUTYRIC ACID substituted in the beta or 3 position. It is one of the ketone bodies produced in the liver.. 3-hydroxybutyric acid : A straight-chain 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid comprising a butyric acid core with a single hydroxy substituent in the 3- position; a ketone body whose levels are raised during ketosis, used as an energy source by the brain during fasting in humans. Also used to synthesise biodegradable plastics.	2.25	1	0	(omega-1)-hydroxy fatty acid; 3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; hydroxybutyric acid	human metabolite
guaiacol Guaiacol: An agent thought to have disinfectant properties and used as an expectorant. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p747). methylcatechol : Any member of the class of catechols carrying one or more methyl substituents.. guaiacol : A monomethoxybenzene that consists of phenol with a methoxy substituent at the ortho position.	1.96	1	0	guaiacols	disinfectant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; expectorant; plant metabolite
trimetaphosphoric acid trimetaphosphoric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. cyclotriphosphoric acid : The cyclic anhydride of triphosphoric acid.	2	1	0	cyclic phosphorus acid anhydride; inorganic heterocyclic compound; phosphorus oxoacid
propionaldehyde propionaldehyde: may cause respiratory irritation; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. propanal : An aldehyde that consists of ethane bearing a formyl substituent. The parent of the class of propanals.	2.03	1	0	alpha-CH2-containing aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	2.94	4	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
creatine [no description available]	7.42	2	0	glycine derivative; guanidines; zwitterion	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical
cytosine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	aminopyrimidine; pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lactic acid Lactic Acid: A normal intermediate in the fermentation (oxidation, metabolism) of sugar. The concentrated form is used internally to prevent gastrointestinal fermentation. (From Stedman, 26th ed). 2-hydroxypropanoic acid : A 2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid that is propanoic acid in which one of the alpha-hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.53	8	0	2-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite
dihydroxyacetone phosphate Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate: An important intermediate in lipid biosynthesis and in glycolysis.. dihydroxyacetone phosphate : A member of the class of glycerone phosphates that consists of glycerone bearing a single phospho substituent.	1.98	1	0	glycerone phosphates; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
dimethylamine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	methylamines; secondary aliphatic amine	metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2.72	3	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	4.09	4	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
formamide formimidic acid : A carboximidic acid that is formic acid in which the carbonyl oxygen is replaced by an imino group.. primary carboxamide : A carboxamide resulting from the formal condensation of a carboxylic acid with ammonia; formula RC(=O)NH2.	2.44	2	0	carboximidic acid; formamides; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	solvent
glycine [no description available]	5.85	17	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
glyceraldehyde Glyceraldehyde: An aldotriose containing the propionaldehyde structure with hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It is involved in the formation of ADVANCED GLYCOSYLATION END PRODUCTS.. glyceraldehyde : An aldotriose comprising propanal having hydroxy groups at the 2- and 3-positions. It plays role in the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), a deleterious accompaniment to ageing.. aldose : Aldehydic parent sugars (polyhydroxy aldehydes H[CH(OH)]nC(=O)H, n >= 2) and their intramolecular hemiacetals.	2.02	1	0	aldotriose	fundamental metabolite
glycerol Moon: The natural satellite of the planet Earth. It includes the lunar cycles or phases, the lunar month, lunar landscapes, geography, and soil.	8.7	10	0	alditol; triol	algal metabolite; detergent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; solvent
hydrogen carbonate Bicarbonates: Inorganic salts that contain the -HCO3 radical. They are an important factor in determining the pH of the blood and the concentration of bicarbonate ions is regulated by the kidney. Levels in the blood are an index of the alkali reserve or buffering capacity.. hydrogencarbonate : The carbon oxoanion resulting from the removal of a proton from carbonic acid.	2.96	4	0	carbon oxoanion	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
hydrogen Hydrogen: The first chemical element in the periodic table with atomic symbol H, and atomic number 1. Protium (atomic weight 1) is by far the most common hydrogen isotope. Hydrogen also exists as the stable isotope DEUTERIUM (atomic weight 2) and the radioactive isotope TRITIUM (atomic weight 3). Hydrogen forms into a diatomic molecule at room temperature and appears as a highly flammable colorless and odorless gas.. dihydrogen : An elemental molecule consisting of two hydrogens joined by a single bond.	3.01	4	0	elemental hydrogen; elemental molecule; gas molecular entity	antioxidant; electron donor; food packaging gas; fuel; human metabolite
hydroxylamine amino alcohol : An alcohol containing an amino functional group in addition to the alcohol-defining hydroxy group.	2.48	2	0	hydroxylamines	algal metabolite; bacterial xenobiotic metabolite; EC 1.1.3.13 (alcohol oxidase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; nitric oxide donor; nucleophilic reagent
indole [no description available]	7.68	3	0	indole; polycyclic heteroarene	Escherichia coli metabolite
indoleacetic acid indoleacetic acid: RN given refers to unlabeled parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #4841. auxin : Any of a group of compounds, both naturally occurring and synthetic, that induce cell elongation in plant stems (from Greek alphaupsilonxialphanuomega, "to grow").. indole-3-acetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by a 1H-indol-3-yl group.	2.03	1	0	indole-3-acetic acids; monocarboxylic acid	auxin; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant hormone; plant metabolite
iodine Iodine: A nonmetallic element of the halogen group that is represented by the atomic symbol I, atomic number 53, and atomic weight of 126.90. It is a nutritionally essential element, especially important in thyroid hormone synthesis. In solution, it has anti-infective properties and is used topically.. diiodine : Molecule comprising two covalently bonded iodine atoms with overall zero charge..	8.37	7	0	diatomic iodine	nutrient
itaconic acid itaconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid that is methacrylic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.45	7	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid; olefinic compound	fungal metabolite; human metabolite
2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate [no description available]	1.97	1	0
thioctic acid Thioctic Acid: An octanoic acid bridged with two sulfurs so that it is sometimes also called a pentanoic acid in some naming schemes. It is biosynthesized by cleavage of LINOLEIC ACID and is a coenzyme of oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (KETOGLUTARATE DEHYDROGENASE COMPLEX). It is used in DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS.	2.83	3	0	dithiolanes; heterocyclic fatty acid; thia fatty acid	fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
pyruvaldehyde Pyruvaldehyde: An organic compound used often as a reagent in organic synthesis, as a flavoring agent, and in tanning. It has been demonstrated as an intermediate in the metabolism of acetone and its derivatives in isolated cell preparations, in various culture media, and in vivo in certain animals.. methylglyoxal : A 2-oxo aldehyde derived from propanal.	3.21	5	0	2-oxo aldehyde; propanals	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
methanol Methanol: A colorless, flammable liquid used in the manufacture of FORMALDEHYDE and ACETIC ACID, in chemical synthesis, antifreeze, and as a solvent. Ingestion of methanol is toxic and may cause blindness.. primary alcohol : A primary alcohol is a compound in which a hydroxy group, -OH, is attached to a saturated carbon atom which has either three hydrogen atoms attached to it or only one other carbon atom and two hydrogen atoms attached to it.. methanol : The primary alcohol that is the simplest aliphatic alcohol, comprising a methyl and an alcohol group.	8.66	9	0	alkyl alcohol; one-carbon compound; primary alcohol; volatile organic compound	amphiprotic solvent; Escherichia coli metabolite; fuel; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite
phytic acid Phytic Acid: Complexing agent for removal of traces of heavy metal ions. It acts also as a hypocalcemic agent.. myo-inositol hexakisphosphate : A myo-inositol hexakisphosphate in which each hydroxy group of myo-inositol is monophosphorylated.	8.15	5	0	inositol phosphate
melatonin [no description available]	3.28	5	0	acetamides; tryptamines	anticonvulsant; central nervous system depressant; geroprotector; hormone; human metabolite; immunological adjuvant; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
naphthalene [no description available]	2.17	1	0	naphthalenes; ortho-fused bicyclic arene	apoptosis inhibitor; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
nickel Nickel: A trace element with the atomic symbol Ni, atomic number 28, and atomic weight 58.69. It is a cofactor of the enzyme UREASE.. nickel ion : A nickel atom having a net electric charge.. nickel atom : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 28.	2.46	2	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom	epitope; micronutrient
niacinamide nicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxamide group.	3.82	3	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinecarboxamide; vitamin B3	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; cofactor; EC 2.4.2.30 (NAD(+) ADP-ribosyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; Sir2 inhibitor
niacin Niacin: A water-soluble vitamin of the B complex occurring in various animal and plant tissues. It is required by the body for the formation of coenzymes NAD and NADP. It has PELLAGRA-curative, vasodilating, and antilipemic properties.. vitamin B3 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B3 deficiency. Vitamin B3 deficiency causes a condition known as pellagra whose symptoms include depression, dermatitis and diarrhea. The vitamers include nicotinic acid and nicotinamide (and their ionized and salt forms).. nicotinic acid : A pyridinemonocarboxylic acid that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 3 is replaced by a carboxy group.	7.48	2	0	pyridine alkaloid; pyridinemonocarboxylic acid; vitamin B3	antidote; antilipemic drug; EC 3.5.1.19 (nicotinamidase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human urinary metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.69	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitroxyl nitroxyl: hydroxamic acid oxidized to nitroxyl free radical. nitroxyl : A nitrogen oxoacid consisting of an oxygen atom double-bonded to an NH group.	2.15	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	2.68	3	0	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.39	2	0	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
4-aminobenzoic acid 4-Aminobenzoic Acid: An aminobenzoic acid isomer that combines with pteridine and GLUTAMIC ACID to form FOLIC ACID. The fact that 4-aminobenzoic acid absorbs light throughout the UVB range has also resulted in its use as an ingredient in SUNSCREENS.. 4-ammoniobenzoate : A zwitterion obtained by transfer of a proton from the carboxy to the amino group of 4-aminobenzoic acid.. 4-aminobenzoic acid : An aminobenzoic acid in which the amino group is para to the carboxy group.	2.04	1	0	aminobenzoic acid; aromatic amino-acid zwitterion	allergen; Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite
4-nitrophenol 4-nitrophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd. mononitrophenol : A nitrophenol that is phenol carrying a single nitro substituent at unspecified position.. 4-nitrophenol : A member of the class of 4-nitrophenols that is phenol in which the hydrogen that is para to the hydroxy group has been replaced by a nitro group.	2	1	0	4-nitrophenols	human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
palmitic acid Palmitic Acid: A common saturated fatty acid found in fats and waxes including olive oil, palm oil, and body lipids.. hexadecanoic acid : A straight-chain, sixteen-carbon, saturated long-chain fatty acid.	1.99	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.1.1.189 (prostaglandin-E2 9-reductase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
parathion [no description available]	2.1	1	0	C-nitro compound; organic thiophosphate; organothiophosphate insecticide	acaricide; agrochemical; avicide; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
phenol [no description available]	2.1	1	0	phenols	antiseptic drug; disinfectant; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenethylamine phenethylamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7016. 2-phenylethylamine : A phenylethylamine having the phenyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.05	1	0	alkaloid; aralkylamine; phenylethylamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phosphorylcholine Phosphorylcholine: Calcium and magnesium salts used therapeutically in hepatobiliary dysfunction.. phosphocholine : The phosphate of choline; and the parent compound of the phosphocholine family.	2.43	2	0	phosphocholines	allergen; epitope; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
propylene glycol Propylene Glycol: A clear, colorless, viscous organic solvent and diluent used in pharmaceutical preparations.. propane-1,2-diol : The simplest member of the class of propane-1,2-diols, consisting of propane in which a hydrogen at position 1 and a hydrogen at position 2 are substituted by hydroxy groups. A colourless, viscous, hygroscopic, low-melting (-59degreeC) and high-boiling (188degreeC) liquid with low toxicity, it is used as a solvent, emulsifying agent, and antifreeze.	2.38	2	0	glycol; propane-1,2-diols	allergen; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; protic solvent
1-propanol 1-Propanol: A colorless liquid made by oxidation of aliphatic hydrocarbons that is used as a solvent and chemical intermediate.. propan-1-ol : The parent member of the class of propan-1-ols that is propane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.03	1	0	propan-1-ols; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	metabolite; protic solvent
purine 1H-purine : The 1H-tautomer of purine.. 3H-purine : The 3H-tautomer of purine.. 9H-purine : The 9H-tautomer of purine.. 7H-purine : The 7H-tautomer of purine.	2.03	1	0	purine
pyrazole 1H-pyrazole : The 1H-tautomer of pyrazole.	1.96	1	0	pyrazole
pyridine azine : An organonitrogen compound of general structure RCH=N-N=CHR or RR'C=N-N=CRR'.	2.01	1	0	azaarene; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; pyridines	environmental contaminant; NMR chemical shift reference compound
pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxal Phosphate: This is the active form of VITAMIN B 6 serving as a coenzyme for synthesis of amino acids, neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine), sphingolipids, aminolevulinic acid. During transamination of amino acids, pyridoxal phosphate is transiently converted into pyridoxamine phosphate (PYRIDOXAMINE).. pyridoxal 5'-phosphate : The monophosphate ester obtained by condensation of phosphoric acid with the primary hydroxy group of pyridoxal.	1.99	1	0	methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; pyridinecarbaldehyde; vitamin B6 phosphate	coenzyme; cofactor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxamine [no description available]	2.46	2	0	aminoalkylpyridine; hydroxymethylpyridine; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; iron chelator; mouse metabolite; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyridoxine 4,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylpyridin-3-ol: structure in first source. vitamin B6 : Any member of the group of pyridines that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B6 deficiency. Vitamin B6 deficiency is associated with microcytic anemia, electroencephalographic abnormalities, dermatitis with cheilosis (scaling on the lips and cracks at the corners of the mouth) and glossitis (swollen tongue), depression and confusion, and weakened immune function. Vitamin B6 consists of the vitamers pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine and their respective 5'-phosphate esters (and includes their corresponding ionized and salt forms).	3.19	1	0	hydroxymethylpyridine; methylpyridines; monohydroxypyridine; vitamin B6	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pyruvic acid Pyruvic Acid: An intermediate compound in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. In thiamine deficiency, its oxidation is retarded and it accumulates in the tissues, especially in nervous structures. (From Stedman, 26th ed). pyruvic acid : A 2-oxo monocarboxylic acid that is the 2-keto derivative of propionic acid. It is a metabolite obtained during glycolysis.	2.9	4	0	2-oxo monocarboxylic acid	cofactor; fundamental metabolite
dithionite Dithionite: Dithionite. The dithionous acid ion and its salts.	2.69	3	0	sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sarcosine cocobetaine: N-alkyl-betaine; cause of shampoo dermatitis	7.1	1	0	N-alkylglycine zwitterion; N-alkylglycine; N-methyl-amino acid; N-methylglycines	Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; glycine transporter 1 inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
sulfites Sulfites: Inorganic salts of sulfurous acid.. sulfites : Any sulfurous acid derivative that is a salt or an ester of sulfurous acid.. organosulfonate oxoanion : An organic anion obtained by deprotonation of the sufonate group(s) of any organosulfonic acid.. sulfite : A sulfur oxoanion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen sulfite (H2SO3).	2.11	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; sulfur oxide; sulfur oxoanion
sulfur dioxide Sulfur Dioxide: A highly toxic, colorless, nonflammable gas. It is used as a pharmaceutical aid and antioxidant. It is also an environmental air pollutant.	1.96	1	0	sulfur oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; food bleaching agent; refrigerant
thymine [no description available]	7.72	3	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
toluene methylbenzene : Any alkylbenzene that is benzene substituted with one or more methyl groups.	4.53	4	0	methylbenzene; toluenes; volatile organic compound	cholinergic antagonist; fuel additive; neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
trimethyloxamine trimethyloxamine: used in manufacture of quaternary ammonium cpds; insect attractant; warming agent for gas; oxidant; structure. trimethylamine N-oxide : A tertiary amine oxide resulting from the oxidation of the amino group of trimethylamine.	2	1	0	tertiary amine oxide	Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; osmolyte
uracil 2,4-dihydroxypyrimidine: a urinary biomarker for bipolar disorder	1.97	1	0	pyrimidine nucleobase; pyrimidone	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uric acid Uric Acid: An oxidation product, via XANTHINE OXIDASE, of oxypurines such as XANTHINE and HYPOXANTHINE. It is the final oxidation product of purine catabolism in humans and primates, whereas in most other mammals URATE OXIDASE further oxidizes it to ALLANTOIN.. uric acid : An oxopurine that is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism.. 6-hydroxy-1H-purine-2,8(7H,9H)-dione : A tautomer of uric acid having oxo groups at C-2 and C-8 and a hydroxy group at C-6.. 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione : An oxopurine in which the purine ring is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2, 6, and 8.	2.13	1	0	uric acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	5.1	43	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
vanillin Vanilla: A plant genus of the family ORCHIDACEAE that is the source of the familiar flavoring used in foods and medicines (FLAVORING AGENTS).	7.6	1	0	benzaldehydes; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; antioxidant; flavouring agent; plant metabolite
1,10-phenanthroline 1,10-phenanthroline: RN given refers to parent cpd; inhibits Zn-dependent metalloproteinases	1.99	1	0	phenanthroline	EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor
1,2-dimethylhydrazine 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine: A DNA alkylating agent that has been shown to be a potent carcinogen and is widely used to induce colon tumors in experimental animals.. 1,2-dimethylhydrazine : A member of the class of hydrazines that is hydrazine in which one of the hydrogens attached to each nitrogen is replaced by a methyl group. A powerful DNA alkylating agent and carcinogen, it is used to induce colon cancer in laboratory rats and mice.	2.02	1	0	hydrazines	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent
1-aminobenzotriazole [no description available]	7.7	3	0
1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonate: RN given refers to parent cpd. 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : A naphthalenesulfonic acid that is naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid substituted by a phenylamino group at position 8.	5.04	40	0	aminonaphthalene; naphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine: A dopaminergic neurotoxic compound which produces irreversible clinical, chemical, and pathological alterations that mimic those found in Parkinson disease.. 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 4.	2.04	1	0	methylpyridines; phenylpyridine; tetrahydropyridine	neurotoxin
pd 173074 [no description available]	3.25	1	0	aromatic amine; biaryl; dimethoxybenzene; pyridopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound; ureas	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.1 (receptor protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
2,2'-dipyridyl 2,2'-Dipyridyl: A reagent used for the determination of iron.. 2,2'-bipyridine : A bipyridine in which the two pyridine moieties are linked by a bond between positions C-2 and C-2'.	2.52	2	0	bipyridine	chelator; ferroptosis inhibitor
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid: An herbicide with irritant effects on the eye and the gastrointestinal system.. 2,4-D : A chlorophenoxyacetic acid that is phenoxyacetic acid in which the ring hydrogens at postions 2 and 4 are substituted by chlorines.	7.11	1	0	chlorophenoxyacetic acid; dichlorobenzene	agrochemical; defoliant; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; phenoxy herbicide; synthetic auxin
2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: mutagen from fried ground beef; structure given in first source. PhIP : An imidazopyridine that is 1H--imidazo[4,5-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 2, and 6 by methyl, amino, and phenyl groups, respectively. It is the most abundant of the mutagenic heterocyclic amines found in cooked meat and fish.	3.17	5	0	imidazopyridine; primary amino compound	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
2-aminofluorene [no description available]	2.04	1	0
mercaptoethanol Mercaptoethanol: A water-soluble thiol derived from hydrogen sulfide and ethanol. It is used as a reducing agent for disulfide bonds and to protect sulfhydryl groups from oxidation.	2.83	3	0	alkanethiol; primary alcohol	geroprotector
3-methylcholanthrene Methylcholanthrene: A carcinogen that is often used in experimental cancer studies.. 3-methylcholanthrene : A pentacyclic ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of a dihydrocyclopenta[ij]tetraphene ring system with a methyl substituent at the 3-position.	2.38	2	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist; carcinogenic agent
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	2.94	4	0	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	2.39	2	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-hydroxyindol-3-yl)acetic acid : A member of the class of indole-3-acetic acids that is indole-3-acetic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-5.	2.67	3	0	indole-3-acetic acids	drug metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane): water-soluble free-radical initiator	1.99	1	0	monoazo compound
theophylline [no description available]	2.8	3	0	dimethylxanthine	adenosine receptor antagonist; anti-asthmatic drug; anti-inflammatory agent; bronchodilator agent; drug metabolite; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; fungal metabolite; human blood serum metabolite; immunomodulator; muscle relaxant; vasodilator agent
antipyrine Antipyrine: An analgesic and antipyretic that has been given by mouth and as ear drops. Antipyrine is often used in testing the effects of other drugs or diseases on drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p29). antipyrine : A pyrazolone derivative that is 1,2-dihydropyrazol-3-one substituted with methyl groups at N-1 and C-5 and with a phenyl group at N-2.	7.04	1	0	pyrazolone	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 3 inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	2.02	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
benzo(a)pyrene Benzo(a)pyrene: A potent mutagen and carcinogen. It is a public health concern because of its possible effects on industrial workers, as an environmental pollutant, an as a component of tobacco smoke.. benzo[a]pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of five fused benzene rings.	8.6	9	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	carcinogenic agent; mouse metabolite
berberine [no description available]	7.69	2	0	alkaloid antibiotic; berberine alkaloid; botanical anti-fungal agent; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 1.1.1.141 [15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.13.11.52 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase) inhibitor; EC 1.21.3.3 (reticuline oxidase) inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.116 [3'-hydroxy-N-methyl-(S)-coclaurine 4'-O-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.4 (phospholipase A2) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.5 (dipeptidyl-peptidase IV) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; metabolite; potassium channel blocker
beta-naphthoflavone beta-Naphthoflavone: A polyaromatic hydrocarbon inducer of P4501A1 and P4501A2 cytochromes. (Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1994 Dec:207(3):302-308). beta-naphthoflavone : An extended flavonoid resulting from the formal fusion of a benzene ring with the f side of flavone.	1.98	1	0	extended flavonoid; naphtho-gamma-pyrone; organic heterotricyclic compound	aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist
buflomedil buflomedil: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym LL 1656 refers to HCl; structure	2.08	1	0	aromatic ketone
caffeine [no description available]	8.25	5	0	purine alkaloid; trimethylxanthine	adenosine A2A receptor antagonist; adenosine receptor antagonist; adjuvant; central nervous system stimulant; diuretic; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.4.* (phosphoric diester hydrolase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; human blood serum metabolite; mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; ryanodine receptor agonist; xenobiotic
verapamil Verapamil: A calcium channel blocker that is a class IV anti-arrhythmia agent.. verapamil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of dexverapamil and (S)-verapamil. An L-type calcium channel blocker of the phenylalkylamine class, it is used (particularly as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris and cardiac arrhythmia, and as a preventive medication for migraine.. 2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-{[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl](methyl)amino}-2-(propan-2-yl)pentanenitrile : A tertiary amino compound that is 3,4-dimethoxyphenylethylamine in which the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 4-cyano-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-5-methylhexyl group.	2.4	2	0	aromatic ether; nitrile; polyether; tertiary amino compound
calmidazolium calmidazolium: powerful inhibitor of or red blood cell Ca++-ATPase & Ca++ transport into inside-out red blood cell vesicles; RN refers to chloride; structure in first source; an antagonist of calmodulin. calmidazolium : An imidazolium ion that is imidazolium cation substituted by a bis(4-chlorophenyl)methyl group at position 1 and a 2-[(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)oxy]-2-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl group at position 3. It acts as an antagonist of calmodulin, a calcium binding messenger protein.	2.01	1	0	imidazolium ion	apoptosis inducer; calmodulin antagonist
camphor, (+-)-isomer [no description available]	2.11	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; cyclic monoterpene ketone	plant metabolite
cetyltrimethylammonium ion Cetrimonium: Cetyltrimethylammonium compound whose salts and derivatives are used primarily as topical antiseptics.. cetyltrimethylammonium ion : A quaternary ammonium ion in which the substituents on nitrogen are one hexadecyl and three methyl groups.	2.52	2	0	quaternary ammonium ion
chelerythrine chelerythrine : A benzophenanthridine alkaloid isolated from the root of Zanthoxylum simulans, Chelidonium majus L., and other Papaveraceae.	1.99	1	0	benzophenanthridine alkaloid; organic cation	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
chlorambucil Chlorambucil: A nitrogen mustard alkylating agent used as antineoplastic for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkin's disease, and others. Although it is less toxic than most other nitrogen mustards, it has been listed as a known carcinogen in the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985). (Merck Index, 11th ed). chlorambucil : A monocarboxylic acid that is butanoic acid substituted at position 4 by a 4-[bis(2-chloroethyl)amino]phenyl group. A chemotherapy drug that can be used in combination with the antibody obinutuzumab for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.	2.67	3	0	aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; nitrogen mustard; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; drug allergen; immunosuppressive agent
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
chlorpropamide Chlorpropamide: A sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p277). chlorpropamide : An N-sulfonylurea that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is substituted by 4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl group and a hydrogen attached to the other nitrogen is substituted by propyl group. Chlorpropamide is a hypoglycaemic agent used in the treatment of type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification.	2.02	1	0	monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylurea	hypoglycemic agent; insulin secretagogue
chlorzoxazone Chlorzoxazone: A centrally acting central muscle relaxant with sedative properties. It is claimed to inhibit muscle spasm by exerting an effect primarily at the level of the spinal cord and subcortical areas of the brain. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoea, 30th ed, p1202). chlorzoxazone : A member of the class of 1,3-benzoxazoles that is 1,3-benzoxazol-2-ol in which the hydrogen atom at position 5 is substituted by chlorine. A centrally acting muscle relaxant with sedative properties, it is used for the symptomatic treatment of painful muscle spasm.	2.45	2	0	1,3-benzoxazoles; heteroaryl hydroxy compound; organochlorine compound	muscle relaxant; sedative
ciprofloxacin Ciprofloxacin: A broad-spectrum antimicrobial carboxyfluoroquinoline.. ciprofloxacin : A quinolone that is quinolin-4(1H)-one bearing cyclopropyl, carboxylic acid, fluoro and piperazin-1-yl substituents at positions 1, 3, 6 and 7, respectively.	2.1	1	0	aminoquinoline; cyclopropanes; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone; zwitterion	antibacterial drug; antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; environmental contaminant; topoisomerase IV inhibitor; xenobiotic
cystamine [no description available]	2.47	2	0	organic disulfide; primary amino compound	EC 2.3.2.13 (protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.43	2	0	indoles	fluorochrome
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	1.97	1	0	primary amine
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	8.24	6	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
dibutyl phthalate Dibutyl Phthalate: A plasticizer used in most plastics and found in water, air, soil, plants and animals. It may have some adverse effects with long-term exposure.. dibutyl phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol. Although used extensively as a plasticiser, it is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.	7.61	2	0	diester; phthalate ester	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; metabolite; plasticiser; teratogenic agent
diclofenac Diclofenac: A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (NSAID) with antipyretic and analgesic actions. It is primarily available as the sodium salt.. diclofenac : A monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having a (2,6-dichlorophenyl)amino group at the 2-position.	2.5	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; dichlorobenzene; monocarboxylic acid; secondary amino compound	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	1.96	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
dichlorvos Dichlorvos: An organophosphorus insecticide that inhibits ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE.. dichlorvos : An alkenyl phosphate that is the 2,2-dichloroethenyl ester of dimethyl phosphate.	2	1	0	alkenyl phosphate; dialkyl phosphate; organochlorine acaricide; organophosphate insecticide	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor
benzophenone benzophenone : The simplest member of the class of benzophenones, being formaldehyde in which both hydrogens are replaced by phenyl groups.	2.72	3	0	benzophenones	photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite
disulfiram [no description available]	2.05	1	0	organic disulfide; organosulfur acaricide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer; fungicide; NF-kappaB inhibitor
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	2.15	1	0	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
donepezil Donepezil: An indan and piperidine derivative that acts as a selective and reversible inhibitor of ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE. Donepezil is highly selective for the central nervous system and is used in the management of mild to moderate DEMENTIA in ALZHEIMER DISEASE.. donepezil : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-donepezil. A centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, its main therapeutic use is in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease where it is used to increase cortical acetylcholine.. 2-[(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]-5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one : A member of the class of indanones that is 5,6-dimethoxyindan-1-one which is substituted at position 2 by an (N-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl group.	7.13	1	0	aromatic ether; indanones; piperidines; racemate	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
emodin Emodin: Purgative anthraquinone found in several plants, especially RHAMNUS PURSHIANA. It was formerly used as a laxative, but is now used mainly as a tool in toxicity studies.. emodin : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone which is substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 1, 3, and 8 and by a methyl group at position 6. It is present in the roots and barks of numerous plants (particularly rhubarb and buckthorn), moulds, and lichens. It is an active ingredient of various Chinese herbs.	2.74	3	0	trihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; laxative; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
erythrosine Fluoresceins: A family of spiro(isobenzofuran-1(3H),9'-(9H)xanthen)-3-one derivatives. These are used as dyes, as indicators for various metals, and as fluorescent labels in immunoassays.	3.51	8	0
ether Ether: A mobile, very volatile, highly flammable liquid used as an inhalation anesthetic and as a solvent for waxes, fats, oils, perfumes, alkaloids, and gums. It is mildly irritating to skin and mucous membranes.. ether : An organooxygen compound with formula ROR, where R is not hydrogen.. diethyl ether : An ether in which the oxygen atom is linked to two ethyl groups.	7.21	1	0	ether; volatile organic compound	inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
eicosapentaenoic acid ethyl ester [no description available]	2.21	1	0
fluconazole Fluconazole: Triazole antifungal agent that is used to treat oropharyngeal CANDIDIASIS and cryptococcal MENINGITIS in AIDS.. fluconazole : A member of the class of triazoles that is propan-2-ol substituted at position 1 and 3 by 1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl groups and at position 2 by a 2,4-difluorophenyl group. It is an antifungal drug used for the treatment of mucosal candidiasis and for systemic infections including systemic candidiasis, coccidioidomycosis, and cryptococcosis.	7.04	1	0	conazole antifungal drug; difluorobenzene; tertiary alcohol; triazole antifungal drug	environmental contaminant; P450 inhibitor; xenobiotic
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	2.01	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluorouracil Fluorouracil: A pyrimidine analog that is an antineoplastic antimetabolite. It interferes with DNA synthesis by blocking the THYMIDYLATE SYNTHETASE conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid.. 5-fluorouracil : A nucleobase analogue that is uracil in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine. It is an antineoplastic agent which acts as an antimetabolite - following conversion to the active deoxynucleotide, it inhibits DNA synthesis (by blocking the conversion of deoxyuridylic acid to thymidylic acid by the cellular enzyme thymidylate synthetase) and so slows tumour growth.	6.99	1	0	nucleobase analogue; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; environmental contaminant; immunosuppressive agent; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	2.04	1	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fomepizole Fomepizole: A pyrazole and competitive inhibitor of ALCOHOL DEHYDROGENASE that is used for the treatment of poisoning by ETHYLENE GLYCOL or METHANOL.. fomepizole : A member of the class of pyrazoles that is 1H-pyrazole substituted by a methyl group at position 4.	1.96	1	0	pyrazoles	antidote; EC 1.1.1.1 (alcohol dehydrogenase) inhibitor; protective agent
gentamicin Gentamicins: A complex of closely related aminoglycosides obtained from MICROMONOSPORA purpurea and related species. They are broad-spectrum antibiotics, but may cause ear and kidney damage. They act to inhibit PROTEIN BIOSYNTHESIS.	2.39	2	0
glutaral Glutaral: One of the protein CROSS-LINKING REAGENTS that is used as a disinfectant for sterilization of heat-sensitive equipment and as a laboratory reagent, especially as a fixative.. glutaraldehyde : A dialdehyde comprised of pentane with aldehyde functions at C-1 and C-5.	3.43	7	0	dialdehyde	cross-linking reagent; disinfectant; fixative
glyphosate glyphosate: active cpd in herbicidal formulation Roundup; inhibits EC 2.5.1.19, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase; structure. glyphosate : A phosphonic acid resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the methyl group of methylphosphonic acid with the amino group of glycine. It is one of the most commonly used herbicides worldwide, and the only one to target the enzyme 5-enolpyruvyl-3-shikimate phosphate synthase (EPSPS).	2.41	2	0	glycine derivative; phosphonic acid	agrochemical; EC 2.5.1.19 (3-phosphoshikimate 1-carboxyvinyltransferase) inhibitor; herbicide
guaifenesin Guaifenesin: An expectorant that also has some muscle relaxing action. It is used in many cough preparations.	2.25	1	0	methoxybenzenes
guanidine Guanidine: A strong organic base existing primarily as guanidium ions at physiological pH. It is found in the urine as a normal product of protein metabolism. It is also used in laboratory research as a protein denaturant. (From Martindale, the Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed and Merck Index, 12th ed) It is also used in the treatment of myasthenia and as a fluorescent probe in HPLC.. guanidine : An aminocarboxamidine, the parent compound of the guanidines.	10.15	45	0	carboxamidine; guanidines; one-carbon compound
1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine 1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine: A specific protein kinase C inhibitor, which inhibits superoxide release from human neutrophils (PMN) stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate or synthetic diacylglycerol.. 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine : A member of the class of N-sulfonylpiperazines that is 2-methylpiperazine substituted at position 1 by a 5-isoquinolinesulfonyl group.	2.25	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonylpiperazine	EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor
fasudil fasudil: intracellular calcium antagonist; structure in first source. fasudil : An isoquinoline substituted by a (1,4-diazepan-1-yl)sulfonyl group at position 5. It is a Rho-kinase inhibitor and its hydrochloride hydrate form is approved for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm and cerebral ischemia.	7.25	1	0	isoquinolines; N-sulfonyldiazepane	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; EC 2.7.11.1 (non-specific serine/threonine protein kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; neuroprotective agent; nootropic agent; vasodilator agent
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.51	2	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	1.99	1	0	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexachlorophene Hexachlorophene: A chlorinated bisphenol antiseptic with a bacteriostatic action against Gram-positive organisms, but much less effective against Gram-negative organisms. It is mainly used in soaps and creams and is an ingredient of various preparations used for skin disorders. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p797). hexachlorophene : An organochlorine compound that is diphenylmethane in which each of the phenyl groups is substituted by chlorines at positions 2, 3, and 5, and by a hydroxy group at position 6. An antiseptic that is effective against Gram-positive organisms, it is used in soaps and creams for the treatment of various skin disorders. It is also used in agriculture as an acaricide and fungicide, but is not approved for such use within the European Union.	2.03	1	0	bridged diphenyl fungicide; polyphenol; trichlorobenzene	acaricide; antibacterial agent; antifungal agrochemical; antiseptic drug
miltefosine miltefosine: hexadecyl phosphocholine derivative of cisplatin; did not substantially activate HIV long terminal repeat; less toxic than cisplatin. miltefosine : A phospholipid that is the hexadecyl monoester of phosphocholine.	2	1	0	phosphocholines; phospholipid	anti-inflammatory agent; anticoronaviral agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; immunomodulator; protein kinase inhibitor
ethidium Ethidium: A trypanocidal agent and possible antiviral agent that is widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has several experimentally useful properties including binding to nucleic acids, noncompetitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence among others. It is most commonly used as the bromide.. ethidium : The fluorescent compound widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry to reveal double-stranded DNA and RNA.	2.66	2	0	phenanthridines	fluorochrome; intercalator
hydralazine Hydralazine: A direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.. hydralazine : The 1-hydrazino derivative of phthalazine; a direct-acting vasodilator that is used as an antihypertensive agent.	2.03	1	0	azaarene; hydrazines; ortho-fused heteroarene; phthalazines	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydroxyurea [no description available]	2.45	2	0	one-carbon compound; ureas	antimetabolite; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 1.17.4.1 (ribonucleoside-diphosphate reductase) inhibitor; genotoxin; immunomodulator; radical scavenger; teratogenic agent
hypericin [no description available]	2.1	1	0
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	2.59	2	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
iodoacetamide [no description available]	8.63	9	0
1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine 1-Methyl-3-isobutylxanthine: A potent cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase inhibitor; due to this action, the compound increases cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP in tissue and thereby activates CYCLIC NUCLEOTIDE-REGULATED PROTEIN KINASES. 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine : An oxopurine that is xanthine which is substituted at positions 1 and 3 by methyl and isobutyl groups, respectively.	1.97	1	0	3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine
isoproterenol Isoproterenol: Isopropyl analog of EPINEPHRINE; beta-sympathomimetic that acts on the heart, bronchi, skeletal muscle, alimentary tract, etc. It is used mainly as bronchodilator and heart stimulant.. isoprenaline : A secondary amino compound that is noradrenaline in which one of the hydrogens attached to the nitrogen is replaced by an isopropyl group. A sympathomimetic acting almost exclusively on beta-adrenergic receptors, it is used (mainly as the hydrochloride salt) as a bronghodilator and heart stimulant for the management of a variety of cardiac disorders.	2.1	1	0	catechols; secondary alcohol; secondary amino compound	beta-adrenergic agonist; bronchodilator agent; cardiotonic drug; sympathomimetic agent
ketoprofen Ketoprofen: An IBUPROFEN-type anti-inflammatory analgesic and antipyretic. It is used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.. ketoprofen : An oxo monocarboxylic acid that consists of propionic acid substituted by a 3-benzoylphenyl group at position 2.	2.1	1	0	benzophenones; oxo monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; drug allergen; EC 1.14.99.1 (prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
ketotifen Ketotifen: A cycloheptathiophene blocker of histamine H1 receptors and release of inflammatory mediators. It has been proposed for the treatment of asthma, rhinitis, skin allergies, and anaphylaxis.. ketotifen : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 4,9-dihydro-10H-benzo[4,5]cyclohepta[1,2-b]thiophen-10-one which is substituted at position 4 by a 1-methylpiperidin-4-ylidene group. A blocker of histamine H1 receptors with a stabilising action on mast cells, it is used (usually as its hydrogen fumarate salt) for the treatment of asthma, where it may take several weeks to exert its full effect.	2.03	1	0	cyclic ketone; olefinic compound; organic heterotricyclic compound; organosulfur heterocyclic compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	anti-asthmatic drug; H1-receptor antagonist
lauric acid dodecanoic acid : A straight-chain, twelve-carbon medium-chain saturated fatty acid with strong bactericidal properties; the main fatty acid in coconut oil and palm kernel oil.	2.11	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; antibacterial agent; plant metabolite
letrozole [no description available]	2.21	1	0	nitrile; triazoles	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.14.14.14 (aromatase) inhibitor
2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4h-1-benzopyran-4-one 2-(4-morpholinyl)-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one: specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; structure in first source	2.1	1	0	chromones; morpholines; organochlorine compound	autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector
mesalamine Mesalamine: An anti-inflammatory agent, structurally related to the SALICYLATES, which is active in INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE. It is considered to be the active moiety of SULPHASALAZINE. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed). mesalamine : A monohydroxybenzoic acid that is salicylic acid substituted by an amino group at the 5-position.	2.61	2	0	amino acid; aromatic amine; monocarboxylic acid; monohydroxybenzoic acid; phenols	non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug
metformin Metformin: A biguanide hypoglycemic agent used in the treatment of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus not responding to dietary modification. Metformin improves glycemic control by improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing intestinal absorption of glucose. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p289). metformin : A member of the class of guanidines that is biguanide the carrying two methyl substituents at position 1.	7.15	1	0	guanidines	environmental contaminant; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; xenobiotic
methacrylic acid methacrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. methacrylic acid : An alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is acrylic acid in which the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a methyl group.	4.15	15	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid
nocodazole [no description available]	8.62	9	0	aromatic ketone; benzimidazoles; carbamate ester; thiophenes	antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent; tubulin modulator
methyl methanesulfonate [no description available]	2.46	2	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
metronidazole Metronidazole: A nitroimidazole used to treat AMEBIASIS; VAGINITIS; TRICHOMONAS INFECTIONS; GIARDIASIS; ANAEROBIC BACTERIA; and TREPONEMAL INFECTIONS.. metronidazole : A member of the class of imidazoles substituted at C-1, -2 and -5 with 2-hydroxyethyl, nitro and methyl groups respectively. It has activity against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa, and has a radiosensitising effect on hypoxic tumour cells. It may be given by mouth in tablets, or as the benzoate in an oral suspension. The hydrochloride salt can be used in intravenous infusions. Metronidazole is a prodrug and is selective for anaerobic bacteria due to their ability to intracellularly reduce the nitro group of metronidazole to give nitroso-containing intermediates. These can covalently bind to DNA, disrupting its helical structure, inducing DNA strand breaks and inhibiting bacterial nucleic acid synthesis, ultimately resulting in bacterial cell death.	7.25	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles; primary alcohol	antiamoebic agent; antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; antiparasitic agent; antitrichomonal drug; environmental contaminant; prodrug; radiosensitizing agent; xenobiotic
ml 7 ML-7 : An N-sulfonyldiazepane resullting from the formal condensation of 5-iodo-1-naphthylsulfonic acid with one of the nitrogens of 1,4-diazepane. It is a selective inhibitor of myosin light chain kinase (EC 2.7.11.18).	2.31	1	0	N-sulfonyldiazepane; organoiodine compound	EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	3.8	11	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
neostigmine Neostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis and to reverse the effects of muscle relaxants such as gallamine and tubocurarine. Neostigmine, unlike PHYSOSTIGMINE, does not cross the blood-brain barrier.. neostigmine : A quaternary ammonium ion comprising an anilinium ion core having three methyl substituents on the aniline nitrogen, and a 3-[(dimethylcarbamoyl)oxy] substituent at position 3. It is a parasympathomimetic which acts as a reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium ion	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
norfloxacin Norfloxacin: A synthetic fluoroquinolone (FLUOROQUINOLONES) with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin inhibits bacterial DNA GYRASE.. norfloxacin : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against most gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Norfloxacin is bactericidal and its mode of action depends on blocking of bacterial DNA replication by binding itself to an enzyme called DNA gyrase.	2.45	2	0	fluoroquinolone antibiotic; N-arylpiperazine; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid; quinolone antibiotic; quinolone	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
omeprazole Omeprazole: A 4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridyl, 5-methoxybenzimidazole derivative of timoprazole that is used in the therapy of STOMACH ULCERS and ZOLLINGER-ELLISON SYNDROME. The drug inhibits an H(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE which is found in GASTRIC PARIETAL CELLS.. omeprazole : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-omeprazole.. 5-methoxy-2-{[(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl}-1H-benzimidazole : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 1H-benzimidazole which is substituted by a [4-methoxy-3,5-dimethylpyridin-2-yl)methyl]sulfinyl group at position 2 and a methoxy group at position 5.	2.01	1	0	aromatic ether; benzimidazoles; pyridines; sulfoxide
oxamniquine Oxamniquine: An anthelmintic with schistosomicidal activity against Schistosoma mansoni, but not against other Schistosoma spp. Oxamniquine causes worms to shift from the mesenteric veins to the liver where the male worms are retained; the female worms return to the mesentery, but can no longer release eggs. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 31st ed, p121). oxamniquine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-oxamniquine. An anthelmintic, it is administered orally for the treatment of schistomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni (but not by other Schistosoma species); intramuscular administration is no longer used as it causes severe pain at the injection site.. {2-[(isopropylamino)methyl]-7-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinolin-6-yl}methanol : A member of the class of quinolines that is 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline which is substituted at positions 2, 6, and 7 by (isopropylamino)methyl, hydroxymethyl, and nitro groups, respectively.	7.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; C-nitro compound; quinolines; secondary amino compound
quinone benzoquinone : The simplest members of the class of benzoquinones, consisting of cyclohexadiene which is substituted by two oxo groups.. 1,4-benzoquinone : The simplest member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones, obtained by the formal oxidation of hydroquinone to the corresponding diketone. It is a metabolite of benzene.. quinone : Compounds having a fully conjugated cyclic dione structure, such as that of benzoquinones, derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of -CH= groups into -C(=O)- groups with any necessary rearrangement of double bonds (polycyclic and heterocyclic analogues are included).	7.6	1	0	1,4-benzoquinones	cofactor; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-chlorophenol 4-chlorophenol: used as a root canal irrigant. 4-chlorophenol : A monochlorophenol substituted at the pare position by a chlorine atom.	2.25	1	0	monochlorophenol
pargyline Pargyline: A monoamine oxidase inhibitor with antihypertensive properties.	1.96	1	0	aromatic amine
pd168393 PD 168393 : A member of the class of quinazolines carrying bromoanilino and acrylamido substituents at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	2.15	1	0	acrylamides; bromobenzenes; quinazolines; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.66	3	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride Phenylmethylsulfonyl Fluoride: An enzyme inhibitor that inactivates IRC-50 arvin, subtilisin, and the fatty acid synthetase complex.. phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride : An acyl fluoride with phenylmethanesulfonyl as the acyl group.	2.05	1	0	acyl fluoride	serine proteinase inhibitor
piperazine [no description available]	6.99	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperazines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	anthelminthic drug
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	3.12	5	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
potassium iodide Potassium Iodide: An inorganic compound that is used as a source of iodine in thyrotoxic crisis and in the preparation of thyrotoxic patients for thyroidectomy. (From Dorland, 27th ed). potassium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a K(+) counterion. It is a scavenger of hydroxyl radicals.	4.55	25	0	potassium salt	expectorant; radical scavenger
4-aminobenzoic acid para-Aminobenzoates: Benzoic acids, salts, or esters that contain an amino group attached to carbon number 4 of the benzene ring structure.. 4-aminobenzoate : An aromatic amino-acid anion that is the conjugate base of 4-aminobenzoic acid.	2.47	2	0	aminobenzoate; aromatic amino-acid anion	Escherichia coli metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
procarbazine Procarbazine: An antineoplastic agent used primarily in combination with mechlorethamine, vincristine, and prednisone (the MOPP protocol) in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.. procarbazine : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(2-methylhydrazino)methyl]benzoic acid with the amino group of isopropylamine. An antineoplastic chemotherapy drug used for treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma. Metabolism yields azo-procarbazine and hydrogen peroxide, which results in the breaking of DNA strands.	1.97	1	0	benzamides; hydrazines	antineoplastic agent
propazine propazine: relatively non-toxic triazine herbicide; minor descriptor (75-82); online & Index Medicus search TRIAZINES (75-82). propazine : A diamino-1,3,5-triazine that is N,N'-di(propan-2-yl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diamine substituted by a chloro group at position 6.	2.07	1	0	chloro-1,3,5-triazine; diamino-1,3,5-triazine	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.1	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.25	1	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
pseudohypericin pseudohypericin: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
quipazine Quipazine: A pharmacologic congener of serotonin that contracts smooth muscle and has actions similar to those of tricyclic antidepressants. It has been proposed as an oxytocic.	6.96	1	0	piperazines; pyridines
resorcinol resorcinol: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7951. resorcinol : A benzenediol that is benzene dihydroxylated at positions 1 and 3.	2.17	1	0	benzenediol; phenolic donor; resorcinols	erythropoietin inhibitor; sensitiser
safrole Safrole: A member of the BENZODIOXOLES that is a constituent of several VOLATILE OILS, notably SASSAFRAS oil. It is a precursor in the synthesis of the insecticide PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE and the drug N-methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA).. safrole : A member of the class of benzodioxoles that is 1,3-benzodioxole which is substituted by an allyl group at position 5. It is found in several plants, including black pepper, cinnamon and nutmeg, and is present in several essential oils, notably that of sassafras. It has insecticidal properties and has been used as a topical antiseptic. Although not thought to pose a significant carcinogenic risk to humans, findings of weak carcinogenicity in rats have resulted in the banning of its (previously widespread) use in perfumes and soaps, and as a food additive.	2.68	3	0	benzodioxoles	flavouring agent; insecticide; metabolite; plant metabolite
sevoflurane Sevoflurane: A non-explosive inhalation anesthetic used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. It does not cause respiratory irritation and may also prevent PLATELET AGGREGATION.. sevoflurane : An ether compound having fluoromethyl and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoroisopropyl as the two alkyl groups.	2.05	1	0	ether; organofluorine compound	central nervous system depressant; inhalation anaesthetic; platelet aggregation inhibitor
sodium fluoride [no description available]	1.97	1	0	fluoride salt	mutagen
sodium iodide Sodium Iodide: A compound forming white, odorless deliquescent crystals and used as iodine supplement, expectorant or in its radioactive (I-131) form as an diagnostic aid, particularly for thyroid function tests.. sodium iodide : A metal iodide salt with a Na(+) counterion.	3.99	4	0	inorganic sodium salt; iodide salt
iodoacetic acid Iodoacetic Acid: A derivative of ACETIC ACID that contains one IODINE atom attached to its methyl group.. iodoacetic acid : A haloacetic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the hydrogens of the methyl group is replaced by an iodine atom.	3.1	5	0	haloacetic acid; organoiodine compound	alkylating agent
spiperone Spiperone: A spiro butyrophenone analog similar to HALOPERIDOL and other related compounds. It has been recommended in the treatment of SCHIZOPHRENIA.. spiperone : An azaspiro compound that is 1,3,8-triazaspiro[4.5]decane which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 8 by phenyl, oxo, and 4-(p-fluorophenyl)-4-oxobutyl groups, respectively.	2.36	2	0	aromatic ketone; azaspiro compound; organofluorine compound; piperidines; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist; psychotropic drug; serotonergic antagonist
stearic acid octadecanoic acid : A C18 straight-chain saturated fatty acid component of many animal and vegetable lipids. As well as in the diet, it is used in hardening soaps, softening plastics and in making cosmetics, candles and plastics.	2.02	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; saturated fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; plant metabolite
sulfadimethoxine Sulfadimethoxine: A sulfanilamide that is used as an anti-infective agent.. sulfadimethoxine : A sulfonamide consisting of pyrimidine having methoxy substituents at the 2- and 6-positions and a 4-aminobenzenesulfonamido group at the 4-position.	2.05	1	0	aromatic ether; pyrimidines; substituted aniline; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
sulfisoxazole Sulfisoxazole: A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.. sulfisoxazole : A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.	7.25	1	0	isoxazoles; sulfonamide antibiotic; sulfonamide	antibacterial drug; drug allergen
sulfobromophthalein Sulfobromophthalein: A phenolphthalein that is used as a diagnostic aid in hepatic function determination.	2	1	0	2-benzofurans; organobromine compound; organosulfonic acid; phenols	dye
sulforaphane sulforaphane: from Cardaria draba L.. sulforaphane : An isothiocyanate having a 4-(methylsulfinyl)butyl group attached to the nitrogen.	7.52	2	0	isothiocyanate; sulfoxide	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	2.02	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
suramin Suramin: A polyanionic compound with an unknown mechanism of action. It is used parenterally in the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and it has been used clinically with diethylcarbamazine to kill the adult Onchocerca. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1643) It has also been shown to have potent antineoplastic properties.. suramin : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which each of the amino groups has been substituted by a 3-({2-methyl-5-[(4,6,8-trisulfo-1-naphthyl)carbamoyl]phenyl}carbamoyl)phenyl group. An activator of both the rabbit skeletal muscle RyR1 and sheep cardiac RyR2 isoform ryanodine receptor channels, it has been used for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis for over 100 years.	1.99	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid; phenylureas; secondary carboxamide	angiogenesis inhibitor; antinematodal drug; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; GABA antagonist; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; purinergic receptor P2 antagonist; ryanodine receptor agonist; trypanocidal drug
thiabendazole Tresaderm: dermatologic soln containing dexamethasone, thiabendazole & neomycin sulfate	7.41	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug
2-thiosalicylic acid 2-thiosalicylic acid: a degradation product of thimerosal; RN given refers to parent cpd. thiosalicylic acid : A sulfanylbenzoic acid that is the 2-sulfanyl derivative of benzoic acid.	2.44	2	0	sulfanylbenzoic acid	antipyretic; non-narcotic analgesic
tremorine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
trifluoperazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; N-methylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	antiemetic; calmodulin antagonist; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 1.8.1.12 (trypanothione-disulfide reductase) inhibitor; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
trigonelline trigonelline: in hydra among other organisms; RN given refers to hydroxide inner salt; structure. N-methylnicotinic acid : A pyridinium ion consisting of nicotinic acid having a methyl substituent on the pyridine nitrogen.. N-methylnicotinate : An iminium betaine that is the conjugate base of N-methylnicotinic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.	2.69	2	0	alkaloid; iminium betaine	food component; human urinary metabolite; plant metabolite
urethane [no description available]	4	4	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole 3-(5'-hydroxymethyl-2'-furyl)-1-benzylindazole: antineoplastic; activates platelet guanylate cyclase; a radiosensitizing agent and guanylate cyclase activator; structure in first source. lificiguat : A member of the class of indazoles that is 1H-indazole which is substituted by a benzyl group at position 1 and a 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furyl group at position 3. It is an activator of soluble guanylate cyclase and inhibits platelet aggregation.	2	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; furans; indazoles	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; platelet aggregation inhibitor; soluble guanylate cyclase activator; vasodilator agent
mitomycin Mitomycin: An antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces caespitosus. It is one of the bi- or tri-functional ALKYLATING AGENTS causing cross-linking of DNA and inhibition of DNA synthesis.. mitomycin : A family of aziridine-containing natural products isolated from Streptomyces caespitosus or Streptomyces lavendulae.	8.24	6	0	mitomycin	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent
corticosterone [no description available]	2.07	1	0	11beta-hydroxy steroid; 20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; C21-steroid; glucocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
thymidine [no description available]	2.4	2	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.46	2	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	1.96	1	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
carbachol Carbachol: A slowly hydrolyzed CHOLINERGIC AGONIST that acts at both MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS and NICOTINIC RECEPTORS.	2.44	2	0	ammonium salt; carbamate ester	cardiotonic drug; miotic; muscarinic agonist; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; non-narcotic analgesic
penicillamine Penicillamine: 3-Mercapto-D-valine. The most characteristic degradation product of the penicillin antibiotics. It is used as an antirheumatic and as a chelating agent in Wilson's disease.. penicillamine : An alpha-amino acid having the structure of valine substituted at the beta position with a sulfanyl group.	6.96	1	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; penicillamine	antirheumatic drug; chelator; copper chelator; drug allergen
trichlorfon Trichlorfon: An organochlorophosphate cholinesterase inhibitor that is used as an insecticide for the control of flies and roaches. It is also used in anthelmintic compositions for animals. (From Merck, 11th ed). trichlorfon : A phosphonic ester that is dimethyl phosphonate in which the hydrogen atom attched to the phosphorous is substituted by a 2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl group.	2.41	2	0	organic phosphonate; organochlorine compound; phosphonic ester	agrochemical; anthelminthic drug; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; insecticide
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.02	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acetylaminofluorene 2-Acetylaminofluorene: A hepatic carcinogen whose mechanism of activation involves N-hydroxylation to the aryl hydroxamic acid followed by enzymatic sulfonation to sulfoxyfluorenylacetamide. It is used to study the carcinogenicity and mutagenicity of aromatic amines.	1.98	1	0	2-acetamidofluorenes	antimitotic; carcinogenic agent; epitope; mutagen
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	2.07	1	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	2.07	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
diethylnitrosamine Diethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-nitrosodiethylamine : A nitrosamine that is N-ethylethanamine substituted by a nitroso group at the N-atom.	2.25	1	0	nitrosamine	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; mutagen
isoflurophate Isoflurophate: A di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate which is an irreversible cholinesterase inhibitor used to investigate the NERVOUS SYSTEM.	1.96	1	0	dialkyl phosphate
alanine Alanine: A non-essential amino acid that occurs in high levels in its free state in plasma. It is produced from pyruvate by transamination. It is involved in sugar and acid metabolism, increases IMMUNITY, and provides energy for muscle tissue, BRAIN, and the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. alanine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of propionic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2.	9.18	3	1	alanine zwitterion; alanine; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite
serine Serine: A non-essential amino acid occurring in natural form as the L-isomer. It is synthesized from GLYCINE or THREONINE. It is involved in the biosynthesis of PURINES; PYRIMIDINES; and other amino acids.. serine : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine substituted at position 3 by a hydroxy group.	2.97	4	0	L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid; serine zwitterion; serine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide : A quinoline N-oxide carrying a nitro substituent at position 4.	2.95	4	0	C-nitro compound; quinoline N-oxide	carcinogenic agent
chloramphenicol Amphenicol: Chloramphenicol and its derivatives.	2.11	1	0	C-nitro compound; carboxamide; diol; organochlorine compound	antibacterial drug; antimicrobial agent; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	5.92	7	1	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
glutamine Glutamine: A non-essential amino acid present abundantly throughout the body and is involved in many metabolic processes. It is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID and AMMONIA. It is the principal carrier of NITROGEN in the body and is an important energy source for many cells.. L-glutamine : An optically active form of glutamine having L-configuration.. glutamine : An alpha-amino acid that consists of butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a carbamoyl substituent at position 4.	10.26	11	1	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; glutamine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	4.57	24	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
allyl isothiocyanate allyl isothiocyanate: used in the manufacture of flavors, war gases; medical use as a counterirritant; structure. allyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate with the formula CH2=CHCH2N=C=S. A colorless oil with boiling point 152degreeC, it is responsible for the pungent taste of mustard, horseradish, and wasabi.	2.15	1	0	alkenyl isothiocyanate; isothiocyanate	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; lachrymator; metabolite
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	3.49	2	0	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	1.97	1	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	10.73	25	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.98	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
9,10-dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene 9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon found in tobacco smoke that is a potent carcinogen.. 7,12-dimethyltetraphene : A tetraphene having methyl substituents at the 7- and 12-positions. It is a potent carcinogen and is present in tobacco smoke.	2.48	2	0	ortho-fused polycyclic arene; tetraphenes	carcinogenic agent
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	2.68	3	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
adenosine diphosphate Adenosine Diphosphate: Adenosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate). An adenine nucleotide containing two phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety at the 5'-position.	4.13	16	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate	fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol: RN given refers to parent cpd; see also record for tetrachlorophenol with locants for chloro groups not specified. 2,3,4,6-tetrachlorophenol : A tetrachlorophenol in which the chlorines are located at positions 2, 3, 4, and 6.	2.61	2	0	tetrachlorophenol	xenobiotic metabolite
uridine [no description available]	2.04	1	0	uridines	drug metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite
bromodeoxyuridine Bromodeoxyuridine: A nucleoside that substitutes for thymidine in DNA and thus acts as an antimetabolite. It causes breaks in chromosomes and has been proposed as an antiviral and antineoplastic agent. It has been given orphan drug status for use in the treatment of primary brain tumors.	2.72	3	0	pyrimidine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent
galactose galactopyranose : The pyranose form of galactose.	3.15	5	0	D-galactose; galactopyranose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
carbostyril Quinolones: A group of derivatives of naphthyridine carboxylic acid, quinoline carboxylic acid, or NALIDIXIC ACID.. quinolin-2(1H)-one : A quinolone that is 1,2-dihydroquinoline substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	2.21	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolone	bacterial xenobiotic metabolite
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	7.07	1	0	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
edetic acid Edetic Acid: A chelating agent that sequesters a variety of polyvalent cations such as CALCIUM. It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing and as a food additive.	2.87	4	0	ethylenediamine derivative; polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	anticoagulant; antidote; chelator; copper chelator; geroprotector
p-aminoazobenzene p-Aminoazobenzene: Used in the form of its salts as a dye and as an intermediate in manufacture of Acid Yellow, diazo dyes, and indulines.. 4-(phenylazo)aniline : Azobenzene substituted at one of the 4-positions by an amino group. It has a role as a dye and an allergen.	2.13	1	0
phenylethyl alcohol Phenylethyl Alcohol: An antimicrobial, antiseptic, and disinfectant that is used also as an aromatic essence and preservative in pharmaceutics and perfumery.. 2-phenylethanol : A primary alcohol that is ethanol substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	2.99	4	0	benzenes; primary alcohol	Aspergillus metabolite; fragrance; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	10.55	22	0	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
cysteamine Cysteamine: A mercaptoethylamine compound that is endogenously derived from the COENZYME A degradative pathway. The fact that cysteamine is readily transported into LYSOSOMES where it reacts with CYSTINE to form cysteine-cysteamine disulfide and CYSTEINE has led to its use in CYSTINE DEPLETING AGENTS for the treatment of CYSTINOSIS.. cysteamine : An amine that consists of an ethane skeleton substituted with a thiol group at C-1 and an amino group at C-2.	2.43	2	0	amine; thiol	geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; radiation protective agent
phlorhizin [no description available]	2.74	3	0	aryl beta-D-glucoside; dihydrochalcones; monosaccharide derivative	antioxidant; plant metabolite
adenosine monophosphate Adenosine Monophosphate: Adenine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety in the 2'-, 3'-, or 5'-position.	2.01	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	adenosine A1 receptor agonist; cofactor; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.11 (fructose-bisphosphatase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.47	6	0	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
leucine Leucine: An essential branched-chain amino acid important for hemoglobin formation.. leucine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isobutyl group.	2.71	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; leucine; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ethyl methanesulfonate Ethyl Methanesulfonate: An antineoplastic agent with alkylating properties. It also acts as a mutagen by damaging DNA and is used experimentally for that effect.. ethyl methanesulfonate : A methanesulfonate ester resulting from the formal condensation of methanesulfonic acid with ethanol.	2.71	3	0	methanesulfonate ester	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen; teratogenic agent
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	3.52	2	0	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
androstenedione Androstenedione: A delta-4 C19 steroid that is produced not only in the TESTIS, but also in the OVARY and the ADRENAL CORTEX. Depending on the tissue type, androstenedione can serve as a precursor to TESTOSTERONE as well as ESTRONE and ESTRADIOL.. androst-4-ene-3,17-dione : A 3-oxo Delta(4)-steroid that is androst-4-ene substituted by oxo groups at positions 3 and 17. It is a steroid hormone synthesized in the adrenal glands and gonads.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; androstanoid	androgen; Daphnia magna metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
lactose Lactose: A disaccharide of GLUCOSE and GALACTOSE in human and cow milk. It is used in pharmacy for tablets, in medicine as a nutrient, and in industry.. lactose : A glycosylglucose disaccharide, found most notably in milk, that consists of D-galactose and D-glucose fragments bonded through a beta-1->4 glycosidic linkage. The glucose fragment can be in either the alpha- or beta-pyranose form, whereas the galactose fragment can only have the beta-pyranose form.. beta-lactose : The beta-anomer of lactose.	2.71	3	0	lactose
methionine Methionine: A sulfur-containing essential L-amino acid that is important in many body functions.. methionine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is butyric acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a methylthio substituent at position 4.	8.26	6	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; methionine zwitterion; methionine; proteinogenic amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine: Synthetic phospholipid used in liposomes and lipid bilayers to study biological membranes. It is also a major constituent of PULMONARY SURFACTANTS.	2.9	4	0
phenylalanine Phenylalanine: An essential aromatic amino acid that is a precursor of MELANIN; DOPAMINE; noradrenalin (NOREPINEPHRINE), and THYROXINE.. L-phenylalanine : The L-enantiomer of phenylalanine.. phenylalanine : An aromatic amino acid that is alanine in which one of the methyl hydrogens is substituted by a phenyl group.	10.29	12	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; phenylalanine; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; EC 3.1.3.1 (alkaline phosphatase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	4.44	22	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	2.39	2	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.69	3	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
chloroform Chloroform: A commonly used laboratory solvent. It was previously used as an anesthetic, but was banned from use in the U.S. due to its suspected carcinogenicity.. chloroform : A one-carbon compound that is methane in which three of the hydrogens are replaced by chlorines.	2.47	2	0	chloromethanes; one-carbon compound	carcinogenic agent; central nervous system drug; inhalation anaesthetic; non-polar solvent; refrigerant
dimethylformamide Dimethylformamide: A formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.. N,N-dimethylformamide : A member of the class of formamides that is formamide in which the amino hydrogens are replaced by methyl groups.	7.47	2	0	formamides; volatile organic compound	geroprotector; hepatotoxic agent; polar aprotic solvent
17-alpha-hydroxyprogesterone 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone : A 17alpha-hydroxy steroid that is the 17alpha-hydroxy derivative of progesterone.	1.97	1	0	17alpha-hydroxy-C21-steroid; 17alpha-hydroxy steroid; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite; progestin
mannitol [no description available]	2.48	2	0	mannitol	allergen; antiglaucoma drug; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; food anticaking agent; food bulking agent; food humectant; food stabiliser; food thickening agent; hapten; metabolite; osmotic diuretic; sweetening agent
cytarabine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
dithionitrobenzoic acid Dithionitrobenzoic Acid: A standard reagent for the determination of reactive sulfhydryl groups by absorbance measurements. It is used primarily for the determination of sulfhydryl and disulfide groups in proteins. The color produced is due to the formation of a thio anion, 3-carboxyl-4-nitrothiophenolate.. dithionitrobenzoic acid : An organic disulfide that results from the formal oxidative dimerisation of 2-nitro-5-thiobenzoic acid. An indicator used to quantify the number or concentration of thiol groups.	2.91	4	0	nitrobenzoic acid; organic disulfide	indicator
asparagine Asparagine: A non-essential amino acid that is involved in the metabolic control of cell functions in nerve and brain tissue. It is biosynthesized from ASPARTIC ACID and AMMONIA by asparagine synthetase. (From Concise Encyclopedia Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3rd ed). asparagine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 2-amino-2-oxoethyl group.	10.13	161	0	amino acid zwitterion; asparagine; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
histidine Histidine: An essential amino acid that is required for the production of HISTAMINE.. L-histidine : The L-enantiomer of the amino acid histidine.. histidine : An alpha-amino acid that is propanoic acid bearing an amino substituent at position 2 and a 1H-imidazol-4-yl group at position 3.	3.31	6	0	amino acid zwitterion; histidine; L-alpha-amino acid; polar amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	2.46	2	0	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	3.72	10	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
threonine Threonine: An essential amino acid occurring naturally in the L-form, which is the active form. It is found in eggs, milk, gelatin, and other proteins.. threonine : An alpha-amino acid in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon of glycine is substituted by a 1-hydroxyethyl group.	3.48	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; threonine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	8.43	246	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
isoleucine Isoleucine: An essential branched-chain aliphatic amino acid found in many proteins. It is an isomer of LEUCINE. It is important in hemoglobin synthesis and regulation of blood sugar and energy levels.. isoleucine : A 2-amino-3-methylpentanoic acid having either (2R,3R)- or (2S,3S)-configuration.. L-isoleucine : The L-enantiomer of isoleucine.	2.02	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; isoleucine; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	3.57	8	0	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
methyl bromide methyl bromide: used in ionization chambers, degreasing wool, extracting oils; insect fumigant; high concentrations can produce pulmonary edema,narcosis; chronic exposure can cause CNS depression,kidney injury; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. bromomethane : A one-carbon compound in which the carbon is attached by single bonds to three hydrogen atoms and one bromine atom. It is produced naturally by marine algae.	2.03	1	0	bromohydrocarbon; bromomethanes; methyl halides	algal metabolite; fumigant insecticide; marine metabolite
ethylene Plastipore: high density polyethylene sponge biocompatible material; used as posts in dental bridges	1.98	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	plant hormone; refrigerant
methylamine methyl group : An alkyl group that is the univalent group derived from methane by removal of a hydrogen atom.	2.02	1	0	methylamines; one-carbon compound; primary aliphatic amine	mouse metabolite
boranes Boranes: The collective name for the boron hydrides, which are analogous to the alkanes and silanes. Numerous boranes are known. Some have high calorific values and are used in high-energy fuels. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). borane : The simplest borane, consisting of a single boron atom carrying three hydrogens.. boranes : The molecular hydrides of boron.	2.21	1	0	boranes; mononuclear parent hydride
acetonitrile acetonitrile: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. acetonitrile : A nitrile that is hydrogen cyanide in which the hydrogen has been replaced by a methyl group.	3.57	8	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; NMR chemical shift reference compound; polar aprotic solvent
carbon disulfide Carbon Disulfide: A colorless, flammable, poisonous liquid, CS2. It is used as a solvent, and is a counterirritant and has local anesthetic properties but is not used as such. It is highly toxic with pronounced CNS, hematologic, and dermatologic effects.	10.44	6	0	one-carbon compound; organosulfur compound
ethylene oxide Ethylene Oxide: A colorless and flammable gas at room temperature and pressure. Ethylene oxide is a bactericidal, fungicidal, and sporicidal disinfectant. It is effective against most micro-organisms, including viruses. It is used as a fumigant for foodstuffs and textiles and as an agent for the gaseous sterilization of heat-labile pharmaceutical and surgical materials. (From Reynolds, Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p794). oxirane : A saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent that is a three-membered heterocycle of two carbon atoms and one oxygen atom.	3.8	11	0	gas molecular entity; oxacycle; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent	allergen; mouse metabolite; mutagen
propyleneimine [no description available]	2.38	2	0	aziridines
propylene oxide propylene oxide: structure. 1,2-epoxypropane : An epoxide that is oxirane substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	3.12	5	0	epoxide
tert-butyl alcohol tert-Butyl Alcohol: An isomer of butanol that contains a tertiary butyl group that consists of three methyl groups, each separately attached to a central (tertiary) carbon.. tert-butanol : A tertiary alcohol alcohol that is isobutane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 2.	2.03	1	0	tertiary alcohol	human xenobiotic metabolite
tert-amyl alcohol 2-methylbutan-2-ol : A tertiary alcohol that is propan-1-ol in which both of the hydrogens at position 1 have been replaced by methyl groups.	2.11	1	0	aliphatic alcohol; tertiary alcohol	protic solvent
trifluoroethanol Trifluoroethanol: A non-aqueous co-solvent that serves as tool to study protein folding. It is also used in various pharmaceutical, chemical and engineering applications.	2.96	4	0	fluoroalcohol
tert-butylhydroperoxide tert-Butylhydroperoxide: A direct-acting oxidative stress-inducing agent used to examine the effects of oxidant stress on Ca(2+)-dependent signal transduction in vascular endothelial cells. It is also used as a catalyst in polymerization reactions and to introduce peroxy groups into organic molecules.. tert-butyl hydroperoxide : An alkyl hydroperoxide in which the alkyl group is tert-butyl. It is widely used in a variety of oxidation processes.	2	1	0	alkyl hydroperoxide	antibacterial agent; oxidising agent
trifluoroacetic acid Trifluoroacetic Acid: A very strong halogenated derivative of acetic acid. It is used in acid catalyzed reactions, especially those where an ester is cleaved in peptide synthesis.. trifluoroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the trifluoro derivative of acetic acid.	2.43	2	0	fluoroalkanoic acid	human xenobiotic metabolite; NMR chemical shift reference compound; reagent
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.08	1	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
tromethamine Tromethamine: An organic amine proton acceptor. It is used in the synthesis of surface-active agents and pharmaceuticals; as an emulsifying agent for cosmetic creams and lotions, mineral oil and paraffin wax emulsions, as a biological buffer, and used as an alkalizer. (From Merck, 11th ed; Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p1424)	2.42	2	0	primary amino compound; triol	buffer
quinic acid (-)-quinic acid : The (-)-enantiomer of quinic acid.	2.31	1	0
trimethylolpropane [no description available]	2.54	2	0	primary alcohol
vinyltriethoxysilane [no description available]	2.21	1	0
tetraethoxysilane [no description available]	7.1	1	0
tri-o-cresyl phosphate tri-o-cresyl phosphate: see also related IMOL S-140	2	1	0
azobis(isobutyronitrile) azobis(isobutyronitrile): blowing agent for elastomers & plastics; initiator for free radical reactions; structure	2.03	1	0
linalool linalool: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation; structure. linalool : A monoterpenoid that is octa-1,6-diene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3 and 7 and a hydroxy group at position 3. It has been isolated from plants like Ocimum canum.	8.61	2	0	monoterpenoid; tertiary alcohol	antimicrobial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
isoprene isoprene: used in manufacture of ''synthetic'' rubber, butyl rubber; copolymer in production of elastomers; structure. isoprene : A hemiterpene with the formula CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2; the monomer of natural rubber and a common structure motif to the isoprenoids, a large class of other naturally occurring compounds.	1.98	1	0	alkadiene; hemiterpene; volatile organic compound	plant metabolite
methacrylaldehyde [no description available]	2.15	1	0	enal
3-buten-2-one buten-2-one : A methyl ketone that is butan-2-one with an unsaturation at position 3.	2.97	4	0	enone; methyl ketone
trichloroethylene Trichloroethylene: A highly volatile inhalation anesthetic used mainly in short surgical procedures where light anesthesia with good analgesia is required. It is also used as an industrial solvent. Prolonged exposure to high concentrations of the vapor can lead to cardiotoxicity and neurological impairment.. triol : A chemical compound containing three hydroxy groups.	4.29	3	0	chloroethenes	inhalation anaesthetic; mouse metabolite
propionamide [no description available]	4.6	8	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; primary fatty amide
chloroacetamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
acrylic acid acrylic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd. acrylic acid : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.	5.3	50	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid	metabolite
methacrylamide [no description available]	3.65	9	0	acrylamides; primary carboxamide
bisphenol a 4,4'-isopropylidene diphenol: stimulates proliferative responses and cytokine productions of murine spleen cells and thymus cells in vitro. bisphenol : By usage, the methylenediphenols, HOC6H4CH2C6H4OH, commonly p,p-methylenediphenol, and their substitution products (generally derived from condensation of two equivalent amounts of a phenol with an aldehyde or ketone). The term also includes analogues in the the methylene (or substituted methylene) group has been replaced by a heteroatom.. bisphenol A : A bisphenol that is 4,4'-methanediyldiphenol in which the methylene hydrogens are replaced by two methyl groups.	4.44	6	0	bisphenol	endocrine disruptor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic; xenoestrogen
dicumyl peroxide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
methylmethacrylate Methylmethacrylate: The methyl ester of methacrylic acid. It polymerizes easily to form POLYMETHYL METHACRYLATE. It is used as a bone cement.. methyl methacrylate : An enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component.	2.74	3	0	enoate ester; methyl ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
rhodamine b rhodamine B: RN & N1 from 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7973; TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE was see RHODAMINES 1975-93; use RHODAMINES to search TETRAETHYLRHODAMINE 1975-93. rhodamine B : An organic chloride salt having N-[9-(2-carboxyphenyl)-6-(diethylamino)-3H-xanthen-3-ylidene]-N-ethylethanaminium as the counterion. An amphoteric dye commonly used as a fluorochrome.	3.13	1	0	organic chloride salt; xanthene dye	fluorescent probe; fluorochrome; histological dye
rotenone Derris: A plant genus of the family FABACEAE. The root is a source of rotenoids (ROTENONE) and flavonoids. Some species of Pongamia have been reclassified to this genus and some to MILLETTIA. Some species of Deguelia have been reclassified to this genus.. rotenoid : Members of the class of tetrahydrochromenochromene that consists of a cis-fused tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]chromene skeleton and its substituted derivatives. The term was originally restricted to natural products, but is now also used to describe semi-synthetic and fully synthetic compounds.	1.98	1	0	organic heteropentacyclic compound; rotenones	antineoplastic agent; metabolite; mitochondrial NADH:ubiquinone reductase inhibitor; phytogenic insecticide; piscicide; toxin
9,10-anthraquinone 9,10-anthraquinone : An anthraquinone that is anthracene in which positions 9 and 10 have been oxidised to carbonyls.	2.31	1	0	anthraquinone
1-naphthalenesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.06	1	0	naphthalenesulfonic acid
methylmercury ii [no description available]	1.96	1	0	methylmercury compound
xylitol xylooligosaccharide: structure in first source. pentitol : An alditol obtained by reduction of any pentose.. xylooligosaccharide : An oligosaccharide comprised of xylose residues.	2.02	1	0
n-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone: monomer of POVIDONE; structure given in first source	8.53	8	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones
picric acid picric acid: used as antiseptic, astringent & stimulant for epitheliazation; structure. picric acid : A C-nitro compound comprising phenol having three nitro substtituents at the 2-, 4- and 6-positions.	2.05	1	0	C-nitro compound	antiseptic drug; explosive; fixative
beta-glucono-1,5-lactone beta-glucono-1,5-lactone: structure. D-glucono-1,5-lactone : An aldono-1,5-lactone obtained from D-gluconic acid.	2.02	1	0	aldono-1,5-lactone; gluconolactone	animal metabolite; mouse metabolite
1,2-benzenedicarbonitrile [no description available]	1.96	1	0
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.73	3	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
2-naphthylamine 2-Naphthylamine: A naphthalene derivative with carcinogenic action.. 2-naphthylamine : A naphthylamine carrying the amino group at position 2.	3.53	2	0	naphthylamine	carcinogenic agent
pyronine Pyronine: Xanthene dye used as a bacterial and biological stain. Synonyms: Pyronin; Pyronine G; Pyronine Y. Use also for Pyronine B. which is diethyl-rather than dimethylamino-.. pyronin Y : An organic chloride salt having 6-(dimethylamino)-N,N-dimethyl-3H-xanthen-3-iminium as the cation. Used with methyl green to selectively demonstrate RNA (red) in contrast to DNA (green) with the Unna-Pappenheim method.	2.13	1	0	iminium salt; organic chloride salt	histological dye
diphenyl diphenyl: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure	2.6	1	0	aromatic fungicide; benzenes; biphenyls	antifungal agrochemical; antimicrobial food preservative
xanthenes Xanthenes: Compounds with three aromatic rings in linear arrangement with an OXYGEN in the center ring.	2.48	2	0	xanthene
benzothiazole benzothiazole: structure. benzothiazole : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is a fusion product between benzene and thiazole. The parent of the class of benzothiazoles.	2.07	1	0	benzothiazoles	environmental contaminant; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
2-toluidine 2-toluidine: RN given refers to parent cpd. o-toluidine : An aminotoluene in which the amino substituent is ortho to the methyl group.	1.98	1	0	aminotoluene	carcinogenic agent
styrene oxide styrene oxide: structure. styrene oxide : An epoxide that is oxirane in which one of the hydrogens has been replaced by a phenyl group.	6.98	1	0	epoxide	human xenobiotic metabolite
alpha-chlorohydrin alpha-Chlorohydrin: A chlorinated PROPANEDIOL with antifertility activity in males used as a chemosterilant in rodents.. 3-chloropropane-1,2-diol : A chloropropane-1,2-diol that is propane-1,2-diol substituted by a chloro group at position 3.	4.87	5	0	chloropropane-1,2-diol
methyl acrylate [no description available]	3.15	5	0	enoate ester
n-methylpyrrole [no description available]	3.31	1	0	pyrroles
butyl methacrylate [no description available]	2.04	1	0	enoate ester
ethylene dimethacrylate ethylene glycol dimethacrylate : The enoate ester that is the 1,2-bis(methacryloyl) derivative of ethylene glycol.	4.01	13	0	enoate ester	allergen; cross-linking reagent; polymerisation monomer
furfuryl alcohol furfuryl alcohol: structure. furfuryl alcohol : A furan bearing a hydroxymethyl substituent at the 2-position.	2.17	1	0	furans; primary alcohol	Maillard reaction product
furaldehyde Furaldehyde: A heterocyclic compound consisting of a furan where the hydrogen at position 2 is substituted by a formyl group.. furfural : An aldehyde that is furan with the hydrogen at position 2 substituted by a formyl group.	7.41	41	0	aldehyde; furans	Maillard reaction product; metabolite
trehalose alpha,alpha-trehalose : A trehalose in which both glucose residues have alpha-configuration at the anomeric carbon.	7.43	2	0	trehalose	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sym-trinitrobenzene Trinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with three nitro groups in any position.. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene : A trinitrobenzene in which each of the nitro groups is meta- to the other two.	2.03	1	0	trinitrobenzene	explosive
4-nitrobenzyl chloride 4-nitrobenzyl chloride: structure given in first source. p-nitrobenzyl chloride : A C-nitro compound that is nitrobenzene in which the hydrogen at position 4 is replaced by a chloromethyl group.	2.21	1	0	benzyl chlorides; C-nitro compound	mutagen
styrene Styrene: A colorless, toxic liquid with a strong aromatic odor. It is used to make rubbers, polymers and copolymers, and polystyrene plastics.. styrene : A vinylarene that is benzene carrying a vinyl group. It has been isolated from the benzoin resin produced by Styrax species.	5.58	13	0	styrenes; vinylarene; volatile organic compound	mouse metabolite; mutagen; plant metabolite
4-vinylpyridine 4-vinylpyridine: reagent for blocking cysteine function in proteins; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.41	7	0
2-vinylpyridine [no description available]	8.51	2	0
triethanolamine triethanolamine: RN given refers to parent cpd. triethanolamine : A tertiary amino compound that is ammonia in which each of the hydrogens is substituted by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.31	1	0	amino alcohol; tertiary amino compound; triol	buffer; surfactant
boric acid [no description available]	8.59	2	0	boric acids	astringent
2-phenylacetamide 2-phenylacetamide: structure. 2-phenylacetamide : A monocarboxylic acid amide that is acetamide substituted by a phenyl group at position 2.	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide	mouse metabolite
glycidyl methacrylate glycidyl methacrylate: RN given refers to monomer. glycidyl methacrylate : An enoate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of methacrylic acid with the hydroxy group of glycidol.	9.28	5	0	enoate ester; epoxide
1,3-butadiene buta-1,3-diene : A butadiene with unsaturation at positions 1 and 3.	9.55	4	0	butadiene	carcinogenic agent; mutagen
acrolein [no description available]	6.46	17	0	enal	herbicide; human xenobiotic metabolite; toxin
allyl chloride [no description available]	7.41	2	0	organochlorine compound
acrylonitrile [no description available]	5.95	33	0	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
allyl alcohol allyl alcohol: structure. allylic alcohol : An alcohol where the hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon atom adjacent to a double bond (R groups may be H, organyl, etc.).. allyl alcohol : A propenol in which the C=C bond connects C-2 and C-3. It is has been found in garlic (Allium sativum). Formerly used as a herbicide for the control of various grass and weed seeds.	2.44	2	0	primary allylic alcohol; propenol	antibacterial agent; fungicide; herbicide; insecticide; plant metabolite
glyoxal [no description available]	3.22	5	0	dialdehyde	agrochemical; allergen; pesticide; plant growth regulator
tert-butylacrylamide tert-butylacrylamide: structure in first source	7.13	1	0
dimethyldioctadecylammonium dimethyldioctadecylammonium: a cationic lipid analog; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
2-methylpentane Hexanes: Six-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives. Various polyneuropathies are caused by hexane poisoning.	5.27	5	0	alkane
2-pentanone pentanone : Any ketone that is pentane substituted by an oxo group at unspecified position.	2.02	1	0	methyl ketone; pentanone	plant metabolite
vinyl acetate [no description available]	2.01	1	0	acetate ester
methyl isobutyl ketone [no description available]	1.96	1	0	ketone
succinic anhydride [no description available]	2.42	2	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; tetrahydrofurandione
maleic anhydride Maleic Anhydrides: Used in copolymerization reactions, in the Diels-Alder(diene)synthesis, in the preparation of resins, pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. It is a powerful irritant and causes burns.. maleic anhydride : A cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride that is the cyclic anhydride of maleic acid.	2.77	3	0	cyclic dicarboxylic anhydride; furans	allergen
melamine melamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. melamine : A trimer of cyanamide, with a 1,3,5-triazine skeleton.	2.53	2	0	triamino-1,3,5-triazine	xenobiotic metabolite
cyclohexanol Cyclohexanols: Monohydroxy derivatives of cyclohexanes that contain the general formula R-C6H11O. They have a camphorlike odor and are used in making soaps, insecticides, germicides, dry cleaning, and plasticizers.. cyclohexanols : An alcohol in which one or more hydroxy groups are attached to a cyclohexane skeleton.	2.02	1	0	cyclohexanols; secondary alcohol	solvent
triethylene glycol dimethacrylate [no description available]	2.98	4	0
pentane Pentanes: Five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon group of the methane series. Include isomers and derivatives.. pentane : A straight chain alkane consisting of 5 carbon atoms.	3.06	1	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; refrigerant
n-butyl mercaptan n-butyl mercaptan: hydrolytic product of merphos; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.15	1	0	alkanethiol
pyrroles 1H-pyrrole : A tautomer of pyrrole that has the double bonds at positions 2 and 4.. pyrrole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene comprising one NH and four CH units which forms the parent compound of the pyrrole group of compounds. Its five-membered ring structure has three tautomers. A 'closed class'.. azole : Any monocyclic heteroarene consisting of a five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Azoles can also contain one or more other non-carbon atoms, such as nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.	3.31	1	0	pyrrole; secondary amine
tetrahydrofuran oxolane : A cyclic ether that is butane in which one hydrogen from each methyl group is substituted by an oxygen.	2.46	2	0	cyclic ether; oxolanes; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
furan furan : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing four carbons and one oxygen, with formula C4H4O. It is a toxic, flammable, low-boiling (31degreeC) colourless liquid.	6.3	14	0	furans; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene	carcinogenic agent; hepatotoxic agent; Maillard reaction product
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.82	2	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
di-tert-butyl peroxide tert-butyl peroxide: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
2,5-hexanedione 2,5-hexanedione: metabolite of methyl-n-butyl ketone. 2,5-hexanedione : A diketone that is hexane substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5. It is a toxic metabolite of hexane and of 2-hexanone	6.07	23	0	diketone; methyl ketone	human xenobiotic metabolite; neurotoxin
n,n,n',n'-tetramethylethylenediamine N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine : An ethylenediamine derivative in which each nitrogen carries two methyl substituents. It is widely employed both as a ligand for metal ions and as a catalyst in organic polymerisation.	3.04	4	0	ethylenediamine derivative	catalyst; chelator
n,n'-methylenebisacrylamide [no description available]	9.71	29	0
n-hexane hexane : An unbranched alkane containing six carbon atoms.	4.83	4	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	neurotoxin; non-polar solvent
piperidine [no description available]	7.05	1	0	azacycloalkane; piperidines; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent; secondary amine	base; catalyst; human metabolite; non-polar solvent; plant metabolite; protic solvent; reagent
1-hexanol 1-hexanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. hexanol : A fatty alcohol consisting of a hydroxy function at any position of an unbranched saturated chain of six carbon atoms.. hexan-1-ol : A primary alcohol that is hexane substituted by a hydroxy group at position 1.	2.02	1	0	hexanol; primary alcohol	alarm pheromone; antibacterial agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
3,3'-iminodipropionitrile 3,3'-iminodipropionitrile: lathyrogen; RN refers to parent cpd; blocks axoplasmic transport of neurofilament proteins with subsequent axon swelling typical of some motor neuron diseases	3.36	7	0
propylene propylene: structure	1.98	1	0	alkene; gas molecular entity	refrigerant; xenobiotic
2,2,2-trichloroethanol [no description available]	3.49	2	0	chloroethanol	mouse metabolite
acetol hydroxyacetone : A propanone that is acetone in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by a hydroxy group.	2.42	2	0	methyl ketone; primary alcohol; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone; propanones	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
diethylhexyl phthalate Diethylhexyl Phthalate: An ester of phthalic acid. It appears as a light-colored, odorless liquid and is used as a plasticizer for many resins and elastomers.. bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate : A phthalate ester that is the bis(2-ethylhexyl) ester of benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid.	2.06	1	0	diester; phthalate ester	androstane receptor agonist; apoptosis inhibitor; plasticiser
framycetin Framycetin: A component of NEOMYCIN that is produced by Streptomyces fradiae. On hydrolysis it yields neamine and neobiosamine B. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). framycetin : A tetracyclic antibacterial agent derived from neomycin, being a glycoside ester of neamine and neobiosamine B.	2.03	1	0	aminoglycoside	allergen; antibacterial drug; Escherichia coli metabolite
sulfoxide sulfoxide: synergistic insecticide for use with pyrethrum, allethrin, rotenone, ryania, etc.; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. sulfoxide : An organosulfur compound having the structure R2S=O or R2C=S=O (R =/= H).	2.01	1	0	benzodioxoles
2,4-dichlorophenol 2,4-dichlorophenol: RN given refers to unlabeled parent+ cpd; structure. 2,4-dichlorophenol : A dichlorophenol that is phenol carrying chloro substituents at positions 2 and 4.	2.17	1	0	dichlorophenol
2,4-dinitrotoluene 2,4-dinitrotoluene : A dinitrotoluene in which the methyl group is ortho to one of the nitro groups and para to the other. It is the most common isomer of dinitrotoluene.	2.05	1	0	dinitrotoluene
pyrazolanthrone pyrazolanthrone: JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase) inhibitor; structure in first source. anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazol-6(2H)-one : A member of the class of anthrapyrazoles that is anthra[1,9-cd]pyrazole substituted at position 6 by an oxo group. An inhibitor of c-Jun N-terminal kinase.	2.21	1	0	anthrapyrazole; aromatic ketone; cyclic ketone	antineoplastic agent; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; geroprotector
1,4-naphthoquinone naphthoquinone : A polycyclic aromatic ketone metabolite of naphthalene.. 1,4-naphthoquinone : The parent structure of the family of 1,4-naphthoquinones, in which the oxo groups of the quinone moiety are at positions 1 and 4 of the naphthalene ring. Derivatives have pharmacological properties.	2.21	1	0	1,4-naphthoquinones
uridine diphosphate glucose Uridine Diphosphate Glucose: A key intermediate in carbohydrate metabolism. Serves as a precursor of glycogen, can be metabolized into UDPgalactose and UDPglucuronic acid which can then be incorporated into polysaccharides as galactose and glucuronic acid. Also serves as a precursor of sucrose lipopolysaccharides, and glycosphingolipids.. UDP-alpha-D-glucose : The alpha-anomer of UDP-alpha-D-glucose. It is used in nucleotide sugars metabolism.	2	1	0	UDP-D-glucose	fundamental metabolite
2-naphthol 2-naphthol: RN given refers to parent cpd. 2-naphthol : A naphthol carrying a hydroxy group at position 2.. naphthols : Any hydroxynaphthalene derivative that has a single hydroxy substituent.	2.13	1	0	naphthol	antinematodal drug; genotoxin; human urinary metabolite; human xenobiotic metabolite; mouse metabolite; radical scavenger
ethyl acrylate [no description available]	2.42	2	0	enoate ester
n-butyl acrylate butyl acrylate : An acrylate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of butan-1-ol with the carboxy group of acrylic acid.	2.49	2	0	acrylate ester
ethyl acetate ethyl acetate : The acetate ester formed between acetic acid and ethanol.	2.1	1	0	acetate ester; ethyl ester; volatile organic compound	EC 3.4.19.3 (pyroglutamyl-peptidase I) inhibitor; metabolite; polar aprotic solvent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
mesityl oxide mesityl oxide: solvent for extraction of nitrocellulose, many resins, & tellurium; structure	2.15	1	0	olefinic compound
n-heptane Heptanes: Seven-carbon alkanes with the formula C7H16.. heptane : A straight-chain alkane with seven carbon atoms. It has been found in Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi).	3.48	2	0	alkane; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent; plant metabolite
pregnenolone [no description available]	1.98	1	0	20-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; C21-steroid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ditiocarb Ditiocarb: A chelating agent that has been used to mobilize toxic metals from the tissues of humans and experimental animals. It is the main metabolite of DISULFIRAM.. diethyldithiocarbamic acid : A member of the class of dithiocarbamic acids that is diethylcarbamic acid in which both of the oxygens are replaced by sulfur.	2.04	1	0	dithiocarbamic acids	chelator; copper chelator
1,2-dihydroxybenzene-3,5-disulfonic acid disodium salt Chymopapain: A cysteine endopeptidase isolated from papaya latex. Preferential cleavage at glutamic and aspartic acid residues. EC 3.4.22.6.	2.03	1	0	organosulfur compound; sulfonic acid derivative
catechin Catechin: An antioxidant flavonoid, occurring especially in woody plants as both (+)-catechin and (-)-epicatechin (cis) forms.. catechin : Members of the class of hydroxyflavan that have a flavan-3-ol skeleton and its substituted derivatives.. rac-catechin : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (+)- and (-)-catechin. (+)-catechin : The (+)-enantiomer of catechin and a polyphenolic antioxidant plant metabolite.	5.79	18	1	catechin	antioxidant; plant metabolite
coronene coronene: structure. coronene : A ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene that consists of six peri-fused benzene rings.	6.97	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene
perylene Perylene: A 20-carbon dibenz(de,kl)anthracene that can be viewed as a naphthalene fused to a phenalene or as dinaphthalene. It is used as fluorescent lipid probe in the cytochemistry of membranes and is a polycyclic hydrocarbon pollutant in soil and water. Derivatives may be carcinogenic.. perylene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene comprising of five benzene rings that is anthracene in which the d,e and k,l sides are fused to benzene rings.	2.1	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene; perylenes
quinazolines Quinazolines: A group of aromatic heterocyclic compounds that contain a bicyclic structure with two fused six-membered aromatic rings, a benzene ring and a pyrimidine ring.. quinazoline : A mancude organic heterobicyclic parent that is naphthalene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 3 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.. quinazolines : Any organic heterobicyclic compound based on a quinazoline skeleton and its substituted derivatives.	7.63	2	0	azaarene; mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; ortho-fused heteroarene; quinazolines
indazoles Indazoles: A group of heterocyclic aromatic organic compounds consisting of the fusion of BENZENE and PYRAZOLES.	2	1	0	indazole
adamantane Adamantane: A tricyclo bridged hydrocarbon.	2.54	2	0	adamantanes; polycyclic alkane
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	2.06	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	3.1	5	0	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	3.43	7	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	7.99	4	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
12-crown-4 12-crown-4: structure in first source. 12-crown-4 : A crown ether that is cyclododecane in which the carbon atoms at positions 1, 4, 7 and 10 have been replaced by oxygen atoms.	7.1	1	0	crown ether; saturated organic heteromonocyclic parent
calcium gluconate [no description available]	2.05	1	0	calcium salt	nutraceutical
paraoxon [no description available]	2.1	1	0	aryl dialkyl phosphate; organophosphate insecticide	EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; mouse metabolite
3-acetylpyridine 3-acetylpyridine: inhibits tremors	1.95	1	0	aromatic ketone
thymidine monophosphate Thymidine Monophosphate: 5-Thymidylic acid. A thymine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the deoxyribose moiety.. dTMP : The neutral species of thymidine 5'-monophosphate (2'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate).	1.99	1	0	thymidine 5'-monophosphate	fundamental metabolite
citrulline citrulline : The parent compound of the citrulline class consisting of ornithine having a carbamoyl group at the N(5)-position.	7.08	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; citrulline	Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; protective agent; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
trifluoroacetic anhydride [no description available]	2.08	1	0
silicon carbide silicon carbide: fibers used for reinforcement of porcelain crowns; a feldspathic body (gingival) porcelain; used to coat titanium hip prostheses	2.21	1	0	organosilicon compound
2-aminopurine 2-Aminopurine: A purine that is an isomer of ADENINE (6-aminopurine).. aminopurine : Any purine having at least one amino substituent.. 2-aminopurine : The parent compound of the 2-aminopurines, comprising a purine core carrying an amino substituent at the 2-position.	8.52	8	0	2-aminopurines; nucleobase analogue	antimetabolite
cyanogen cyanogen: structure. oxalonitrile : A dinitrile that is ethane substituted by two cyano groups.	2.1	1	0	dinitrile; pseudohalogen
propadiene [no description available]	2.41	1	0	allenes
limestone Calcium Carbonate: Carbonic acid calcium salt (CaCO3). An odorless, tasteless powder or crystal that occurs in nature. It is used therapeutically as a phosphate buffer in hemodialysis patients and as a calcium supplement.. calcium carbonate : A calcium salt with formula CCaO3.	2.5	2	0	calcium salt; carbonate salt; inorganic calcium salt; one-carbon compound	antacid; fertilizer; food colouring; food firming agent
rhein [no description available]	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone
aloe emodin aloe emodin: structure distinct from emodin; this does not mean emodin from aloe. Aloe emodin : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin carrying a hydroxymethyl group at position 3. It has been isolated from plant species of the genus Aloe.	2.03	1	0	aromatic primary alcohol; dihydroxyanthraquinone	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
chrysophanic acid chrysophanic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck, 9th ed, #2260. chrysophanol : A trihydroxyanthraquinone that is chrysazin with a methyl substituent at C-3. It has been isolated from Aloe vera and exhibits antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
emetine Emetine: The principal alkaloid of ipecac, from the ground roots of Uragoga (or Cephaelis) ipecacuanha or U. acuminata, of the Rubiaceae. It is used as an amebicide in many different preparations and may cause serious cardiac, hepatic, or renal damage and violent diarrhea and vomiting. Emetine inhibits protein synthesis in EUKARYOTIC CELLS but not PROKARYOTIC CELLS.. emetine : A pyridoisoquinoline comprising emetam having methoxy substituents at the 6'-, 7'-, 10- and 11-positions. It is an antiprotozoal agent and emetic. It inhibits SARS-CoV2, Zika and Ebola virus replication and displays antimalarial, antineoplastic and antiamoebic properties.	1.97	1	0	isoquinoline alkaloid; pyridoisoquinoline	antiamoebic agent; anticoronaviral agent; antiinfective agent; antimalarial; antineoplastic agent; antiprotozoal drug; antiviral agent; autophagy inhibitor; emetic; expectorant; plant metabolite; protein synthesis inhibitor
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	6.96	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
thymoquinone thymoquinone: constituent of cedarwood; can cause dermatitis; structure. thymoquinone : A member of the class of 1,4-benzoquinones that is 1,4-bezoquinone in which the hydrogens at positions 2 and 5 are replaced by methyl and isopropyl groups, respectively. It is a natural compound isolated from Nigella sativa which has demonstrated promising chemotherapeutic activity.	3.4	5	0	1,4-benzoquinones	adjuvant; anti-inflammatory agent; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; plant metabolite
thioxanthone thioxanthone: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
indoline indoline: structure given in first source	7.06	1	0	indoles
dipicolinic acid dipicolinic acid : A pyridinedicarboxylic acid carrying two carboxy groups at positions 2 and 6.	2.01	1	0	pyridinedicarboxylic acid	bacterial metabolite
4-hydroxyphenylethanol 4-hydroxyphenylethanol: in chest gland secretion of galagos. 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanol : A phenol substituted at position 4 by a 2-hydroxyethyl group.	2.21	1	0	phenols	anti-arrhythmia drug; antioxidant; cardiovascular drug; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; protective agent
thiazolidines Thiazolidines: Reduced (protonated) form of THIAZOLES. They can be oxidized to THIAZOLIDINEDIONES.	2.03	1	0	thiazolidine
cyanogen bromide Cyanogen Bromide: Cyanogen bromide (CNBr). A compound used in molecular biology to digest some proteins and as a coupling reagent for phosphoroamidate or pyrophosphate internucleotide bonds in DNA duplexes.	2	1	0
hesperidin Hesperidin: A flavanone glycoside found in CITRUS fruit peels.. hesperidin : A disaccharide derivative that consists of hesperetin substituted by a 6-O-(alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 7 via a glycosidic linkage.	2.84	3	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; flavanone glycoside; monomethoxyflavanone; rutinoside	mutagen
physcione physcione: structure. physcion : A dihydroxyanthraquinone that is 9,10-anthraquinone bearing hydroxy substituents at positions 1 and 8, a methoxy group at position 3, and a methyl group at position 6. It has been widely isolated and characterised from both terrestrial and marine sources.	2.03	1	0	dihydroxyanthraquinone	anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
copper gluconate Gluconates: Derivatives of gluconic acid (the structural formula HOCH2(CHOH)4COOH), including its salts and esters.	2.02	1	0	organic molecular entity
azomycin azomycin: RN given refers to parent cpd with specified locant; structure	1.96	1	0	C-nitro compound; imidazoles	antitubercular agent
chrysoidine chrysoidine: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	2.13	1	0
pyrithiamine Pyrithiamine: A thiamine antagonist due to its inhibition of thiamine pyrophosphorylation. It is used to produce thiamine deficiency.. pyrithiamine : A pyridinium ion that is 3-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methylpyridine substituted at position 1 by a (4-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl)methyl group.	1.95	1	0
methamphetamine Methamphetamine: A central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic with actions and uses similar to DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The smokable form is a drug of abuse and is referred to as crank, crystal, crystal meth, ice, and speed.. methamphetamine : A member of the class of amphetamines in which the amino group of (S)-amphetamine carries a methyl substituent.	2.45	2	0	amphetamines; secondary amine	central nervous system stimulant; environmental contaminant; neurotoxin; psychotropic drug; xenobiotic
1,2-ethanedithiol 1,2-ethanedithiol: RN given refers to 1,2-isomer; RN in Chemline for cpd without locants for thiol groups: 26914-70-9	2.15	1	0
maleimide [no description available]	2.01	1	0	dicarboximide; maleimides	EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor
malondialdehyde Malondialdehyde: The dialdehyde of malonic acid.. malonaldehyde : A dialdehyde that is propane substituted by two oxo groups at the terminal carbon atoms respectively. A biomarker of oxidative damage to lipids caused by smoking, it exists in vivo mainly in the enol form.	10.31	47	0	dialdehyde	biomarker
myristic acid Myristic Acid: A saturated 14-carbon fatty acid occurring in most animal and vegetable fats, particularly butterfat and coconut, palm, and nutmeg oils. It is used to synthesize flavor and as an ingredient in soaps and cosmetics. (From Dorland, 28th ed). tetradecanoic acid : A straight-chain, fourteen-carbon, long-chain saturated fatty acid mostly found in milk fat.. tetradecanoate : A long-chain fatty acid anion that is the conjugate base of myristic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	2	1	0	long-chain fatty acid; straight-chain saturated fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia magna metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
eosine yellowish-(ys) Eosine Yellowish-(YS): A versatile red dye used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, textiles, etc., and as tissue stain, vital stain, and counterstain with HEMATOXYLIN. It is also used in special culture media.. eosin YS dye : An organic sodium salt that is 2',4',5',7'-tetrabromofluorescein in which the carboxy group and the phenolic hydroxy group have been deprotonated and the resulting charge is neutralised by two sodium ions.	2.05	1	0	organic sodium salt; organobromine compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
lucanthone hydrochloride Schistosomicides: Agents that act systemically to kill adult schistosomes.	2.03	1	0
gentian violet Gentian Violet: A dye that is a mixture of violet rosanilinis with antibacterial, antifungal, and anthelmintic properties.. crystal violet : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of crystal violet cation. It has been used in creams for the topical treatment of bacterial and fungal infections, being effective against some Gram-positive bacteria (notably Staphylococcus species) and some pathogenic fungi (including Candida species) but use declined following reports of animal carcinogenicity. It has also been used for dying wood, silk, and paper, as well as a histological stain.	2.42	2	0	organic chloride salt	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial agent; antifungal agent; antiseptic drug; histological dye
neutral red Neutral Red: A vital dye used as an indicator and biological stain. Various adverse effects have been observed in biological systems.. neutral red : A hydrochloride obtained by combining the free base of neutral red with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. Neutral red acts as a pH indicator, changing from red to yellow between pH 6.8 and 8.0.	2.05	1	0	hydrochloride	acid-base indicator; dye; two-colour indicator
glycidol glycidol: structure given in first source	8.25	1	0	epoxide; primary alcohol
diepoxybutane diepoxybutane: difunctional alkylating agent; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified isomeric designation; structure	3.09	1	0	epoxide	mutagen
malachite green malachite green: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. malachite green : An organic chloride salt that is the monochloride salt of malachite green cation. Used as a green-coloured dye, as a counter-stain in histology, and for its anti-fungal properties in aquaculture.	2.42	2	0	organic chloride salt	antibacterial agent; antifungal drug; carcinogenic agent; environmental contaminant; fluorochrome; histological dye; teratogenic agent
congo red Congo Red: An acid dye used in testing for hydrochloric acid in gastric contents. It is also used histologically to test for AMYLOIDOSIS.. Congo Red : An indicator dye that is blue-violet at pH 3.0 and red at pH 5.0.	2.77	3	0	bis(azo) compound
2-naphthol orange Acid Orange II: structure in first source	2.13	1	0
docusate Dioctyl Sulfosuccinic Acid: All-purpose surfactant, wetting agent, and solubilizer used in the drug, cosmetics, and food industries. It has also been used in laxatives and as cerumenolytics. It is usually administered as either the calcium, potassium, or sodium salt.	2.42	2	0	diester; organosulfonic acid
succinimide succinimide: RN given refers to parent cpd. succinimide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine which is substituted by oxo groups at positions 2 and 5.	4.18	5	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone
methyl n-butyl ketone Methyl n-Butyl Ketone: An industrial solvent which causes nervous system degeneration. MBK is an acronym often used to refer to it.. hexanone : A ketone that is a hexane carrying an oxo substituent at unspecified position.	8.46	2	0	ketone
allyl sulfide allyl sulfide: essence of garlic; inhibits CYP2E1	7.03	1	0	organic sulfide
dansyl chloride dansyl chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.03	1	0	aminonaphthalene; sulfonic acid derivative
1-methyluracil 1-methyluracil: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 1-methyluracil : A pyrimidone that is uracil with a methyl group substituent at position 1.	1.97	1	0	nucleobase analogue; pyrimidone	metabolite
2-pyrrolidone 2-pyrrolidone: RN given refers to parent cpd. pyrrolidin-2-one : The simplest member of the class of pyrrolidin-2-ones, consisting of pyrrolidine in which the hydrogens at position 2 are replaced by an oxo group. The lactam arising by the formal intramolecular condensation of the amino and carboxy groups of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA).	2.01	1	0	pyrrolidin-2-ones	metabolite; polar solvent
acetylcysteine N-acetyl-L-cysteine : An N-acetyl-L-amino acid that is the N-acetylated derivative of the natural amino acid L-cysteine.	7.01	54	0	acetylcysteine; L-cysteine derivative; N-acetyl-L-amino acid	antidote to paracetamol poisoning; antiinfective agent; antioxidant; antiviral drug; ferroptosis inhibitor; geroprotector; human metabolite; mucolytic; radical scavenger; vulnerary
5-methyl-2-furfural 5-methyl-2-furfural: RN given refers to cpd with locants as specified	2.25	1	0	aldehyde; furans	EC 2.2.1.6 (acetolactate synthase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; human metabolite; Maillard reaction product
ethyl propiolate ethyl propiolate : The ethyl ester of prop-2-ynoic acid.	2.15	1	0	ethyl ester; terminal acetylenic compound; ynoate ester
c.i. 42510 Rosaniline Dyes: Compounds that contain the triphenylmethane aniline structure found in rosaniline. Many of them have a characteristic magenta color and are used as COLORING AGENTS.. basic fuchsin : A four-component mixture of chemically related dyes comprising pararosanilin, rosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin in varying amounts. rosanilin : A hydrochloride that is the monohydrochloride of 4-[(4-aminophenyl)(4-iminocyclohexa-2,5-dien-1-ylidene)methyl]-2-methylaniline. One of the major constituents of Basic fuchsin, together with pararosanilin, magenta II and new fuchsin.	3.32	6	0
2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid 2-pyrrolecarboxylic acid: hypocalcemic action; structure. pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid : A pyrrolecarboxylic acid that is 1H-pyrrole carrying a carboxy substituent at position 2.	2.03	1	0	pyrrolecarboxylic acid	plant metabolite
fluoroacetamide 2-fluoroacetamide : Acetamide substituted at C-2 by a fluorine atom.	1.96	1	0	2-fluoroacetamides
erythromycin Erythromycin: A bacteriostatic antibiotic macrolide produced by Streptomyces erythreus. Erythromycin A is considered its major active component. In sensitive organisms, it inhibits protein synthesis by binding to 50S ribosomal subunits. This binding process inhibits peptidyl transferase activity and interferes with translocation of amino acids during translation and assembly of proteins.. erythromycin : Any of several wide-spectrum macrolide antibiotics obtained from actinomycete Saccharopolyspora erythraea (formerly known as Streptomyces erythraeus).. erythromycin A : An erythromycin that consists of erythronolide A having 2,6-dideoxy-3-C-methyl-3-O-methyl-alpha-L-ribo-hexopyranosyl and 3,4,6-trideoxy-3-(dimethylamino)-beta-D-xylo-hexopyranosyl residues attahced at positions 4 and 6 respectively.	1.99	1	0	cyclic ketone; erythromycin
2,2-dichloroacetamide [no description available]	3.78	3	0
methylnitrosourea Methylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-methyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by methyl and nitroso groups.	2.94	4	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; mutagen; teratogenic agent
diphenyliodonium diphenyliodonium: RN given refers to the parent coumpound; inhibitor of neutrophil superoxide generating oxidase; structure has been determined	1.99	1	0
ethylnitrosourea Ethylnitrosourea: A nitrosourea compound with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties.. N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea : A member of the class of N-nitrosoureas that is urea in which one of the nitrogens is substituted by ethyl and nitroso groups.	7.39	2	0	N-nitrosoureas	alkylating agent; carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; mutagen
2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl Bromide: A chemical reagent that reacts with and modifies chemically the tryptophan portion of protein molecules. Used for 'active site' enzyme studies and other protein studies. Sometimes referred to as Koshland's reagent.	1.98	1	0
acryloyl chloride [no description available]	2.25	1	0
2-hydroxyethyl acrylate [no description available]	7.93	4	0
4-nitrophenyl acetate [no description available]	2.21	1	0	C-nitro compound; phenyl acetates
1-phenylazo-2-naphthol 1-phenylazo-2-naphthol: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2.13	1	0
hydroxyethyl methacrylate hydroxyethyl methacrylate: many of cited refs are for gel which refers to polymeric form of above cpd: POLYHYDROXYETHYL METHACRYLATE. 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate : An enoate ester that is the monomethacryloyl derivative of ethylene glycol.	9.84	10	0	enoate ester	allergen; polymerisation monomer
vinylene carbonate [no description available]	7	1	0
hexafluoroisopropanol 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropan-2-ol : An organofluorine compound formed by substitution of all the methyl protons in propan-2-ol by fluorine. It is a metabolite of inhalation anesthetic sevoflurane.	2.1	1	0	organofluorine compound; secondary alcohol	drug metabolite
n-methylolacrylamide N-methylolacrylamide: bifunctional monomer possessing both vinyl & hydroxymethyl groups; used in adhesives, binders, surface coatings & resins; toxicity equals that of acrylamide	3.52	8	0	secondary carboxamide
cyclopentenone 2-cyclopenten-1-one : An enone that is cyclopentanone having a C=C double bond at position 2.	2.15	1	0	alicyclic ketone; enone	Hsp70 inducer
cytidine diphosphate choline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline: Donor of choline in biosynthesis of choline-containing phosphoglycerides.	1.96	1	0	nucleotide-(amino alcohol)s; phosphocholines	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
ammonium bicarbonate ammonium bicarbonate: see also record for ammonium carbonate (di-NH4 salt)	2.49	2	0	organooxygen compound
ethambutol Ethambutol: An antitubercular agent that inhibits the transfer of mycolic acids into the cell wall of the tubercle bacillus. It may also inhibit the synthesis of spermidine in mycobacteria. The action is usually bactericidal, and the drug can penetrate human cell membranes to exert its lethal effect. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, p863). ethambutol : An ethylenediamine derivative that is ethane-1,2-diamine in which one hydrogen attached to each of the nitrogens is sutstituted by a 1-hydroxybutan-2-yl group (S,S-configuration). It is a bacteriostatic antimycobacterial drug, effective against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and some other mycobacteria. It is used (as the dihydrochloride salt) in combination with other antituberculous drugs in the treatment of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis; resistant strains of M. tuberculosis are readily produced if ethambutol is used alone.	1.96	1	0	ethanolamines; ethylenediamine derivative	antitubercular agent; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-vinylbenzoic acid [no description available]	2.05	1	0
pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde: structure in first source. 2-formylpyridine : A pyridinecarbaldehyde that is pyridine in which the hydrogen at position 2 is replaced by a formyl group.	2.21	1	0	pyridinecarbaldehyde
decabromobiphenyl ether decabromobiphenyl ether: a flame retardant. decabromodiphenyl ether : A polybromodiphenyl ether that is diphenyl ether in which all of the hydrogens have been replaced by bromines.	2.31	1	0	polybromodiphenyl ether	neurotoxin
methyltrimethoxysilane [no description available]	7.1	1	0
n-methylacrylamide N-methylacrylamide: structure in first source	7.42	2	0
durapatite Durapatite: The mineral component of bones and teeth; it has been used therapeutically as a prosthetic aid and in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.. hydroxylapatite : A phosphate mineral with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH).	3.03	4	0
sodium hydroxide Sodium Hydroxide: A highly caustic substance that is used to neutralize acids and make sodium salts. (From Merck Index, 11th ed)	8.19	5	0	alkali metal hydroxide
zinc oxide Zinc Oxide: A mild astringent and topical protectant with some antiseptic action. It is also used in bandages, pastes, ointments, dental cements, and as a sunblock.	3.01	2	0	zinc molecular entity
d-alpha tocopherol Vitamin E: A generic descriptor for all TOCOPHEROLS and TOCOTRIENOLS that exhibit ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL activity. By virtue of the phenolic hydrogen on the 2H-1-benzopyran-6-ol nucleus, these compounds exhibit varying degree of antioxidant activity, depending on the site and number of methyl groups and the type of ISOPRENOIDS.. tocopherol : A collective name for a group of closely related lipids that contain a chroman-6-ol nucleus substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and by a saturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. They are designated as alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol depending on the number and position of additional methyl substituents on the aromatic ring. Tocopherols occur in vegetable oils and vegetable oil products, almost exclusively with R,R,R configuration. Tocotrienols differ from tocopherols only in having three double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain.. vitamin E : Any member of a group of fat-soluble chromanols that exhibit biological activity against vitamin E deficiency. The vitamers in this class consists of a chroman-6-ol core which is substituted at position 2 by a methyl group and (also at position 2) either a saturated or a triply-unsaturated hydrocarbon chain consisting of three isoprenoid units. The major function of vitamin E is to act as a natural antioxidant by scavenging free radicals and molecular oxygen.. (R,R,R)-alpha-tocopherol : An alpha-tocopherol that has R,R,R configuration. The naturally occurring stereoisomer of alpha-tocopherol, it is found particularly in sunflower and olive oils.	6.76	17	1	alpha-tocopherol	algal metabolite; antiatherogenic agent; anticoagulant; antioxidant; antiviral agent; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; immunomodulator; micronutrient; nutraceutical; plant metabolite
tocopherols [no description available]	2.11	1	0
bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate Bisphenol A-Glycidyl Methacrylate: The reaction product of bisphenol A and glycidyl methacrylate that undergoes polymerization when exposed to ultraviolet light or mixed with a catalyst. It is used as a bond implant material and as the resin component of dental sealants and composite restorative materials.	2.11	1	0	diarylmethane
paraquat Paraquat: A poisonous dipyridilium compound used as contact herbicide. Contact with concentrated solutions causes irritation of the skin, cracking and shedding of the nails, and delayed healing of cuts and wounds.. paraquat : An organic cation that consists of 4,4'-bipyridine bearing two N-methyl substituents loctated at the 1- and 1'-positions.	2.8	3	0	organic cation	geroprotector; herbicide
2-tert-butylhydroquinone 2-tert-butylhydroquinone: an anticarcinogenic and chemopreventive agent. 2-tert-butylhydroquinone : A member of the class of hydroquinones in which one of the ring hydrogens of hydroquinone is replaced by a tert-butyl group.	2.07	1	0	hydroquinones	food antioxidant
diallyl trisulfide [no description available]	2.04	1	0	organic trisulfide	anti-inflammatory agent; antilipemic drug; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; antiprotozoal drug; apoptosis inducer; estrogen receptor antagonist; insecticide; platelet aggregation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
n-isopropylacrylamide N-isopropylacrylamide: can polymerize with glycidyl acrylate to form reactive water-soluble polymer that can react with the amino groups of enzymes-proteins or other ligands	3.3	6	0
phenethyl isothiocyanate phenethyl isothiocyanate: a dietary liver aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitor; promotes urinary bladder carcinoma. phenethyl isothiocyanate : An isothiocyanate having a phenethyl group attached to the nitrogen. It is a naturally occurring compound found in some cruciferous vegetables (e.g. watercress) and is known to possess anticancer properties.	2.02	1	0	isothiocyanate	antineoplastic agent; EC 1.2.1.3 [aldehyde dehydrogenase (NAD(+))] inhibitor; metabolite
fluorescein Fluorescein: A phthalic indicator dye that appears yellow-green in normal tear film and bright green in a more alkaline medium such as the aqueous humor.. fluorescein (lactone form) : A xanthene dye that is highly fluorescent, detectable even when present in minute quantities. Used forensically to detect traces of blood, in analytical chemistry as an indicator in silver nitrate titrations and in microscopy.	2.75	3	0	2-benzofurans; gamma-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound; oxaspiro compound; polyphenol; xanthene dye	fluorescent dye; radioopaque medium
thioflavin t thioflavin T: RN given refers to chloride; structure. thioflavine T : An organic chloride salt having 2-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3,6-dimethyl-1,3-benzothiazol-3-ium as the counterion. It is widely used to visualise and quantify the presence of amyloids, both in vitro and in vivo.	3.2	5	0	organic chloride salt	fluorochrome; geroprotector; histological dye
11-aminoundecanoic acid 11-aminoundecanoic acid: N1 is same as NM; first source discusses ammonium salt of the cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.31	1	0	medium-chain fatty acid
fucose Fucose: A six-member ring deoxysugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It lacks a hydroxyl group on the carbon at position 6 of the molecule.. L-fucopyranose : The pyranose form of L-fucose.. fucose : Any deoxygalactose that is deoxygenated at the 6-position.	1.96	1	0	fucopyranose; L-fucose	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate: structure in first source	2.43	2	0
n,n-dimethylacrylamide [no description available]	2.76	3	0
2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate: reducing agent; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0
ici resin fs3798 [no description available]	2.05	1	0
trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; structure in 1st source	2.03	1	0	carbonyl compound
2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol 2,2-bis(bromomethyl)-1,3-propanediol: structure given in first source	3.34	6	0	primary alcohol
levanol fast cyanine 5rn Levanol Fast Cyanine 5RN: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.11	1	0
sabinene sabinene: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. sabinene : A thujene that is a bicyclic monoterpene isolated from the essential oils of various plant species.	2.11	1	0	thujene	plant metabolite
mannose mannopyranose : The pyranose form of mannose.	2.48	2	0	D-aldohexose; D-mannose; mannopyranose	metabolite
dithiothreitol 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol : A glycol that is butane-2,3-diol in which a hydrogen from each of the methyl groups is replaced by a thiol group.. 1,4-dithiothreitol : The threo-diastereomer of 1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol.	3.23	6	0	1,4-dimercaptobutane-2,3-diol; butanediols; dithiol; glycol; thiol	chelator; human metabolite; reducing agent
pentaerythrityl triacrylate pentaerythrityl triacrylate: acrylate derivative found in ultraviolet curing inks; causes contact dermatitis	2.47	2	0
furaneol furaneol: RN given refers to compound with no isomeric designation. 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one : A member of the class of furans that is 2,5-dimethylfuran carrying additional oxo and hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 4 respectively. It has been found particularly in strawberries and other such fruits.	2.52	2	0	cyclic ketone; enol; furans	flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite
methyl vinyl sulfone [no description available]	1.97	1	0
carbonates Carbonates: Salts or ions of the theoretical carbonic acid, containing the radical CO2(3-). Carbonates are readily decomposed by acids. The carbonates of the alkali metals are water-soluble; all others are insoluble. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). carbonates : Organooxygen compounds that are salts or esters of carbonic acid, H2CO3.	3.13	1	0	carbon oxoanion
l 451167 L 451167: structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane: structure in first source. 2,2,4,4,6,8,8-heptamethylnonane : A branched alkane that is nonane carrying seven methyl substituents at positions 2, 2, 4, 4, 6, 8 and 8.	2.05	1	0	alkane
fructosamine Fructosamine: An amino sugar formed when glucose non-enzymatically reacts with the N-terminal amino group of proteins. The fructose moiety is derived from glucose by the classical Amadori rearrangement.	2.31	1	0
buthionine sulfoximine Buthionine Sulfoximine: A synthetic amino acid that depletes glutathione by irreversibly inhibiting gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Inhibition of this enzyme is a critical step in glutathione biosynthesis. It has been shown to inhibit the proliferative response in human T-lymphocytes and inhibit macrophage activation. (J Biol Chem 1995;270(33):1945-7). 2-amino-4-(S-butylsulfonimidoyl)butanoic acid : A non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid that is homocysteine in which the thiol group carries an oxo, imino and butyl groups.. S-butyl-DL-homocysteine (S,R)-sulfoximine : A sulfoximide that is the sulfoximine derivative of an analogue of DL-methionine in which the S-methyl group is replaced by S-butyl.	2.96	4	0	diastereoisomeric mixture; homocysteines; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; sulfoximide	EC 6.3.2.2 (glutamate--cysteine ligase) inhibitor; ferroptosis inducer
raspberry ketone rheosmin: an NSAID that blocks NF-kappaB activation; isolated from Pinus densiflora; structure in first source. raspberry ketone : A ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at position 4 by a hydroxy group. It is found in a variety of fruits including raspberries, blackberries and cranberries, and is used in perfumery and cosmetics.	7.41	1	0	methyl ketone; phenols	androgen antagonist; cosmetic; flavouring agent; fragrance; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite
tetrabutoxy titanium tetrabutoxy titanium: RN given refers to monomer	2.21	1	0
maleic hydrazide Maleic Hydrazide: 1,2-Dihydro-3,6-pyridazinedione. A herbicide and plant growth regulator; also used to control suckering of tobacco. Its residue in food and tobacco is highly toxic, causing CNS disturbances and liver damage.	7.11	1	0	pyridazinone
manganese Manganese: A trace element with atomic symbol Mn, atomic number 25, and atomic weight 54.94. It is concentrated in cell mitochondria, mostly in the pituitary gland, liver, pancreas, kidney, and bone, influences the synthesis of mucopolysaccharides, stimulates hepatic synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and is a cofactor in many enzymes, including arginase and alkaline phosphatase in the liver. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual 1992, p2035). manganese(4+) : A manganese cation that is monoatomic and has a formal charge of +4.	2.44	2	0	elemental manganese; manganese group element atom	Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient
mercury Mercury: A silver metallic element that exists as a liquid at room temperature. It has the atomic symbol Hg (from hydrargyrum, liquid silver), atomic number 80, and atomic weight 200.59. Mercury is used in many industrial applications and its salts have been employed therapeutically as purgatives, antisyphilitics, disinfectants, and astringents. It can be absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes which leads to MERCURY POISONING. Because of its toxicity, the clinical use of mercury and mercurials is diminishing.. mercury(0) : Elemental mercury of oxidation state zero.	8.2	5	0	elemental mercury; zinc group element atom	neurotoxin
osmium Osmium: A very hard, gray, toxic, and nearly infusible metal element, atomic number 76, atomic weight 190.2, symbol Os.	7.68	3	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
palladium Palladium: A chemical element having an atomic weight of 106.4, atomic number of 46, and the symbol Pd. It is a white, ductile metal resembling platinum, and following it in abundance and importance of applications. It is used in dentistry in the form of gold, silver, and copper alloys.. palladium : Chemical element (nickel group element atom) with atomic number 46.	8.35	6	0	metal allergen; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
platinum Platinum: A heavy, soft, whitish metal, resembling tin, with atomic number 78, atomic weight 195.084, symbol Pt. It is used in manufacturing equipment for laboratory and industrial use. It occurs as a black powder (platinum black) and as a spongy substance (spongy platinum) and may have been known in Pliny's time as alutiae.	2.17	1	0	elemental platinum; nickel group element atom; platinum group metal atom
rhodium Rhodium: A hard and rare metal of the platinum group, atomic number 45, atomic weight 102.905, symbol Rh.. rhodium atom : A cobalt group element atom of atomic number 45.	2.03	1	0	cobalt group element atom
ruthenium Ruthenium: A hard, brittle, grayish-white rare earth metal with an atomic symbol Ru, atomic number 44, and atomic weight 101.07. It is used as a catalyst and hardener for PLATINUM and PALLADIUM.	7.43	2	0	iron group element atom; platinum group metal atom
samarium Samarium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sm, atomic number 62, and atomic weight 150.36. The oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.03	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
silver Silver: An element with the atomic symbol Ag, atomic number 47, and atomic weight 107.87. It is a soft metal that is used medically in surgical instruments, dental prostheses, and alloys. Long-continued use of silver salts can lead to a form of poisoning known as ARGYRIA.	8.17	4	0	copper group element atom; elemental silver	Escherichia coli metabolite
terbium Terbium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Tb, atomic number 65, and atomic weight 158.92.	2.43	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
titanium Titanium: A dark-gray, metallic element of widespread distribution but occurring in small amounts with atomic number, 22, atomic weight, 47.867 and symbol, Ti; specific gravity, 4.5; used for fixation of fractures.	3.18	5	0	titanium group element atom
argon Argon: A noble gas with the atomic symbol Ar, atomic number 18, and atomic weight 39.948. It is used in fluorescent tubes and wherever an inert atmosphere is desired and nitrogen cannot be used.	2.01	1	0	monoatomic argon; noble gas atom; p-block element atom	food packaging gas; neuroprotective agent
cadmium Cadmium: An element with atomic symbol Cd, atomic number 48, and atomic weight 112.41. It is a metal and ingestion will lead to CADMIUM POISONING.. elemental cadmium : An element in the zinc group of the periodic table with atomic number 48, atomic mass 112, M.P. 321degreeC, and B.P. 765degreeC). An odourless, tasteless, and highly poisonous soft, ductile, lustrous metal with electropositive properties. It has eight stable isotopes: (106)Cd, (108)Cd,(110)Cd, (111)Cd, (112)Cd, (113)Cd, (114)Cd and (116)Cd, with (112)Cd and (114)Cd being the most common.	7.78	3	0	cadmium molecular entity; zinc group element atom
cerium Cerium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Ce, atomic number 58, and atomic weight 140.12. Cerium is a malleable metal used in industrial applications.	7.21	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
chromium Chromium: A trace element that plays a role in glucose metabolism. It has the atomic symbol Cr, atomic number 24, and atomic weight 52. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP85-002,1985), chromium and some of its compounds have been listed as known carcinogens.. chromium ion : An chromium atom having a net electric charge.. chromium atom : A chromium group element atom that has atomic number 24.	2.58	2	0	chromium group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
europium Europium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Eu, atomic number 63, and atomic weight 152. Europium is used in the form of its salts as coatings for cathode ray tubes and in the form of its organic derivatives as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy.	3.13	1	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gadolinium Gadolinium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Gd, atomic number 64, and atomic weight 157.25. Its oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclear reactors.	2.7	3	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom
gold Gold: A yellow metallic element with the atomic symbol Au, atomic number 79, and atomic weight 197. It is used in jewelry, goldplating of other metals, as currency, and in dental restoration. Many of its clinical applications, such as ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS, are in the form of its salts.	3.98	11	0	copper group element atom; elemental gold
vanadium Vanadium: A metallic element with the atomic symbol V, atomic number 23, and atomic weight 50.94. It is used in the manufacture of vanadium steel. Prolonged exposure can lead to chronic intoxication caused by absorption usually via the lungs.	2.08	1	0	elemental vanadium; vanadium group element atom	micronutrient
yttrium Yttrium: An element of the rare earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Y, atomic number 39, and atomic weight 88.91. In conjunction with other rare earths, yttrium is used as a phosphor in television receivers and is a component of the yttrium-aluminum garnet (YAG) lasers.	2.41	1	0	d-block element atom; rare earth metal atom; scandium group element atom
zirconium Zirconium: A rather rare metallic element with atomic number 40, atomic weight 91.224, and symbol Zr.	2.52	2	0	titanium group element atom
aluminum chloride Aluminum Chloride: A compound with the chemical formula AlCl3; the anhydrous salt is used as a catalyst in organic chemical synthesis, and hydrated salts are used topically as antiperspirants, and for the management of HYPERHYDROSIS.	2.86	3	0	aluminium coordination entity	Lewis acid
magnesium sulfate Magnesium Sulfate: A small colorless crystal used as an anticonvulsant, a cathartic, and an electrolyte replenisher in the treatment of pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. It causes direct inhibition of action potentials in myometrial muscle cells. Excitation and contraction are uncoupled, which decreases the frequency and force of contractions. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1992, p1083). magnesium sulfate : A magnesium salt having sulfate as the counterion.	2.03	1	0	magnesium salt; metal sulfate; organic magnesium salt	anaesthetic; analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; cardiovascular drug; fertilizer; tocolytic agent
acetylglucosamine Acetylglucosamine: The N-acetyl derivative of glucosamine.. N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine : An N-acetyl-D-glucosamine having beta-configuration at the anomeric centre.	2.68	3	0	N-acetyl-D-glucosamine	epitope
phosphoric acid, trisodium salt [no description available]	2.08	1	0	sodium phosphate
sodium nitrate sodium nitrate : The inorganic nitrate salt of sodium.	2.05	1	0	inorganic nitrate salt; inorganic sodium salt	fertilizer; NMR chemical shift reference compound
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	3.86	12	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
hypochlorous acid Hypochlorous Acid: An oxyacid of chlorine (HClO) containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.. hypochlorous acid : A chlorine oxoacid with formula HOCl; a weak, unstable acid, it is the active form of chlorine in water.	2.01	1	0	chlorine oxoacid; reactive oxygen species	EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite
ferric chloride ferric chloride: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Fe-Cl3; used to induce experimental arterial thrombosis to evaluate antithrombotic agents	2.55	2	0	iron coordination entity	astringent; Lewis acid
ferrous sulfate ferrous sulfate: Ferro-Gradumet is ferrous sulfate in controlled release form; RN given refers to Fe(+2)[1:1] salt. iron(2+) sulfate (anhydrous) : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(2+) to sulfate ions is 1:1. Various hydrates occur naturally - most commonly the heptahydrate, which loses water to form the tetrahydrate at 57degreeC and the monohydrate at 65degreeC.	2.04	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	reducing agent
sodium pyrophosphate sodium pyrophosphate: RN refers to diphosphoric acid, tetra-Na salt; structure. sodium diphosphate : An inorganic sodium salt comprised of a diphosphate(4-) anion and four sodium(1+) cations. More commonly known as tetrasodium pyrophosphate, it finds much use in the food industry as an emulsifier and in dental hygiene as a calcium-chelating salt.	2.03	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	chelator; food emulsifier; food thickening agent
bromine Bromine: A halogen with the atomic symbol Br, atomic number 35, and atomic weight 79.904. It is a volatile reddish-brown liquid that gives off suffocating vapors, is corrosive to the skin, and may cause severe gastroenteritis if ingested.	3.46	7	0	diatomic bromine
potassium persulfate [no description available]	3.01	4	0
tricalcium phosphate tricalcium phosphate: a form of tricalcium phosphate used as bioceramic bone replacement material; see also records for alpha-tricalcium phosphate, beta-tricalcium phosphate, calcium phosphate; apatitic tricalcium phosphate Ca9(HPO4)(PO4)5(OH) is the calcium orthophosphate leading to beta tricalcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2 (b-TCP). calcium phosphate : A calcium salt composed of calcium and phosphate/diphosphate ions; present in milk and used for the mineralisation of calcified tissues.	2.15	1	0	calcium phosphate
tungstate [no description available]	7.31	1	0	divalent inorganic anion; tungsten oxoanion
calcium sulfate Calcium Sulfate: A calcium salt that is used for a variety of purposes including: building materials, as a desiccant, in dentistry as an impression material, cast, or die, and in medicine for immobilizing casts and as a tablet excipient. It exists in various forms and states of hydration. Plaster of Paris is a mixture of powdered and heat-treated gypsum.	2.15	1	0	calcium salt; inorganic calcium salt
deuterium Deuterium: The stable isotope of hydrogen. It has one neutron and one proton in the nucleus.	4.5	7	0	dihydrogen
fluorine Fluorine: A nonmetallic, diatomic gas that is a trace element and member of the halogen family. It is used in dentistry as fluoride (FLUORIDES) to prevent dental caries.	7.03	1	0	diatomic fluorine; gas molecular entity	NMR chemical shift reference compound
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	7.94	4	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
magnesium fluoride [no description available]	2	1	0
beryllium fluoride beryllium difluoride : The fluoride salt of beryllium (+2 oxidation state). In the solid state it exists as a glass, with four-coordinate Be(2+) tetrahedral centres and two-coordinate fluoride centres. As a gas it adopts a linear triatomic structure and in the liquid state a fluctuating tetrahedral structure. In protein crystallography it is used as a mimic of phosphate.	2.39	2	0	beryllium molecular entity; fluoride salt
deuterium oxide Deuterium Oxide: The isotopic compound of hydrogen of mass 2 (deuterium) with oxygen. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed) It is used to study mechanisms and rates of chemical or nuclear reactions, as well as biological processes.	3.14	5	0	deuterated compound; water	NMR solvent
fluorosulfonic acid perfluorosulfonic acid: sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene-based fluoropolymer–copolymer	2.06	1	0	sulfur oxoacid	NMR solvent
chlorosulfonic acid [no description available]	2.41	1	0
galactose aldohexose : A hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end.	2.02	1	0
ferric sulfate ferric sulfate: RN given refers to Fe(+3)[3:2] salt). iron(3+) sulfate : A compound of iron and sulfate in which the ratio of iron(3+) to sulfate ions is 3:2.	2.04	1	0	iron molecular entity; metal sulfate	astringent; catalyst; mordant
aluminum sulfate aluminium sulfate (anhydrous) : An aluminium sulfate that contains no water of crystallisation.	2.08	1	0	aluminium sulfate
ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate ethyl 4-dimethylaminobenzoate: slow-acting amine polymerization accelerator. parbenate : A benzoate ester that is ethyl benzoate substituted by a dimethylamino group at position 4.	2.11	1	0	benzoate ester; ethyl ester; tertiary amino compound
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.99	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
camphoroquinone camphoroquinone: a natural monoterpene, non-aromatic quinone; structure given in first source. bornane-2,3-dione : A bornane monoterpenoid that is bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane substituted by methyl groups at positions 1, 7 and 7 and oxo groups at positions 2 and 3.	2.11	1	0	bornane monoterpenoid; carbobicyclic compound
rhamnose [no description available]	2.42	2	0	L-rhamnose
carbendazim carbendazim: carcinogen when combined with sodium nitrite; principle metabolite of thiophanate methyl & benomyl; structure. carbendazim : A member of the class of benzimidazoles that is 2-aminobenzimidazole in which the primary amino group is substituted by a methoxycarbonyl group. A fungicide, carbendazim controls Ascomycetes, Fungi Imperfecti, and Basidiomycetes on a wide variety of crops, including bananas, cereals, cotton, fruits, grapes, mushrooms, ornamentals, peanuts, sugarbeet, soybeans, tobacco, and vegetables.	2.45	2	0	benzimidazole fungicide; benzimidazoles; benzimidazolylcarbamate fungicide; carbamate ester	antifungal agrochemical; antinematodal drug; metabolite; microtubule-destabilising agent
titanium dioxide titanium dioxide: used medically as protectant against externally caused irritation & sunlight; high concentrations of dust may cause irritation to respiratory tract; RN given refers to titanium oxide (TiO2); structure. titanium dioxide : A titanium oxide with the formula TiO2. A naturally occurring oxide sourced from ilmenite, rutile and anatase, it has a wide range of applications.	8	4	0	titanium oxides	food colouring
misonidazole Misonidazole: A nitroimidazole that sensitizes normally radio-resistant hypoxic cells to radiation. It may also be directly cytotoxic to hypoxic cells and has been proposed as an antineoplastic.	1.96	1	0
cephalexin Cephalexin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin antibiotic with antimicrobial activity similar to that of CEPHALORIDINE or CEPHALOTHIN, but somewhat less potent. It is effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative organisms.. cephalexin : A semisynthetic first-generation cephalosporin antibiotic having methyl and beta-(2R)-2-amino-2-phenylacetamido groups at the 3- and 7- of the cephem skeleton, respectively. It is effective against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, and is used for treatment of infections of the skin, respiratory tract and urinary tract.	2.06	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; semisynthetic derivative	antibacterial drug
vinyl carbamate vinyl carbamate: promutagen & more carcinogenic analog of ethyl carbamate (urethane); structure	1.98	1	0	carbamate ester
tetradecanoylphorbol acetate Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL with very effective tumor promoting activity. It stimulates the synthesis of both DNA and RNA.. phorbol ester : Esters of phorbol, originally found in croton oil (from Croton tiglium, of the family Euphorbiaceae). A number of phorbol esters possess activity as tumour promoters and activate the mechanisms associated with cell growth. Some of these are used in experiments as activators of protein kinase C.. phorbol 13-acetate 12-myristate : A phorbol ester that is phorbol in which the hydroxy groups at the cyclopropane ring juction (position 13) and the adjacent carbon (position 12) have been converted into the corresponding acetate and myristate esters. It is a major active constituent of the seed oil of Croton tiglium. It has been used as a tumour promoting agent for skin carcinogenesis in rodents and is associated with increased cell proliferation of malignant cells. However its function is controversial since a decrease in cell proliferation has also been observed in several cancer cell types.	2.41	2	0	acetate ester; diester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; tetradecanoate ester	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; carcinogenic agent; mitogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase C agonist; reactive oxygen species generator
fluorides [no description available]	2.68	3	0	halide anion; monoatomic fluorine
dioxidine dioxidine: Russian drug; structure	7	1	0
tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride: structure in first source. tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride : A silyl chloride consisting of a central silicon atom covalently bound to one chloro, one tert-butyl and two methyl groups. tert-Butyldimethylsilyl chloride is a derivatisation agent used in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry applications.	2.06	1	0	silyl chloride	chromatographic reagent
stannic oxide tin dioxide : A tin oxide compound consisting of tin(IV) covalently bound to two oxygen atoms.	2.21	1	0	tin oxide
iodine [no description available]	5	40	0	halide anion; monoatomic iodine	human metabolite
osmium tetroxide Osmium Tetroxide: (T-4)-Osmium oxide (OsO4). A highly toxic and volatile oxide of osmium used in industry as an oxidizing agent. It is also used as a histological fixative and stain and as a synovectomy agent in arthritic joints. Its vapor can cause eye, skin, and lung damage.. osmium tetroxide : An osmium coordination entity consisting of four oxygen atoms bound to a central osmium atom via covalent double bonds.	2.37	2	0	osmium coordination entity	fixative; histological dye; oxidising agent; poison
daunorubicin Daunorubicin: A very toxic anthracycline aminoglycoside antineoplastic isolated from Streptomyces peucetius and others, used in treatment of LEUKEMIA and other NEOPLASMS.. anthracycline : Anthracyclines are polyketides that have a tetrahydronaphthacenedione ring structure attached by a glycosidic linkage to the amino sugar daunosamine.. daunorubicin : A natural product found in Actinomadura roseola.	2	1	0	aminoglycoside antibiotic; anthracycline; p-quinones; tetracenequinones	antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite
leptophos Leptophos: An organothiophosphate insecticide.. leptophos : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-leptophos. It is an organothiophosphate insecticide that shows neurotoxic effect in humans.. O-(4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenyl) O-methyl phenylphosphonothioate : An organic phosphonate that is phenylphosphonothioic O,O-acid in which the hydroxy groups are substituted by methoxy and 4-bromo-2,5-dichlorophenoxy groups.	1.96	1	0	bromobenzenes; dichlorobenzene; organic phosphonate; phosphonic ester
zingerone zingerone: pungent principle of ginger; structure. zingerone : A methyl ketone that is 4-phenylbutan-2-one in which the phenyl ring is substituted at positions 3 and 4 by methoxy and hydroxy groups respectively. The major pungent component in ginger.	1.96	1	0	methyl ketone; monomethoxybenzene; phenols	anti-inflammatory agent; antiemetic; antioxidant; flavouring agent; fragrance; plant metabolite; radiation protective agent
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	2.48	2	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
cetylpyridinium chloride anhydrous tserigel: according to first source contains polyvinylbutyral & cetylpyridinium chloride; UD only lists cetylpyridinium chloride as constituent. cetylpyridinium chloride : A pyridinium salt that has N-hexadecylpyridinium as the cation and chloride as the anion. It has antiseptic properties and is used in solutions or lozenges for the treatment of minor infections of the mouth and throat.	3.59	2	0	chloride salt; organic chloride salt	antiseptic drug; surfactant
methylformamide N-methylformamide : A member of the class of formamides having a N-methyl substituent.	2.03	1	0	formamides
thiodiacetic acid thiodiacetic acid: vinyl chloride metabolite in urine of rats	2.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid
tetramethylolphosphonium chloride tetramethylolphosphonium chloride: Negwer,5th ed has a number for a different cpd named THPC	2.46	2	0
pyrene pyrene: structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #7746. pyrene : An ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene consisting of four fused benzene rings, resulting in a flat aromatic system.	1.99	1	0	ortho- and peri-fused polycyclic arene	fluorescent probe; persistent organic pollutant
8-bromo cyclic adenosine monophosphate 8-Bromo Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate: A long-acting derivative of cyclic AMP. It is an activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.. 8-Br-cAMP : A 3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide that is 3',5'-cyclic AMP bearing an additional bromo substituent at position 8 on the adenine ring. An activator of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase, but resistant to degradation by cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase.	1.97	1	0	3',5'-cyclic purine nucleotide; adenyl ribonucleotide; organobromine compound	antidepressant; protein kinase agonist
transferrin Transferrin: An iron-binding beta1-globulin that is synthesized in the LIVER and secreted into the blood. It plays a central role in the transport of IRON throughout the circulation. A variety of transferrin isoforms exist in humans, including some that are considered markers for specific disease states.	7.7	3	0
3-butenoic acid but-3-enoic acid : That isomer of butenoic acid having the double bond at position C-3.	2.13	1	0	butenoic acid
3,4-dimethyl-2,5-hexanedione [no description available]	1.96	1	0
alkenes [no description available]	4.63	8	0
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	4.71	6	1	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
adenylyl imidodiphosphate Adenylyl Imidodiphosphate: 5'-Adenylic acid, monoanhydride with imidodiphosphoric acid. An analog of ATP, in which the oxygen atom bridging the beta to the gamma phosphate is replaced by a nitrogen atom. It is a potent competitive inhibitor of soluble and membrane-bound mitochondrial ATPase and also inhibits ATP-dependent reactions of oxidative phosphorylation.	1.98	1	0	adenosine 5'-phosphate
azoxymethane Azoxymethane: A potent carcinogen and neurotoxic compound. It is particularly effective in inducing colon carcinomas.	2.06	1	0
cefazolin Cefazolin: A semisynthetic cephalosporin analog with broad-spectrum antibiotic action due to inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis. It attains high serum levels and is excreted quickly via the urine.. cefazolin : A first-generation cephalosporin compound having [(5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl)sulfanyl]methyl and (1H-tetrazol-1-ylacetyl)amino side-groups at positions 3 and 7 respectively.	2.08	1	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; cephalosporin; tetrazoles; thiadiazoles	antibacterial drug
poly-n,n-dimethyl-n,n-diallylammonium chloride diallyldimethylammonium chloride: structure in first source	2.47	2	0
sodium azide Sodium Azide: A cytochrome oxidase inhibitor which is a nitridizing agent and an inhibitor of terminal oxidation. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). sodium azide : The sodium salt of hydrogen azide (hydrazoic acid).	2.91	4	0	inorganic sodium salt	antibacterial agent; explosive; mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor; mutagen
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	3.5	8	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
amoxicillin Amoxicillin: A broad-spectrum semisynthetic antibiotic similar to AMPICILLIN except that its resistance to gastric acid permits higher serum levels with oral administration.. amoxicillin : A penicillin in which the substituent at position 6 of the penam ring is a 2-amino-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acetamido group.	7.31	1	0	penicillin allergen; penicillin	antibacterial drug
timolol (S)-timolol (anhydrous) : The (S)-(-) (more active) enantiomer of timolol. A beta-adrenergic antagonist, both the hemihydrate and the maleate salt are used in the mangement of glaucoma, hypertension, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, and for the prevention of migraine.	7.01	1	0	timolol	anti-arrhythmia drug; antiglaucoma drug; antihypertensive agent; beta-adrenergic antagonist
vanadyl sulfate [no description available]	2.08	1	0	metal sulfate; vanadium coordination entity
2-methyl-3-furanthiol 2-methyl-3-furanthiol: possible off-flavor in stored orange juice	2.15	1	0	heteroarene
paclitaxel Taxus: Genus of coniferous yew trees or shrubs, several species of which have medicinal uses. Notable is the Pacific yew, Taxus brevifolia, which is used to make the anti-neoplastic drug taxol (PACLITAXEL).	3.11	5	0	taxane diterpenoid; tetracyclic diterpenoid	antineoplastic agent; human metabolite; metabolite; microtubule-stabilising agent
etoposide [no description available]	2.75	3	0	beta-D-glucoside; furonaphthodioxole; organic heterotetracyclic compound	antineoplastic agent; DNA synthesis inhibitor
substance p [no description available]	3.13	5	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
diltiazem Diltiazem: A benzothiazepine derivative with vasodilating action due to its antagonism of the actions of CALCIUM ion on membrane functions.. diltiazem : A 5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate in which both stereocentres have S configuration. A calcium-channel blocker and vasodilator, it is used as the hydrochloride in the management of angina pectoris and hypertension.	7.44	2	0	5-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-benzothiazepin-3-yl acetate	antihypertensive agent; calcium channel blocker; vasodilator agent
deoxynivalenol deoxynivalenol : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by Fusarium to which wheat, barley, maize (corn) and their products are susceptible to contamination.	9.03	3	0	cyclic ketone; enone; primary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone; trichothecene; triol	mycotoxin
6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid [no description available]	2.54	2	0	chromanol; monocarboxylic acid; phenols	antioxidant; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; radical scavenger; Wnt signalling inhibitor
diisopropanolnitrosamine diisopropanolnitrosamine: experimental carcinogen. N,N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine : A nitrosamine that is dipropylamine in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a nitroso group. It is a genotoxic carcinogen, targeting the lung, liver, thyroid, and kidney.	2.02	1	0	diol; nitrosamine; secondary alcohol	carcinogenic agent
7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide 7,8-Dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzo(a)pyrene 9,10-oxide: 7,8,8a,9a-Tetrahydrobenzo(10,11)chryseno (3,4-b)oxirene-7,8-diol. A benzopyrene derivative with carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.	1.97	1	0	epoxide	intercalator
enkephalin, methionine Enkephalin, Methionine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from LEU-ENKEPHALIN by the amino acid METHIONINE in position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.	2.4	2	0
colforsin Colforsin: Potent activator of the adenylate cyclase system and the biosynthesis of cyclic AMP. From the plant COLEUS FORSKOHLII. Has antihypertensive, positive inotropic, platelet aggregation inhibitory, and smooth muscle relaxant activities; also lowers intraocular pressure and promotes release of hormones from the pituitary gland.	2.4	2	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; labdane diterpenoid; organic heterotricyclic compound; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone; triol	adenylate cyclase agonist; anti-HIV agent; antihypertensive agent; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor; protein kinase A agonist
4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride 4-methacryloxyethyltrimellitic acid anhydride: monomer used in 4-META resin; which is used as dental resin; structure given in first source; Cover-Up II is a 4-META bases bonding agent	2.02	1	0
fomesafen fomesafen: a protoporphyrinogen oxidase-inhibiting herbicide. fomesafen : An N-sulfonylcarboxamide that is N-(methylsulfonyl)benzamide in which the phenyl ring is substituted by a nitro group at position 2 and a 2-chloro-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy group at position 5. A protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor, it was specially developed for use (generally as the corresponding sodium salt, fomesafen-sodium) for post-emergence control of broad-leaf weeds in soya.	2.89	4	0	aromatic ether; C-nitro compound; monochlorobenzenes; N-sulfonylcarboxamide; organofluorine compound; phenols	agrochemical; EC 1.3.3.4 (protoporphyrinogen oxidase) inhibitor; herbicide
2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline 2-amino-3-methylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoline: mutagen found in broiled food; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure given in first source; frequently abbreviated as IQ in the literature. 3-methyl-3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinolin-2-amine : An imidazoquinoline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoline substituted by a methyl group at position 3 and an amino group at position 2.	2.02	1	0	imidazoquinoline	carcinogenic agent
lamivudine [no description available]	2.31	1	0	monothioacetal; nucleoside analogue; oxacycle; primary alcohol	allergen; anti-HBV agent; antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; HIV-1 reverse transcriptase inhibitor; prodrug
capecitabine Capecitabine: A deoxycytidine derivative and fluorouracil PRODRUG that is used as an ANTINEOPLASTIC ANTIMETABOLITE in the treatment of COLON CANCER; BREAST CANCER and GASTRIC CANCER.. capecitabine : A carbamate ester that is cytidine in which the hydrogen at position 5 is replaced by fluorine and in which the amino group attached to position 4 is converted into its N-(penyloxy)carbonyl derivative. Capecitabine is a antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of cancers.	7.6	1	0	carbamate ester; cytidines; organofluorine compound	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; prodrug
adenosine quinquefolan B: isolated from roots of Panax quinquefolium L.; RN not in Chemline 10/87; RN from Toxlit	2.25	1	0	adenosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	analgesic; anti-arrhythmia drug; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; vasodilator agent
3-methyl-2-butenal 3-methylbut-2-enal : An enal consisting of but-2-ene with a methyl substituent at position 3 and an oxo group at position 1.	2.15	1	0	enal	metabolite
trichloroacetamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
triphenylsulfonium ion triphenylsulfonium ion: RN given refers to chloride	1.99	1	0
pyranine pyranine: structure	2.44	2	0	organic sodium salt	fluorochrome
gadolinium chloride gadolinium chloride: a macrophage inhibitor; reduces pulmonary injury and inflammatory mediator production induced by inhaled ozone	1.99	1	0	gadolinium coordination entity	TRP channel blocker
2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline 2-amino-3,8-dimethylimidazo(4,5-f)quinoxaline: strong mutagen found in broiled foods; structure given in first source. MeIQx : An imidazoquinoxaline that is 3H-imidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline substituted at positions 3 and 8 by methyl groups and at position 2 by an amino group. A mutagenic compound found in cooked beef.	2.02	1	0	aromatic amine; imidazoquinoxaline	carcinogenic agent; genotoxin; Maillard reaction product; mutagen
acridine orange Acridine Orange: A cationic cytochemical stain specific for cell nuclei, especially DNA. It is used as a supravital stain and in fluorescence cytochemistry. It may cause mutations in microorganisms.. acridine orange : Fluorescent dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions respectively.. acridine orange free base : A member of the class of aminoacridines that is acridine carrying two dimethylamino substituents at positions 3 and 6. The hydrochloride salt is the fluorescent dye 'acridine orange', used for cell cycle determination.	2.94	4	0	aminoacridines; aromatic amine; tertiary amino compound	fluorochrome; histological dye
ethylenesulfonic acid [no description available]	2.08	1	0
ammonium peroxydisulfate ammonium persulfate : An inorganic ammonium salt in which two of the terminal hydroxy groups of peroxydisulfuric acid are deprotonated and associated with ammonium ions as counter-cations.	3.22	5	0
potassium phosphate potassium phosphate: used in dental materials and to treat hypophosphatemia; RN given refers to cpd with unspecified MF. tripotassium phosphate : An inorganic potassium salt that is the tripotassium salt of phosphoric acid.	2.31	1	0	inorganic phosphate salt; inorganic potassium salt
octyl glucoside octyl-beta-D-glucoside: RN given refers to (beta)-isomer. octyl beta-D-glucopyranoside : An beta-D-glucoside in which the anomeric hydrogen of beta-D-glucopyranose is substituted by an octyl group.	2.02	1	0	beta-D-glucoside	plant metabolite
venlafaxine hydrochloride Venlafaxine Hydrochloride: A cyclohexanol and phenylethylamine derivative that functions as a SEROTONIN AND NORADRENALINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR (SNRI) and is used as an ANTIDEPRESSIVE AGENT.	2.02	1	0	hydrochloride
trazodone hydrochloride Triticum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE that is the source of EDIBLE GRAIN. A hybrid with rye (SECALE CEREALE) is called TRITICALE. The seed is ground into FLOUR and used to make BREAD, and is the source of WHEAT GERM AGGLUTININS.. trazodone hydrochloride : A hydrochloride salt prepared from equimolar amounts of trazodone and hydrogen chloride.	7.51	49	0	hydrochloride	adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; H1-receptor antagonist; sedative; serotonin uptake inhibitor
glucose, (beta-d)-isomer beta-D-glucose : D-Glucopyranose with beta configuration at the anomeric centre.. (1->4)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->4) linkages.. (1->3)-beta-D-glucan : A beta-D-glucan in which the glucose units are connected by (1->3) linkages.	3.17	5	0	D-glucopyranose	epitope; mouse metabolite
n-methylnicotinamide N-methylnicotinamide: structure. N-methylnicotinamide : A pyridinecarboxamide that is nicotinamide in which one of the amide hydrogens is substituted by a methyl group.	1.99	1	0	pyridinecarboxamide	metabolite
norharman norharman: RN given refers to parent cpd. beta-carboline : The parent compound of the beta-carbolines, a tricyclic structure comprising an indole ring system ortho- fused to C-3 and C-4 of a pyridine ring.	2.93	3	0	beta-carbolines; mancude organic heterotricyclic parent	fungal metabolite; marine metabolite
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	2.03	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
allicin [no description available]	4.78	8	0	botanical anti-fungal agent; sulfoxide	antibacterial agent
5-methylcytosine 5-Methylcytosine: A methylated nucleotide base found in eukaryotic DNA. In ANIMALS, the DNA METHYLATION of CYTOSINE to form 5-methylcytosine is found primarily in the palindromic sequence CpG. In PLANTS, the methylated sequence is CpNpGp, where N can be any base.. 5-methylcytosine : A pyrimidine that is a derivative of cytosine, having a methyl group at the 5-position.	7.07	1	0	methylcytosine; pyrimidines	human metabolite
epigallocatechin gallate epigallocatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor and antimutagen in green tea (Camellia sinensis). (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by the formal condensation of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of (-)-epigallocatechin.	3.52	7	0	flavans; gallate ester; polyphenol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; geroprotector; Hsp90 inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
5-dimethylaminonaphthalene-1-sulfonamide [no description available]	2	1	0
fluorexon fluorexon: structure	2.73	3	0	xanthene dye	fluorochrome
salvin salvin: a biocyclic diterpenoid; from sage and rosemary (Lamiaceae)	2.9	3	0	abietane diterpenoid; carbotricyclic compound; catechols; monocarboxylic acid	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; food preservative; HIV protease inhibitor; plant metabolite
1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylglycerol dipalmitoyl phosphatidylglycerol : A phosphatidylglycerol in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both palmitoyl.	2.04	1	0	phosphatidylglycerol
peroxynitric acid [no description available]	2	1	0	nitrogen oxoacid
glutathione disulfide Glutathione Disulfide: A GLUTATHIONE dimer formed by a disulfide bond between the cysteine sulfhydryl side chains during the course of being oxidized.	2.66	2	0	glutathione derivative; organic disulfide	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonate: for detection of alkaline phosphatase; RN given refers to parent cpd; do not confuse with AMPS cpd	3.5	7	0	organosulfonic acid
trofosfamide trofosfamide: cyclophosphamide analog; structure	3.09	1	0	ifosfamides
glycarbylamide [no description available]	3.18	1	0
peroxyformic acid peroxyformic acid: structure	2.69	3	0
iridium radioisotopes Iridium Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of iridium that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. Ir atoms with atomic weights 182-190, 192, and 194-198 are radioactive iridium isotopes.	2	1	0
divinyl benzene [no description available]	2.06	1	0	styrenes
benzeneboronic acid [no description available]	1.99	1	0	boronic acids
bromosuccinimide Bromosuccinimide: A brominating agent that replaces hydrogen atoms in benzylic or allylic positions. It is used in the oxidation of secondary alcohols to ketones and in controlled low-energy brominations. (From Miall's Dictionary of Chemistry, 5th ed; Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 12th ed,).	3.3	6	0	dicarboximide; organobromine compound; pyrrolidinone	reagent
leucomalachite green [no description available]	2.13	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound
1,7-phenanthroline [no description available]	1.99	1	0	phenanthroline
1h-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine 1H-imidazo(4,5-b)pyridine: structure given in first source. 4-azabenzimidazole : The [4,5-b]-fused isomer of imidazopyridine.	2.25	1	0	imidazopyridine
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	2.7	3	0	1,2,3-triazole
trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
delphinidin Paraffin: A mixture of solid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. It has a wide range of uses including as a stiffening agent in ointments, as a lubricant, and as a topical anti-inflammatory. It is also commonly used as an embedding material in histology.. delphinidin chloride : An anthocyanidin chloride that has delphinidin as the cationic counterpart.	2.02	1	0	anthocyanidin chloride
alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone alpha-methylene gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide having a methylene group at the 3-position.	2.15	1	0	butan-4-olide	anti-ulcer drug; gastrointestinal drug
isobutyramide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	carboximidic acid
glycine amide glycine amide: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0	amino acid amide; glycine derivative
fructose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate: RN given refers to parent cpd with unspecified isomeric designation. fructose 6-phosphate : A ketohexose monophosphate consisting of fructose having a phosphate group located at the 6-position.	2	1	0	D-fructose 6-phosphate
5-imidazolepropionic acid 5-imidazolepropionic acid: competitive inhibitor of urocanase reaction which catalyzes conversion of urocanate into imidazolone propionate; structure. dihydrourocanic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is propionic acid in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid
hesperetin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavanones; 4'-methoxyflavanones; monomethoxyflavanone; trihydroxyflavanone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
neamine neamine: fragment of NEOMYCIN B; structure in first source. neamine : 2-Deoxy-D-streptamine glycosylated at the 4-oxygen with a 6-amino-alpha-D-glucosaminyl group.	2.03	1	0	2,6-dideoxy-alpha-D-glucoside; aminoglycoside	antibacterial agent
xanthydrol [no description available]	2.48	2	0
nicosulfuron nicosulfuron: inhibits ACETOLACTATE SYNTHASE; Accent is DuPont brand name. nicosulfuron : A N-sulfonylurea that is 2-(carbamoylsulfamoyl)-N,N-dimethylpyridine-3-carboxamide substituted by a 4,6-dimethoxypyrimidin-2-yl group at the amino nitrogen.	2.25	1	0	N-sulfonylurea; pyridines; pyrimidines	environmental contaminant; herbicide; xenobiotic
calpeptin [no description available]	3.17	5	0	amino acid amide
gliclazide 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid: a gap junction inhibitor	2.31	1	0
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.03	1	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
ceric oxide ceric oxide: RN given refers to cpd with MF CeO2. ceric oxide : A metal oxide with formula CeO2. It is used for polishing glass, in coatings for infra-red filters to prevent reflection, and as an oxidant and catalyst in organic synthesis.	2.21	1	0	cerium molecular entity; metal oxide
sodium selenide [no description available]	2.25	1	0	inorganic sodium salt	poison; reducing agent
2-aminoethylmethacrylate aminoethyl methacrylate: cell-adhesive dextran hydrogel	1.97	1	0	enoate ester
6-carboxyfluorescein 6-carboxyfluorescein: originally sold as 6-carboxyfluorescein, but commercial product is a mixture of two isomers; correct name is 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein	1.98	1	0	monocarboxylic acid
2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate [no description available]	2.04	1	0
n,n-dimethylthymine [no description available]	1.97	1	0
3-bromopropylamine 3-bromopropylamine: an alkylating agent used for identifying cysteine residues	2	1	0
methacrylylcholine methacrylylcholine: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.66	2	0
tricine N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylglycine : A Good's buffer substance, pKa = 8.15 at 20 degreeC.	2.03	1	0	tricine
n-hydroxysuccinimide N-hydroxysuccinimide: structure	2.21	1	0
n-benzylformamide [no description available]	1.96	1	0	formamides
bistris Bistris: structure given in first source	2.02	1	0	pentol	buffer
3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethanol: serotonin metabolite; structure	2.99	4	0	catechols; primary alcohol	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; metabolite
bromates Bromates: Negative ions or salts derived from bromic acid, HBrO3.	2.53	2	0	bromine oxoanion; monovalent inorganic anion
coenzyme a [no description available]	6.96	1	0	adenosine 3',5'-bisphosphate	coenzyme; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite
di-n-butyl-2,2-dichlorovinyl phosphate [no description available]	2	1	0
nicotine (S)-nicotine : A 3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine in which the chiral centre has S-configuration. The naturally occurring and most active enantiomer of nicotine, isolated from Nicotiana tabacum.	2.03	1	0	3-(1-methylpyrrolidin-2-yl)pyridine	anxiolytic drug; biomarker; immunomodulator; mitogen; neurotoxin; nicotinic acetylcholine receptor agonist; peripheral nervous system drug; phytogenic insecticide; plant metabolite; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent; xenobiotic
fibrinogen Fibrinogen: Plasma glycoprotein clotted by thrombin, composed of a dimer of three non-identical pairs of polypeptide chains (alpha, beta, gamma) held together by disulfide bonds. Fibrinogen clotting is a sol-gel change involving complex molecular arrangements: whereas fibrinogen is cleaved by thrombin to form polypeptides A and B, the proteolytic action of other enzymes yields different fibrinogen degradation products.. D-iditol : The D-enantiomer of iditol.	2.04	1	0	iditol	fungal metabolite
3-acryloyloxypropionic acid 3-acryloyloxypropionic acid: structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
glycidamide glycidamide: metabolite of acrylamide; structure given in first source	9.41	164	0
homocysteine Homocysteine: A thiol-containing amino acid formed by a demethylation of METHIONINE.. homocysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid consisting of a glycine core with a 2-mercaptoethyl side-chain.. L-homocysteine : A homocysteine that has L configuration.	8.54	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; homocysteine; serine family amino acid	fundamental metabolite; mouse metabolite
alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate alpha,beta-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate: do not confuse with beta,gamma-methylene ATP; RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue
1,5-i-aedans 1,5-I-AEDANS: fluorescent probes which are sulfhydryl reagents; combine reactivity of iodoacetamide toward sulfhydryl groups with spectral properties of naphthalenesulfonic acids; structure. 5-{[2-(iodoacetamido)ethyl]amino}naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with iodoacetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.	3.09	5	0	aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
4-hydroxyphenylglycine 4-hydroxyphenylglycine : A glycine molecule carrying a 4-hydroxyphenyl substituent.	3.08	1	0	hydroxy-amino acid	bacterial metabolite
n-hexadecyl-n,n-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate [no description available]	2	1	0
3-aminobenzeneboronic acid [no description available]	2.02	1	0
n-(3-pyrene)maleimide N-(3-pyrene)maleimide: structure in first source	2.38	2	0
n-acetyltryptophanamide [no description available]	3.69	10	0	acetamides; L-tryptophan derivative; primary carboxamide; secondary carboxamide
pyrimidine dimers Pyrimidine Dimers: Dimers found in DNA chains damaged by ULTRAVIOLET RAYS. They consist of two adjacent PYRIMIDINE NUCLEOTIDES, usually THYMINE nucleotides, in which the pyrimidine residues are covalently joined by a cyclobutane ring. These dimers block DNA REPLICATION.	1.99	1	0
glucuronic acid Glucuronic Acid: A sugar acid formed by the oxidation of the C-6 carbon of GLUCOSE. In addition to being a key intermediate metabolite of the uronic acid pathway, glucuronic acid also plays a role in the detoxification of certain drugs and toxins by conjugating with them to form GLUCURONIDES.. D-glucuronic acid : The D-enantiomer of glucuronic acid.. D-glucopyranuronic acid : A D-glucuronic acid in cyclic pyranose form.	3.79	10	0	D-glucuronic acid	algal metabolite
n,n'-diallyltartardiamide N,N'-diallyltartardiamide: cross linking reagent; RN given refers to (R-(R,R))-isomer	2	1	0	fatty amide
n,n'-(1,2-dihydroxyethylene)bisacrylamide [no description available]	2	1	0
cobalt Cobalt: A trace element that is a component of vitamin B12. It has the atomic symbol Co, atomic number 27, and atomic weight 58.93. It is used in nuclear weapons, alloys, and pigments. Deficiency in animals leads to anemia; its excess in humans can lead to erythrocytosis.. cobalt(1+) : A monovalent inorganic cation obtained from cobalt.. cobalt atom : A cobalt group element atom that has atomic number 27.	2.69	3	0	cobalt group element atom; metal allergen	micronutrient
arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid arginyl-glycyl-aspartic acid: amino acid sequence of basic unit of widespread cellular recognition system	2.43	2	0	oligopeptide
acrylodan [no description available]	2.02	1	0
laurdan laurdan: RN from CA Index Guide	3.13	1	0
paxilline paxilline: structure given in first source; RN given refers to (2R-(2alpha,4bbeta,6aalpha,12bbeta,12calpha,14abeta))-isomer. paxilline : An indole diterpene alkaloid with formula C27H33NO4 isolated from Penicillium paxilli. It is a potent inhibitor of large conductance Ca2(+)- and voltage-activated K(+) (BK)-type channels.	2	1	0	diterpene alkaloid; enone; organic heterohexacyclic compound; terpenoid indole alkaloid; tertiary alcohol	anticonvulsant; Aspergillus metabolite; EC 3.6.3.8 (Ca(2+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; genotoxin; geroprotector; mycotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; potassium channel blocker
cyanates Cyanates: Organic salts of cyanic acid containing the -OCN radical.. cyanates : Salts and esters of cyanic acid, HOC#N; compounds carrying the cyanate functional group -O-C#N.. isocyanates : Organonitrogen compounds that are derivatives of isocyanic acid; compounds containing the isocyanate functional group -N=C=O (as opposed to the cyanate group, -O-C#N).	2.31	1	0
s-ethyl glutathione [no description available]	2.05	1	0	oligopeptide
3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate 3-((3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonium)-1-propanesulfonate: a surfactant; structure given in first source	1.97	1	0	1,1-diunsubstituted alkanesulfonate
4-bromophenylacetylurea 4-bromophenylacetylurea: structure	2.65	3	0
dimyristoylphosphatidylglycerol [no description available]	2.1	1	0
procyanidin Proanthocyanidins: Dimers and oligomers of flavan-3-ol units (CATECHIN analogs) linked mainly through C4 to C8 bonds to leucoanthocyanidins. They are structurally similar to ANTHOCYANINS but are the result of a different fork in biosynthetic pathways.	3.4	6	0	proanthocyanidin
dityrosine dityrosine: o,o'-biphenol analog of tyrosine; isolated from insoluble protein of human cataractous lenses; structure. dityrosine : A biphenyl compound comprising two tyrosine residues linked at carbon-3 of their benzene rings.	2.03	1	0	biphenyls; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid; tyrosine derivative	biomarker
epicatechin gallate epicatechin gallate: a steroid 5alpha-reductase inhibitor; RN given refers to the (cis)-isomer; structure given in first source; isolated from green tea. (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate : A gallate ester obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of gallic acid with the (3R)-hydroxy group of epicatechin. A natural product found in Parapiptadenia rigida.	7.17	1	0	catechin; gallate ester; polyphenol	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
2-hydroxyethylvaline 2-hydroxyethylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88	2.01	1	0
s-(2-carboxyethyl)-n-acetylcysteine S-(2-carboxyethyl)-N-acetylcysteine: found in urine of patient with cystathioninuria; structure given in first source	2.1	1	0
bifendate 7,7'-dimethoxy-(4,4'-bi-1,3-benzodioxole)-5,5'-dicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester: structure given in first source	7.21	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.77	3	0
5-hydroxydopamine 5-hydroxydopamine: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.97	1	0	catecholamine
homoorientin homoorientin: isolated from Swertia japonica; structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	flavone C-glycoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; radical scavenger
3-deoxyglucosone 3-deoxyglucosone: RN given refers to (D)-isomer. 3-deoxyglucosone : A deoxyketohexose comprising the open-chain form of D-glucose lacking the -OH group at the 3-position and having the keto group at the 2-position.	2.25	1	0	deoxyglucose; deoxyketohexose
dodecyl-beta-d-maltoside dodecyl beta-D-maltoside : A glycoside resulting from attachment of a dodecyl group to the reducing-end anomeric centre of a beta-maltose molecule.	2.05	1	0	disaccharide derivative; glycoside	detergent
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-seryl-proline: can duplicate the binding activity of fibronectin vitronectin; RN given refers to ALL-L isomer	2.08	1	0
chymosin Chymosin: The predominant milk-clotting enzyme from the true stomach or abomasum of the suckling calf. It is secreted as an inactive precursor called prorennin and converted in the acid environment of the stomach to the active enzyme. EC 3.4.23.4.	1.99	1	0
1,5-aedans 5-[(2-acetamidoethyl)amino]naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid : An aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid fluorophore with a structure consisting of ethylenediamine substituted on the nitrogens with acetyl and 5-sulfonyl-1-naphthyl groups.	2.91	4	0	aminonaphthalenesulfonic acid	fluorescent probe
ezogabine ezogabine: structure in first source. ezogabine : A substituted aniline that is benzene-1,2,4-triamine bearing ethoxycarbonyl and 4-fluorobenzyl substituents at positions N-1 and N-4 respectively. An anticonvulsant used to treat seizures associated with epilepsy in adults.	2.05	1	0	carbamate ester; organofluorine compound; secondary amino compound; substituted aniline	anticonvulsant; potassium channel modulator
wye [no description available]	1.97	1	0
4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole 4-(aminosulfonyl)-7-fluoro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
dimyristoylmethylphosphatidic acid dimyristoylmethylphosphatidic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	1.99	1	0
procyanidin b2 procyanidin B2 : A proanthocyanidin consisting of two molecules of (-)-epicatechin joined by a bond between positions 4 and 8' in a beta-configuration. Procyanidin B2 can be found in Cinchona pubescens (Chinchona, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Cinnamomum verum (Ceylon cinnamon, in the rind, bark and cortex), in Crataegus monogyna (Common hawthorn, in the flower and blossom), in Uncaria guianensis (Cat's claw, in the root), in Vitis vinifera (Common grape vine, in the leaf), in Litchi chinensis (litchi, in the pericarp), in the apple, in Ecdysanthera utilis and in red wine.	7.06	1	0	biflavonoid; hydroxyflavan; polyphenol; proanthocyanidin	antioxidant; metabolite
fullerene c60 Fullerenes: A polyhedral CARBON structure composed of around 60-80 carbon atoms in pentagon and hexagon configuration. They are named after Buckminster Fuller because of structural resemblance to geodesic domes. Fullerenes can be made in high temperature such as arc discharge in an inert atmosphere.. fullerene : A compound composed solely of an even number of carbon atoms, which form a cage-like fused-ring polycyclic system with twelve five-membered rings and the rest six-membered rings. The term has been broadened to include any closed cage structure consisting entirely of three-coordinate carbon atoms.	2.05	1	0	fullerene	geroprotector
3'-o-(n-methylanthraniloyl) atp [no description available]	2.68	3	0
1,n(6)-ethenoadenosine diphosphate 1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine diphosphate: polarized fluorescence reagents	2.67	3	0
n(6)-carboxymethyllysine N(6)-carboxymethyllysine: RN given refers to (L)-isomer; structure given in first source. N(6)-carboxymethyl-L-lysine : An L-lysine derivative with a carboxymethyl substituent at the N(6)-position.	3.37	6	0	L-lysine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antigen
5,5'-bis(8-(phenylamino)-1-naphthalenesulfonate) [no description available]	2.92	4	0
omega-(4-iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid omega-(4-iodophenyl)pentadecanoic acid: imaging agent; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation	2.1	1	0
glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine glycyl-arginyl-glycyl-aspartyl-serine: synthetic peptide from fibronectins; inhibits experimental metastasis of murine melanoma cells	2.15	1	0
n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phosphatidylethanolamine: fluorescent probe for membrane lipids	1.99	1	0
1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone 1-((3,5-dichloro)-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-1-hexanone: structure given in first source. 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)hexan-1-one : A differentiation-inducing factor that is hexaphenone bearing two chloro substituents at positions 3 and 5, two hydroxy substituents at positions 2 and 6 as well as a single methoxy substituent at position 4. A secreted, chlorinated molecule that controls cell fate during development of Dictyostelium cells.	2.69	3	0	dichlorobenzene; differentiation-inducing factor; monomethoxybenzene; resorcinols	eukaryotic metabolite; signalling molecule
anthroylouabain anthroylouabain: structure	1.99	1	0
glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate glycerophosphoinositol 4,5-bisphosphate: do not confuse with phosphatidylinositols which have fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 hydroxyl groups of glycerol	2	1	0
6-iodoacetamidofluorescein [no description available]	2.01	1	0
xaliproden xaliproden : A tetrahydropyridine that is 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine which is substituted on the nitrogen by a 2-(2-naphthyl)ethyl group and at position 4 by a m-trifluoromethylphenyl group.	1.98	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; naphthalenes; tertiary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	serotonergic agonist
2-hydroxypropylvaline 2-hydroxypropylvaline: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 11/88	2.01	1	0
3'-anthraniloyl-2'-deoxy-atp [no description available]	2.02	1	0
methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate: structure given in first source	2.83	3	0
xylose xylopyranose: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	D-xylose
beta-lactams 2-azetidinone: structure in first source. azetidin-2-one : An unsubstituted beta-lactam compound.. beta-lactam : A lactam in which the amide bond is contained within a four-membered ring, which includes the amide nitrogen and the carbonyl carbon.	7.48	2	0	beta-lactam antibiotic allergen; beta-lactam
sperm motility inhibitor 2 [no description available]	2.03	1	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	8.12	5	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
peptide elongation factor 2 Peptide Elongation Factor 2: Peptide Elongation Factor 2 catalyzes the translocation of peptidyl-tRNA from the A site to the P site of eukaryotic ribosomes by a process linked to the hydrolysis of GTP to GDP.	2.02	1	0
levofloxacin Levofloxacin: The L-isomer of Ofloxacin.. levofloxacin : An optically active form of ofloxacin having (S)-configuration; an inhibitor of bacterial topoisomerase IV and DNA gyrase.	2.11	1	0	9-fluoro-3-methyl-10-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-7-oxo-2,3-dihydro-7H-[1,4]oxazino[2,3,4-ij]quinoline-6-carboxylic acid; fluoroquinolone antibiotic; quinolone antibiotic	antibacterial drug; DNA synthesis inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; topoisomerase IV inhibitor
4-dimethylaminophenylacetate 4-N,N-dimethylaminophenylacetic acid: accelerator for dental composite polymerization	1.99	1	0
naproxen Naproxen: An anti-inflammatory agent with analgesic and antipyretic properties. Both the acid and its sodium salt are used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and other rheumatic or musculoskeletal disorders, dysmenorrhea, and acute gout.. naproxen : A methoxynaphthalene that is 2-methoxynaphthalene substituted by a carboxy ethyl group at position 6. Naproxen is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug commonly used for the reduction of pain, fever, inflammation and stiffness caused by conditions such as osteoarthritis, kidney stones, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, gout, ankylosing spondylitis, menstrual cramps, tendinitis, bursitis, and for the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. It works by inhibiting both the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes.	2.11	1	0	methoxynaphthalene; monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; gout suppressant; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; xenobiotic
hydroxyl radical Hydroxyl Radical: The univalent radical OH. Hydroxyl radical is a potent oxidizing agent.	3.08	4	0	oxygen hydride; oxygen radical; reactive oxygen species
n-acetyl-s-(propionamide)cysteine N-acetyl-S-(propionamide)cysteine: structure in first source	4.25	5	0	N-acyl-L-amino acid
yttria yttria: molecular formula Y2-O3	2.41	1	0
fenton's reagent Fenton's reagent: used for oxidizing sugars & alcohols	2	1	0
carbodiimides Carbodiimides: Compounds with the general formula RN=C=NR, where R is a hydrocarbyl group.. methanediimine : A carbodiimide in which both nitrogens are unsubstituted.	2.21	1	0	carbodiimide
5-androstene-3,17-dione androst-5-ene-3,17-dione : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene bearing two oxo substituents at positions 3 and 17.	2	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid
isovitexin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; metabolite
osmium zinc iodide [no description available]	2.37	2	0
bactenecin bactenecin: from bovine neutrophils	2.05	1	0
paromomycin Paromomycin: An aminoglycoside antibacterial and antiprotozoal agent produced by species of STREPTOMYCES.. paromomycin : An amino cyclitol glycoside that is the 1-O-(2-amino-2-deoxy-alpha-D-glucopyranoside) and the 3-O-(2,6-diamino-2,6-dideoxy-beta-L-idopyranosyl)-beta-D-ribofuranoside of 4,6-diamino-2,3-dihydroxycyclohexane (the 1R,2R,3S,4R,6S diastereoisomer). It is obtained from various Streptomyces species. A broad-spectrum antibiotic, it is used (generally as the sulfate salt) for the treatment of acute and chronic intestinal protozoal infections, but is not effective for extraintestinal protozoal infections. It is also used as a therapeutic against visceral leishmaniasis.	2.03	1	0	amino cyclitol glycoside; aminoglycoside antibiotic	anthelminthic drug; antibacterial drug; antiparasitic agent; antiprotozoal drug
2,6-mansyl chloride 2,6-mansyl chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
(3-acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride [no description available]	2.47	2	0
biotin vitamin B7 : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called biotins that exhibit biological activity against vitamin B7 deficiency. Vitamin B7 deficiency is very rare in individuals who take a normal balanced diet. Foods rich in biotin are egg yolk, liver, cereals, vegetables (spinach, mushrooms) and rice. Symptoms associated with vitamin B7 deficiency include thinning hair, scaly skin rashes around eyes, nose and mouth, and brittle nails. The vitamers include biotin and its ionized and salt forms.	2.42	2	0	biotins; vitamin B7	coenzyme; cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; prosthetic group; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lignin Lignin: The most abundant natural aromatic organic polymer found in all vascular plants. Lignin together with cellulose and hemicellulose are the major cell wall components of the fibers of all wood and grass species. Lignin is composed of coniferyl, p-coumaryl, and sinapyl alcohols in varying ratios in different plant species. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). lignin : A polyphenylpropanoid derived from three monolignol monomers: trans-p-coumaryl alcohol, coniferol and trans-sinapyl alcohol. There is extensive cross-linking and no defined primary structure.	8.17	5	0
organophosphonates hydrogenphosphite : A divalent inorganic anion resulting from the removal of a proton from two of the hydroxy groups of phosphorous acid.	2.43	2	0	divalent inorganic anion; phosphite ion
psyllium Psyllium: Dried, ripe seeds of PLANTAGO PSYLLIUM; PLANTAGO INDICA; and PLANTAGO OVATA. Plantain seeds swell in water and are used as demulcents and bulk laxatives.	7.6	1	0	very long-chain fatty acid
aflatoxin b1 Aflatoxin B1: A potent hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic mycotoxin produced by the Aspergillus flavus group of fungi. It is also mutagenic, teratogenic, and causes immunosuppression in animals. It is found as a contaminant in peanuts, cottonseed meal, corn, and other grains. The mycotoxin requires epoxidation to aflatoxin B1 2,3-oxide for activation. Microsomal monooxygenases biotransform the toxin to the less toxic metabolites aflatoxin M1 and Q1.. aflatoxin B1 : An aflatoxin having a tetrahydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3',2':4,5]furo[2,3-h]chromene skeleton with oxygen functionality at positions 1, 4 and 11.	3.83	3	0	aflatoxin; aromatic ether; aromatic ketone	carcinogenic agent; human metabolite
beta-alanine amide beta-alanine amide: structure. beta-alaninamide : An amino acid amide compound consisting of propionamide having a 3-amino substituent.	5.03	12	0	amino acid amide
carbocysteine Carbocysteine: A compound formed when iodoacetic acid reacts with sulfhydryl groups in proteins. It has been used as an anti-infective nasal spray with mucolytic and expectorant action.. S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteine : An L-cysteine thioether that is L-cysteine in which the hydrogen of the thiol group has been replaced by a carboxymethyl group.	2.39	2	0	L-cysteine thioether; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	mucolytic
demecolcine Demecolcine: An alkaloid isolated from Colchicum autumnale L. and used as an antineoplastic.. (-)-demecolcine : A secondary amino compound that is (S)-colchicine in which the N-acetyl group is replaced by an N-methyl group. Isolable from the autumn crocus, Colchicum autumnale, it is less toxic than colchicine and is used as an antineoplastic.	1.98	1	0	alkaloid; secondary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; microtubule-destabilising agent
n-phenylacrylamide N-phenylacrylamide: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
deoxycholic acid Deoxycholic Acid: A bile acid formed by bacterial action from cholate. It is usually conjugated with glycine or taurine. Deoxycholic acid acts as a detergent to solubilize fats for intestinal absorption, is reabsorbed itself, and is used as a choleretic and detergent.. deoxycholic acid : A bile acid that is 5beta-cholan-24-oic acid substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3 and 12 respectively.	1.97	1	0	bile acid; C24-steroid; dihydroxy-5beta-cholanic acid	human blood serum metabolite
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	7.48	2	0	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
5-hydroxymethylfurfural 5-hydroxymethylfurfural: has antisickling activity; HMF is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo. 5-hydroxymethylfurfural : A member of the class of furans that is furan which is substituted at positions 2 and 5 by formyl and hydroxymethyl substituents, respectively. Virtually absent from fresh foods, it is naturally generated in sugar-containing foods during storage, and especially by drying or cooking. It is the causative component in honey that affects the presystemic metabolism and pharmacokinetics of GZ in-vivo.	7.67	43	0	arenecarbaldehyde; furans; primary alcohol	indicator; Maillard reaction product
benzofurans Benzofurans: Compounds that contain a BENZENE ring fused to a furan ring.	2.15	1	0
estramustine Estramustine: A nitrogen mustard linked to estradiol, usually as phosphate; used to treat prostatic neoplasms; also has radiation protective properties.. estramustine : A carbamate ester obtained by the formal condensation of the hydroxy group of 17beta-estradiol with the carboxy group of bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamic acid.	1.97	1	0	17beta-hydroxy steroid; carbamate ester; organochlorine compound	alkylating agent; antineoplastic agent; radiation protective agent
calendula Calendula: A plant genus of the family ASTERACEAE. Members contain CAROTENOIDS, essential oils (OILS, VOLATILE), flavonoids, mucilage, SAPONINS, and STEROLS. The plants are used both topically and internally. The common name of Marigold is also used for TAGETES.	2.11	1	0
solanine Solanine: A mixture of alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine, found in SOLANACEAE plants.. solanine : A glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family (Solanaceae), such as the potato (Solanum tuberosum). It is a trisccharide derivative of solanidine [(22beta)-solanid-5-en-3beta-ol].	7.6	1	0
withaferin a withaferin A: an antiestrogen and phytogenic antineoplastic agent isolated from leaves of Withania somnifera Dun.; structure. withaferin A : A withanolide that is 5,6:22,26-diepoxyergosta-2,24-diene-1,26-dione substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 4 and 27 (the 4beta,5beta,6beta,22R stereoisomer). Isolated from Physalis longifolia, it exhibits cytotoxic activity.	2.05	1	0	27-hydroxy steroid; 4-hydroxy steroid; delta-lactone; enone; epoxy steroid; ergostanoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol; withanolide	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer
acivicin [no description available]	2.1	1	0	isoxazoles; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; organochlorine compound	antileishmanial agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 2.3.2.2 (gamma-glutamyltransferase) inhibitor; glutamine antagonist; metabolite
wortmannin [no description available]	2.72	3	0	acetate ester; cyclic ketone; delta-lactone; organic heteropentacyclic compound	anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.137 (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) inhibitor; geroprotector; Penicillium metabolite; radiosensitizing agent
2-oxindole 2-oxindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. indolin-2-one : An indolinone carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.41	1	0	gamma-lactam; indolinone
withanolides Withanolides: Ergostane derivatives of 28 carbons with oxygens at C1, C22, and C26 positions and the side chain cyclized. They are found in WITHANIA plant genus and have cytotoxic and other effects.	2.05	1	0
dihydropyridines Dihydropyridines: Pyridine moieties which are partially saturated by the addition of two hydrogen atoms in any position.	2	1	0
methylmercuric chloride methylmercuric chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd	2.39	2	0	chlorine molecular entity; mercury coordination entity; one-carbon compound
lithium chloride Lithium Chloride: A salt of lithium that has been used experimentally as an immunomodulator.. lithium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a Li(+) counterion.	2.74	3	0	inorganic chloride; lithium salt	antimanic drug; geroprotector
glycogen glycogen : A polydisperse, highly branched glucan composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage, joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some cumulative alpha(1->6) links also may occur. The branches in glycogen typically contain 8 to 12 glucose residues.	7.74	3	0
n-acetylneuraminic acid N-Acetylneuraminic Acid: An N-acyl derivative of neuraminic acid. N-acetylneuraminic acid occurs in many polysaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids in animals and bacteria. (From Dorland, 28th ed, p1518). N-acetylneuraminic acid : An N-acylneuraminic acid where the N-acyl group is specified as acetyl.	1.96	1	0	N-acetylneuraminic acids	antioxidant; bacterial metabolite; EC 3.2.1.18 (exo-alpha-sialidase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fibrin Fibrin: A protein derived from FIBRINOGEN in the presence of THROMBIN, which forms part of the blood clot.	7.01	1	0	peptide
amylopectin Amylopectin: A highly branched glucan in starch.. amylopectin : A polydisperse highly branched polysaccharide derivative composed of chains of D-glucopyranose residues in alpha(1->4) glycosidic linkage. The chains are joined together by alpha(1->6) glycosidic linkages. A small number of alpha(1->3) glycosidic linkages and some 6-phosphate ester groups also may occur. The branches in amylopectin typically contain 24 to 30 glucose residues.	2.11	1	0
glucosamine D-glucosamine : An amino sugar whose structure comprises D-glucose having an amino substituent at position 2.. 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranose : A D-glucosamine whose structure comprises D-glucopyranose having an amino substituent at position 2.	7.42	2	0	D-glucosamine	Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; mouse metabolite
carnosine polaprezinc: stimulates bone growth	2.42	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; dipeptide	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Daphnia magna metabolite; geroprotector; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neuroprotective agent
naringenin (S)-naringenin : The (S)-enantiomer of naringenin.	7.05	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; naringenin	expectorant; plant metabolite
epiglucan epiglucan: a highly side-chain/branched alkali-insoluble cell wall glucan from fungus such as Epicoccum nigrum, Botrytis cinerea, ascomycetes & basidiomycetes; also isolated S-4001 from Lei Wan (polyporus mylitiae), HA-beta-glucan from mushroom Pleutotus ostreatus (Fr.) Quel., and translam from seaweed Laminaria cichorioides; with commercially important functional properties including emulsification and friction reduction.	3.16	4	0
inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate: Intracellular messenger formed by the action of phospholipase C on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, which is one of the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate is released into the cytoplasm where it releases calcium ions from internal stores within the cell's endoplasmic reticulum. These calcium ions stimulate the activity of B kinase or calmodulin.	1.99	1	0	myo-inositol trisphosphate	mouse metabolite
ouabain Ouabain: A cardioactive glycoside consisting of rhamnose and ouabagenin, obtained from the seeds of Strophanthus gratus and other plants of the Apocynaceae; used like DIGITALIS. It is commonly used in cell biological studies as an inhibitor of the NA(+)-K(+)-EXCHANGING ATPASE.. cardiac glycoside : Steroid lactones containing sugar residues that act on the contractile force of the cardiac muscles.. ouabain : A steroid hormone that is a multi-hydroxylated alpha-L-rhamnosyl cardenoloide. It binds to and inhibits the plasma membrane Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump). It has been isolated naturally from Strophanthus gratus.	2.89	4	0	11alpha-hydroxy steroid; 14beta-hydroxy steroid; 5beta-hydroxy steroid; alpha-L-rhamnoside; cardenolide glycoside; steroid hormone	anti-arrhythmia drug; cardiotonic drug; EC 2.3.3.1 [citrate (Si)-synthase] inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.41 (4-nitrophenylphosphatase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.9 (Na(+)/K(+)-transporting ATPase) inhibitor; ion transport inhibitor; plant metabolite
puromycin [no description available]	1.97	1	0	puromycins	antiinfective agent; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.4.11.14 (cytosol alanyl aminopeptidase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.14.2 (dipeptidyl-peptidase II) inhibitor; nucleoside antibiotic; protein synthesis inhibitor
taxifolin (+)-taxifolin : A taxifolin that has (2R,3R)-configuration.	7.31	1	0	taxifolin	metabolite
pelargonidin pelargonidin: influences flower phenotype. pelargonidin : An anthocyanidin cation that is flavylium substituted by a hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 7 and 4'.	2.13	1	0	5-hydroxyanthocyanidin	plant metabolite
cellulase Cellulase: An endocellulase with specificity for the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-glucosidic linkages in CELLULOSE, lichenin, and cereal beta-glucans.. beta-cellotriose : A cellotriose with a beta-configuration at the anomeric position.	2.77	3	0	cellotriose
griseofulvin Griseofulvin: An antifungal agent used in the treatment of TINEA infections.. griseofulvin : An oxaspiro compound produced by Penicillium griseofulvum. It is used by mouth as an antifungal drug for infections involving the scalp, hair, nails and skin that do not respond to topical treatment.	2.01	1	0	1-benzofurans; antibiotic antifungal drug; benzofuran antifungal drug; organochlorine compound; oxaspiro compound	antibacterial agent; Penicillium metabolite
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.99	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
phalloidine Phalloidine: Very toxic polypeptide isolated mainly from AMANITA phalloides (Agaricaceae) or death cup; causes fatal liver, kidney and CNS damage in mushroom poisoning; used in the study of liver damage.. phalloidin : A homodetic bicyclic heptapeptide having a sulfide bridge.	1.99	1	0	homodetic cyclic peptide
notoginsenoside r1 notoginsenoside R1 : A ginsenoside found in Panax notoginseng that is dammarane which is substituted by hydroxy groups at the 3beta, 6alpha, 12beta and 20 pro-S positions, in which the hydroxy groups at positions 6 and 20 have been converted to the corresponding beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside and beta-D-glucopyranoside respectively, and in which a double bond has been introduced at the 24-25 position.	7.25	1	0	12beta-hydroxy steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid; 3beta-hydroxy steroid; beta-D-glucoside; disaccharide derivative; ginsenoside; tetracyclic triterpenoid	antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; neuroprotective agent; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
vernolepin [no description available]	2.15	1	0	delta-lactone
naringin [no description available]	7.6	1	0	(2S)-flavan-4-one; 4'-hydroxyflavanones; dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; neohesperidoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
ochratoxin a ochratoxin A: structure in first source & in Merck, 9th ed, #6549. ochratoxin A : A phenylalanine derivative resulting from the formal condensation of the amino group of L-phenylalanine with the carboxy group of (3R)-5-chloro-8-hydroxy-3-methyl-1-oxo-3,4-dihydro-1H-2-benzopyran-7-carboxylic acid (ochratoxin alpha). It is among the most widely occurring food-contaminating mycotoxins, produced by Aspergillus ochraceus, Aspergillus carbonarius and Penicillium verrucosum.	7.76	3	0	isochromanes; monocarboxylic acid amide; N-acyl-L-phenylalanine; organochlorine compound; phenylalanine derivative	Aspergillus metabolite; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; mycotoxin; nephrotoxin; Penicillium metabolite; teratogenic agent
gingerol gingerol: an active ingredient in GINGER along with SHOGAOL. a nonvolatile methoxy phenyl decanone. gingerol : A beta-hydroxy ketone that is 5-hydroxydecan-3-one substituted by a 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl moiety at position 1; believed to inhibit adipogenesis. It is a constituent of fresh ginger.	2.31	1	0	beta-hydroxy ketone; guaiacols	antineoplastic agent; plant metabolite
betadex beta-Cyclodextrins: Cyclic GLUCANS consisting of seven (7) glucopyranose units linked by 1,4-glycosidic bonds.	3.88	11	0	cyclodextrin
e-z cinnamic acid cinnamic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that consists of acrylic acid bearing a phenyl substituent at the 3-position. It is found in Cinnamomum cassia.. trans-cinnamic acid : The E (trans) isomer of cinnamic acid	2.05	1	0	cinnamic acid	plant metabolite
ergosterol [no description available]	2.68	3	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	fungal metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tretinoin Tretinoin: An important regulator of GENE EXPRESSION during growth and development, and in NEOPLASMS. Tretinoin, also known as retinoic acid and derived from maternal VITAMIN A, is essential for normal GROWTH; and EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT. An excess of tretinoin can be teratogenic. It is used in the treatment of PSORIASIS; ACNE VULGARIS; and several other SKIN DISEASES. It has also been approved for use in promyelocytic leukemia (LEUKEMIA, PROMYELOCYTIC, ACUTE).. retinoic acid : A retinoid consisting of 3,7-dimethylnona-2,4,6,8-tetraenoic acid substituted at position 9 by a 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-1-en-1-yl group (geometry of the four exocyclic double bonds is not specified).. all-trans-retinoic acid : A retinoic acid in which all four exocyclic double bonds have E- (trans-) geometry.	2.96	4	0	retinoic acid; vitamin A	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; AP-1 antagonist; human metabolite; keratolytic drug; retinoic acid receptor agonist; retinoid X receptor agonist; signalling molecule
arachidonic acid icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid : Any icosatetraenoic acid with the double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11 and 14.. arachidonate : A long-chain fatty acid anion resulting from the removal of a proton from the carboxy group of arachidonic acid.	2.21	1	0	icosa-5,8,11,14-tetraenoic acid; long-chain fatty acid; omega-6 fatty acid	Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
fumaric acid fumaric acid: see also record for ferrous fumarate; use FUMARATES for general fumaric acid esters. fumaric acid : A butenedioic acid in which the C=C double bond has E geometry. It is an intermediate metabolite in the citric acid cycle.	2.02	1	0	butenedioic acid	food acidity regulator; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
farnesol Farnesol: A colorless liquid extracted from oils of plants such as citronella, neroli, cyclamen, and tuberose. It is an intermediate step in the biological synthesis of cholesterol from mevalonic acid in vertebrates. It has a delicate odor and is used in perfumery. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Terms, 5th ed). (2-trans,6-trans)-farnesol : The (2-trans,6-trans)-stereoisomer of farnesol.. farnesol : A farnesane sesquiterpenoid that is dodeca-2,6,10-triene substituted by methyl groups at positions 3, 7 and 11 and a hydroxy group at position 1.	7.11	1	0	farnesol	plant metabolite
resveratrol trans-resveratrol : A resveratrol in which the double bond has E configuration.	3.48	7	0	resveratrol	antioxidant; phytoalexin; plant metabolite; quorum sensing inhibitor; radical scavenger
ribothymidine ribothymidine : A methyluridine having a single methyl substituent at the 5-position on the uracil ring.	2.04	1	0	methyluridine	antigen; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
oleic acid Oleic Acid: An unsaturated fatty acid that is the most widely distributed and abundant fatty acid in nature. It is used commercially in the preparation of oleates and lotions, and as a pharmaceutical solvent. (Stedman, 26th ed). oleic acid : An octadec-9-enoic acid in which the double bond at C-9 has Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.72	3	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	antioxidant; Daphnia galeata metabolite; EC 3.1.1.1 (carboxylesterase) inhibitor; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; solvent
tacrolimus Tacrolimus: A macrolide isolated from the culture broth of a strain of Streptomyces tsukubaensis that has strong immunosuppressive activity in vivo and prevents the activation of T-lymphocytes in response to antigenic or mitogenic stimulation in vitro.. tacrolimus (anhydrous) : A macrolide lactam containing a 23-membered lactone ring, originally isolated from the fermentation broth of a Japanese soil sample that contained the bacteria Streptomyces tsukubaensis.	8.1	5	0	macrolide lactam	bacterial metabolite; immunosuppressive agent
ferulic acid ferulate : A monocarboxylic acid anion obtained by the deprotonation of the carboxy group of ferulic acid.	2.21	1	0	ferulic acids	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inhibitor; cardioprotective agent; MALDI matrix material; plant metabolite
pectins Pectins: High molecular weight polysaccharides present in the cell walls of all plants. Pectins cement cell walls together. They are used as emulsifiers and stabilizers in the food industry. They have been tried for a variety of therapeutic uses including as antidiarrheals, where they are now generally considered ineffective, and in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia.. alpha-D-galacturonic acid : The alpha-anomer of D-galacturonic acid.	3.11	3	0	D-galactopyranuronic acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	3.19	5	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
eicosapentaenoic acid icosapentaenoic acid : Any straight-chain, C20 polyunsaturated fatty acid having five C=C double bonds.. all-cis-5,8,11,14,17-icosapentaenoic acid : An icosapentaenoic acid having five cis-double bonds at positions 5, 8, 11, 14 and 17.	2.21	1	0	icosapentaenoic acid; omega-3 fatty acid	anticholesteremic drug; antidepressant; antineoplastic agent; Daphnia galeata metabolite; fungal metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
lycopene [no description available]	7.31	1	0	acyclic carotene	antioxidant; plant metabolite
2-butenal crotonaldehyde : An enal consisting of propene having a formyl group at the 1-position.	2.21	1	0	enal
diethylstilbestrol Diethylstilbestrol: A synthetic nonsteroidal estrogen used in the treatment of menopausal and postmenopausal disorders. It was also used formerly as a growth promoter in animals. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), diethylstilbestrol has been listed as a known carcinogen. (Merck, 11th ed). diethylstilbestrol : An olefinic compound that is trans-hex-3-ene in which the hydrogens at positions 3 and 4 have been replaced by p-hydroxyphenyl groups.	2.38	2	0	olefinic compound; polyphenol	antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; autophagy inducer; calcium channel blocker; carcinogenic agent; EC 1.1.1.146 (11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 3.6.3.10 (H(+)/K(+)-exchanging ATPase) inhibitor; endocrine disruptor; xenoestrogen
alitretinoin Alitretinoin: A retinoid that is used for the treatment of chronic hand ECZEMA unresponsive to topical CORTICOSTEROIDS. It is also used to treat cutaneous lesions associated with AIDS-related KAPOSI SARCOMA.	2.05	1	0	retinoic acid	antineoplastic agent; keratolytic drug; metabolite; retinoid X receptor agonist
iridoids Iridoids: A type of MONOTERPENES, derived from geraniol. They have the general form of cyclopentanopyran, but in some cases, one of the rings is broken as in the case of secoiridoid. They are different from the similarly named iridals (TRITERPENES).	2.21	1	0
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.97	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
azaserine Azaserine: Antibiotic substance produced by various Streptomyces species. It is an inhibitor of enzymatic activities that involve glutamine and is used as an antineoplastic and immunosuppressive agent.. azaserine : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of diazoacetic acid with the alcoholic hydroxy group of L-serine. An antibiotic produced by a Streptomyces species.	2.08	1	0	carboxylic ester; diazo compound; L-serine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	antifungal agent; antimetabolite; antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; glutamine antagonist; immunosuppressive agent; metabolite
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.1	1	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
potassium permanganate Potassium Permanganate: Permanganic acid (HMnO4), potassium salt. A highly oxidative, water-soluble compound with purple crystals, and a sweet taste. (From McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific and Technical Information, 4th ed)	1.99	1	0
sodium bicarbonate Sodium Bicarbonate: A white, crystalline powder that is commonly used as a pH buffering agent, an electrolyte replenisher, systemic alkalizer and in topical cleansing solutions.	4.24	5	0	one-carbon compound; organic sodium salt	antacid; food anticaking agent
sodium benzoate Sodium Benzoate: The sodium salt of BENZOIC ACID. It is used as an antifungal preservative in pharmaceutical preparations and foods. It may also be used as a test for liver function.. sodium benzoate : An organic sodium salt resulting from the replacement of the proton from the carboxy group of benzoic acid by a sodium ion.	2.02	1	0	organic sodium salt	algal metabolite; antimicrobial food preservative; drug allergen; EC 1.13.11.33 (arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
ammonium carbonate ammonium carbonate: see also record for ammonium bicarbonate (mono-NH4 salt)	3.13	1	0
ammonium acetate ammonium acetate : An ammonium salt obtained by reaction of ammonia with acetic acid. A deliquescent white crystalline solid, it has a relatively low melting point (114degreeC) for a salt. Used as a food acidity regulator, although no longer approved for this purpose in the EU.	2.05	1	0	acetate salt; ammonium salt	buffer; food acidity regulator
vinyl sulfonamide vinyl sulfonamide: structure in first source	2.1	1	0
4,5-epoxy-2-decenal 4,5-epoxy-2-decenal: structure given in first source	2.07	1	0	enal
bromochloroacetic acid Keratins: A class of fibrous proteins or scleroproteins that represents the principal constituent of EPIDERMIS; HAIR; NAILS; horny tissues, and the organic matrix of tooth ENAMEL. Two major conformational groups have been characterized, alpha-keratin, whose peptide backbone forms a coiled-coil alpha helical structure consisting of TYPE I KERATIN and a TYPE II KERATIN, and beta-keratin, whose backbone forms a zigzag or pleated sheet structure. alpha-Keratins have been classified into at least 20 subtypes. In addition multiple isoforms of subtypes have been found which may be due to GENE DUPLICATION.. bromochloroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine. A low-melting (27.5-31.5degreeC), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.	3.59	9	0	2-bromocarboxylic acid; monocarboxylic acid; organochlorine compound
tris(perfluorophenyl)borane tris(perfluorophenyl)borane: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
cinnamaldehyde 3-phenylprop-2-enal : A member of the class of cinnamaldehydes that is prop-2-enal in which a hydrogen at position 3 has been replaced by a phenyl group. The configuration of the double bond is not specified; the name "cinnamaldehyde" is widely used to refer to the E (trans) isomer.. (E)-cinnamaldehyde : The E (trans) stereoisomer of cinnamaldehyde, the parent of the class of cinnamaldehydes.	2.15	1	0	3-phenylprop-2-enal; cinnamaldehydes	antifungal agent; EC 4.3.1.24 (phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite; sensitiser; vasodilator agent
elaidic acid [no description available]	2.46	2	0	octadec-9-enoic acid	food component
geraniol [no description available]	2.5	2	0	3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-ol; monoterpenoid; primary alcohol	allergen; fragrance; plant metabolite; volatile oil component
glycosides [no description available]	3.41	7	0
chalcone trans-chalcone : The trans-isomer of chalcone.	2.15	1	0	chalcone	EC 3.2.1.1 (alpha-amylase) inhibitor
isomethyleugenol Methylation: Addition of methyl groups. In histo-chemistry methylation is used to esterify carboxyl groups and remove sulfate groups by treating tissue sections with hot methanol in the presence of hydrochloric acid. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	3.27	6	0	isomethyleugenol
citral citral: Xref geranial: geraniol is also available; Xref neral: nerol is also available; vitamin A antagonist; oxygenated monoterpene; inhibits cytosolic dehydrogenases; structure. citral : An enal that consists of octa-2,6-dienal bearing methyl substituents at positions 3 and 7. A mixture of the two geometric isomers geranial and neral, it is the major constituent (75-85%) of oil of lemon grass, the volatile oil of Cymbopogon citratus, or of C. flexuosus. It also occurs in oils of verbena, lemon, and orange.	7.41	1	0	enal; monoterpenoid; polyprenal	plant metabolite; volatile oil component
stilbenes Stilbenes: Organic compounds that contain 1,2-diphenylethylene as a functional group.. trans-stilbene : The trans-isomer of stilbene.	3.16	5	0	stilbene
phenyl-n-tert-butylnitrone phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone: a spin-trapping agent	2.02	1	0
dibenzylidene acetone dibenzylidene acetone: structure in first source	2.15	1	0
citraconic acid citraconic acid: was MH 1975-92 (see under MALEATES 1975-90); METHYLMALEIC ACID was see CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; use MALEATES to search CITRACONIC ACID 1975-92; RN refers to (Z)-isomer; SO refers to (E)-isomer. citraconic acid : A dicarboxylic acid consisting of maleic acid having a methyl substituent at the 2-position.	7.1	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; dicarboxylic fatty acid	human metabolite
flavin-adenine dinucleotide Flavin-Adenine Dinucleotide: A condensation product of riboflavin and adenosine diphosphate. The coenzyme of various aerobic dehydrogenases, e.g., D-amino acid oxidase and L-amino acid oxidase. (Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry, 1982, p972)	2.4	2	0	flavin adenine dinucleotide; vitamin B2	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; prosthetic group
arginine vasopressin Arginine Vasopressin: The predominant form of mammalian antidiuretic hormone. It is a nonapeptide containing an ARGININE at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6. Arg-vasopressin is used to treat DIABETES INSIPIDUS or to improve vasomotor tone and BLOOD PRESSURE.. argipressin : The predominant form of mammalian vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). It is a nonapeptide containing an arginine at residue 8 and two disulfide-linked cysteines at residues of 1 and 6.	2	1	0	vasopressin	cardiovascular drug; hematologic agent; mitogen
pyrophosphate Diphosphates: Inorganic salts of phosphoric acid that contain two phosphate groups.	2.43	2	0	diphosphate ion
dodecylphosphocholine dodecylphosphocholine: phospholipase A2 inhibitor; RN refers to chloride. dodecylphosphocholine : A phosphocholine that is the monododecyl ester of phosphocholine	2.05	1	0	phosphocholines	detergent
azidopine azidopine: structure given in first source	2	1	0	benzamides
polidocanol Polidocanol: An alkyl polyglycol ether of LAURYL ALCOHOL, chemically defined as an alcohol ethoxylate having an average alkyl chain of 12–14 carbon atoms, and an ethylene oxide chain of 9 ethylene oxide units. It is used as a detergent, and medically as a local anesthetic, and as a sclerosing agent for the treatment of ESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC VARICES and VARICOSE VEINS.. polidocanol : A hydroxypolyether that is nonaethylene glycol in which one of the terminal hydroxy functions is substituted by a lauryl (dodecyl) group.	2.03	1	0	hydroxypolyether	hepatotoxic agent; nonionic surfactant; sclerotherapy agent
sesquiterpenes [no description available]	2.05	1	0
2-mercaptonicotinic acid 2-mercaptonicotinic acid: structure given in first source	2.25	1	0
caffeic acid trans-caffeic acid : The trans-isomer of caffeic acid.	7.31	1	0	caffeic acid	geroprotector; mouse metabolite
isoeugenol trans-isoeugenol : The trans-stereoisomer of isoeugenol.	7.48	2	0	isoeugenol	plant metabolite
cotinine Cotinine: The N-glucuronide conjugate of cotinine is a major urinary metabolite of NICOTINE. It thus serves as a biomarker of exposure to tobacco SMOKING. It has CNS stimulating properties.. (-)-cotinine : An N-alkylpyrrolidine that consists of N-methylpyrrolidinone bearing a pyridin-3-yl substituent at position C-5 (the 5S-enantiomer). It is an alkaloid commonly found in Nicotiana tabacum.	3.15	5	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine; pyridines; pyrrolidin-2-ones; pyrrolidine alkaloid	antidepressant; biomarker; human xenobiotic metabolite; plant metabolite
curcumin Curcumin: A yellow-orange dye obtained from tumeric, the powdered root of CURCUMA longa. It is used in the preparation of curcuma paper and the detection of boron. Curcumin appears to possess a spectrum of pharmacological properties, due primarily to its inhibitory effects on metabolic enzymes.. curcumin : A beta-diketone that is methane in which two of the hydrogens are substituted by feruloyl groups. A natural dyestuff found in the root of Curcuma longa.	5.4	17	0	aromatic ether; beta-diketone; diarylheptanoid; enone; polyphenol	anti-inflammatory agent; antifungal agent; antineoplastic agent; biological pigment; contraceptive drug; dye; EC 1.1.1.205 (IMP dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.21 (aldehyde reductase) inhibitor; EC 1.1.1.25 (shikimate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; EC 1.6.5.2 [NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; EC 1.8.1.9 (thioredoxin reductase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; flavouring agent; food colouring; geroprotector; hepatoprotective agent; immunomodulator; iron chelator; ligand; lipoxygenase inhibitor; metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nutraceutical; radical scavenger
methimazole Methimazole: A thioureylene antithyroid agent that inhibits the formation of thyroid hormones by interfering with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues of thyroglobulin. This is done by interfering with the oxidation of iodide ion and iodotyrosyl groups through inhibition of the peroxidase enzyme.. methimazole : A member of the class of imidazoles that it imidazole-2-thione in which a methyl group replaces the hydrogen which is attached to a nitrogen.	2.04	1	0	1,3-dihydroimidazole-2-thiones	antithyroid drug
capsaicin ALGRX-4975: an injectable capsaicin (TRPV1 receptor agonist) formulation for longlasting pain relief. capsaicinoid : A family of aromatic fatty amides produced as secondary metabolites by chilli peppers.	2.7	3	0	capsaicinoid	non-narcotic analgesic; TRPV1 agonist; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
chlorogenic acid caffeoylquinic acid: Antiviral Agent; structure in first source. chlorogenate : A monocarboxylic acid anion that is the conjugate base of chlorogenic acid; major species at pH 7.3.	3.42	6	0	cinnamate ester; tannin	food component; plant metabolite
thiourea Thiourea: A photographic fixative used also in the manufacture of resins. According to the Fourth Annual Report on Carcinogens (NTP 85-002, 1985), this substance may reasonably be anticipated to be a carcinogen (Merck Index, 9th ed). Many of its derivatives are ANTITHYROID AGENTS and/or FREE RADICAL SCAVENGERS.. thiourea : The simplest member of the thiourea class, consisting of urea with the oxygen atom substituted by sulfur.	3.09	5	0	one-carbon compound; thioureas; ureas	antioxidant; chromophore
D-fructopyranose [no description available]	6.22	42	0	cyclic hemiketal; D-fructose; fructopyranose	sweetening agent
ponceau s Ponceau S : An organic sodium salt that is the tetrasodium salt of 3-hydroxy-4-({2-sulfo-4-[(4-sulfophenyl)diazenyl]phenyl}diazenyl)naphthalene-2,7-disulfonic acid.	1.99	1	0	organic sodium salt; organosulfonate salt	fluorochrome; histological dye
tempo TEMPO: structure. TEMPO : A member of the class of aminoxyls that is piperidine that carries an oxidanediyl group at position 1 and methyl groups at positions 2, 2, 6, and 6, respectively.	2.15	1	0	aminoxyls; piperidines	catalyst; ferroptosis inhibitor; radical scavenger
n-methyl-n-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyltrifluoroacetamide : An N-silyl compound that is N-methyltrifluoroacetamide in which the amide nitrogen is replaced by a tert-butyldimethylsilyl group.	2.06	1	0	monocarboxylic acid amide; N-silyl compound; trifluoroacetamide	chromatographic reagent
5-doxylstearate [no description available]	2.68	3	0	aminoxyls
1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose 1,6-anhydro-beta-glucopyranose: RN given refers to (beta-D)-isomer. levoglucosan : A anhydrohexose that is the 1,6-anhydro-derivative of beta-D-glucopyranose.	2.08	1	0	anhydrohexose	Arabidopsis thaliana metabolite; biomarker; human metabolite
fumonisin b1 fumonisin B1: isolated from Fusarium moniliforme MRC 826; structure given in first source; has cancer-promoting activity; inhibits ceramide synthase. fumonisin B1 : A diester that results from the condensation of the 1-carboxy groups of two molecules of propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid with hydroxy groups at positions 14 and 15 of (2S,3S,5R,10R,12S,14S,15R,16R)-2-amino-12,16-dimethylicosane-3,5,10,14,15-pentol.	3.51	1	0	diester; fumonisin; primary amino compound; triol	carcinogenic agent; metabolite
sodium taurodeoxycholate Taurodeoxycholic Acid: A bile salt formed in the liver by conjugation of deoxycholate with taurine, usually as the sodium salt. It is used as a cholagogue and choleretic, also industrially as a fat emulsifier.. taurodeoxycholic acid : A bile acid taurine conjugate of deoxycholic acid.. taurodeoxycholate : An organosulfonate oxoanion that is the conjugate base of taurodeoxycholic acid.	2.4	2	0	bile acid taurine conjugate	human metabolite
nadp [no description available]	7.46	2	0
1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl: A diphenyl picrate; the ability to decolorize this stable radical indicates reactivity of tested compounds (Banda, Anal Chem 46:1772-7 1974)	2.1	1	0
8-azidoadenosine 5'-triphosphate [no description available]	2.41	2	0
2,4-dithiobiuret 2,4-dithiobiuret: structure	6.96	1	0
3'-o-(n-methylanthraniloyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate 3'-O-(N-methylanthraniloyl)adenosine 5'-diphosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate that is ADP substituted at position 3' by an N-methylanthraniloyl group.	2.68	3	0	purine ribonucleoside 5'-diphosphate
monastrol monastrol: stops mitosis by fostering formation of monopolar spindles; structure in first source. (S)-monastrol : An ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate that has S configuration.. monastrol : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of R- and S-monastrol.. ethyl 4-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2-thioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate : A member of the class of thioureas that is 3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2(1)-thione substituted by a 3-hydroxyphenyl group at position 4, an ethoxycarbonyl group at position 5, and a methyl group at position 6.	2.02	1	0	enoate ester; ethyl ester; phenols; racemate; thioureas	antileishmanial agent; antimitotic; antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.5 (urease) inhibitor
u 0126 U 0126: protein kinase kinase inhibitor; structure in first source	2.76	3	0	aryl sulfide; dinitrile; enamine; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.24 (mitogen-activated protein kinase) inhibitor; osteogenesis regulator; vasoconstrictor agent
laccase Laccase: A copper-containing oxidoreductase enzyme that catalyzes the oxidation of 4-benzenediol to 4-benzosemiquinone. It also has activity towards a variety of O-quinols and P-quinols. It primarily found in FUNGI and is involved in LIGNIN degradation, pigment biosynthesis and detoxification of lignin-derived products.	2.73	3	0
lithium Lithium: An element in the alkali metals family. It has the atomic symbol Li, atomic number 3, and atomic weight [6.938; 6.997]. Salts of lithium are used in treating BIPOLAR DISORDER.	2.78	3	0	alkali metal atom
alpha-sarcin alpha-sarcin: basic protein 150 aa, MW 16 kDa; isolated from aspergillus giganteus; sequence similarity with ribonucleases such as RIBONUCLEASE T1; 85% identity with restrictocin; a ribotoxin cleaving the phosphodiester bond on the 3' side of G4325 in the alpha-sarcin/ricin domain of rat 28S RIBOSOMAL RNA; sometimes called a ribosome-inactivating protein but falls outside the normal definition of plant RIP that de-adenylate rRNA	1.97	1	0
cobaltous chloride cobaltous chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; RN in Chemline for cobalt trichloride: 10241-04-0; RN for 60-labeled cpd: 14543-09-0; RN for 57-labeled cpd: 164113-89-1; RN for 58-labeled cpd: 29377-09-1; structure. cobalt dichloride : A cobalt salt in which the cobalt metal is in the +2 oxidation state and the counter-anion is chloride. It is used as an indicator for water in desiccants.	1.96	1	0	cobalt salt; inorganic chloride	allergen; calcium channel blocker; sensitiser; two-colour indicator
orlistat Orlistat: A lactone derivative of LEUCINE that acts as a pancreatic lipase inhibitor to limit the absorption of dietary fat; it is used in the management of obesity.. orlistat : A carboxylic ester resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of N-formyl-L-leucine with the hydroxy group of (3S,4S)-3-hexyl-4-[(2S)-2-hydroxytridecyl]oxetan-2-one. A pancreatic lipase inhibitor, it is used as an anti-obesity drug.	2.05	1	0	beta-lactone; carboxylic ester; formamides; L-leucine derivative	anti-obesity agent; bacterial metabolite; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.3 (triacylglycerol lipase) inhibitor
stypoldione stypoldione: ortho-quinone from brown algae Stypopodium zonale; structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium: RN given refers to bromide	2	1	0
25-doxylcholesterol 25-doxylcholesterol: structure given in first source	1.98	1	0
cystine [no description available]	2.46	2	0
darutigenol darutigenol: from Siegesbeckia glabrescens Mak; structure given in first source	2.07	1	0
chitotetrose chitotetrose: isolated from acid hydrolysates of chitin	2.25	1	0
calixarenes Calixarenes: Phenolic metacyclophanes derived from condensation of PHENOLS and ALDEHYDES. The name derives from the vase-like molecular structures. A bracketed [n] indicates the number of aromatic rings.. calixarenes : Originally macrocyclic compounds capable of assuming a basket (or "calix") shaped conformation. They are formed from p-hydrocarbyl phenols and formaldehyde. The term now applies to a variety of derivatives by substitution of the hydrocarbon cyclo{oligo[(1,3-phenylene)methylene]}.. calixarene : A macrocycle composed of 1,3-phenylene groups linked by methylene groups. The number of 1,3-phenylene units in the macrocycle is denoted by the "n" in calix[n]arene name.	2.1	1	0
phosphonic acid phosphonic acid : A phosphorus oxoacid that consists of a single pentavalent phosphorus covalently bound via single bonds to a single hydrogen and two hydroxy groups and via a double bond to an oxygen. The parent of the class of phosphonic acids.	2.08	1	0
ginsenosides ginsenoside : Triterpenoid saponins with a dammarane-like skeleton originally isolated from ginseng (Panax) species. Use of the term has been extended to include semi-synthetic derivatives.	2.25	1	0
ovalbumin Ovalbumin: An albumin obtained from the white of eggs. It is a member of the serpin superfamily.	2.98	4	0
4-mercaptobenzeneacetic acid 4-mercaptobenzeneacetic acid: structure in first source	2.21	1	0
sodium dodecyl sulfate Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate: An anionic surfactant, usually a mixture of sodium alkyl sulfates, mainly the lauryl; lowers surface tension of aqueous solutions; used as fat emulsifier, wetting agent, detergent in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals and toothpastes; also as research tool in protein biochemistry.. sodium dodecyl sulfate : An organic sodium salt that is the sodium salt of dodecyl hydrogen sulfate.	4.04	14	0	organic sodium salt	detergent; protein denaturant
blister blebbistatin: structure in first source. blebbistatin : A pyrroloquinoline that is 1,2,3,3a-tetrahydro-H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]quinolin-4-one substituted by a hydroxy group at position 3a, a methyl group at position 6 and a phenyl group at position 1. It acts as an inhibitor of ATPase activity of non-muscle myosin II.	2.1	1	0	cyclic ketone; pyrroloquinoline; tertiary alcohol; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	inhibitor
crocin crocin: a free radical scavenger	3.06	4	0
galactomannan galactomannan: a galectin inhibitor. galactomannan : A heteroglycan consisting of a mannan backbone with galactose side groups.	2.13	1	0	oligosaccharide
alpha-chymotrypsin Chymotrypsin: A serine endopeptidase secreted by the pancreas as its zymogen, CHYMOTRYPSINOGEN and carried in the pancreatic juice to the duodenum where it is activated by TRYPSIN. It selectively cleaves aromatic amino acids on the carboxyl side.	3.35	7	0
naphthoquinones Naphthoquinones: Naphthalene rings which contain two ketone moieties in any position. They can be substituted in any position except at the ketone groups.	2.21	1	0
hydroxyethylcellulose hydroxyethylcellulose: component of contact lens wetting solutions; aldiamed is an artificial saliva; RN given refers to parent cpd. hydroxyethylcellulose : A polysaccharide derivative that is cellulose in which hydroxyethyl groups are bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers.	7.46	2	0
myelin basic protein Myelin Basic Protein: An abundant cytosolic protein that plays a critical role in the structure of multilamellar myelin. Myelin basic protein binds to the cytosolic sides of myelin cell membranes and causes a tight adhesion between opposing cell membranes.	1.97	1	0
diethyl maleate diethyl maleate : A maleate ester resulting from the formal condensation of both carboxy groups of maleic acid with ethanol. A colourless liquid at room temperature (m.p. -10degreeC) with boiling point 220degreeC at 1 atm., it is commonly used as a dienophile for Diels-Alder-type cycloaddition reactions in organic synthesis.	1.98	1	0	ethyl ester; maleate ester	glutathione depleting agent
sphingosine sphing-4-enine : A sphingenine in which the C=C double bond is located at the 4-position.. sphingenine : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having (2S,3R)-configuration.. sphingoid : Sphinganine, its homologs and stereoisomers, and the hydroxy and unsaturated derivatives of these compounds.. 2-aminooctadec-4-ene-1,3-diol : A 2-aminooctadecene-1,3-diol having its double bond at position 4.	2.17	1	0	sphing-4-enine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
quercetin [no description available]	4.22	14	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; Aurora kinase inhibitor; chelator; EC 1.10.99.2 [ribosyldihydronicotinamide dehydrogenase (quinone)] inhibitor; geroprotector; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; protein kinase inhibitor; radical scavenger
bilirubin [no description available]	2.42	2	0	biladienes; dicarboxylic acid	antioxidant; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
biochanin a [no description available]	2.11	1	0	4'-methoxyisoflavones; 7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.5.1.99 (fatty acid amide hydrolase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
vitexin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite; platelet aggregation inhibitor
apigenin Chamomile: Common name for several daisy-like plants (MATRICARIA; TRIPLEUROSPERMUM; ANTHEMIS; CHAMAEMELUM) native to Europe and Western Asia, now naturalized in the United States and Australia.	2.11	1	0	trihydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
luteolin [no description available]	2.11	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; tetrahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis inhibitor; anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.85 (fatty acid synthase) inhibitor; immunomodulator; nephroprotective agent; plant metabolite; radical scavenger; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
linoleic acid Linoleic Acid: A doubly unsaturated fatty acid, occurring widely in plant glycosides. It is an essential fatty acid in mammalian nutrition and is used in the biosynthesis of prostaglandins and cell membranes. (From Stedman, 26th ed). linoleic acid : An octadecadienoic acid in which the two double bonds are at positions 9 and 12 and have Z (cis) stereochemistry.	2.49	2	0	octadecadienoic acid; omega-6 fatty acid	algal metabolite; Daphnia galeata metabolite; plant metabolite
psychosine [no description available]	3.08	1	0	glycosylsphingoid	human metabolite
scopoletin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	hydroxycoumarin	plant growth regulator; plant metabolite
beta carotene beta Carotene: A carotenoid that is a precursor of VITAMIN A. Beta carotene is administered to reduce the severity of photosensitivity reactions in patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria (PORPHYRIA, ERYTHROPOIETIC).. provitamin A : A provitamin that can be converted into vitamin A by enzymes from animal tissues.	6.69	3	1	carotenoid beta-end derivative; cyclic carotene	antioxidant; biological pigment; cofactor; ferroptosis inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; provitamin A
furylfuramide Furylfuramide: Used formerly as antimicrobial food additive. It causes mutations in many cell cultures and may be carcinogenic.. (Z)-2-(2-furyl)-3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)acrylamide : A member of the class of acrylamides that is acrylamide which is substituted at positions 2 and 3 by 2-furyl and 5-nitro-2-furyl groups, respectively (the trans isomer). Formerly used as a food preservative, it was withdrawn from the market following suspicions of carcenogenicity.	2.9	2	0	acrylamides; C-nitro compound; nitrofuran antibiotic; primary carboxamide
rutin Hydroxyethylrutoside: Monohydroxyethyl derivative of rutin. Peripheral circulation stimulant used in treatment of venous disorders.	9.11	4	0	disaccharide derivative; quercetin O-glucoside; rutinoside; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
harmine Harmine: Alkaloid isolated from seeds of PEGANUM HARMALA; ZYGOPHYLLACEAE. It is identical to banisterine, or telepathine, from Banisteria caapi and is one of the active ingredients of hallucinogenic drinks made in the western Amazon region from related plants. It has no therapeutic use, but (as banisterine) was hailed as a cure for postencephalitic PARKINSON DISEASE in the 1920's.. harmine : A harmala alkaloid in which the harman skeleton is methoxy-substituted at C-7.	2.61	2	0	harmala alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; metabolite
genistein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; geroprotector; human urinary metabolite; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
kava Kava: Dried rhizome and roots of Piper methysticum, a shrub native to Oceania and known for its anti-anxiety and sedative properties. Heavy usage results in some adverse effects. It contains ALKALOIDS; LACTONES; kawain, methysticin, mucilage, STARCH, and yangonin. Kava is also the name of the pungent beverage prepared from the plant's roots.	2.13	1	0
harman harman: a beta-carboline; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. harman : An indole alkaloid fundamental parent with a structure of 9H-beta-carboline carrying a methyl substituent at C-1. It has been isolated from the bark of Sickingia rubra, Symplocus racemosa, Passiflora incarnata, Peganum harmala, Banisteriopsis caapi and Tribulus terrestris, as well as from tobacco smoke. It is a specific, reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase A.	2.25	1	0	harmala alkaloid; indole alkaloid fundamental parent; indole alkaloid	anti-HIV agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
oleuropein oleuropein: iridoid isolated from leaves and fruit of Olea and Ligustrum (Oleaceae). oleuropein : A secoiridoid glycoside that is the methyl ester of 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-carboxylic acid which is substituted at positions 2, 3, and 4 by hydroxy, ethylidene, and carboxymethyl groups, respectively and in which the anomeric hydroxy group at position 2 has been converted into its beta-D-glucoside and the carboxylic acid moiety of the carboxymethyl substituent has been converted to the corresponding 3,4-dihydroxyphenethyl ester (the 2S,3E,4S stereoisomer). The most important phenolic compound present in olive cultivars.	2.21	1	0	beta-D-glucoside; catechols; diester; methyl ester; pyrans; secoiridoid glycoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; apoptosis inducer; NF-kappaB inhibitor; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; radical scavenger
garcinol garcinol: from stem bark of Garcinia huillensis; has chemotherapeutic activity against gram-positive & gram-negative cocci, mycobacteria & fungi	7.25	1	0
zearalenone Zearalenone: (S-(E))-3,4,5,6,8,10-Hexahydro-14,16-dihydroxy-3-methyl-1H-2-benzoxacyclotetradecin-1,7(8H)-dione. One of a group of compounds known under the general designation of resorcylic acid lactones. Cis, trans, dextro and levo forms have been isolated from the fungus Gibberella zeae (formerly Fusarium graminearum). They have estrogenic activity, cause toxicity in livestock as feed contaminant, and have been used as anabolic or estrogen substitutes.. zearalenone : A macrolide comprising a fourteen-membered lactone fused to 1,3-dihydroxybenzene; a potent estrogenic metabolite produced by some Giberella species.	2.25	1	0	macrolide; resorcinols	fungal metabolite; mycoestrogen
chrysin chrysin : A dihydroxyflavone in which the two hydroxy groups are located at positions 5 and 7.	4.16	4	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; dihydroxyflavone	anti-inflammatory agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.18 (myosin-light-chain kinase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; plant metabolite
diosmin [no description available]	7.21	1	0	dihydroxyflavanone; disaccharide derivative; glycosyloxyflavone; monomethoxyflavone; rutinoside	anti-inflammatory agent; antioxidant
mangostin mangostin: xanthone from rind of Garcinia mangostana Linn. fruit. alpha-mangostin : A member of the class of xanthones that is 9H-xanthene substituted by hydroxy group at positions 1, 3 and 6, a methoxy group at position 7, an oxo group at position 9 and prenyl groups at positions 2 and 8. Isolated from the stems of Cratoxylum cochinchinense, it exhibits antioxidant, antimicrobial and antitumour activities.	7.6	1	0	aromatic ether; phenols; xanthones	antimicrobial agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; plant metabolite
morin morin: a light yellowish pigment found in the wood of old fustic (Chlorophora tinctoria). morin : A pentahydroxyflavone that is 7-hydroxyflavonol bearing three additional hydroxy substituents at positions 2' 4' and 5.	3.33	5	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; pentahydroxyflavone	angiogenesis modulating agent; anti-inflammatory agent; antibacterial agent; antihypertensive agent; antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; hepatoprotective agent; metabolite; neuroprotective agent
myricetin [no description available]	7.54	2	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; hexahydroxyflavone	antineoplastic agent; antioxidant; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; food component; geroprotector; hypoglycemic agent; plant metabolite
myricitrin myricitrin: isolated from root bark of Myrica cerifera L.; structure. myricitrin : A glycosyloxyflavone that consists of myricetin attached to a alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl residue at position 3 via a glycosidic linkage. Isolated from Myrica cerifera, it exhibits anti-allergic activity.	7.08	1	0	alpha-L-rhamnoside; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	anti-allergic agent; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; plant metabolite
orientin orientin: structure given in first source; RN given refers to the (D-glucopyranosyl)-isomer. orientin : A C-glycosyl compound that is luteolin substituted by a beta-D-glucopyranosyl moiety at position 8.	2.11	1	0	3'-hydroxyflavonoid; C-glycosyl compound; tetrahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; metabolite
quercetagetin quercetagetin: structure given in first source; inhibits aldose reductase in rat lens. quercetagetin : A hexahydroxyflavone that is flavone substituted by hydroxy groups at positions 3, 5, 6, 7, 3' and 4' respectively.	2.11	1	0	flavonols; hexahydroxyflavone	antioxidant; antiviral agent; plant metabolite
daidzein [no description available]	2.11	1	0	7-hydroxyisoflavones	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor; phytoestrogen; plant metabolite
rosmarinic acid rosmarinic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; promote OT project. (R)-rosmarinic acid : A stereoisomer of rosmarinic acid having (R)-configuration.. rosmarinic acid : The 1-carboxy-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)ethyl ester of trans-caffeic acid.	7.31	1	0	rosmarinic acid	geroprotector; plant metabolite
ellagic acid [no description available]	2.94	3	0	catechols; cyclic ketone; lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; polyphenol	antioxidant; EC 1.14.18.1 (tyrosinase) inhibitor; EC 2.3.1.5 (arylamine N-acetyltransferase) inhibitor; EC 2.4.1.1 (glycogen phosphorylase) inhibitor; EC 2.5.1.18 (glutathione transferase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.127 (inositol-trisphosphate 3-kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.151 (inositol-polyphosphate multikinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.4.6 (nucleoside-diphosphate kinase) inhibitor; EC 2.7.7.7 (DNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.2 (DNA topoisomerase) inhibitor; EC 5.99.1.3 [DNA topoisomerase (ATP-hydrolysing)] inhibitor; food additive; fungal metabolite; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoglycerol [no description available]	2.41	2	0	phosphatidylglycerol
2-octenal 2-octenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. (E)-oct-2-enal : The (E)-isomer of oct-2-enal.. oct-2-enal : An enal consisting of oct-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position.	2.51	2	0	oct-2-enal	antifungal agent; volatile oil component
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: cytotoxic product from peroxidation of liver microsomal lipids; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 4-hydroxynon-2-enal : An enal consisting of non-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position and a hydroxy group at the 4-position.. 4-hydroxynonenal : A monounsaturated fatty aldehyde that is nonanal that has undergone dehydrogenation to introduce a double bond at any position in the aliphatic chain and in which a hydrogen at position 4 has been replaced by a hydroxy group.	3.83	3	0	4-hydroxynon-2-enal; 4-hydroxynonenal
2,4-decadienal (2E,4E)-deca-2,4-dienal : A polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde that is decanal which has undergone formal dehydrogenation to introduce trans- double bonds at the 2-3 and 4-5 positions. A product of lipid peroxidation in cell membranes and a component of cooking oil fumes.	2.46	2	0	polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde	apoptosis inducer; nematicide
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylglycero-3-phosphoserine {1-O-hexadecanoyl-2-O-[(Z)-octadec-9-enoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phospho}serine : A 3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine compound with a palmitoyl group at the 1-position and an oleoyl group at the 2-position.	2.08	1	0	3-sn-phosphatidyl-L-serine
sphingosine 1-phosphate sphingosine 1-phosphate: RN given refers to (R-(R,S-(E)))-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 8/89. sphingosine 1-phosphate : A phosphosphingolipid that consists of sphingosine having a phospho group attached at position 1	2.17	1	0	sphingoid 1-phosphate	mouse metabolite; signalling molecule; sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor agonist; T-cell proliferation inhibitor; vasodilator agent
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.45	2	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
gamma-cyclodextrin gamma-cyclodextrin : A cycloamylose composed of eight alpha-(1->4) linked D-glucopyranose units.	2.1	1	0	cyclodextrin
brefeldin a [no description available]	2	1	0	macrolide antibiotic	Penicillium metabolite
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
su 5402 SU 5402: structure given in first source. SU5402 : An oxindole that is 3-methyleneoxindole in which one of the hydrogens of the methylene group is substituted by a 3-(2-carboxyethyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl group. It is an ATP-competitive inhibitor of the tyrosine kinase activity of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1.	3.25	1	0
15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin j2 15-deoxy-delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2: 15-deoxy-PGJ2 is also available; check for double bonds (indicated by delta) at 12 and 14 positions. 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 : A prostaglandin J derivative comprising prostaglandin J2 lacking the 15-hydroxy group and having C=C double bonds at the 12- and 14-positions.	2.15	1	0	prostaglandins J	electrophilic reagent; insulin-sensitizing drug; metabolite
lysophosphatidylcholines lysophosphatidylcholine : An acylglycerophosphocholine resulting from partial hydrolysis of a phosphatidylcholine, which removes one of the fatty acyl groups. The structure is depicted in the image where R1 = acyl, R2 = H or where R1 = H, R2 = acyl.	2.38	2	0	1-O-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
cytochalasin b Cytochalasin B: A cytotoxic member of the CYTOCHALASINS.. cytochalasin B : An organic heterotricyclic compound, that is a mycotoxin which is cell permeable an an inhibitor of cytoplasmic division by blocking the formation of contractile microfilaments.	2.68	3	0	cytochalasin; lactam; lactone; organic heterotricyclic compound	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; mycotoxin; platelet aggregation inhibitor
1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z,Z)-isomer. dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups are both oleoyl.	3.11	5	0	phosphatidylcholine(1+)
andrographolide [no description available]	2.06	1	0	carbobicyclic compound; gamma-lactone; labdane diterpenoid; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	anti-HIV agent; anti-inflammatory drug; antineoplastic agent; metabolite
malealdehyde malealdehyde: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; fumaraldehyde refers to (E)-isomer	2.41	1	0	but-2-enedial
casein kinase ii Casein Kinase II: A ubiquitous casein kinase that is comprised of two distinct catalytic subunits and dimeric regulatory subunit. Casein kinase II has been shown to phosphorylate a large number of substrates, many of which are proteins involved in the regulation of gene expression.	2.05	1	0
lead Lead: A soft, grayish metal with poisonous salts; atomic number 82, atomic weight 207.2, symbol Pb.	8.6	8	0	carbon group element atom; elemental lead; metal atom	neurotoxin
tin [no description available]	2.03	1	0	carbon group element atom; elemental tin; metal atom	micronutrient
bay 11-7082 (E)-3-tosylacrylonitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the hydrogen located beta,trans to the cyano group is replaced by a tosyl group. It is an inhibitor of cytokine-induced IkappaB-alpha phosphorylation in cells.	2.21	1	0	nitrile; sulfone	apoptosis inducer; EC 2.7.11.10 (IkappaB kinase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.3.48 (protein-tyrosine-phosphatase) inhibitor; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; platelet aggregation inhibitor
diamide Diamide: A sulfhydryl reagent which oxidizes sulfhydryl groups to the disulfide form. It is a radiation-sensitizing agent of anoxic bacterial and mammalian cells.	7.6	1	0	1,1'-azobis(N,N-dimethylformamide)
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	9.66	28	0	alkali metal atom
rubidium Rubidium: An element that is an alkali metal. It has an atomic symbol Rb, atomic number 37, and atomic weight 85.47. It is used as a chemical reagent and in the manufacture of photoelectric cells.	1.99	1	0	alkali metal atom
aluminum Aluminum: A metallic element that has the atomic number 13, atomic symbol Al, and atomic weight 26.98.	4.6	7	0	boron group element atom; elemental aluminium; metal atom
strontium Strontium: An element of the alkaline earth family of metals. It has the atomic symbol Sr, atomic number 38, and atomic weight 87.62.	7.21	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom
thallium Thallium: A heavy, bluish white metal, atomic number 81, atomic weight [204.382; 204.385], symbol Tl.. thallium : A metallic element first identified and named from the brilliant green line in its flame spectrum (from Greek thetaalphalambdalambdaomicronsigma, a green shoot).	3.49	2	0	boron group element atom
gallium Gallium: A rare, metallic element designated by the symbol, Ga, atomic number 31, and atomic weight 69.72.. gallium atom : A metallic element predicted as eka-aluminium by Mendeleev in 1870 and discovered by Paul-Emile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. Named in honour of France (Latin Gallia) and perhaps also from the Latin gallus cock, a translation of Lecoq.	2	1	0	boron group element atom
sulfur Sulfur: An element that is a member of the chalcogen family. It has an atomic symbol S, atomic number 16, and atomic weight [32.059; 32.076]. It is found in the amino acids cysteine and methionine.	5.69	10	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	macronutrient
2-pentenal 2-pentenal: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. 2-pentenal : An enal consisting of pent-2-ene having an oxo group at the 1-position. (E)-2-pentenal : A 2-pentenal in which the double bond has (E)-configuration. It is found in cigarette smoke, virgin olive oil, and milk.	2.15	1	0	2-pentenal	plant metabolite
diphenylhexatriene Diphenylhexatriene: A fluorescent compound that emits light only in specific configurations in certain lipid media. It is used as a tool in the study of membrane lipids.	2.69	3	0	alkatriene	fluorochrome
puerarin [no description available]	2.07	1	0	C-glycosyl compound; isoflavonoid
dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine 1,2-di-O-myristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine where the two phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).. dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine : A phosphatidylcholine where the phosphatidyl acyl groups are specified as tetradecanoyl (myristoyl).	3.26	6	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine; phosphatidylcholine 28:0; tetradecanoate ester	antigen; mouse metabolite
fumarates Fumarates: Compounds based on fumaric acid.. fumarate(2-) : A C4-dicarboxylate that is the E-isomer of but-2-enedioate(2-)	2.45	2	0	butenedioate; C4-dicarboxylate	human metabolite; metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
beryllium Beryllium: An element with the atomic symbol Be, atomic number 4, and atomic weight 9.01218. Short exposure to this element can lead to a type of poisoning known as BERYLLIOSIS.. beryllium atom : Alkaline earth metal atom with atomic number 4.	2.39	2	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental beryllium; metal allergen	adjuvant; carcinogenic agent; epitope
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	6.62	64	0	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
silicon Silicon: A trace element that constitutes about 27.6% of the earth's crust in the form of SILICON DIOXIDE. It does not occur free in nature. Silicon has the atomic symbol Si, atomic number 14, and atomic weight [28.084; 28.086].	2.76	3	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
phosphorus Phosphorus: A non-metal element that has the atomic symbol P, atomic number 15, and atomic weight 31. It is an essential element that takes part in a broad variety of biochemical reactions.	4.01	4	0	monoatomic phosphorus; nonmetal atom; pnictogen	macronutrient
boron Boron: A trace element with the atomic symbol B, atomic number 5, and atomic weight [10.806; 10.821]. Boron-10, an isotope of boron, is used as a neutron absorber in BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY.	3.06	4	0	boron group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid 2,2'-azino-di-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid: chromogen in glucose oxidase-peroxidase method for determining serum glucose; used in free radical scavenging assays; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
poricoic acid a poricoic acid A: from Poria cocos (Polyporaceae); structure in first source. poricoic acid A : A tricyclic triterpenoid isolated from Poria cocos.	2.31	1	0	dicarboxylic acid; secondary alcohol; tricyclic triterpenoid	fungal metabolite
triolein Triolein: (Z)-9-Octadecenoic acid 1,2,3-propanetriyl ester.. triolein : A triglyceride formed by esterification of the three hydroxy groups of glycerol with oleic acid. Triolein is one of the two components of Lorenzo's oil.	2.42	2	0	triglyceride	Caenorhabditis elegans metabolite; plant metabolite
arglabin arglabin: a sesquiterpene lactone from the Chinese herb Artemisia myriantha; structure given in first source. arglabin : An organic heterotetracyclic compound and guaianolide sesquiterpene lactone that is acrylic acid which is substituted at position 2 by a 4-hydroxy-3,8-dimethyl-1,3a,4,5,6,7-hexahydroazulen-5-yl group in which the double bond in the 7-membered ring has been epoxidised and in which the hydroxy group and the carboxy group have undergone formal condensation to give the corresponding gamma-lactone. It is found in Artemisia glabella. Arglabin-DMA HCl, the hydrochloride salt of the adduct resulting from the conjugate addition of dimethylamine to the ene-lactone moiety, has been successfully used in Khazakhstan for the treatment of breast, colon, ovarian and lung cancers.	2.15	1	0	epoxide; gamma-lactone; organic heterotetracyclic compound; sesquiterpene lactone	antineoplastic agent; metabolite
resiniferatoxin resiniferatoxin: phorbol related diterpene ester; potent agonist of vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. resiniferatoxin : A heteropentacyclic compound found in Euphorbia poissonii with molecular formula C37H40O9. It is an agonist of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TrpV1).	3.35	1	0	carboxylic ester; diterpenoid; enone; monomethoxybenzene; organic heteropentacyclic compound; ortho ester; phenols; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone	analgesic; neurotoxin; plant metabolite; TRPV1 agonist
1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine 1,2-dielaidoylphosphatidylethanolamine: RN given refers to (E,E)-isomer; member of a class of cationic lipid formulations called cytofectins	2	1	0
su 4984 [no description available]	3.25	1	0
ammonium sulfate Ammonium Sulfate: Sulfuric acid diammonium salt. It is used in CHEMICAL FRACTIONATION of proteins.. ammonium sulfate : An inorganic sulfate salt obtained by reaction of sulfuric acid with two equivalents of ammonia. A high-melting (decomposes above 280degreeC) white solid which is very soluble in water (70.6 g/100 g water at 0degreeC; 103.8 g/100 g water at 100degreeC), it is widely used as a fertilizer for alkaline soils.	3.22	5	0	ammonium salt; inorganic sulfate salt	fertilizer
coomassie brilliant blue [no description available]	2.25	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.03	1	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
germanium Germanium: A rare metal element with a blue-gray appearance and atomic symbol Ge, atomic number 32, and atomic weight 72.63.	2.05	1	0	carbon group element atom; metalloid atom; nonmetal atom
selenium Selenium: An element with the atomic symbol Se, atomic number 34, and atomic weight 78.97. It is an essential micronutrient for mammals and other animals but is toxic in large amounts. Selenium protects intracellular structures against oxidative damage. It is an essential component of GLUTATHIONE PEROXIDASE.	7.55	2	0	chalcogen; nonmetal atom	micronutrient
oxalates Oxalates: Derivatives of OXALIC ACID. Included under this heading are a broad variety of acid forms, salts, esters, and amides that are derived from the ethanedioic acid structure.	2.07	1	0
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.98	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer	3.27	6	0
latrunculin b latrunculin B: 14-membered macrolide attached to 2-thiazolidinone moiety; from Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica; see also latrunculin A; structure given in first source. latrunculin B : A macrolide consisting of a 14-membered bicyclic lactone attached to the rare 2-thiazolidinone moiety. It is obtained from the Red Sea sponge Latrunculia magnifica.	2.03	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; macrolide; oxabicycloalkane; thiazolidinone	actin polymerisation inhibitor; metabolite; toxin
dehydroergosterol dehydroergosterol : A phytosterol consiting of ergostane having double bonds at the 5,6-, 7,8- 9,11- and 22,23-positions as well as a 3beta-hydroxy group.	2.38	2	0	3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; 3beta-sterol; ergostanoid; phytosterols	biomarker; metabolite
1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane 1,2-dioleoyloxy-3-(trimethylammonium)propane: fluorescent probe for phospholipids; RN & structure given in first source	2.03	1	0
thiazole orange thiazole orange: structure given in first source. thiazole orange : A cyanine dye comprising the thiazole orange cation [1-methyl-4-[(3-methyl-1,3-benzothiazol-2(3H)-ylidene)methyl]quinolinium] with the p-tosylate counterion.	1.98	1	0	cyanine dye	fluorochrome
9-oxo-15-hydroxy-delta 7,10,13-prostatrienoic acid methyl ester [no description available]	2.15	1	0
mycestericin d mycestericin D: produced by Mycelia sterilia; structure given in first source; mycestericins D and E are diastereo-isomers	2	1	0
pentaammineruthenium(3+) [no description available]	1.98	1	0
beta-escin [no description available]	2.61	2	0
ci 940 leptomycin : A complex, very long chain, polyunsaturated fatty acid whose core structure comprises 8-oxononadeca-2,10,12,16,18-pentaenoic acid having methyl substituents at positions 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 15 and a 3,6-dihydropyran-6-one-2-yl group at position 19.	2.15	1	0	hydroxy polyunsaturated fatty acid; leptomycin	antifungal agent; bacterial metabolite
staurosporine staurosporinium : Conjugate acid of staurosporine.	2.46	2	0	ammonium ion derivative
hypericum Hypericum: Genus of perennial plants in the family CLUSIACEAE (sometimes classified as Hypericaceae). Herbal and homeopathic preparations are used for depression, neuralgias, and a variety of other conditions. Hypericum contains flavonoids; GLYCOSIDES; mucilage, TANNINS; volatile oils (OILS, ESSENTIAL), hypericin and hyperforin.. 6-formamidopenicillanic acid : A penicillanic acid having a (6R)-formamido substituent.	2.1	1	0	penicillanic acids
phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine: An endogenous substance found mainly in skeletal muscle of vertebrates. It has been tried in the treatment of cardiac disorders and has been added to cardioplegic solutions. (Reynolds JEF(Ed): Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia (electronic version). Micromedex, Inc, Englewood, CO, 1996). phosphagen : Any of a group of guanidine or amidine phosphates that function as storage depots for high-energy phosphate in muscle with the purpose of regenerating ATP from ADP during muscular contraction.. N-phosphocreatine : A phosphoamino acid consisting of creatine having a phospho group attached at the primary nitrogen of the guanidino group.	2.37	2	0	phosphagen; phosphoamino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
chlorhexidine Chlorhexidine: A disinfectant and topical anti-infective agent used also as mouthwash to prevent oral plaque.. chlorhexidine : A bisbiguanide compound with a structure consisting of two (p-chlorophenyl)guanide units linked by a hexamethylene bridge.	2.15	1	0	biguanides; monochlorobenzenes	antibacterial agent; antiinfective agent
n,o-bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide [no description available]	2.02	1	0
fr 148083 5Z-7-oxozeaenol : A macrolide that is the 7-oxo derivative of zeaenol (the 5Z stereoisomer). Isolated from Fungi, it exhibits cytotoxic, antibacterial and inhibitory activity against NF-kappaB.	2.15	1	0	aromatic ether; macrolide; phenols; secondary alcohol; secondary alpha-hydroxy ketone	antibacterial agent; antineoplastic agent; metabolite; NF-kappaB inhibitor
mocetinostat mocetinostat: undergoing phase II clinical trials for treatment of cancer. mocetinostat : A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-({[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]amino}methyl)benzoic acid with one of the amino groups of benzene-1,2-diamine. It is an orally active and isotype-selective HDAC inhibitor which exhibits antitumour activity (IC50 = 0.15, 0.29, 1.66 and 0.59 muM for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC11).	2.97	4	0	aminopyrimidine; benzamides; pyridines; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline	antineoplastic agent; apoptosis inducer; autophagy inducer; cardioprotective agent; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; hepatotoxic agent
proanthocyanidin a1 procyanidin A1: from aqueous extract of peanut skin; structure in first source	2.31	1	0	flavonoid oligomer
u 104067 U 104067: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
hki 272 [no description available]	2.11	1	0	nitrile; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
tofacitinib tofacitinib : A pyrrolopyrimidine that is pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine substituted at position 4 by an N-methyl,N-(1-cyanoacetyl-4-methylpiperidin-3-yl)amino moiety. Used as its citrate salt to treat moderately to severely active rheumatoid arthritis.	2.6	1	0	N-acylpiperidine; nitrile; pyrrolopyrimidine; tertiary amino compound	antirheumatic drug; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
tetramethylrhodamine tetramethylrhodamine: RN given refers to perchlorate; structure	2.11	1	0	xanthene dye
g(m1) ganglioside G(M1) Ganglioside: A specific monosialoganglioside that accumulates abnormally within the nervous system due to a deficiency of GM1-b-galactosidase, resulting in GM1 gangliosidosis.. ganglioside GM1 : A sialotetraosylceramide consisting of a branched pentasaccharide made up from one sialyl residue, two galactose residues, one N-acetylgalactosamine residue and a glucose residue at the reducing end attached to N-stearoylsphingosine via a beta-linkage.	2.73	3	0	alpha-N-acetylneuraminosyl-(2->3)-[beta-D-galactosyl-(1->3)-N-acetyl-beta-D-galactosaminyl-(1->4)]-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1')-N-acylsphingosine; sialotetraosylceramide
aluminum oxide Aluminum Oxide: An oxide of aluminum, occurring in nature as various minerals such as bauxite, corundum, etc. It is used as an adsorbent, desiccating agent, and catalyst, and in the manufacture of dental cements and refractories.	2.13	1	0
dimethylarginine dimethylarginine: structure in first source. dimethylarginine : An arginine derivative that is arginine substituted by two methyl groups. A "closed" class.	2.08	1	0
mna 279 HMR 279: a leflunomide analog; structure in first source	2.91	4	0
alpha-synuclein alpha-Synuclein: A synuclein that is a major component of LEWY BODIES and plays a role in SYNUCLEINOPATHIES, neurodegeneration and neuroprotection.	2.76	3	0
3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid [no description available]	2.03	1	0
oxadiazoles Oxadiazoles: Compounds containing five-membered heteroaromatic rings containing two carbons, two nitrogens, and one oxygen atom which exist in various regioisomeric forms.	1.98	1	0
pyrrocidine a pyrrocidine A: an antifungal antibiotic isolated from Acremonium zeae; structure in first souce	2.15	1	0
acebutolol alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-alpha-D-mannose : An alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose in which the anomeric hydroxy group has alpha configuration.	2.21	1	0	alpha-D-glucosyl-(1->4)-D-mannopyranose
1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium: structure in first source	2.11	1	0
vx 765 belnacasan: a NSAID	2.04	1	0	dipeptide
1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
sepharose agarose : A linear polysaccharide made up from alternating D-galactose and 3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranose residues joined by alpha-(1->3)- and beta-(1->4)-linkages.	3.87	12	0
pituitrin Pituitrin: A substance or extract from the neurohypophysis (PITUITARY GLAND, POSTERIOR).	2	1	0
tryptophan octyl ester [no description available]	2.03	1	0
acid phosphatase Acid Phosphatase: An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of an orthophosphoric monoester and water to an alcohol and orthophosphate. EC 3.1.3.2.	7.71	3	0
erythrosine Erythrosine: A tetraiodofluorescein used as a red coloring in some foods (cherries, fish), as a disclosure of DENTAL PLAQUE, and as a stain of some cell types. It has structural similarity to THYROXINE.. erythrosin B : An organic sodium salt that is the disodium salt of 2-(2,4,5,7-tetraiodo-6-oxido-3-oxo-8a,10a-dihydroxanthen-9-yl)benzoic acid.	1.96	1	0
furosine [no description available]	2.77	3	0	alpha-amino acid
cyanidin-3-o-beta-glucopyranoside cyanidin-3-O-beta-glucopyranoside: a natural compound distributed in several fruits & vegetables, such as strawberry, rhubarb, cherry, red cabbage, red onion, cranberries, etc.	2.52	2	0
kirenol kirenol: an antirheumatic agent isolated from Siegebeckia; structure in first source	2.07	1	0	diterpenoid
nad NAD(1-) : An anionic form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide arising from deprotonation of the two OH groups of the diphosphate moiety.	4.34	6	0	organophosphate oxoanion	cofactor; human metabolite; hydrogen acceptor; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
cytochrome c-t Cytochromes c: Cytochromes of the c type that are found in eukaryotic MITOCHONDRIA. They serve as redox intermediates that accept electrons from MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX III and transfer them to MITOCHONDRIAL ELECTRON TRANSPORT COMPLEX IV.	3.33	6	0
melitten Melitten: Basic polypeptide from the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It contains 26 amino acids, has cytolytic properties, causes contracture of muscle, releases histamine, and disrupts surface tension, probably due to lysis of cell and mitochondrial membranes.	2.67	3	0
enfuvirtide Enfuvirtide: A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide that corresponds to the heptad repeat sequence of HIV-1 gp41. It blocks HIV cell fusion and viral entry and is used with other anti-retrovirals for combination therapy of HIV INFECTIONS and AIDS.. enfuvirtide : A synthetic 36-amino acid peptide consisting of N-acetyltyrosyl, threonyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, histidyl, seryl, leucyl, isoleucyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, seryl, glutaminyl, asparaginyl, glutaminyl, glutaminyl, alpha-glutamyl, lysyl, asparaginyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, leucyl, alpha-glutamyl, leucyl, alpha-aspartyl, lysyl, tryptophyl, alanyl, seryl, leucyl, tryptophyl, asparaginyl, tryptophyl, and phenylalaninamide residues joined in sequence. An HIV fusion inhibitor, it was the first of a novel class of antiretroviral drugs used in combination therapy for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. It interferes with entry of HIV into cells by binding to the gp41 sub-unit of the viral envelope glycoprotein, so inhibiting fusion of viral and cellular membranes.	2.04	1	0
peptide t1249 peptide T1249: peptide derived from HR2 segment; gp41, intertwined heptad-repeat (HR2) regions form hydrophobic grooves that fold over and bind to corresponding HR1 coiled coils, collapsing gp41 into a stable six-helix or trimer of hairpins configuration; HIV fusion inhibitor	2.04	1	0
gramicidin a Gramicidin: A group of peptide antibiotics from BACILLUS brevis. Gramicidin C or S is a cyclic, ten-amino acid polypeptide and gramicidins A, B, D are linear. Gramicidin is one of the two principal components of TYROTHRICIN.	2.43	2	0
glucagon Glucagon: A 29-amino acid pancreatic peptide derived from proglucagon which is also the precursor of intestinal GLUCAGON-LIKE PEPTIDES. Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (From Gilman et al., Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 9th ed, p1511). glucagon : A 29-amino acid peptide hormone consisting of His, Ser, Gln, Gly, Thr, Phe, Thr, Ser, Asp, Tyr, Ser, Lys, Tyr, Leu, Asp, Ser, Arg, Arg, Ala, Gln, Asp, Phe, Val, Gln, Trp, Leu, Met, Asn and Thr residues joined in sequence.	1.96	1	0	peptide hormone
beta-endorphin beta-Endorphin: A 31-amino acid peptide that is the C-terminal fragment of BETA-LIPOTROPIN. It acts on OPIOID RECEPTORS and is an analgesic. Its first four amino acids at the N-terminal are identical to the tetrapeptide sequence of METHIONINE ENKEPHALIN and LEUCINE ENKEPHALIN.. beta-endorphin : A polypeptide consisting of 31 amino acid residues in the sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met-Thr-Ser-Glu-Lys-Ser-Gln-Thr-Pro-Leu-Val-Thr-Leu-Phe-Lys-Asn-Ala-Ile-Ile-Lys-Asn-Ala-Tyr-Lys-Lys-Gly-Glu. It is an endogenous opioid peptide neurotransmitter found in the neurons of both the central and peripheral nervous system and results from processing of the precursor protein proopiomelanocortin (POMC).	2.02	1	0
thymosin beta(4) thymosin beta(4): biological active peptide present in thymosin fractions 5 & 5A; participates in the regulation, differentiation & function of thymus-derived lymphocytes & may also act directly or indirectly on macrophages & other cells involved in cell-mediated immunity	2.03	1	0
neuropeptide y Neuropeptide Y: A 36-amino acid peptide present in many organs and in many sympathetic noradrenergic neurons. It has vasoconstrictor and natriuretic activity and regulates local blood flow, glandular secretion, and smooth muscle activity. The peptide also stimulates feeding and drinking behavior and influences secretion of pituitary hormones.	2.39	2	0
conotoxin gv conotoxin GV: NMDA antagonist from Conus geographus	2.01	1	0
tannins Tannins: Polyphenolic compounds with molecular weights of around 500-3000 daltons and containing enough hydroxyl groups (1-2 per 100 MW) for effective cross linking of other compounds (ASTRINGENTS). The two main types are HYDROLYZABLE TANNINS and CONDENSED TANNINS. Historically, the term has applied to many compounds and plant extracts able to render skin COLLAGEN impervious to degradation. The word tannin derives from the Celtic word for OAK TREE which was used for leather processing.	2.41	1	0
oligonucleotides [no description available]	2.93	4	0
glucagon-like peptide 1 Glucagon-Like Peptide 1: A peptide of 36 or 37 amino acids that is derived from PROGLUCAGON and mainly produced by the INTESTINAL L CELLS. GLP-1(1-37 or 1-36) is further N-terminally truncated resulting in GLP-1(7-37) or GLP-1-(7-36) which can be amidated. These GLP-1 peptides are known to enhance glucose-dependent INSULIN release, suppress GLUCAGON release and gastric emptying, lower BLOOD GLUCOSE, and reduce food intake.	2.41	1	0
cellulose DEAE-Cellulose: Cellulose derivative used in chromatography, as ion-exchange material, and for various industrial applications.	4.35	18	0	glycoside
sodium borate borax: see also sodium borate. borax : A hydrate that is the decahydrate form of disodium tetraborate.	2.66	2	0
phosphatidylcholines Phosphatidylcholines: Derivatives of PHOSPHATIDIC ACIDS in which the phosphoric acid is bound in ester linkage to a CHOLINE moiety.	4.71	29	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
chlorophyll a Chlorophyll: Porphyrin derivatives containing magnesium that act to convert light energy in photosynthetic organisms.. chlorophyll : A family of magnesium porphyrins, defined by the presence of a fifth ring beyond the four pyrrole-like rings. The rings can have various side chains which usually include a long phytol chain.	2.46	2	0	chlorophyll; methyl ester	cofactor
phenylmercuric acetate Phenylmercuric Acetate: A phenyl mercury compound used mainly as a fungicide. Has also been used as a herbicide, slimicide, and bacteriocide.	1.99	1	0	arylmercury compound; benzenes
4-aminophenylmercuriacetate 4-aminophenylmercuriacetate: covalently linked to agarose for purification of FAD & COA with chromatography	1.99	1	0
thimerosal Thimerosal: An ethylmercury-sulfidobenzoate that has been used as a preservative in VACCINES; ANTIVENINS; and OINTMENTS. It was formerly used as a topical antiseptic. It degrades to ethylmercury and thiosalicylate.. thimerosal : An alkylmercury compound (approximately 49% mercury by weight) used as an antiseptic and antifungal agent.	2.03	1	0	alkylmercury compound	antifungal drug; antiseptic drug; disinfectant; drug allergen
adenosine kinase Adenosine Kinase: An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of ADP plus AMP from adenosine plus ATP. It can serve as a salvage mechanism for returning adenosine to nucleic acids. EC 2.7.1.20.	2	1	0
hoe 33342 bisbenzimide ethoxide trihydrochloride: benzimidazole fluorescent dye	2.7	3	0
sphingosine kinase [no description available]	7.41	1	0
ubiquinone Ubiquinone: A lipid-soluble benzoquinone which is involved in ELECTRON TRANSPORT in mitochondrial preparations. The compound occurs in the majority of aerobic organisms, from bacteria to higher plants and animals.	1.97	1	0
calpain Calpain: Cysteine proteinase found in many tissues. Hydrolyzes a variety of endogenous proteins including NEUROPEPTIDES; CYTOSKELETAL PROTEINS; proteins from SMOOTH MUSCLE; CARDIAC MUSCLE; liver; platelets; and erythrocytes. Two subclasses having high and low calcium sensitivity are known. Removes Z-discs and M-lines from myofibrils. Activates phosphorylase kinase and cyclic nucleotide-independent protein kinase. This enzyme was formerly listed as EC 3.4.22.4.	7.98	4	0
5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone 5,6,2',3',5',6'-hexamethoxyflavone: from the Yucatec Mayan plant Casimiroa tetrameria; structure in first source	2.1	1	0
silicate cement Silicate Cement: A relatively hard, translucent, restorative material used primarily in anterior teeth. (From Boucher's Clinical Dental Terminology, 4th ed, p50)	7.31	1	0
chitosan [no description available]	4.88	30	0
s-(2-carboxyethyl)cysteine [no description available]	7.39	2	0
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	7.44	2	0	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
potassium bromate potassium bromate: used as bread improver	2.13	1	0	bromate salt; potassium salt	flour treatment agent
methyl orange methyl orange: indictor of pH with strong acids & bases; also used as reagent to form ion pairs with, and thereby isolate, certain compounds from biological material; minor descriptor (75-86); on-line & INDEX MEDICUS search AZO COMPOUNDS (75-86); file maintained to Azo cpds	2.11	1	0
docusate sodium [no description available]	2.03	1	0	organic sodium salt
sodium glutamate Sodium Glutamate: One of the FLAVORING AGENTS used to impart a meat-like flavor.. monosodium glutamate : An organic sodium salt that is the monosodium salt of glutamic acid.	7.25	1	0	monosodium glutamate	flavouring agent
2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid 2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid: RN given refers to mono-Na salt; structure	2.39	2	0
s-adenosylmethionine (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine that has R-configuration.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : A zwitterionic tautomer of S-adenosyl-L-methionine arising from shift of the proton from the carboxy group to the amino group.. (R)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has R-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. (S)-S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion : An S-adenosyl-L-methionine zwitterion that has S-configuration; major species at pH 7.3.. S-adenosyl-L-methionine : A sulfonium compound that is the S-adenosyl derivative of L-methionine. It is an intermediate in the metabolic pathway of methionine.	1.98	1	0	organic cation; sulfonium compound	coenzyme; cofactor; human metabolite; micronutrient; Mycoplasma genitalium metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylmuramic Acid: A nucleoside diphosphate sugar which is formed from UDP-N-acetylglucosamine and phosphoenolpyruvate. It serves as the building block upon which peptidoglycan is formed.. UDP-N-acetyl-alpha-D-muramate(3-) : A UDP-N-acetyl-D-muramate(3-) in which the anomeric centre of the pyranose fragment has alpha-configuration.	2.44	2	0	UDP-N-acetylmuramate(3-)
phosphatidylcholines 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine: RN given refers to (Z)-isomer. 1-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine : A phosphatidylcholine 36:1 in which the phosphatidyl acyl groups at positions 1 and 2 are stearoyl and oleoyl respectively.	2.42	2	0	1-acyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine betaine; 1-octadecanoyl-2-octadecenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
pci 32765 ibrutinib: a Btk protein inhibitor. ibrutinib : A member of the class of acrylamides that is (3R)-3-[4-amino-3-(4-phenoxyphenyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-1-yl]piperidine in which the piperidine nitrogen is replaced by an acryloyl group. A selective and covalent inhibitor of the enzyme Bruton's tyrosine kinase, it is used for treatment of B-cell malignancies.	3.41	1	0	acrylamides; aromatic amine; aromatic ether; N-acylpiperidine; pyrazolopyrimidine; tertiary carboxamide	antineoplastic agent; EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor
ponatinib [no description available]	3.25	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; acetylenic compound; benzamides; imidazopyridazine; N-methylpiperazine	antineoplastic agent; tyrosine kinase inhibitor
clomiphene citrate phosphomannan : A polymannosidic phosphodiester in which one secondary phosphoryl is linked as mannose 6-phosphate and the other as alpha-hemiacetal phosphate.	2.06	1	0
egg white Egg White: The white of an egg, especially a chicken's egg, used in cooking. It contains albumin. (Random House Unabridged Dictionary, 2d ed)	2.81	3	0
lucitanib E-3810: a multi-kinase inhibitor with antineoplastic activity; structure in first source. E-3810 : A hydrochloride salt obtained by reaction of 6-({7-[(1-aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-N-methyl-1-naphthamide with one equivalent of hydrochloric acid. E-3810 is a dual VEGFR and FGFR inhibitor. E-3810 free base : A naphthalenecarboxamide obtained from formal condensation of the carboxy group of aminocyclopropyl)methoxy]-6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl}oxy)-1-naphthoic acid with methylamine.	3.25	1	0	aromatic ether; cyclopropanes; naphthalenecarboxamide; primary amino compound; quinolines	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist
neurotensin neurotensin, Tyr(11)-: RN given refers to parent cpd & (D)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not avail 5/91	1.96	1	0	peptide hormone	human metabolite; mitogen; neurotransmitter; vulnerary
mannans [no description available]	3.31	6	0
glycolipids [no description available]	4.13	3	1
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	4.32	5	0
thymosin Thymosin: Thymosin. A family of heat-stable, polypeptide hormones secreted by the thymus gland. Their biological activities include lymphocytopoiesis, restoration of immunological competence and enhancement of expression of T-cell characteristics and function. They have therapeutic potential in patients having primary or secondary immunodeficiency diseases, cancer or diseases related to aging.	2.03	1	0
galactocerebroside galactocerebroside: a NITROGEN containing sphingolipid	1.97	1	0
punicalagin punicalagin: hepatoprotective agent isolated from Terminalia catappa; structure in first source	7.25	1	0	tannin
globotriose alpha-D-Galp-(1->4)-alpha-D-Galp-(1->4)-beta-D-Glcp : A trisaccharide consisting of two alpha-D-galactose residues and a beta-D-glucose at the reducing end in a linear sequence and joined by (1->4) linkages.	2.43	2	0	trisaccharide
azd4547 [no description available]	3.25	1	0	benzamides; N-arylpiperazine; pyrazoles	fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
methylcellulose Methylcellulose: Methylester of cellulose. Methylcellulose is used as an emulsifying and suspending agent in cosmetics, pharmaceutics and the chemical industry. It is used therapeutically as a bulk laxative.	7.13	1	0
1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoglycerol 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) : A 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol) in which both acyl groups are specified as oleoyl.	2.92	4	0	1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-(1'-sn-glycerol)
3-(2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-(6-(4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-phenylamino)pyrimidin-4-yl)-1-methylurea infigratinib: structure in first source. BGJ-398 : A member of the class of phenylureas that is urea in which a hydrogen attached to one of the nitrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichloro-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl group, while the hydrogens attached to the other nitrogen are replaced by a methyl group and a 6-{[4-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)phenyl]amino}pyrimidin-4-yl group. It is a potent and selective fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor.	3.25	1	0	aminopyrimidine; dichlorobenzene; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; phenylureas	antineoplastic agent; fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	7.76	3	0
heme Heme: The color-furnishing portion of hemoglobin. It is found free in tissues and as the prosthetic group in many hemeproteins.. ferroheme : Any iron(II)--porphyrin coordination complex.. ferroheme b : Heme b in which the iron has oxidation state +2.. heme : A heme is any tetrapyrrolic chelate of iron.	2.76	3	0
ascorbic acid Ascorbic Acid: A six carbon compound related to glucose. It is found naturally in citrus fruits and many vegetables. Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in human diets, and necessary to maintain connective tissue and bone. Its biologically active form, vitamin C, functions as a reducing agent and coenzyme in several metabolic pathways. Vitamin C is considered an antioxidant.. L-ascorbic acid : The L-enantiomer of ascorbic acid and conjugate acid of L-ascorbate.. L-ascorbate : The L-enantiomer of ascorbate and conjugate base of L-ascorbic acid, arising from selective deprotonation of the 3-hydroxy group. Required for a range of essential metabolic reactions in all animals and plants.. vitamin C : Any member of a group of vitamers that belong to the chemical structural class called butenolides that exhibit biological activity against vitamin C deficiency in animals. The vitamers include L-ascorbic acid and its salt, ionized and oxidized forms.	8.43	7	0	ascorbic acid; vitamin C	coenzyme; cofactor; flour treatment agent; food antioxidant; food colour retention agent; geroprotector; plant metabolite; skin lightening agent
tetracycline Tetracycline: A naphthacene antibiotic that inhibits AMINO ACYL TRNA binding during protein synthesis.. tetracycline : A broad-spectrum polyketide antibiotic produced by the Streptomyces genus of actinobacteria.	2.02	1	0
isoascorbic acid isoascorbic acid: food antioxidant; (L)-isomer is ascorbic acid; RN given refers to (D)-isomer; structure	2.07	1	0	ascorbic acid
salicylates Salicylates: The salts or esters of salicylic acids, or salicylate esters of an organic acid. Some of these have analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory activities by inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis.. hydroxybenzoate : Any benzoate derivative carrying a single carboxylate group and at least one hydroxy substituent.. salicylates : Any salt or ester arising from reaction of the carboxy group of salicylic acid, or any ester resulting from the condensation of the phenolic hydroxy group of salicylic acid with an organic acid.. salicylate : A monohydroxybenzoate that is the conjugate base of salicylic acid.	2.03	1	0	monohydroxybenzoate	plant metabolite
warfarin Warfarin: An anticoagulant that acts by inhibiting the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors. Warfarin is indicated for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of venous thrombosis and its extension, pulmonary embolism, and atrial fibrillation with embolization. It is also used as an adjunct in the prophylaxis of systemic embolism after myocardial infarction. Warfarin is also used as a rodenticide.. warfarin : A racemate comprising equal amounts of (R)- and (S)-warfarin. Extensively used as both an anticoagulant drug and as a pesticide against rats and mice.. 4-hydroxy-3-(3-oxo-1-phenylbutyl)-1-benzopyran-2-one : A member of the class of coumarins that is 4-hydroxycoumarin which is substituted at position 3 by a 1-phenyl-3-oxo-1-butyl group.	2.99	4	0	benzenes; hydroxycoumarin; methyl ketone
hispidin hispidin: metabolite of Basidiomycete Polyporus hispidus. hispidin : Fungal metabolite first found in basidiomycete Inonotus hispidus (formerly Polyporus hispidus).	7.1	1	0	2-pyranones; catechols	antioxidant; EC 2.7.11.13 (protein kinase C) inhibitor; fungal metabolite
mna 715 2-cyano-3-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-2-hepten-6-ynamide: structure in first source; a derivative of A77 1726, the active metabolite of the antirheumatic drug leflunomide, where the isoxazole ring has opened to become a nitrile and an alkyne	2.91	4	0
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	7.15	1	0
kaolinite Kaolin: The most common mineral of a group of hydrated aluminum silicates, approximately H2Al2Si2O8-H2O. It is prepared for pharmaceutical and medicinal purposes by levigating with water to remove sand, etc. (From Merck Index, 11th ed) The name is derived from Kao-ling (Chinese: high ridge), the original site. (From Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed). kaolin : An aluminosilicate soft white mineral named after the hill in China (Kao-ling) from which it was mined for centuries. In its natural state kaolin is a white, soft powder consisting principally of the mineral kaolinite, and varying amounts of other minerals such as muscovite, quartz, feldspar, and anatase. It is used in the manufacture of china and porcelain and also widely used in the production of paper, rubber, paint, drying agents, and many other products.	2.87	3	0	aluminosilicate mineral; mixture	antidiarrhoeal drug; excipient
clay Clay: A naturally-occurring rock or soil constituent characterized by particles with a diameter of less than 0.005 mm. It is composed primarily of hydrous aluminum silicates, trace amounts of metal OXIDES, and organic matter.	2.94	3	0
transforming growth factor beta Transforming Growth Factor beta: A factor synthesized in a wide variety of tissues. It acts synergistically with TGF-alpha in inducing phenotypic transformation and can also act as a negative autocrine growth factor. TGF-beta has a potential role in embryonal development, cellular differentiation, hormone secretion, and immune function. TGF-beta is found mostly as homodimer forms of separate gene products TGF-beta1, TGF-beta2 or TGF-beta3. Heterodimers composed of TGF-beta1 and 2 (TGF-beta1.2) or of TGF-beta2 and 3 (TGF-beta2.3) have been isolated. The TGF-beta proteins are synthesized as precursor proteins.	2.69	2	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	2.15	1	0	ketal
rociletinib rociletinib: inhibits epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase activity; structure in first source	2.15	1	0
brine brine: not from seawater; contains sodium chloride; calcium chloride; magnesium chloride; one or all of the above	2.15	1	0
pyrethrins [no description available]	3.51	1	0
debio 1347 CH5183284: a fibroblast growth factor receptor antagonist; structure in first source	3.25	1	0
globotriaosylceramide globotriaosylceramide: receptor for Shigella. alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl-(1<->1)-ceramide : A glycotriaosylceramide having alpha-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-galactosyl-(1->4)-beta-D-glucosyl component attached to the primary hydroxy function of a ceramide with undefined sphingoid base.	2.39	2	0
osimertinib osimertinib: an EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor. osimertinib : A member of the class of aminopyrimidines that is 4-(1-methylindol-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2-methoxy-4-[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl](methyl)amino-5-acrylamidophenyl group. Used (as the mesylate salt) for treatment of EGFR T790M mutation positive non-small cell lung cancer.	7.63	2	0	acrylamides; aminopyrimidine; biaryl; indoles; monomethoxybenzene; secondary amino compound; secondary carboxamide; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	antineoplastic agent; epidermal growth factor receptor antagonist
agar Agar: A complex sulfated polymer of galactose units, extracted from Gelidium cartilagineum, Gracilaria confervoides, and related red algae. It is used as a gel in the preparation of solid culture media for microorganisms, as a bulk laxative, in making emulsions, and as a supporting medium for immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis.. agar : A complex mixture of polysaccharides extracted from species of red algae. Its two main components are agarose and agaropectin. Agarose is the component responsible for the high-strength gelling properties of agar, while agaropectin provides the viscous properties.	3.23	6	0
2',3'-(o-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine))adenosine 5'-diphosphate 2',3'-(O-(2,4,6-trinitrocyclohexadienylidine))adenosine 5'-diphosphate: structure given in first source	1.99	1	0
glutaminase [no description available]	2.25	1	0
cyclin d1 Cyclin D1: Protein encoded by the bcl-1 gene which plays a critical role in regulating the cell cycle. Overexpression of cyclin D1 is the result of bcl-1 rearrangement, a t(11;14) translocation, and is implicated in various neoplasms.	2.05	1	0
caseins Caseins: A mixture of related phosphoproteins occurring in milk and cheese. The group is characterized as one of the most nutritive milk proteins, containing all of the common amino acids and rich in the essential ones.	2.97	4	0
oligomycins Oligomycins: A closely related group of toxic substances elaborated by various strains of Streptomyces. They are 26-membered macrolides with lactone moieties and double bonds and inhibit various ATPases, causing uncoupling of phosphorylation from mitochondrial respiration. Used as tools in cytochemistry. Some specific oligomycins are RUTAMYCIN, peliomycin, and botrycidin (formerly venturicidin X).	1.97	1	0
illite [no description available]	2.11	1	0
nitrophenols Nitrophenols: PHENOLS carrying nitro group substituents.	2.45	2	0
hyaluronoglucosaminidase Hyaluronoglucosaminidase: An enzyme that catalyzes the random hydrolysis of 1,4-linkages between N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosamine and D-glucuronate residues in hyaluronate. (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992) There has been use as ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENTS to limit NEOPLASM METASTASIS.	1.98	1	0
t-2 toxin T-2 Toxin: A potent mycotoxin produced in feedstuffs by several species of the genus FUSARIUM. It elicits a severe inflammatory reaction in animals and has teratogenic effects.. T-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin produced by fungi of the genus Fusarium. It is a common contaminant in food and feedstuffs of cereal origin and is known to cause a range of toxic effects in humans and animals.	7.63	2	0
ht-2 toxin HT-2 toxin : A trichothecene mycotoxin that is T-2 toxin in which the acetyloxy group at position 4S has been hydrolysed to the corresponding hydroxy group. It is the major metabolite of T-2 toxin.	2.17	1	0
vitamin b 12 Vitamin B 12: A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B 12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.	2.72	3	0
transforming growth factor alpha Transforming Growth Factor alpha: An EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR related protein that is found in a variety of tissues including EPITHELIUM, and maternal DECIDUA. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form which binds to the EGF RECEPTOR.	2.25	1	0
cyclosporine Cyclosporine: A cyclic undecapeptide from an extract of soil fungi. It is a powerful immunosupressant with a specific action on T-lymphocytes. It is used for the prophylaxis of graft rejection in organ and tissue transplantation. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed).	2	1	0
flavin mononucleotide Flavin Mononucleotide: A coenzyme for a number of oxidative enzymes including NADH DEHYDROGENASE. It is the principal form in which RIBOFLAVIN is found in cells and tissues.	1.96	1	0
cytochalasin d Cytochalasin D: A fungal metabolite that blocks cytoplasmic cleavage by blocking formation of contractile microfilament structures resulting in multinucleated cell formation, reversible inhibition of cell movement, and the induction of cellular extrusion. Additional reported effects include the inhibition of actin polymerization, DNA synthesis, sperm motility, glucose transport, thyroid secretion, and growth hormone release.. cytochalasin D : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is a mycotoxin produced by Helminthosporium and other moulds which is cell permeable and a potent inhibitor of actin polymerisation and DNA synthesis.	3.95	13	0
lactoferrin Lactoferrin: An iron-binding protein that was originally characterized as a milk protein. It is widely distributed in secretory fluids and is found in the neutrophilic granules of LEUKOCYTES. The N-terminal part of lactoferrin possesses a serine protease which functions to inactivate the TYPE III SECRETION SYSTEM used by bacteria to export virulence proteins for host cell invasion.	2.02	1	0
dehydroandrographolide [no description available]	2.06	1	0
alpha-solanine [no description available]	7.6	1	0
orabase Orabase: used in therapy of oral mucosal ulcers	3.46	7	0
apyrase Apyrase: A calcium-activated enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to yield AMP and orthophosphate. It can also act on ADP and other nucleoside triphosphates and diphosphates. EC 3.6.1.5.	2.43	2	0
muramidase Muramidase: A basic enzyme that is present in saliva, tears, egg white, and many animal fluids. It functions as an antibacterial agent. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in peptidoglycan and between N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues in chitodextrin. EC 3.2.1.17.	4.11	15	0
chondroitin sulfates Chondroitin Sulfates: Derivatives of chondroitin which have a sulfate moiety esterified to the galactosamine moiety of chondroitin. Chondroitin sulfate A, or chondroitin 4-sulfate, and chondroitin sulfate C, or chondroitin 6-sulfate, have the sulfate esterified in the 4- and 6-positions, respectively. Chondroitin sulfate B (beta heparin; DERMATAN SULFATE) is a misnomer and this compound is not a true chondroitin sulfate.	1.98	1	0
plantaricin a plantaricin A: from Lactobacillus plantarum; its activity depends on the action of two peptides	2.03	1	0
entecavir entecavir (anhydrous) : Guanine substituted at the 9 position by a 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-2-methylidenecyclopentyl group. A synthetic analogue of 2'-deoxyguanosine, it is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor with selective antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus. Entecavir is phosphorylated intracellularly to the active triphosphate form, which competes with deoxyguanosine triphosphate, the natural substrate of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase, inhibiting every stage of the enzyme's activity, although it has no activity against HIV. It is used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B.	2.31	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; primary alcohol; secondary alcohol	antiviral drug; EC 2.7.7.49 (RNA-directed DNA polymerase) inhibitor
chir 258 [no description available]	3.25	1	0
acyclovir Acyclovir: A GUANOSINE analog that acts as an antimetabolite. Viruses are especially susceptible. Used especially against herpes.. acyclovir : An oxopurine that is guanine substituted by a (2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl substituent at position 9. Used in the treatment of viral infections.	2.17	1	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine	antimetabolite; antiviral drug
deoxyguanosine [no description available]	8.46	7	0	purine 2'-deoxyribonucleoside; purines 2'-deoxy-D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine monophosphate Guanosine Monophosphate: A guanine nucleotide containing one phosphate group esterified to the sugar moiety and found widely in nature.. guanosine 5'-monophosphate : A purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate having guanine as the nucleobase.	1.97	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-monophosphate	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	2.71	3	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
guanine [no description available]	3.99	13	0	2-aminopurines; oxopurine; purine nucleobase	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
guanosine ribonucleoside : Any nucleoside where the sugar component is D-ribose.	2.95	4	0	guanosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	fundamental metabolite
inosine [no description available]	2.25	1	0	inosines; purines D-ribonucleoside	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
sapropterin sapropterin: RN given refers to parent cpd; co-factor required for catalytic activity of nitric oxide synthases. (6R)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin : A 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin in which the stereocentre at position 6 has R-configuration.. sapropterin : A tetrahydropterin that is 2-amino-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropteridin-4(3H)-one in which a hydrogen at position 6 is substituted by a 1,2-dihydroxypropyl group (6R,1'R,2'S-enantiomer).	1.98	1	0	5,6,7,8-tetrahydrobiopterin	coenzyme; cofactor; diagnostic agent; human metabolite
folic acid folcysteine: used to promote fertility in chickens. vitamin B9 : Any B-vitamin that exhibits biological activity against vitamin B9 deficiency. Vitamin B9 refers to the many forms of folic acid and its derivatives, including tetrahydrofolic acid (the active form), methyltetrahydrofolate (the primary form found in blood), methenyltetrahydrofolate, folinic acid amongst others. They are present in abundance in green leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, and animal products. Lack of vitamin B9 leads to anemia, a condition in which the body cannot produce sufficient number of red blood cells. Symptoms of vitamin B9 deficiency include fatigue, muscle weakness, and pale skin.	2.49	2	0	folic acids; N-acyl-amino acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient
7-methylguanine 7-methylguanine: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd; structure. 7-methylguanine : A methylguanine that is guanine substituted by a methyl group at position 7. It is a metabolite obtained during the methylation of DNA.. 2-imino-7-methyl-1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,2,3,7-tetrahydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an imino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.. 2-amino-7-methyl-7H-purin-6-ol : A 7-methylguanine that is 7H-purine substituted by an amino group at position 2, a methyl group at position 7 and a hydroxy group at position 6.. 2-amino-7-methyl-1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one : A 7-methylguanine that is 1,7-dihydro-6H-purin-6-one substituted by an amino group at position 2 and a methyl group at position 7.	1.97	1	0	7-methylguanine
allopurinol Allopurinol: A XANTHINE OXIDASE inhibitor that decreases URIC ACID production. It also acts as an antimetabolite on some simpler organisms.. allopurinol : A bicyclic structure comprising a pyrazole ring fused to a hydroxy-substituted pyrimidine ring.	2.43	2	0	nucleobase analogue; organic heterobicyclic compound	antimetabolite; EC 1.17.3.2 (xanthine oxidase) inhibitor; gout suppressant; radical scavenger
8-hydroxyguanosine 8-hydroxyguanosine: immunostimulant for B lymphocytes; structure given in first source	2.13	1	0	purine nucleoside
noc 18 NOC 18: releases nitric oxide; structure in first source	2.07	1	0
methylnitronitrosoguanidine Methylnitronitrosoguanidine: A nitrosoguanidine derivative with potent mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.. N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine : An N-nitroguanidine compound having nitroso and methyl substituents at the N'-position	1.97	1	0	nitroso compound	alkylating agent
8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine: Common oxidized form of deoxyguanosine in which C-8 position of guanine base has a carbonyl group.. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine : Guanosine substituted at the purine 8-position by a hydroxy group. It is used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage.	3.82	10	0	guanosines	biomarker
remazol black b Remazol black B: RN given refers to the tetrasodium salt. remazole black-GR : A bis(azo) compound with two aryldiazenyl moieties placed at positions 2 and 7 of a multi-substituted naphthalene.	2.11	1	0
7-methylguanosine 7-methylguanosine : A positively charged methylguanosine in which a single methyl substituent is located at position 7.	2.1	1	0	methylguanosine; organic cation	metabolite
triacetylguanosine [no description available]	2.1	1	0
nucleoside q Nucleoside Q: A modified nucleoside which is present in the first position of the anticodon of tRNA-tyrosine, tRNA-histidine, tRNA-asparagine and tRNA-aspartic acid of many organisms. It is believed to play a role in the regulatory function of tRNA. Nucleoside Q can be further modified to nucleoside Q*, which has a mannose or galactose moiety linked to position 4 of its cyclopentenediol moiety.. queuosine : A nucleoside found in tRNA that has an additional cyclopentenyl ring added via an NH group to the methyl group of 7-methyl-7-deazaguanosine. The cyclopentenyl ring may carry other substituents.	1.96	1	0	7-deazaguanine ribonucleoside
dopastin dopastin: mushroom extract	2.01	1	0
lipoteichoic acid lipoteichoic acid: lipopolysaccharides with an acyl group anchored to the cell membrane of gram-positive bacteria; functions as an adhesion molecule to facilitate the binding of bacteria to cells, colonization, and invasion; interacts with CD14 to induce NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokine production; can function as surface antigen; inhibits remineraliztion of artificial lesions and surface-softened enamels;. lipoteichoic acid : A teichoic acid which is covalently bound to a lipid.	2.02	1	0
eye [no description available]	2.88	4	0
maltodextrin maltodextrin : A dextrin in which the D-glucose units are linked by alpha-(1->4) glycosidic bonds.	2.03	1	0
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	2.21	1	0
metallothionein Metallothionein: A low-molecular-weight (approx. 10 kD) protein occurring in the cytoplasm of kidney cortex and liver. It is rich in cysteinyl residues and contains no aromatic amino acids. Metallothionein shows high affinity for bivalent heavy metals.	2.77	3	0
dinitrobenzenes Dinitrobenzenes: Benzene derivatives which are substituted with two nitro groups in the ortho, meta or para positions.	2.4	2	0
phosphorus radioisotopes Phosphorus Radioisotopes: Unstable isotopes of phosphorus that decay or disintegrate emitting radiation. P atoms with atomic weights 28-34 except 31 are radioactive phosphorus isotopes.	2.66	3	0
sifuvirtide sifuvirtide: a linear 36-amino acid residues anti-HIV peptide; MW 4727 Da; amino acid sequence in first source	2.04	1	0
leptin Leptin: A 16-kDa peptide hormone secreted from WHITE ADIPOCYTES. Leptin serves as a feedback signal from fat cells to the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM in regulation of food intake, energy balance, and fat storage.	7.88	3	0
pyrimidinones Pyrimidinones: Heterocyclic compounds known as 2-pyrimidones (or 2-hydroxypyrimidines) and 4-pyrimidones (or 4-hydroxypyrimidines) with the general formula C4H4N2O.	2.31	1	0

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Plasmodium falciparum Malaria [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Malaria, Falciparum Malaria caused by PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM. This is the severest form of malaria and is associated with the highest levels of parasites in the blood. This disease is characterized by irregularly recurring febrile paroxysms that in extreme cases occur with acute cerebral, renal, or gastrointestinal manifestations.	2.1	1	0
Fatty Liver, Nonalcoholic [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Fatty liver finding without excessive ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION.	7.31	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	4.88	26	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	4.88	26	0
Obesity A status with BODY WEIGHT that is grossly above the recommended standards, usually due to accumulation of excess FATS in the body. The standards may vary with age, sex, genetic or cultural background. In the BODY MASS INDEX, a BMI greater than 30.0 kg/m2 is considered obese, and a BMI greater than 40.0 kg/m2 is considered morbidly obese (MORBID OBESITY).	3.64	8	0
Encephalopathy, Toxic [description not available]	8.97	83	0
Cardiometabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components not only include metabolic dysfunctions of METABOLIC SYNDROME but also HYPERTENSION, and ABDOMINAL OBESITY.	2.76	2	0
Metabolic Syndrome A cluster of symptoms that are risk factors for CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES and TYPE 2 DIABETES MELLITUS. The major components of metabolic syndrome include ABDOMINAL OBESITY; atherogenic DYSLIPIDEMIA; HYPERTENSION; HYPERGLYCEMIA; INSULIN RESISTANCE; a proinflammatory state; and a prothrombotic (THROMBOSIS) state.	2.76	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	3.52	8	0
Diseases, Metabolic [description not available]	3.92	3	0
Metabolic Diseases Generic term for diseases caused by an abnormal metabolic process. It can be congenital due to inherited enzyme abnormality (METABOLISM, INBORN ERRORS) or acquired due to disease of an endocrine organ or failure of a metabolically important organ such as the liver. (Stedman, 26th ed)	3.92	3	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	5.94	22	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	8.41	89	0
Neuroblastoma A common neoplasm of early childhood arising from neural crest cells in the sympathetic nervous system, and characterized by diverse clinical behavior, ranging from spontaneous remission to rapid metastatic progression and death. This tumor is the most common intraabdominal malignancy of childhood, but it may also arise from thorax, neck, or rarely occur in the central nervous system. Histologic features include uniform round cells with hyperchromatic nuclei arranged in nests and separated by fibrovascular septa. Neuroblastomas may be associated with the opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome. (From DeVita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2099-2101; Curr Opin Oncol 1998 Jan;10(1):43-51)	4.57	24	0
Blood Pressure, High [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hypertension Persistently high systemic arterial BLOOD PRESSURE. Based on multiple readings (BLOOD PRESSURE DETERMINATION), hypertension is currently defined as when SYSTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently greater than 140 mm Hg or when DIASTOLIC PRESSURE is consistently 90 mm Hg or more.	7.41	1	0
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	2.41	1	0
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	5	14	0
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	5	14	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Glial Cell Tumors [description not available]	2.72	3	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	7.59	2	0
Glioma Benign and malignant central nervous system neoplasms derived from glial cells (i.e., astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymocytes). Astrocytes may give rise to astrocytomas (ASTROCYTOMA) or glioblastoma multiforme (see GLIOBLASTOMA). Oligodendrocytes give rise to oligodendrogliomas (OLIGODENDROGLIOMA) and ependymocytes may undergo transformation to become EPENDYMOMA; CHOROID PLEXUS NEOPLASMS; or colloid cysts of the third ventricle. (From Escourolle et al., Manual of Basic Neuropathology, 2nd ed, p21)	2.72	3	0
Cognitive Decline [description not available]	3.51	6	0
Diabetes Mellitus A heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by HYPERGLYCEMIA and GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE.	4.13	4	0
Cognitive Dysfunction Diminished or impaired mental and/or intellectual function.	3.51	6	0
Femoral Fractures Fractures of the femur.	2.41	1	0
Cardiovascular Diseases Pathological conditions involving the CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM including the HEART; the BLOOD VESSELS; or the PERICARDIUM.	11.23	11	1
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	10.38	82	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	10.38	82	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	5.63	73	0
Hyperglycemia, Postprandial Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level after a meal.	3.33	1	0
Hyperglycemia Abnormally high BLOOD GLUCOSE level.	3.33	1	0
Birth Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual at BIRTH. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	4.86	7	0
Acute Liver Injury, Drug-Induced [description not available]	5.88	19	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury A spectrum of clinical liver diseases ranging from mild biochemical abnormalities to ACUTE LIVER FAILURE, caused by drugs, drug metabolites, herbal and dietary supplements and chemicals from the environment.	5.88	19	0
Carcinogenesis The origin, production or development of cancer through genotypic and phenotypic changes which upset the normal balance between cell proliferation and cell death. Carcinogenesis generally requires a constellation of steps, which may occur quickly or over a period of many years.	4.05	4	0
Hepatocellular Carcinoma [description not available]	8.37	6	0
Cancer of Liver [description not available]	3.5	6	0
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular A primary malignant neoplasm of epithelial liver cells. It ranges from a well-differentiated tumor with EPITHELIAL CELLS indistinguishable from normal HEPATOCYTES to a poorly differentiated neoplasm. The cells may be uniform or markedly pleomorphic, or form GIANT CELLS. Several classification schemes have been suggested.	3.37	6	0
Liver Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LIVER.	3.5	6	0
Glucose Metabolic Disorder [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Disbacteriosis [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Abdominal Obesity [description not available]	7.66	2	0
Hypertriglyceridemia A condition of elevated levels of TRIGLYCERIDES in the blood.	2.41	1	0
Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury, Chronic Liver disease lasting six months or more, caused by an adverse effect of a drug or chemical. The adverse effect may be caused by drugs, drug metabolites, chemicals from the environment, or an idiosyncratic response.	2.9	2	0
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia [description not available]	3.98	2	0
Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma A neoplasm characterized by abnormalities of the lymphoid cell precursors leading to excessive lymphoblasts in the marrow and other organs. It is the most common cancer in children and accounts for the vast majority of all childhood leukemias.	3.98	2	0
Motor Disorders Motor skills deficits that significantly and persistently interfere with ACTIVITIES OF DAILY LIVING appropriate to chronological age. (from DSM-5)	2.41	1	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	12	34	0
Cardiac Toxicity [description not available]	2.9	2	0
Cardiotoxicity Damage to the HEART or its function secondary to exposure to toxic substances such as drugs used in CHEMOTHERAPY; IMMUNOTHERAPY; or RADIATION.	2.9	2	0
Intertrochanteric Fractures [description not available]	2.41	1	0
Hip Fractures Fractures of the FEMUR HEAD; the FEMUR NECK; (FEMORAL NECK FRACTURES); the trochanters; or the inter- or subtrochanteric region. Excludes fractures of the acetabulum and fractures of the femoral shaft below the subtrochanteric region (FEMORAL FRACTURES).	2.41	1	0
Osteoporotic Fractures Breaks in bones resulting from low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration characteristic of OSTEOPOROSIS.	7.41	1	0
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	3.55	8	0
Peripheral Nerve Diseases [description not available]	6.74	41	0
Peripheral Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the peripheral nerves external to the brain and spinal cord, which includes diseases of the nerve roots, ganglia, plexi, autonomic nerves, sensory nerves, and motor nerves.	6.74	41	0
Breast Cancer [description not available]	6.58	17	0
Breast Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the human BREAST.	6.58	17	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	3.89	12	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	2.76	2	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	7.76	2	0
2019 Novel Coronavirus Disease [description not available]	4.11	10	0
Extravascular Hemolysis [description not available]	4	12	0
Hemolysis The destruction of ERYTHROCYTES by many different causal agents such as antibodies, bacteria, chemicals, temperature, and changes in tonicity.	4	12	0
Nerve Pain [description not available]	4.13	5	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	4.13	5	0
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	2.6	1	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	2.6	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	4.59	5	0
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	4.59	5	0
Arthritis, Degenerative [description not available]	2.49	2	0
Osteoarthritis A progressive, degenerative joint disease, the most common form of arthritis, especially in older persons. The disease is thought to result not from the aging process but from biochemical changes and biomechanical stresses affecting articular cartilage. In the foreign literature it is often called osteoarthrosis deformans.	7.49	2	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Adult-Onset [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 A subclass of DIABETES MELLITUS that is not INSULIN-responsive or dependent (NIDDM). It is characterized initially by INSULIN RESISTANCE and HYPERINSULINEMIA; and eventually by GLUCOSE INTOLERANCE; HYPERGLYCEMIA; and overt diabetes. Type II diabetes mellitus is no longer considered a disease exclusively found in adults. Patients seldom develop KETOSIS but often exhibit OBESITY.	2.6	1	0
Adhesions, Tissue [description not available]	2.6	1	0
Intestinal Diseases Pathological processes in any segment of the INTESTINE from DUODENUM to RECTUM.	3.02	4	0
Metastase [description not available]	2.45	2	0
Neoplasm Metastasis The transfer of a neoplasm from one organ or part of the body to another remote from the primary site.	2.45	2	0
Impaired Glucose Tolerance [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Glucose Intolerance A pathological state in which BLOOD GLUCOSE level is less than approximately 140 mg/100 ml of PLASMA at fasting, and above approximately 200 mg/100 ml plasma at 30-, 60-, or 90-minute during a GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST. This condition is seen frequently in DIABETES MELLITUS, but also occurs with other diseases and MALNUTRITION.	2.25	1	0
Astrocytosis [description not available]	3.02	4	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	7.8	46	0
Experimental Neoplasms [description not available]	5.2	8	0
Acute Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.9	3	0
Acute Kidney Injury Abrupt reduction in kidney function. Acute kidney injury encompasses the entire spectrum of the syndrome including acute kidney failure; ACUTE KIDNEY TUBULAR NECROSIS; and other less severe conditions.	2.9	3	0
Adenocarcinoma Of Kidney [description not available]	4.11	5	0
Cancer of Kidney [description not available]	4.49	8	0
Carcinoma, Renal Cell A heterogeneous group of sporadic or hereditary carcinoma derived from cells of the KIDNEYS. There are several subtypes including the clear cells, the papillary, the chromophobe, the collecting duct, the spindle cells (sarcomatoid), or mixed cell-type carcinoma.	4.11	5	0
Kidney Neoplasms Tumors or cancers of the KIDNEY.	4.49	8	0
Ambulation Disorders, Neurologic [description not available]	2.78	3	0
Sterility, Male [description not available]	3.13	5	0
Infertility, Male The inability of the male to effect FERTILIZATION of an OVUM after a specified period of unprotected intercourse. Male sterility is permanent infertility.	3.13	5	0
Cancer of Ovary [description not available]	5.49	14	0
Cancer of Endometrium [description not available]	5.88	15	0
Ovarian Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the OVARY. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. They are classified according to the tissue of origin, such as the surface EPITHELIUM, the stromal endocrine cells, and the totipotent GERM CELLS.	5.49	14	0
Endometrial Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of ENDOMETRIUM, the mucous lining of the UTERUS. These neoplasms can be benign or malignant. Their classification and grading are based on the various cell types and the percent of undifferentiated cells.	5.88	15	0
Adolescent Obesity [description not available]	3.53	2	0
Infant, Small for Gestational Age An infant having a birth weight lower than expected for its gestational age.	3.17	1	0
Colorectal Cancer [description not available]	4.69	10	0
Colorectal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON or the RECTUM or both. Risk factors for colorectal cancer include chronic ULCERATIVE COLITIS; FAMILIAL POLYPOSIS COLI; exposure to ASBESTOS; and irradiation of the CERVIX UTERI.	4.69	10	0
Chronic Kidney Diseases [description not available]	2.57	2	0
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic Conditions in which the KIDNEYS perform below the normal level for more than three months. Chronic kidney insufficiency is classified by five stages according to the decline in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE and the degree of kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA). The most severe form is the end-stage renal disease (CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE). (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002)	2.57	2	0
Celiac Sprue [description not available]	2.58	2	0
Celiac Disease A malabsorption syndrome that is precipitated by the ingestion of foods containing GLUTEN, such as wheat, rye, and barley. It is characterized by INFLAMMATION of the SMALL INTESTINE, loss of MICROVILLI structure, failed INTESTINAL ABSORPTION, and MALNUTRITION.	2.58	2	0
Airway Remodeling The structural changes in the number, mass, size and/or composition of the airway tissues.	2.25	1	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Cirrhosis [description not available]	2.69	2	0
Airway Hyper-Responsiveness [description not available]	2.25	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	7.59	2	0
Fibrosis Any pathological condition where fibrous connective tissue invades any organ, usually as a consequence of inflammation or other injury.	2.69	2	0
Cancer of Pancreas [description not available]	4.38	7	0
Pancreatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PANCREAS. Depending on the types of ISLET CELLS present in the tumors, various hormones can be secreted: GLUCAGON from PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS; INSULIN from PANCREATIC BETA CELLS; and SOMATOSTATIN from the SOMATOSTATIN-SECRETING CELLS. Most are malignant except the insulin-producing tumors (INSULINOMA).	4.38	7	0
Hepatitis B Virus Infection [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Hepatitis B INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by a member of the ORTHOHEPADNAVIRUS genus, HEPATITIS B VIRUS. It is primarily transmitted by parenteral exposure, such as transfusion of contaminated blood or blood products, but can also be transmitted via sexual or intimate personal contact.	2.31	1	0
Hematologic Malignancies [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leucocythaemia [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	2.94	4	0
Kahler Disease [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Leukemia A progressive, malignant disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by distorted proliferation and development of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood and bone marrow. Leukemias were originally termed acute or chronic based on life expectancy but now are classified according to cellular maturity. Acute leukemias consist of predominately immature cells; chronic leukemias are composed of more mature cells. (From The Merck Manual, 2006)	2.31	1	0
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	2.94	4	0
Multiple Myeloma A malignancy of mature PLASMA CELLS engaging in monoclonal immunoglobulin production. It is characterized by hyperglobulinemia, excess Bence-Jones proteins (free monoclonal IMMUNOGLOBULIN LIGHT CHAINS) in the urine, skeletal destruction, bone pain, and fractures. Other features include ANEMIA; HYPERCALCEMIA; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	2.31	1	0
Hematologic Neoplasms Neoplasms located in the blood and blood-forming tissue (the bone marrow and lymphatic tissue). The commonest forms are the various types of LEUKEMIA, of LYMPHOMA, and of the progressive, life-threatening forms of the MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES.	2.31	1	0
Bladder Cancer [description not available]	7.97	4	0
Cancer of Prostate [description not available]	3.17	5	0
Urinary Bladder Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the URINARY BLADDER.	2.97	4	0
Prostatic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the PROSTATE.	3.17	5	0
Infections, Plasmodium [description not available]	2.31	1	0
Malaria A protozoan disease caused in humans by four species of the PLASMODIUM genus: PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PLASMODIUM VIVAX; PLASMODIUM OVALE; and PLASMODIUM MALARIAE; and transmitted by the bite of an infected female mosquito of the genus ANOPHELES. Malaria is endemic in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, Oceania, and certain Caribbean islands. It is characterized by extreme exhaustion associated with paroxysms of high FEVER; SWEATING; shaking CHILLS; and ANEMIA. Malaria in ANIMALS is caused by other species of plasmodia.	7.31	1	0
Scoliosis An appreciable lateral deviation in the normally straight vertical line of the spine. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.31	1	0
Kidney Diseases Pathological processes of the KIDNEY or its component tissues.	4.01	4	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small Cell Lung [description not available]	2.63	2	0
Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung A heterogeneous aggregate of at least three distinct histological types of lung cancer, including SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA; ADENOCARCINOMA; and LARGE CELL CARCINOMA. They are dealt with collectively because of their shared treatment strategy.	2.63	2	0
Hay Fever [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Allergic Reaction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal Allergic rhinitis that occurs at the same time every year. It is characterized by acute CONJUNCTIVITIS with lacrimation and ITCHING, and regarded as an allergic condition triggered by specific ALLERGENS.	2.15	1	0
Hypersensitivity Altered reactivity to an antigen, which can result in pathologic reactions upon subsequent exposure to that particular antigen.	2.15	1	0
Blastocyst Disintegration [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Brain Disorders [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Brain Diseases Pathologic conditions affecting the BRAIN, which is composed of the intracranial components of the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM. This includes (but is not limited to) the CEREBRAL CORTEX; intracranial white matter; BASAL GANGLIA; THALAMUS; HYPOTHALAMUS; BRAIN STEM; and CEREBELLUM.	2.69	3	0
Cancer of the Thyroid [description not available]	4.92	8	0
Thyroid Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYROID GLAND.	4.92	8	0
Weight Reduction [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Weight Loss Decrease in existing BODY WEIGHT.	2.15	1	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Injuries, Spinal Cord [description not available]	2.73	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	2.15	1	0
Spinal Cord Injuries Penetrating and non-penetrating injuries to the spinal cord resulting from traumatic external forces (e.g., WOUNDS, GUNSHOT; WHIPLASH INJURIES; etc.).	2.73	3	0
Injuries, Radiation [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Overweight A status with BODY WEIGHT that is above certain standards. In the scale of BODY MASS INDEX, overweight is defined as having a BMI of 25.0-29.9 kg/m2. Overweight may or may not be due to increases in body fat (ADIPOSE TISSUE), hence overweight does not equal over fat.	7.58	2	0
Constriction, Pathological [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Constriction, Pathologic The condition of an anatomical structure's being constricted beyond normal dimensions.	2.17	1	0
Clerambault Syndrome [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Age-Related Memory Disorders [description not available]	2.59	2	0
Memory Disorders Disturbances in registering an impression, in the retention of an acquired impression, or in the recall of an impression. Memory impairments are associated with DEMENTIA; CRANIOCEREBRAL TRAUMA; ENCEPHALITIS; ALCOHOLISM (see also ALCOHOL AMNESTIC DISORDER); SCHIZOPHRENIA; and other conditions.	2.59	2	0
Anterior Horn Cell Disease [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Motor Neuron Disease Diseases characterized by a selective degeneration of the motor neurons of the spinal cord, brainstem, or motor cortex. Clinical subtypes are distinguished by the major site of degeneration. In AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS there is involvement of upper, lower, and brainstem motor neurons. In progressive muscular atrophy and related syndromes (see MUSCULAR ATROPHY, SPINAL) the motor neurons in the spinal cord are primarily affected. With progressive bulbar palsy (BULBAR PALSY, PROGRESSIVE), the initial degeneration occurs in the brainstem. In primary lateral sclerosis, the cortical neurons are affected in isolation. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	2.17	1	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	3.32	6	0
Complications, Pregnancy [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	2.59	2	0
Nervous System Disorders [description not available]	7.64	43	0
Nervous System Diseases Diseases of the central and peripheral nervous system. This includes disorders of the brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, peripheral nerves, nerve roots, autonomic nervous system, neuromuscular junction, and muscle.	7.64	43	0
Malignant Mesothelioma [description not available]	2.17	1	0
Mesothelioma A tumor derived from mesothelial tissue (peritoneum, pleura, pericardium). It appears as broad sheets of cells, with some regions containing spindle-shaped, sarcoma-like cells and other regions showing adenomatous patterns. Pleural mesotheliomas have been linked to exposure to asbestos. (Dorland, 27th ed)	9.33	4	0
Chordoma A malignant tumor arising from the embryonic remains of the notochord. It is also called chordocarcinoma, chordoepithelioma, and notochordoma. (Dorland, 27th ed)	2.21	1	0
Cranial Nerve Diseases Disorders of one or more of the twelve cranial nerves. With the exception of the optic and olfactory nerves, this includes disorders of the brain stem nuclei from which the cranial nerves originate or terminate.	2.21	1	0
Cognition Disorders Disorders characterized by disturbances in mental processes related to learning, thinking, reasoning, and judgment.	2.21	1	0
Gastroenteritis INFLAMMATION of any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM. Causes of gastroenteritis are many including genetic, infection, HYPERSENSITIVITY, drug effects, and CANCER.	2.21	1	0
Electron Transport Chain Deficiencies, Mitochondrial [description not available]	3.46	2	0
Mitochondrial Diseases Diseases caused by abnormal function of the MITOCHONDRIA. They may be caused by mutations, acquired or inherited, in mitochondrial DNA or in nuclear genes that code for mitochondrial components. They may also be the result of acquired mitochondria dysfunction due to adverse effects of drugs, infections, or other environmental causes.	3.46	2	0
Carcinoma, Thymic [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Cancer of the Thymus [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Thymoma A neoplasm originating from thymic tissue, usually benign, and frequently encapsulated. Although it is occasionally invasive, metastases are extremely rare. It consists of any type of thymic epithelial cell as well as lymphocytes that are usually abundant. Malignant lymphomas that involve the thymus, e.g., lymphosarcoma, Hodgkin's disease (previously termed granulomatous thymoma), should not be regarded as thymoma. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.21	1	0
Thymus Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the THYMUS GLAND.	2.21	1	0
Abdominal Cryptorchidism [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Endometrioma An enlarged area of ENDOMETRIOSIS that resembles a tumor. It is usually found in the OVARY. When it is filled with old blood, it is known as a chocolate cyst.	2.21	1	0
Endometriosis A condition in which functional endometrial tissue is present outside the UTERUS. It is often confined to the PELVIS involving the OVARY, the ligaments, cul-de-sac, and the uterovesical peritoneum.	2.21	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	5.2	47	0
Cancer of Esophagus [description not available]	2.54	2	0
Cancer of Stomach [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Esophageal Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the ESOPHAGUS.	2.54	2	0
Stomach Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the STOMACH.	2.21	1	0
Biological Clock Disturbances [description not available]	2.21	1	0
Epithelial Ovarian Cancer [description not available]	7.5	2	0
Epithelial Neoplasms [description not available]	2.5	2	0
Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial A malignant neoplasm that originates in cells on the surface EPITHELIUM of the ovary and is the most common form of ovarian cancer. There are five histologic subtypes: papillary serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and transitional cell. Mutations in BRCA1, OPCML, PRKN, PIK3CA, AKT1, CTNNB1, RRAS2, and CDH1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.5	2	0
Blood Diseases [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Hematologic Diseases Disorders of the blood and blood forming tissues.	2.08	1	0
Atrophy, Muscular, Peroneal [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease A hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy transmitted most often as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by progressive distal wasting and loss of reflexes in the muscles of the legs (and occasionally involving the arms). Onset is usually in the second to fourth decade of life. This condition has been divided into two subtypes, hereditary motor and sensory neuropathy (HMSN) types I and II. HMSN I is associated with abnormal nerve conduction velocities and nerve hypertrophy, features not seen in HMSN II. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1343)	2.08	1	0
Degenerative Diseases, Central Nervous System [description not available]	4.16	3	0
Neurodegenerative Diseases Hereditary and sporadic conditions which are characterized by progressive nervous system dysfunction. These disorders are often associated with atrophy of the affected central or peripheral nervous system structures.	4.16	3	0
Emphysema A pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs.	2.08	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	2.08	1	0
Silicosis A form of pneumoconiosis resulting from inhalation of dust containing crystalline form of SILICON DIOXIDE, usually in the form of quartz. Amorphous silica is relatively nontoxic.	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Ductal, Pancreatic [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma that arises from the PANCREATIC DUCTS. It accounts for the majority of cancers derived from the PANCREAS.	2.08	1	0
Cancer of Colon [description not available]	3.28	6	0
Colonic Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the COLON.	3.28	6	0
Chromosome-Defective Micronuclei [description not available]	4.38	20	0
Ataxia of Gait [description not available]	2.08	1	0
Anaplastic Astrocytoma [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Astrocytoma Neoplasms of the brain and spinal cord derived from glial cells which vary from histologically benign forms to highly anaplastic and malignant tumors. Fibrillary astrocytomas are the most common type and may be classified in order of increasing malignancy (grades I through IV). In the first two decades of life, astrocytomas tend to originate in the cerebellar hemispheres; in adults, they most frequently arise in the cerebrum and frequently undergo malignant transformation. (From Devita et al., Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology, 5th ed, pp2013-7; Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, p1082)	3.16	5	0
Gait Disorders, Animal [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma A carcinoma that originates usually from cells on the surface of the middle and lower third of the ESOPHAGUS. Tumor cells exhibit typical squamous morphology and form large polypoid lesions. Mutations in RNF6, LZTS1, TGFBR2, DEC1, and WWOX1 genes are associated with this cancer.	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	3.16	5	0
Carcinoma, Epidermoid [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	3.16	5	0
Carcinoma, Squamous Cell A carcinoma derived from stratified SQUAMOUS EPITHELIAL CELLS. It may also occur in sites where glandular or columnar epithelium is normally present. (From Stedman, 25th ed)	2.1	1	0
Degenerative Disc Disease [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Degenerative changes in the INTERVERTEBRAL DISC due to aging or structural damage, especially to the vertebral end-plates.	2.1	1	0
Allergic Encephalomyelitis [description not available]	2.1	1	0
Atrophy Decrease in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or multiple organs, associated with a variety of pathological conditions such as abnormal cellular changes, ischemia, malnutrition, or hormonal changes.	2.93	4	0
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced Congenital abnormalities caused by medicinal substances or drugs of abuse given to or taken by the mother, or to which she is inadvertently exposed during the manufacture of such substances. The concept excludes abnormalities resulting from exposure to non-medicinal chemicals in the environment.	4.79	7	0
Genome Instability [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Atherogenesis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Liver Steatosis [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Hyperlipemia [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Fatty Liver Lipid infiltration of the hepatic parenchymal cells resulting in a yellow-colored liver. The abnormal lipid accumulation is usually in the form of TRIGLYCERIDES, either as a single large droplet or multiple small droplets. Fatty liver is caused by an imbalance in the metabolism of FATTY ACIDS.	7.11	1	0
Hyperlipidemias Conditions with excess LIPIDS in the blood.	2.11	1	0
Atherosclerosis A thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES that occurs with formation of ATHEROSCLEROTIC PLAQUES within the ARTERIAL INTIMA.	2.11	1	0
Animal Mammary Carcinoma [description not available]	3.89	4	0
Proteinuria The presence of proteins in the urine, an indicator of KIDNEY DISEASES.	2.11	1	0
Apoplexy [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Stroke A group of pathological conditions characterized by sudden, non-convulsive loss of neurological function due to BRAIN ISCHEMIA or INTRACRANIAL HEMORRHAGES. Stroke is classified by the type of tissue NECROSIS, such as the anatomic location, vasculature involved, etiology, age of the affected individual, and hemorrhagic vs. non-hemorrhagic nature. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp777-810)	2.15	1	0
Weight Gain Increase in BODY WEIGHT over existing weight.	3.31	6	0
Genetic Predisposition [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Dyskinesia Syndromes [description not available]	2.11	1	0
Movement Disorders Syndromes which feature DYSKINESIAS as a cardinal manifestation of the disease process. Included in this category are degenerative, hereditary, post-infectious, medication-induced, post-inflammatory, and post-traumatic conditions.	2.11	1	0
Carcinoma, Colloid [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Invasiveness, Neoplasm [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous An adenocarcinoma producing mucin in significant amounts. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.13	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell An adenocarcinoma characterized by the presence of varying combinations of clear and hobnail-shaped tumor cells. There are three predominant patterns described as tubulocystic, solid, and papillary. These tumors, usually located in the female reproductive organs, have been seen more frequently in young women since 1970 as a result of the association with intrauterine exposure to diethylstilbestrol. (From Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed)	2.13	1	0
Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous A malignant cystic or semicystic neoplasm. It often occurs in the ovary and usually bilaterally. The external surface is usually covered with papillary excrescences. Microscopically, the papillary patterns are predominantly epithelial overgrowths with differentiated and undifferentiated papillary serous cystadenocarcinoma cells. Psammoma bodies may be present. The tumor generally adheres to surrounding structures and produces ascites. (From Hughes, Obstetric-Gynecologic Terminology, 1972, p185)	2.13	1	0
Dysplastic Nevus Syndrome, Hereditary [description not available]	2.15	1	0
Malignant Melanoma [description not available]	7.15	1	0
Cancer of Skin [description not available]	4.16	6	0
Melanoma A malignant neoplasm derived from cells that are capable of forming melanin, which may occur in the skin of any part of the body, in the eye, or, rarely, in the mucous membranes of the genitalia, anus, oral cavity, or other sites. It occurs mostly in adults and may originate de novo or from a pigmented nevus or malignant lentigo. Melanomas frequently metastasize widely, and the regional lymph nodes, liver, lungs, and brain are likely to be involved. The incidence of malignant skin melanomas is rising rapidly in all parts of the world. (Stedman, 25th ed; from Rook et al., Textbook of Dermatology, 4th ed, p2445)	7.15	1	0
Skin Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the SKIN.	4.16	6	0
Retinal Degeneration A retrogressive pathological change in the retina, focal or generalized, caused by genetic defects, inflammation, trauma, vascular disease, or aging. Degeneration affecting predominantly the macula lutea of the retina is MACULAR DEGENERATION. (Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p304)	2.37	2	0
Chronic Lung Injury [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Deaf Mutism [description not available]	2.13	1	0
Deafness A general term for the complete loss of the ability to hear from both ears.	2.13	1	0
Benign Neoplasms, Brain [description not available]	4.66	6	0
Cancer of Testis [description not available]	3.83	2	0
Brain Neoplasms Neoplasms of the intracranial components of the central nervous system, including the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, hypothalamus, thalamus, brain stem, and cerebellum. Brain neoplasms are subdivided into primary (originating from brain tissue) and secondary (i.e., metastatic) forms. Primary neoplasms are subdivided into benign and malignant forms. In general, brain tumors may also be classified by age of onset, histologic type, or presenting location in the brain.	4.66	6	0
Testicular Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the TESTIS. Germ cell tumors (GERMINOMA) of the testis constitute 95% of all testicular neoplasms.	3.83	2	0
Chromosomal Breakage [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Chromosomal Translocation [description not available]	3.09	5	0
Abnormalities, Autosome [description not available]	5.82	22	0
Cancer of Gastrointestinal Tract [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Bacterial Disease [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Bacterial Infections Infections by bacteria, general or unspecified.	2.04	1	0
Menopause The last menstrual period. Permanent cessation of menses (MENSTRUATION) is usually defined after 6 to 12 months of AMENORRHEA in a woman over 45 years of age. In the United States, menopause generally occurs in women between 48 and 55 years of age.	2.05	1	0
Polyploid [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Cyst [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Interstitial Cell Tumor [description not available]	2.96	1	0
Condition, Preneoplastic [description not available]	2.74	3	0
Cancer of the Urinary Tract [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Precancerous Conditions Pathological conditions that tend eventually to become malignant.	2.74	3	0
Necrosis The death of cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury or failure of the blood supply.	7.94	4	0
Adenoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	2.46	2	0
Adenoma A benign epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.67	3	0
Infections, Coronavirus [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Aujeszky Disease [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Swine Diseases Diseases of domestic swine and of the wild boar of the genus Sus.	2.05	1	0
Coronavirus Infections Virus diseases caused by the CORONAVIRUS genus. Some specifics include transmissible enteritis of turkeys (ENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF TURKEYS); FELINE INFECTIOUS PERITONITIS; and transmissible gastroenteritis of swine (GASTROENTERITIS, TRANSMISSIBLE, OF SWINE).	2.05	1	0
Experimental Mammary Neoplasms [description not available]	3.62	3	0
Hyperplasia An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. It differs from HYPERTROPHY, which is an increase in bulk without an increase in the number of cells.	2.05	1	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	2.7	3	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	2.7	3	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	2.05	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	2.05	1	0
Teratogenesis The formation of CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES.	7.05	1	0
Abortion, Tubal [description not available]	2.44	2	0
Abortion, Spontaneous Expulsion of the product of FERTILIZATION before completing the term of GESTATION and without deliberate interference.	2.44	2	0
Diseases, Occupational [description not available]	5.32	13	0
Aberrant Crypt Foci Clusters of colonic crypts that appear different from the surrounding mucosa when visualized after staining. They are of interest as putative precursors to colorectal adenomas and potential biomarkers for colorectal carcinoma.	7.06	1	0
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	3.48	8	0
Wallerian Degeneration Degeneration of distal aspects of a nerve axon following injury to the cell body or proximal portion of the axon. The process is characterized by fragmentation of the axon and its MYELIN SHEATH.	2.9	4	0
Breathing Sounds [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Infections, Respiratory [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Respiratory Sounds Noises, normal and abnormal, heard on auscultation over any part of the RESPIRATORY TRACT.	2.06	1	0
Respiratory Tract Infections Invasion of the host RESPIRATORY SYSTEM by microorganisms, usually leading to pathological processes or diseases.	2.06	1	0
Stunted Growth [description not available]	2.47	2	0
Growth Disorders Deviations from the average values for a specific age and sex in any or all of the following: height, weight, skeletal proportions, osseous development, or maturation of features. Included here are both acceleration and retardation of growth.	2.47	2	0
Canine Diseases [description not available]	2.41	2	0
Hepatitis, Viral, Non-A, Non-B, Parenterally-Transmitted [description not available]	2.06	1	0
Hepatitis C INFLAMMATION of the LIVER in humans caused by HEPATITIS C VIRUS, a single-stranded RNA virus. Its incubation period is 30-90 days. Hepatitis C is transmitted primarily by contaminated blood parenterally and is often associated with transfusion and intravenous drug abuse. However, in a significant number of cases, the source of hepatitis C infection is unknown.	2.06	1	0
Adenoma, Hepatocellular [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Disease Exacerbation [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Duncan Disease [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Lymphoproliferative Disorders Disorders characterized by proliferation of lymphoid tissue, general or unspecified.	2.07	1	0
Infections, Staphylococcal [description not available]	2.43	2	0
Infections, Prosthesis-Related [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Staphylococcal Infections Infections with bacteria of the genus STAPHYLOCOCCUS.	2.43	2	0
Absence Seizure [description not available]	2.07	1	0
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	2.07	1	0
Muscle Contraction A process leading to shortening and/or development of tension in muscle tissue. Muscle contraction occurs by a sliding filament mechanism whereby actin filaments slide inward among the myosin filaments.	3.09	5	0
Palsy [description not available]	2.9	4	0
Paralysis A general term most often used to describe severe or complete loss of muscle strength due to motor system disease from the level of the cerebral cortex to the muscle fiber. This term may also occasionally refer to a loss of sensory function. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p45)	2.9	4	0
Bovine Diseases [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Dermatitis, Occupational A recurrent contact dermatitis caused by substances found in the work place.	2.9	4	0
Ambiguous Genitalia [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Disorders of Sex Development In gonochoristic organisms, congenital conditions in which development of chromosomal, gonadal, or anatomical sex is atypical. Effects from exposure to abnormal levels of GONADAL HORMONES in the maternal environment, or disruption of the function of those hormones by ENDOCRINE DISRUPTORS are included.	2.01	1	0
Hormone-Dependent Neoplasms [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Retinal Pigment Epithelial Detachment [description not available]	1.93	1	0
Retinal Detachment Separation of the inner layers of the retina (neural retina) from the pigment epithelium. Retinal detachment occurs more commonly in men than in women, in eyes with degenerative myopia, in aging and in aphakia. It may occur after an uncomplicated cataract extraction, but it is seen more often if vitreous humor has been lost during surgery. (Dorland, 27th ed; Newell, Ophthalmology: Principles and Concepts, 7th ed, p310-12).	1.93	1	0
Focal Neurologic Deficits [description not available]	1.94	1	0
E coli Infections [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Gasser Syndrome [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Escherichia coli Infections Infections with bacteria of the species ESCHERICHIA COLI.	2.02	1	0
Hemolytic-Uremic Syndrome A syndrome that is associated with microvascular diseases of the KIDNEY, such as RENAL CORTICAL NECROSIS. It is characterized by hemolytic anemia (ANEMIA, HEMOLYTIC); THROMBOCYTOPENIA; and ACUTE RENAL FAILURE.	2.02	1	0
Dysesthesia [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Arteriosclerosis Thickening and loss of elasticity of the walls of ARTERIES of all sizes. There are many forms classified by the types of lesions and arteries involved, such as ATHEROSCLEROSIS with fatty lesions in the ARTERIAL INTIMA of medium and large muscular arteries.	2.93	1	0
Reproductive Sterility [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Infertility A reduced or absent capacity to reproduce.	2.02	1	0
Ulnar Nerve Diseases [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Cumulative Trauma Disorders Harmful and painful condition caused by overuse or overexertion of some part of the musculoskeletal system, often resulting from work-related physical activities. It is characterized by inflammation, pain, or dysfunction of the involved joints, bones, ligaments, and nerves.	2.02	1	0
Food Poisoning [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Chronic Kidney Failure [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Kidney Failure, Chronic The end-stage of CHRONIC RENAL INSUFFICIENCY. It is characterized by the severe irreversible kidney damage (as measured by the level of PROTEINURIA) and the reduction in GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE to less than 15 ml per min (Kidney Foundation: Kidney Disease Outcome Quality Initiative, 2002). These patients generally require HEMODIALYSIS or KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION.	2.02	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli, Familial [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Adenomatous Polyposis Coli A polyposis syndrome due to an autosomal dominant mutation of the APC genes (GENES, APC) on CHROMOSOME 5. The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds of ADENOMATOUS POLYPS in the COLON and RECTUM of affected individuals by early adulthood.	7.02	1	0
Coxsackie Virus Infections [description not available]	2.02	1	0
Testicular Diseases Pathological processes of the TESTIS.	2.02	1	0
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	3.24	6	0
Hyperesthesia Increased sensitivity to cutaneous stimulation due to a diminished threshold or an increased response to stimuli.	2.02	1	0
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.03	1	0
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Adenocarcinoma, Follicular An adenocarcinoma of the thyroid gland, in which the cells are arranged in the form of follicles. (From Dorland, 27th ed)	2.03	1	0
Schistosoma mansoni Infection [description not available]	2.03	1	0
Schistosomiasis mansoni Schistosomiasis caused by Schistosoma mansoni. It is endemic in Africa, the Middle East, South America, and the Caribbean and affects mainly the bowel, spleen, and liver.	2.03	1	0
Critical Illness A disease or state in which death is possible or imminent.	2.03	1	0
Lesion of Sciatic Nerve [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia [description not available]	2.04	1	0
Leukemia, Promyelocytic, Acute An acute myeloid leukemia in which abnormal PROMYELOCYTES predominate. It is frequently associated with DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION.	2.04	1	0
Abnormal Deep Tendon Reflex [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Reflex, Abnormal An abnormal response to a stimulus applied to the sensory components of the nervous system. This may take the form of increased, decreased, or absent reflexes.	2.37	2	0
Muscle Disorders [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Esophageal Diseases Pathological processes in the ESOPHAGUS.	1.96	1	0
Muscular Diseases Acquired, familial, and congenital disorders of SKELETAL MUSCLE and SMOOTH MUSCLE.	1.96	1	0
Amyotonia Congenita [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Neuromuscular Diseases A general term encompassing lower MOTOR NEURON DISEASE; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; and certain MUSCULAR DISEASES. Manifestations include MUSCLE WEAKNESS; FASCICULATION; muscle ATROPHY; SPASM; MYOKYMIA; MUSCLE HYPERTONIA, myalgias, and MUSCLE HYPOTONIA.	2.37	2	0
Anterior Optic Neuritis [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Optic Neuritis Inflammation of the optic nerve. Commonly associated conditions include autoimmune disorders such as MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, infections, and granulomatous diseases. Clinical features include retro-orbital pain that is aggravated by eye movement, loss of color vision, and contrast sensitivity that may progress to severe visual loss, an afferent pupillary defect (Marcus-Gunn pupil), and in some instances optic disc hyperemia and swelling. Inflammation may occur in the portion of the nerve within the globe (neuropapillitis or anterior optic neuritis) or the portion behind the globe (retrobulbar neuritis or posterior optic neuritis).	1.96	1	0
Cataract, Membranous [description not available]	3.06	5	0
Cataract Partial or complete opacity on or in the lens or capsule of one or both eyes, impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). (Dorland, 27th ed)	8.06	5	0
Asymmetric Diabetic Proximal Motor Neuropathy [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Diabetic Neuropathies Peripheral, autonomic, and cranial nerve disorders that are associated with DIABETES MELLITUS. These conditions usually result from diabetic microvascular injury involving small blood vessels that supply nerves (VASA NERVORUM). Relatively common conditions which may be associated with diabetic neuropathy include third nerve palsy (see OCULOMOTOR NERVE DISEASES); MONONEUROPATHY; mononeuropathy multiplex; diabetic amyotrophy; a painful POLYNEUROPATHY; autonomic neuropathy; and thoracoabdominal neuropathy. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1325)	7.67	3	0
Aneuploid [description not available]	7.91	4	0
Genetic Non-Disjunction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Fibrosarcoma A sarcoma derived from deep fibrous tissue, characterized by bundles of immature proliferating fibroblasts with variable collagen formation, which tends to invade locally and metastasize by the bloodstream. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.98	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	1.98	1	0
Delayed Hypersensitivity [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	2.67	3	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	2.67	3	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	2.38	2	0
Fetal Death Death of the developing young in utero. BIRTH of a dead FETUS is STILLBIRTH.	3.99	5	0
Autoimmune Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Pregnancy in Diabetes [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 A subtype of DIABETES MELLITUS that is characterized by INSULIN deficiency. It is manifested by the sudden onset of severe HYPERGLYCEMIA, rapid progression to DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS, and DEATH unless treated with insulin. The disease may occur at any age, but is most common in childhood or adolescence.	1.99	1	0
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.69	3	0
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.69	3	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Rheumatoid Arthritis [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Arthritis, Rheumatoid A chronic systemic disease, primarily of the joints, marked by inflammatory changes in the synovial membranes and articular structures, widespread fibrinoid degeneration of the collagen fibers in mesenchymal tissues, and by atrophy and rarefaction of bony structures. Etiology is unknown, but autoimmune mechanisms have been implicated.	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Bright Disease A historical classification which is no longer used. It described acute glomerulonephritis, acute nephritic syndrome, or acute nephritis. Named for Richard Bright.	1.99	1	0
Graft-Versus-Host Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Libman-Sacks Disease [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Autoimmune Diseases Disorders that are characterized by the production of antibodies that react with host tissues or immune effector cells that are autoreactive to endogenous peptides.	1.99	1	0
Glomerulonephritis Inflammation of the renal glomeruli (KIDNEY GLOMERULUS) that can be classified by the type of glomerular injuries including antibody deposition, complement activation, cellular proliferation, and glomerulosclerosis. These structural and functional abnormalities usually lead to HEMATURIA; PROTEINURIA; HYPERTENSION; and RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.	1.99	1	0
Graft vs Host Disease The clinical entity characterized by anorexia, diarrhea, loss of hair, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, growth retardation, and eventual death brought about by the GRAFT VS HOST REACTION.	1.99	1	0
Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic A chronic, relapsing, inflammatory, and often febrile multisystemic disorder of connective tissue, characterized principally by involvement of the skin, joints, kidneys, and serosal membranes. It is of unknown etiology, but is thought to represent a failure of the regulatory mechanisms of the autoimmune system. The disease is marked by a wide range of system dysfunctions, an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and the formation of LE cells in the blood or bone marrow.	1.99	1	0
Circulatory Collapse [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Shock A pathological condition manifested by failure to perfuse or oxygenate vital organs.	1.99	1	0
Autosomal Chromosome Disorders [description not available]	2	1	0
Amyloid Neuropathies Disorders of the peripheral nervous system associated with the deposition of AMYLOID in nerve tissue. Familial, primary (nonfamilial), and secondary forms have been described. Some familial subtypes demonstrate an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Clinical manifestations include sensory loss, mild weakness, autonomic dysfunction, and CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1349)	2	1	0
Respiratory Tract Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue in the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	2	1	0
Entrapment Neuropathies [description not available]	2	1	0
Polyneuropathy, Acquired [description not available]	2.92	1	0
Polyneuropathies Diseases of multiple peripheral nerves simultaneously. Polyneuropathies usually are characterized by symmetrical, bilateral distal motor and sensory impairment with a graded increase in severity distally. The pathological processes affecting peripheral nerves include degeneration of the axon, myelin or both. The various forms of polyneuropathy are categorized by the type of nerve affected (e.g., sensory, motor, or autonomic), by the distribution of nerve injury (e.g., distal vs. proximal), by nerve component primarily affected (e.g., demyelinating vs. axonal), by etiology, or by pattern of inheritance.	2.92	1	0
Cancer, Radiation-Induced [description not available]	2	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.99	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.99	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	2	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	2	1	0
alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency Deficiency of the protease inhibitor ALPHA 1-ANTITRYPSIN that manifests primarily as PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA and LIVER CIRRHOSIS.	2.01	1	0
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	2.01	1	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	2.01	1	0
Deficiency, Thiamine [description not available]	1.95	1	0
Thiamine Deficiency A nutritional condition produced by a deficiency of THIAMINE in the diet, characterized by anorexia, irritability, and weight loss. Later, patients experience weakness, peripheral neuropathy, headache, and tachycardia. In addition to being caused by a poor diet, thiamine deficiency in the United States most commonly occurs as a result of alcoholism, since ethanol interferes with thiamine absorption. In countries relying on polished rice as a dietary staple, BERIBERI prevalence is very high. (From Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 19th ed, p1171)	1.95	1	0
Adrenal Cancer [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Marasmus [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Protein-Energy Malnutrition The lack of sufficient energy or protein to meet the body's metabolic demands, as a result of either an inadequate dietary intake of protein, intake of poor quality dietary protein, increased demands due to disease, or increased nutrient losses.	1.98	1	0
Classic Globoid Cell Leukodystrophy [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Leukodystrophy, Globoid Cell An autosomal recessive metabolic disorder caused by a deficiency of GALACTOSYLCERAMIDASE leading to intralysosomal accumulation of galactolipids such as GALACTOSYLCERAMIDES and PSYCHOSINE. It is characterized by demyelination associated with large multinucleated globoid cells, predominantly involving the white matter of the central nervous system. The loss of MYELIN disrupts normal conduction of nerve impulses.	2.89	1	0
Axon Reaction [description not available]	1.98	1	0
Urinary Retention Inability to empty the URINARY BLADDER with voiding (URINATION).	1.97	1	0
Anasarca [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Edema Abnormal fluid accumulation in TISSUES or body cavities. Most cases of edema are present under the SKIN in SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE.	1.97	1	0
Carcinoma, Ehrlich Tumor A transplantable, poorly differentiated malignant tumor which appeared originally as a spontaneous breast carcinoma in a mouse. It grows in both solid and ascitic forms.	1.97	1	0
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) Diseases [description not available]	2.38	2	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	7.38	2	0
Hand Dermatosis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	2.38	2	0
Hand Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the HANDS.	1.97	1	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Fetal Resorption The disintegration and assimilation of the dead FETUS in the UTERUS at any stage after the completion of organogenesis which, in humans, is after the 9th week of GESTATION. It does not include embryo resorption (see EMBRYO LOSS).	2.89	1	0
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	2.89	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	2.89	1	0
Achalasia [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Esophageal Achalasia A motility disorder of the ESOPHAGUS in which the LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER (near the CARDIA) fails to relax resulting in functional obstruction of the esophagus, and DYSPHAGIA. Achalasia is characterized by a grossly contorted and dilated esophagus (megaesophagus).	1.97	1	0
Lassitude [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	1.97	1	0
Cough A sudden, audible expulsion of air from the lungs through a partially closed glottis, preceded by inhalation. It is a protective response that serves to clear the trachea, bronchi, and/or lungs of irritants and secretions, or to prevent aspiration of foreign materials into the lungs.	6.97	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.97	1	0
Cholera Infantum [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Respiratory Tract Diseases Diseases involving the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM.	1.97	1	0
Deficiency, Protein [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Clinically Isolated CNS Demyelinating Syndrome [description not available]	1.97	1	0
Demyelinating Diseases Diseases characterized by loss or dysfunction of myelin in the central or peripheral nervous system.	1.97	1	0
Cancer of Mouth [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Pheochromocytoma, Extra-Adrenal [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Mouth Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the MOUTH.	1.96	1	0
Pheochromocytoma A usually benign, well-encapsulated, lobular, vascular tumor of chromaffin tissue of the ADRENAL MEDULLA or sympathetic paraganglia. The cardinal symptom, reflecting the increased secretion of EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE, is HYPERTENSION, which may be persistent or intermittent. During severe attacks, there may be HEADACHE; SWEATING, palpitation, apprehension, TREMOR; PALLOR or FLUSHING of the face, NAUSEA and VOMITING, pain in the CHEST and ABDOMEN, and paresthesias of the extremities. The incidence of malignancy is as low as 5% but the pathologic distinction between benign and malignant pheochromocytomas is not clear. (Dorland, 27th ed; DeVita Jr et al., Cancer: Principles & Practice of Oncology, 3d ed, p1298)	1.96	1	0
Papilloma, Squamous Cell [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Papilloma A circumscribed benign epithelial tumor projecting from the surrounding surface; more precisely, a benign epithelial neoplasm consisting of villous or arborescent outgrowths of fibrovascular stroma covered by neoplastic cells. (Stedman, 25th ed)	1.96	1	0
Poisoning, Lead [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Poisoning, Mercury [description not available]	2.88	1	0
Lead Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of LEAD or lead compounds.	2.88	1	0
Mercury Poisoning Poisoning that results from chronic or acute ingestion, injection, inhalation, or skin absorption of MERCURY or MERCURY COMPOUNDS.	2.88	1	0
Cranial Nerve II Diseases [description not available]	2.37	2	0
Day Blindness [description not available]	1.96	1	0
Optic Nerve Diseases Conditions which produce injury or dysfunction of the second cranial or optic nerve, which is generally considered a component of the central nervous system. Damage to optic nerve fibers may occur at or near their origin in the retina, at the optic disk, or in the nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, or lateral geniculate nuclei. Clinical manifestations may include decreased visual acuity and contrast sensitivity, impaired color vision, and an afferent pupillary defect.	2.37	2	0
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	1.96	1	0

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