gaboxadol profile

Gaboxadol is a synthetic, non-selective agonist of the δ subunit of the GABAA receptor. It is used as a research tool to investigate the role of the δ subunit in various neurological and psychiatric conditions. Studies have shown that gaboxadol possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and sleep-promoting effects. It is also known to have neuroprotective properties and may have potential applications in treating alcohol use disorder. The mechanism of action of gaboxadol is related to its ability to enhance GABAergic neurotransmission by binding to the δ subunit and promoting chloride ion influx into neurons. However, gaboxadol's clinical development has been limited due to concerns about its potential for abuse and its side effects, including dizziness, sedation, and cognitive impairment.'

gaboxadol: GABA agonist; inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; structure [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	3448
CHEMBL ID	312443
CHEBI ID	34373
MeSH ID	M0064895

Synonym
nsc-759585
lu-02030
chebi:34373 ,
CHEMBL312443
DIVK1C_000211
KBIO1_000211
mk-0928
lu-02-030
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazole(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol
gaboxadol [usan:inn]
einecs 264-963-0
isoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3(2h)-one, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-
gaboxadolum [latin]
lu 02-030
SPECTRUM_001484
BSPBIO_002256
NCGC00015982-01
lopac-t-101
tocris-0807
NCGC00015982-02
NCGC00024801-01
prestwick-13b03
LOPAC0_001233
IDI1_000211
gaboxadol (usan/inn)
PRESTWICK3_000972
D04282
BIOMOL-NT_000235
BSPBIO_001003
BPBIO1_000420
SPECTRUM5_001907
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol
thip
64603-91-4
gaboxadol
AB00053777
PRESTWICK2_000972
NCGC00024801-03
ZINC19795995 ,
KBIOGR_000683
KBIO2_004532
KBIO3_001476
KBIO2_007100
KBIO2_001964
KBIOSS_001964
SPBIO_001560
SPECTRUM4_000172
SPECTRUM3_000728
SPECTRUM2_001590
NINDS_000211
SPBIO_002914
PRESTWICK0_000972
PRESTWICK1_000972
BPBIO1_001105
NCGC00024801-02
NCGC00015982-06
4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-[1,2]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-one
NCGC00015982-05
bdbm82002
nsc_3448
cas_64603-91-4
AKOS006282519
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol
dtxsid0045206 ,
tox21_110271
cas-64603-91-4
dtxcid8025206
CCG-205307
NCGC00015982-04
NCGC00015982-07
NCGC00015982-03
gaboxadolum
k1m5rvl18s ,
nsc 759585
unii-k1m5rvl18s
gtpl4322
2h,3h,4h,5h,6h,7h-[1,2]oxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-one
AKOS023612269
DB06554
NCGC00263653-01
tox21_110271_1
ZXRVKCBLGJOCEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine-3-ol
gaboxadol [who-dd]
gaboxadol [inn]
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3(2h)-one
gaboxadol [usan]
gaboxadol [mi]
isoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3(2h)-one, 4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-one
AB00053777_07
SBI-0051200.P003
BCP07031
ov-101
Q4130924
HY-10232
bdbm50224809
SB18782
SDCCGSBI-0051200.P004
NCGC00015982-13
FT-0774669
CS-0002507
MS-22812
mfcd05664626
SY253214
EI7 ,
EN300-6233417

Research Excerpts

Overview

Gaboxadol is a selective agonist at γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors that contain α4-δ subunits. It produces anxiolytic and sedative effects, previously in development for the treatment of insomnia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gaboxadol is a highly selective orthosteric agonist that activates δ-subunit-containing extrasynaptic γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA"	( The STARS Phase 2 Study: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Gaboxadol in Angelman Syndrome. Bird, LM; Burdine, RD; During, MJ; Heimer, G; Holcroft, C; Kolevzon, A; Melmed, RD; Ochoa-Lubinoff, C; Rakhit, A; Tan, WH; Thibert, RL; Visootsak, J, 2021)	2.31
"Gaboxadol is a selective agonist at γ-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptors that contain α4-δ subunits, and it produces anxiolytic and sedative effects. "	( Comparing the discriminative stimulus effects of modulators of GABAA receptors containing α4-δ subunits with those of gaboxadol in rats. Gerak, LR; Ibarra, MH; Pressly, JD; Smith, KR; Zanettini, C, 2016)	2.09
"Gaboxadol is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist previously in development for the treatment of insomnia. "	( Highway driving performance and cognitive functioning the morning after bedtime and middle-of-the-night use of gaboxadol, zopiclone and zolpidem. Leufkens, TR; Lund, JS; Vermeeren, A, 2009)	2.01
"Gaboxadol (Gbx) is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist with high oral bioavailability in rat, dog and human."	( Gaboxadol has affinity for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1, SLC36A1 (hPAT1)--A modelling approach to determine IC(50) values of the three ionic species of gaboxadol. Frølund, S; Nielsen, CU; Rapin, N, 2011)	2.53
"Gaboxadol is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist (SEGA) which enhances slow-wave sleep, and may act principally at extrasynaptic GABA(A)alpha4betadelta receptors. "	( Gaboxadol, a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) agonist, does not generalise to other sleep-enhancing drugs: a rat drug discrimination study. Hutson, PH; McDonald, LM; Sheppard, WF; Sohal, B; Staveley, SM; Tattersall, FD, 2007)	3.23
"Gaboxadol is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) agonist, previously in development for the treatment of insomniac patients."	( Short-term treatment with gaboxadol improves sleep maintenance and enhances slow wave sleep in adult patients with primary insomnia. Deacon, S; Loft, H; Lundahl, J; Staner, C; Staner, L, 2007)	2.08

Effects

Gaboxadol is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist. It has been in development for treatment of chronic pain and insomnia.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gaboxadol has been in development for treatment of chronic pain and insomnia. "	( Intestinal gaboxadol absorption via PAT1 (SLC36A1): modified absorption in vivo following co-administration of L-tryptophan. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU, 2009)	2.19
"Gaboxadol has been suggested to be a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist. "	( Plasma and CNS concentrations of Gaboxadol in rats following subcutaneous administration. Cremers, T; Ebert, B, 2007)	2.06

Treatment

Gaboxadol treatment (3 mg/kg, i.p., 2 h) induced a significant increase in c-Fos expression selectively in many Thy1α6 brain regions including the limbic cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, septal area and central and basolateral nuclei of amygdala. Gaboxadl 15mg treatment for 2 weeks significantly improved sleep onset and maintenance variables.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Gaboxadol treatment (3 mg/kg, i.p., 2 h) induced a significant increase in c-Fos expression selectively in many Thy1α6 brain regions including the limbic cortex, anterior olfactory nucleus, septal area and central and basolateral nuclei of amygdala."	( Paradoxical widespread c-Fos expression induced by a GABA agonist in the forebrain of transgenic mice with ectopic expression of the GABA(A) α6 subunit. Hellsten, KS; Korpi, ER; Linden, AM, 2015)	1.14
"Gaboxadol 15mg treatment for 2 weeks significantly improved sleep onset and maintenance variables as well as sleep quality and daytime function, as did zolpidem. "	( A 2-week efficacy and safety study of gaboxadol and zolpidem using electronic diaries in primary insomnia outpatients. Eglin, M; Hajak, G; Hedner, J; Loft, H; Lundahl, J; Lütolf, S; Stórustovu, SI, 2009)	2.07

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" THIP, even at toxic doses, did not alter the anti-PTZ activity of either pentobarbital or phenobarbital."	( Effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists on the neurotoxicity and anticonvulsant activity of barbiturates in mice. Chweh, AY; Swinyard, EA; Ulloque, RA, 1986)	0.27
"The acute administration of an anticonvulsant dose of ethosuximide (150 mg/kg) had no effect on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration, whereas a toxic dose (400 mg/kg) increased significantly the concentration of brain GABA (1."	( Effect of ethosuximide alone and in combination with gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor agonists on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid concentration, anticonvulsant activity and neurotoxicity in mice. Chweh, AY; Lin-Michell, E; Swinyard, EA, 1986)	0.27
" Gaboxadol was generally safe and well tolerated, with no evidence of withdrawal symptoms or rebound insomnia after discontinuation of short-term treatment."	( A 2-week efficacy and safety study of gaboxadol and zolpidem using electronic diaries in primary insomnia outpatients. Eglin, M; Hajak, G; Hedner, J; Loft, H; Lundahl, J; Lütolf, S; Stórustovu, SI, 2009)	1.53

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" The in vivo pharmacokinetic profile of gaboxadol after oral administration to rats was investigated in the absence and presence of a pre-dose of 5-HTP."	( 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan alters gaboxadol pharmacokinetics in rats: involvement of PAT1 and rOat1 in gaboxadol absorption and elimination. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU; Sveigaard, C, 2010)	0.92

Bioavailability

Gaboxadol (Gbx) is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist with high oral bioavailability in rat, dog and human. In rats, the initial absorption rate of gaboxadil was decreased in the presence of 5-HTP.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"kg(-1) of the PAT1 inhibitor, L-tryptophan, significantly decreased the absorption rate constant, k(a), and C(max), and increased T(max) of gaboxadol, whereas the area under the curve and clearance of gaboxadol were constant."	( Intestinal gaboxadol absorption via PAT1 (SLC36A1): modified absorption in vivo following co-administration of L-tryptophan. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU, 2009)	0.94
" In rats, the initial absorption rate of gaboxadol was decreased in the presence of 5-HTP."	( 5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan alters gaboxadol pharmacokinetics in rats: involvement of PAT1 and rOat1 in gaboxadol absorption and elimination. Brodin, B; Holm, R; Jensen, KG; Larsen, M; Nielsen, CU; Sveigaard, C, 2010)	0.92
" Gaboxadol (Gbx) is a selective extrasynaptic GABA(A) receptor agonist with high oral bioavailability in rat, dog and human."	( Gaboxadol has affinity for the proton-coupled amino acid transporter 1, SLC36A1 (hPAT1)--A modelling approach to determine IC(50) values of the three ionic species of gaboxadol. Frølund, S; Nielsen, CU; Rapin, N, 2011)	2.72
" Hence, sertraline could alter the bioavailability of drugs absorbed via PAT1."	( Sertraline inhibits the transport of PAT1 substrates in vivo and in vitro. Abdulhadi, S; Brodin, B; Frølund, S; Holm, R; Kall, MA; Langthaler, L; Nielsen, CU; Nøhr, MK; Sari, H, 2013)	0.39
"The ATP-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is known to limit both brain penetration and oral bioavailability of many chemotherapy drugs."	( A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein. Ambudkar, SV; Brimacombe, KR; Chen, L; Gottesman, MM; Guha, R; Hall, MD; Klumpp-Thomas, C; Lee, OW; Lee, TD; Lusvarghi, S; Robey, RW; Shen, M; Tebase, BG, 2019)	0.51

Dosage Studied

Study examines the effects of gaboxadol (an investigational treatment for insomnia) and zolpidem (a current hypnotic included as an active control) on body sway and attention/information processing ability following bedtime dosing in elderly subjects.

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" Dose-response curves were determined by administering cumulative doses IV during timeout periods that preceded sequential components of the fixed-interval schedule."	( GABA-related drugs modulate the behavioral effects of lorazepam. Spealman, RD; Wettstein, JG, 1988)	0.27
" Chlorpromazine caused a slight shift in the dose-response curves as did chlordiazepoxide when used with phencyclidine."	( Quantitative electrocortical changes in the rat induced by phencyclidine and other stimulants. Bond, A; Neal, H, 1985)	0.27
" A rigorous system of analysis was devised making use of the dose-response profiles in each of the 61 brain areas to construct a regional hierarchy of responsiveness to the three drugs and allowing comparison of their effects on the brain as a whole."	( The effect of diazepam upon local cerebral glucose use in the conscious rat. Ford, I; Kelly, PA; McCulloch, J, 1986)	0.27
" The absence of any effects of a 2-mg/kg dose of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and the severe side effects produced by 10 mg/kg prevented determination of its dose-response relationship."	( Shock titration in the rhesus monkey: effects of opiate and nonopiate analgesics. Bloss, JL; Hammond, DL, 1985)	0.27
" Midazolam (10(-7)-10(-5) M) potentiated responses to all three agonists to a similar extent with a shift to the left of the dose-response curve."	( Modulation of the responses to the GABA-mimetics, THIP and piperidine-4-sulphonic acid, by agents which interact with benzodiazepine receptors. An electrophysiological study on cultured mouse neurones. Jensen, MS; Lambert, JD, 1984)	0.27
" Limiting the opportunity to gnaw on inanimate objects shifted the dose-response curve for muscimol-induced self-injurious behavior (SIB) to the left and increased the maximum incidence of SIB."	( Self-injurious behavior in rats produced by intranigral microinjection of GABA agonists. Baumeister, AA; Frye, GD, 1984)	0.27
" The maximum serum concentration was reached within 1 h after dosing in 87% of all administrations."	( The analgesic effect of the GABA-agonist THIP in patients with chronic pain of malignant origin. A phase-1-2 study. Kjaer, M; Nielsen, H, 1983)	0.27
" In the flurothyl seizure model, SNR microinjection of the selective GABAA receptor agonist muscimol results in a biphasic dose-response curve in adults: Intermediate doses are anticonvulsant, but high doses have proconvulsant effects."	( Age-related differences in the effects of GABAA agonists microinjected into rat substantia nigra: pro- and anticonvulsant actions. Garant, DS; Moshé, SL; Sperber, EF; Xu, SG, 1995)	0.29
" To investigate the effects of repeated administration, we assessed sleep in rats before, during, and after chronic dosing of THIP (3 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days; n = 9) or of placebo (n = 8)."	( gamma-aminobutyric Acid(A) (GABA(A)) agonist 4,5,6, 7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[4,5-c]pyridin-3-ol persistently increases sleep maintenance and intensity during chronic administration to rats. Lancel, M; Langebartels, A, 2000)	0.31
" Also gaboxadol dose-response curves followed the same sensitivity rank order, with EC50 values being 72 and 411 microM for alpha3beta1epsilon and alpha3beta1gamma2 subtypes, respectively."	( Impact of epsilon and theta subunits on pharmacological properties of alpha3beta1 GABAA receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Korpi, ER; Möykkynen, T; Ranna, M; Sinkkonen, ST; Uusi-Oukari, M, 2006)	0.81
"001) compared to PBO in NREM sleep EEG, in a dose-response manner."	( The selective extrasynaptic GABAA agonist, gaboxadol, improves traditional hypnotic efficacy measures and enhances slow wave activity in a model of transient insomnia. Deacon, S; Dijk, DJ; Lundahl, J; Walsh, JK, 2007)	0.6
" Sleep EEG studies demonstrated lack of tolerance and withdrawal effects after 28 daily doses with gaboxadol, whereas zolpidem produced both tolerance and withdrawal effects under a similar dosing regimen."	( Gaboxadol -- a different hypnotic profile with no tolerance to sleep EEG and sedative effects after repeated daily dosing. Anderson, NJ; Cremers, TI; Ebert, B; Fahey, JM; Rasmussen, S; Sánchez, C; Vogel, V, 2008)	2.01
"To evaluate the next-day residual effects of the novel hypnotic, gaboxadol, following bedtime dosing in healthy elderly subjects."	( Next-day residual effects of gaboxadol and flurazepam administered at bedtime: a randomized double-blind study in healthy elderly subjects. Boyle, J; Cerchio, K; Cummings, C; Gargano, C; Lines, C; McCrea, J; Wolford, D, 2009)	0.88
"This study examines the effects of gaboxadol (an investigational treatment for insomnia), zolpidem (a current hypnotic included as an active control) and placebo on body sway and attention/information processing ability following bedtime dosing in elderly subjects who were woken during the night for assessments."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on postural sway and critical flicker fusion of gaboxadol and zolpidem in elderly subjects. Agrawal, N; Alexander, R; Boyle, J; Calder, N; Danjou, P; Fu, I; Gargano, C; McCrea, JB; Murphy, MG, 2009)	0.85
"To evaluate tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on body sway and critical flicker fusion (CFF) of gaboxadol following bedtime dosing in healthy elderly subjects."	( Tolerability, pharmacokinetics and night-time effects on postural sway and critical flicker fusion of gaboxadol and zolpidem in elderly subjects. Agrawal, N; Alexander, R; Boyle, J; Calder, N; Danjou, P; Fu, I; Gargano, C; McCrea, JB; Murphy, MG, 2009)	0.78

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Class	Description
oxazole	An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Chain A, MAJOR APURINIC/APYRIMIDINIC ENDONUCLEASE	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	10.0000	0.0032	45.4673	12,589.2998	AID2517
acetylcholinesterase	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	43.6486	0.0025	41.7960	15,848.9004	AID1347398
regulator of G-protein signaling 4	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.2474	0.5318	15.4358	37.6858	AID504845
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	1.0591	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID1259244
euchromatic histone-lysine N-methyltransferase 2	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	39.8107	0.0355	20.9770	89.1251	AID504332
cytochrome P450 2C19 precursor	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	25.1189	0.0025	5.8400	31.6228	AID899
nuclear receptor ROR-gamma isoform 1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	35.4813	0.0079	8.2332	1,122.0200	AID2551
histone acetyltransferase KAT2A isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	0.5623	0.2512	15.8432	39.8107	AID504327
Voltage-dependent calcium channel gamma-2 subunit	Mus musculus (house mouse)	Potency	1.0591	0.0015	57.7890	15,848.9004	AID1259244
Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	Potency	1.0591	0.0015	51.7393	15,848.9004	AID1259244
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0000	1.0101	6.8100	AID71392
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5057	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.4973	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.4988	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5046	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5065	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5057	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
GABA theta subunit	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit epsilon	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	0.0906	0.0001	0.5075	10.0000	AID71431; AID71447; AID71831
Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)	IC50 (µMol)	100.0000	0.0000	1.0532	6.8100	AID71392
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	14.0627	0.0011	2.0009	10.0000	AID724586
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-6	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	14.0627	0.0014	1.9578	10.0000	AID724586
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit delta	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-2	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)	EC50 (µMol)	14.0627	0.0014	1.7768	10.0000	AID724586
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-3	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-5	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit pi	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-4	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit theta	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-1	Mus musculus (house mouse)	EC50 (µMol)	335.0000	0.8710	1.0229	1.1749	AID127636
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)	Kb	32.0000	1.5000	5.7500	10.0000	AID71407
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)	Kb	32.0000	0.8000	3.0333	10.0000	AID406571; AID71407
Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)	Kb	32.0000	1.5000	5.7500	10.0000	AID71407
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
post-embryonic development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
adult behavior	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
modulation of chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
signal transduction	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
visual perception	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
gamma-aminobutyric acid signaling pathway	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chemical synaptic transmission	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synaptic transmission, GABAergic	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inner ear receptor cell development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
innervation	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to histamine	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cochlea development	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride transmembrane transport	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
inhibitory synapse assembly	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
benzodiazepine receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
identical protein binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
protein-containing complex binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of presynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
protein domain specific binding	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-gated chloride ion channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmitter-gated monoatomic ion channel activity involved in regulation of postsynaptic membrane potential	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neurotransmitter receptor activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel activity	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
cellular_component	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-3	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
axon	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
dendrite membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit gamma-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Glutamate receptor 2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
presynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
glutamatergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-1	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit rho-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
cytoplasmic vesicle membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
extracellular exosome	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-ergic synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
postsynaptic specialization membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
GABA-A receptor complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
chloride channel complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
synapse	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
neuron projection	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
transmembrane transporter complex	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Homo sapiens (human)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit alpha-1	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
plasma membrane	Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor subunit beta-2	Rattus norvegicus (Norway rat)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Bioassays (74)

Assay ID	Title	Year	Journal	Article
AID1347100	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for LAN-5 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1508630	Primary qHTS for small molecule stabilizers of the endoplasmic reticulum resident proteome: Secreted ER Calcium Modulated Protein (SERCaMP) assay	2021	Cell reports, 04-27, Volume: 35, Issue:4	A target-agnostic screen identifies approved drugs to stabilize the endoplasmic reticulum-resident proteome.
AID1347154	Primary screen GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347097	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Saos-2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347107	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh30 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347086	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Arenaviruses (LCMV): LCMV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347083	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: Viability assay - alamar blue signal for LASV Primary Screen	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347425	Rhodamine-PBP qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347090	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for DAOY cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347091	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SJ-GBM2 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347104	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for RD cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347407	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS Pharmaceutical Collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347089	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for TC32 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1745845	Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347082	qHTS for Inhibitors of the Functional Ribonucleoprotein Complex (vRNP) of Lassa (LASV) Arenavirus: LASV Primary Screen - GLuc reporter signal	2020	Antiviral research, 01, Volume: 173	A cell-based, infectious-free, platform to identify inhibitors of lassa virus ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) activity.
AID1347096	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for U-2 OS cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347105	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for MG 63 (6-TG R) cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1296008	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening	2020	SLAS discovery : advancing life sciences R & D, 01, Volume: 25, Issue:1	Cytotoxic Profiling of Annotated and Diverse Chemical Libraries Using Quantitative High-Throughput Screening.
AID1347108	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh41 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347424	RapidFire Mass Spectrometry qHTS Assay for Modulators of WT P53-Induced Phosphatase 1 (WIP1)	2019	The Journal of biological chemistry, 11-15, Volume: 294, Issue:46	Physiologically relevant orthogonal assays for the discovery of small-molecule modulators of WIP1 phosphatase in high-throughput screens.
AID1347102	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for Rh18 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347094	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-37 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347103	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for OHS-50 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347101	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for BT-12 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347092	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for A673 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347099	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB1643 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347098	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-SH cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID651635	Viability Counterscreen for Primary qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression
AID1347106	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for control Hh wild type fibroblast cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347095	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for NB-EBc1 cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1347093	qHTS of pediatric cancer cell lines to identify multiple opportunities for drug repurposing: Primary screen for SK-N-MC cells	2018	Oncotarget, Jan-12, Volume: 9, Issue:4	Quantitative high-throughput phenotypic screening of pediatric cancer cell lines identifies multiple opportunities for drug repurposing.
AID1346987	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-8-5-11 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID1346986	P-glycoprotein substrates identified in KB-3-1 adenocarcinoma cell line, qHTS therapeutic library screen	2019	Molecular pharmacology, 11, Volume: 96, Issue:5	A High-Throughput Screen of a Library of Therapeutics Identifies Cytotoxic Substrates of P-glycoprotein.
AID71433	In vitro effect on GABA uptake in a crude preparation of synaptosomes from rat brain.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID267285	Inhibition of [3H]GABA binding in GABAA receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 49, Issue:14	Hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazolyl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and pharmacological characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related compounds.
AID71392	Inhibition of Gamma-aminobutyric acid type B receptor of rat cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID71431	In vitro affinity for GABA binding sites on purified synaptic membranes from rat brain.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID25820	PKa values of the compound	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID71275	In vitro effect on Gamma-aminobutyric acid agonism on single neurons of cat spinal cord (--- is similar activity to GABA)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID26352	Dissociation constant (pKa)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID71447	Displacement of [3H]- muscimol in cerebral tissue of male rats	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cis-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-3-oxoisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine: a structural analogue of the GABA agonist THIP.
AID127636	Activation of chloride ion uptake into mouse brain synaptoneurosomes	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Discovery of non-zwitterionic GABA(A) receptor full agonists and a superagonist.
AID71407	Agonist activity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid C (GABA-C) receptor derived from bovine retinal RNA expressed in Xenopus oocytes	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Apr-20, Volume: 43, Issue:8	GABA-Activated ligand gated ion channels: medicinal chemistry and molecular biology.
AID71550	Agonistic activity Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor chloride uptake, partial agonist	2002	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters, Aug-05, Volume: 12, Issue:15	Discovery of non-zwitterionic GABA(A) receptor full agonists and a superagonist.
AID406571	Antagonist activity at human GABAc Rho1 receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes assessed as whole cell current production by two electrode voltage clamp method	2008	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-10, Volume: 51, Issue:13	Novel gamma-aminobutyric acid rho1 receptor antagonists; synthesis, pharmacological activity and structure-activity relationships.
AID71831	Inhibition against Gamma-aminobutyric acid A (GABA-A) receptor	2000	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Dec-28, Volume: 43, Issue:26	A novel class of potent 3-isoxazolol GABA(A) antagonists: design, synthesis, and pharmacology.
AID267284	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in rat brain synaptic membranes	2006	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jul-13, Volume: 49, Issue:14	Hydroxy-1,2,5-oxadiazolyl moiety as bioisoster of the carboxy function. Synthesis, ionization constants, and pharmacological characterization of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) related compounds.
AID724586	Agonist activity at human GABAA alpha1beta2gamma2S receptor expressed in TSA201 cells after 1 min by FLIPR assay	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID196024	Concentration inhibiting GABA uptake rat brain synaptosomes.	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID48155	In vitro effect of glycine antagonism on single neurons in the cat spinal cord.; ND means no data available.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID71822	Binding affinity against Gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor in rat cerebral cortex	1995	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-18, Volume: 38, Issue:17	Partial GABAA receptor agonists. Synthesis and in vitro pharmacology of a series of nonannulated analogs of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol.
AID229946	I/U ratio for neutral amino acids; ratios were given as 500, 1500.	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID1389532	Inhibition of DAAO (unknown origin) at 20 uM	2018	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry, 05-01, Volume: 26, Issue:8	Discovery of isatin and 1H-indazol-3-ol derivatives as d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) inhibitors.
AID724587	Displacement of [3H]muscimol from GABAA receptor in rat synaptic membrane after 60 mins by scintillation counting analysis	2013	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Feb-14, Volume: 56, Issue:3	Synthesis and biological evaluation of 4-(aminomethyl)-1-hydroxypyrazole analogues of muscimol as γ-aminobutyric acid(a) receptor agonists.
AID130609	Tested for the antagonism of bicuculline -induced convulsions in female mice intraperitoneally	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cis-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-3-oxoisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine: a structural analogue of the GABA agonist THIP.
AID48151	In vitro effect of Gamma-aminobutyric acid enhancement on single neurons of cat spinal cord (ND = no data)	1983	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Jun, Volume: 26, Issue:6	4,5,6,7-Tetrahydroisothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridin-3-ol and related analogues of THIP. Synthesis and biological activity.
AID296926	Antagonist activity at human GABAc rho 1 receptor expressed in HEK293 cells by FMP assay	2007	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug-23, Volume: 50, Issue:17	5-Substituted imidazole-4-acetic acid analogues: synthesis, modeling, and pharmacological characterization of a series of novel gamma-aminobutyric acid(C) receptor agonists.
AID174407	Tested for its GABA agonistic activity against spontaneous firing in explants from cerebellum of 2-4 days old rats; The agonistic activity was antagonized by 10e-5 M bicuculline.	1985	Journal of medicinal chemistry, Aug, Volume: 28, Issue:8	Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of cis-2,3,3a,4,5,6,7,7a-octahydro-3-oxoisoxazolo[5,4-c]pyridine: a structural analogue of the GABA agonist THIP.
AID504749	qHTS profiling for inhibitors of Plasmodium falciparum proliferation	2011	Science (New York, N.Y.), Aug-05, Volume: 333, Issue:6043	Chemical genomic profiling for antimalarial therapies, response signatures, and molecular targets.
AID504836	Inducers of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response (ERSR) in human glioma: Validation	2002	The Journal of biological chemistry, Apr-19, Volume: 277, Issue:16	Sustained ER Ca2+ depletion suppresses protein synthesis and induces activation-enhanced cell death in mast cells.
AID1347049	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot screen	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347151	Optimization of GU AMC qHTS for Zika virus inhibitors: Unlinked NS2B-NS3 protease assay	2020	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 12-08, Volume: 117, Issue:49	Therapeutic candidates for the Zika virus identified by a high-throughput screen for Zika protease inhibitors.
AID1347410	qHTS for inhibitors of adenylyl cyclases using a fission yeast platform: a pilot screen against the NCATS LOPAC library	2019	Cellular signalling, 08, Volume: 60	A fission yeast platform for heterologous expression of mammalian adenylyl cyclases and high throughput screening.
AID1347405	qHTS to identify inhibitors of the type 1 interferon - major histocompatibility complex class I in skeletal muscle: primary screen against the NCATS LOPAC collection	2020	ACS chemical biology, 07-17, Volume: 15, Issue:7	High-Throughput Screening to Identify Inhibitors of the Type I Interferon-Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I Pathway in Skeletal Muscle.
AID1347045	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr1) antagonism - Pilot counterscreen GloSensor control cell line	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID588349	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation of Cytotoxic Assay
AID1347057	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - LANCE assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504812	Inverse Agonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1347050	Natriuretic polypeptide receptor (hNpr2) antagonism - Pilot subtype selectivity assay	2019	Science translational medicine, 07-10, Volume: 11, Issue:500	Inhibition of natriuretic peptide receptor 1 reduces itch in mice.
AID1347059	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - Alpha assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID588378	qHTS for Inhibitors of ATXN expression: Validation
AID1347058	CD47-SIRPalpha protein protein interaction - HTRF assay qHTS validation	2019	PloS one, , Volume: 14, Issue:7	Quantitative high-throughput screening assays for the discovery and development of SIRPα-CD47 interaction inhibitors.
AID504810	Antagonists of the Thyroid Stimulating Hormone Receptor: HTS campaign	2010	Endocrinology, Jul, Volume: 151, Issue:7	A small molecule inverse agonist for the human thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.
AID1159607	Screen for inhibitors of RMI FANCM (MM2) intereaction	2016	Journal of biomolecular screening, Jul, Volume: 21, Issue:6	A High-Throughput Screening Strategy to Identify Protein-Protein Interaction Inhibitors That Block the Fanconi Anemia DNA Repair Pathway.
[information is prepared from bioassay data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	183 (36.82)	18.7374
1990's	76 (15.29)	18.2507
2000's	108 (21.73)	29.6817
2010's	118 (23.74)	24.3611
2020's	12 (2.41)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	34 (6.72%)	5.53%
Reviews	23 (4.55%)	6.00%
Case Studies	1 (0.20%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	448 (88.54%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Clinical Trials (21)

Trial Overview

Trial	Phase	Enrollment	Study Type	Start Date	Status
An Open-Label Study to Evaluate the Long-Term Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of OV101 in Individuals With Angelman Syndrome [NCT03882918]	Phase 3	125 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-01-31	Terminated(stopped due to Company decision)
A Phase 2, Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group Study Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of OV101 in Fragile X Syndrome [NCT03697161]	Phase 2	23 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2018-09-17	Completed
A Phase 1 Single Dose PK Study in Adolescent Subjects With Fragile X Syndrome or Angelman Syndrome [NCT03109756]	Phase 1	12 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2017-04-03	Completed
Randomised, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Placebo-Controlled, Fixed-Dose Study of Escitalopram in Combination With Two Fixed Doses of Gaboxadol Compared to Escitalopram in Major Depressive Disorder [NCT00807248]	Phase 2	490 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2008-11-30	Completed
A Phase 2, Placebo-controlled, Adaptive Design Study to Explore the Safety and Efficacy of Sulindac (HLX-0201) and Gaboxadol (HLX-0206) and Possible Other Treatments in Adolescent and Adult Males With Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) [NCT04823052]	Phase 2	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2022-05-25	Withdrawn(stopped due to Healx has experienced delays to the site activation of the study and this has had an adverse impact on the recruitment timeline which is delaying the progress of other projects in our FXS programme.)
A Prospective Randomised Double-Blind Parallel-Group Placebo-Controlled Study of Gaboxadol in Primary Insomnia [NCT00209846]	Phase 3	320 participants	Interventional	2004-06-30	Completed
A Prospective Randomised Double-Blind Parallel-Group Placebo-Controlled Study of Gaboxadol in Primary Insomnia [NCT00209924]	Phase 3	505 participants	Interventional	2004-04-30	Completed
A Prospective Randomised Double-Blind Parallel-Group Placebo-Controlled Study of Gaboxadol in Primary Insomnia [NCT00209963]	Phase 3	600 participants	Interventional	2003-06-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, 30-Night Polysomnographic Study of MK0928 in Adult Patients With Primary Insomnia [NCT00094627]	Phase 3	465 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2004-11-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Multicenter, 30-Night Polysomnographic Study of MK0928 in Elderly Patients With Primary Insomnia [NCT00094666]	Phase 3	465 participants	Interventional	2004-11-30	Terminated
A Multicenter, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Phase 3 Study to Evaluate the Efficacy and Safety of OV101 in Pediatric Individuals With Angelman Syndrome [NCT04106557]	Phase 3	104 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2019-09-09	Completed
A Prospective Randomised Double-Blind Parallel-Group Placebo-Controlled Active-Reference Study of Gaboxadol in Primary Insomnia [NCT00209937]	Phase 3	675 participants	Interventional	2003-01-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group Efficacy Study of MK0928 15 mg and 10 mg in the Treatment of Adult Outpatients With Primary Insomnia [NCT00103818]	Phase 3	900 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
MK0928 Phase IIb Dose-range Finding Study -Primary Insomnia [NCT00266344]	Phase 2	520 participants	Interventional	2005-11-30	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Multicenter, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Groups Efficacy and Safety Extension Study of MK0928 in the Treatment of Adult Outpatients With Primary Insomnia [NCT00095069]	Phase 3	600 participants	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study of MK0928 in Healthy Adult Volunteers Participating in a 4-Hour Phase Advance Model of Transient Insomnia [NCT00102167]	Phase 3	663 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-02-28	Completed
A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel-Group, Multicenter Study of MK0928 in Healthy Adult Volunteers Participating in a 4-Hour Phase Advance Model of Transient Insomnia [NCT00102154]	Phase 3	0 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2005-01-31	Withdrawn
A Prospective Open-Label Extension Study (to Study 99784) of Gaboxadol in Primary Insomnia [NCT00209950]	Phase 3	200 participants	Interventional	2004-07-31	Completed
A 12-Month, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Parallel Groups, Multicenter Long-Term Safety Study of MK0928 in the Treatment of Elderly Outpatients With Primary Insomnia [NCT00095043]	Phase 3	320 participants	Interventional	2004-10-31	Completed
MK0928 Phase II Sleep Laboratory Study - Primary Insomnia [NCT00266357]	Phase 2	50 participants	Interventional	2005-11-30	Terminated
A Phase 2 Adult and Adolescent Angelman Syndrome Clinical Trial: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Safety and Efficacy Study of Gaboxadol [NCT02996305]	Phase 2	88 participants (Actual)	Interventional	2016-01-31	Completed
[information is prepared from clinicaltrials.gov, extracted Sep-2024]

Trial Outcomes

Trial	Outcome
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I)
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S)
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	MADRS
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	SDS: Social Subscale
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	SDS: Work Subscale
NCT00807248 (9) [back to overview]	Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS): Family Subscale
NCT02996305 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups
NCT02996305 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups
NCT02996305 (3) [back to overview]	Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups

Clinical Global Impression - Global Improvement (CGI-I)

The CGI-I provides the clinician's impression of the patient's improvement (or worsening). The clinician assesses the patient's condition relative to a baseline on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (very much improved) to 7 (very much worse). (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: at Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	2.97
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	2.21
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	2.35
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	2.26

[back to top]

Clinical Global Impression - Severity of Illness (CGI-S)

The CGI-S provides the clinician's impression of the patient's current state of mental illness. The clinician uses his or her clinical experience of this patient population to rate the severity of the patient's current mental illness on a 7-point scale ranging from 1 (Normal - not at all ill) to 7 (among the most extremely ill patients). (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-1.04
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-1.65
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-1.58
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-1.76

[back to top]

Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)

The HADS is a patient-rated scale designed to screen for anxiety and depressive states in medical patients. It consists of two sub-scales: the D-scale measures depression and the A-scale measures anxiety. Each sub-scale contains 7 items, and each item is rated from 0 (absent) to 3 (maximum severity). The score of each sub-scale ranges from 0 to 21, and are analysed separately. The total HADS score ranges from 0 to 42. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-9.7
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-14.7
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-14.1
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-15.0

[back to top]

Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)

The ISI is both a brief screening measure of insomnia and an outcomes measure for use in treatment research. It is a brief self-report instrument measuring the patient's perception of his or her insomnia, and it comprises 7 items. Each item is rated on a 0-4 scale and the total score ranges from 0 to 28. 0 = no symptoms and 28 = severe symptoms. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-6.9
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-10.0
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-9.6
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-10.6

[back to top]

MADRS

The MADRS is a 10-item rating scale designed to assess the severity of the symptoms in depressive illness and to be sensitive to treatment effects. Symptoms are rated on a 7-point scale from 0 (no symptom) to 6 (severe symptom). Definitions of severity are provided at 2-point intervals. The total score of the 10 items ranges from 0 to 60. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: From baseline to Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Least Squares Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-13.4
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-19.0
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-18.5
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-19.4

[back to top]

Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS)

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-13.4
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-19.0
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-18.5
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-19.4

[back to top]

SDS: Social Subscale

The SDS comprises self-rated items designed to measure impairment. The patient rates the extent to which his or her (1) work, (2) social life or leisure activities and (3) home life or family responsibilities are impaired on a 10-point visual analogue scales, on which 0 = normal functioning and 10 = severe functional impairment. (NCT00807248)
Timeframe: Mean change from baseline to Week 8

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-2.7
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-3.9
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-3.8
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-4.1

[back to top]

SDS: Work Subscale

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-2.7
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-3.8
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-3.8
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-4.0

[back to top]

Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS): Family Subscale

Intervention	Scores on a scale (Mean)
Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-2.8
Escitalopram 20 mg and Placebo (Orally, Once Daily)	-4.0
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 5 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-3.9
Escitalopram 20 mg and Gaboxadol 10 mg (Orally, Once Daily)	-4.1

[back to top]

Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups

Summary of Subjects Reporting at least one Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAEs), Safety Set. The table below summarizes the subjects who experienced TEAEs in the study. (NCT02996305)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	Any TEAE	Any Mild TEAE	Any Moderate TEAE	Any Severe TEAE	Any Life-Threatening TEAE	Drug-related TEAE	Any Serious TEAE	Any TEAE leading to Dose Change or Interruption	Any TEAE Leading to Study Withdrawal
OV101 BID	25	23	9	4	0	19	1	8	3
OV101 QD	27	23	15	1	0	18	1	5	0
Placebo	25	23	9	0	0	13	0	5	1

[back to top]

Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups

The Treatment Emergent Adverse Event (TEAEs) Reported by ≥10% of Subjects in Any Treatment Group by Preferred Term, Safety Set. (NCT02996305)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	At least 1 TEAE	Vomiting	Somnolence	Irritability	Pyrexia	Upper respiratory tract infection	Aggression	Rash	Seizure	Decreased appetite	Diarrhoea	Nausea	Nasopharyngitis
OV101 BID	25	5	3	5	1	1	1	2	3	2	3	4	1
OV101 QD	27	5	5	3	7	5	4	3	2	2	1	0	2
Placebo	25	9	5	4	2	4	5	1	0	4	3	3	5

[back to top]

Incidence of Adverse Events in Placebo and Active Treatment Groups

Treatment-related TEAEs (Treatment Emergent Adverse Event) in ≥ 2 Subjects in OV101 Combined, Safety Set. The incidence of TEAEs assessed as treatment-related (at least possibly related to study drug, by the Investigator). Preferred Term in the table below. (NCT02996305)
Timeframe: Baseline and Week 12

Intervention	Participants (Count of Participants)
	At least 1 Treatment-related TEAE	Nausea	Fatigue	Decreased appetite	Somnolence	Myoclonic epilepsy	Myoclonus	Seizure	Lethargy	Sedation	Tremor	Irritability	Aggression	Insomnia	Agitation	Anxiety	Enuresis	Sleep disorder	Rash
OV101 BID	19	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	2	1	1	4	1	1	2	2	1	2	0
OV101 QD	18	0	1	0	5	1	1	1	0	1	1	2	4	2	1	0	1	0	2
Placebo	13	2	2	2	5	0	0	0	0	0	0	3	2	1	0	0	0	0	0

[back to top]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials	Classes	Roles
gamma-aminobutyric acid gamma-Aminobutyric Acid: The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.. gamma-aminobutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4.	12.65	214	5	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; neurotransmitter; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; signalling molecule
aminolevulinic acid Aminolevulinic Acid: A compound produced from succinyl-CoA and GLYCINE as an intermediate in heme synthesis. It is used as a PHOTOCHEMOTHERAPY for actinic KERATOSIS.. 5-aminolevulinic acid : The simplest delta-amino acid in which the hydrogens at the gamma position are replaced by an oxo group. It is metabolised to protoporphyrin IX, a photoactive compound which accumulates in the skin. Used (in the form of the hydrochloride salt)in combination with blue light illumination for the treatment of minimally to moderately thick actinic keratosis of the face or scalp.	2.48	2	0	4-oxo monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid	antineoplastic agent; dermatologic drug; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; photosensitizing agent; plant metabolite; prodrug; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
5-aminovaleric acid 5-aminovaleric acid: from red fox anal secretion; RN given refers to parent cpd. 5-aminopentanoic acid : A delta-amino acid comprising pentanoic acid with an amino substituent at C-5; a methylene homologue of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) that is a weak GABA agonist.	3.79	3	0	amino acid zwitterion; delta-amino acid; omega-amino fatty acid	human metabolite
5-hydroxytryptophan 5-Hydroxytryptophan: The immediate precursor in the biosynthesis of SEROTONIN from tryptophan. It is used as an antiepileptic and antidepressant.. 5-hydroxytryptophan : A tryptophan derivative that is tryptophan substituted by a hydroxy group at position 5.	3.5	2	0	hydroxytryptophan	human metabolite; neurotransmitter
beta-alanine [no description available]	2.44	2	0	amino acid zwitterion; beta-amino acid	agonist; fundamental metabolite; human metabolite; inhibitor; neurotransmitter
aminooxyacetic acid Aminooxyacetic Acid: A compound that inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, thereby raising the level of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.. (aminooxy)acetic acid : A member of the class of hydroxylamines that is acetic acid substituted at postion 2 by an aminooxy group. It is a compound which inhibits aminobutyrate aminotransferase activity in vivo, resulting in increased levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid in tissues.	3.76	11	0	amino acid; hydroxylamines; monocarboxylic acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor; EC 4.2.1.22 (cystathionine beta-synthase) inhibitor; nootropic agent
choline [no description available]	1.96	1	0	cholines	allergen; Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutrient; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
chlorine chloride : A halide anion formed when chlorine picks up an electron to form an an anion.	4.07	15	0	halide anion; monoatomic chlorine	cofactor; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite
2,4-diaminobutyric acid 2,4-diaminobutyric acid: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 2,4-diaminobutyric acid : A diamino acid that is butyric acid in which a hydrogen at position 2 and a hydrogen at position 4 are replaced by amino groups.	3.06	5	0	diamino acid; gamma-amino acid; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid: A deaminated metabolite of LEVODOPA.. (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid : A dihydroxyphenylacetic acid having the two hydroxy substituents located at the 3- and 4-positions. It is a metabolite of dopamine.. dihydroxyphenylacetic acid : A dihydroxy monocarboxylic acid consisting of phenylacetic acid having two phenolic hydroxy substituents.	1.96	1	0	catechols; dihydroxyphenylacetic acid	human metabolite
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	1.96	1	0	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
formaldehyde paraform: polymerized formaldehyde; RN given refers to parent cpd; used in root canal therapy	2.51	2	0	aldehyde; one-carbon compound	allergen; carcinogenic agent; disinfectant; EC 3.5.1.4 (amidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
glycine [no description available]	5.29	10	0	alpha-amino acid; amino acid zwitterion; proteinogenic amino acid; serine family amino acid	EC 2.1.2.1 (glycine hydroxymethyltransferase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; hepatoprotective agent; micronutrient; neurotransmitter; NMDA receptor agonist; nutraceutical
histamine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	aralkylamino compound; imidazoles	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
pipecolic acid pipecolic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. pipecolic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid in which the carboxy group is located at position C-2.. pipecolate : A piperidinecarboxylate that is the conjugate base of pipecolic acid.	2.88	4	0	piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
putrescine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	alkane-alpha,omega-diamine	antioxidant; fundamental metabolite
spermidine [no description available]	1.98	1	0	polyazaalkane; triamine	autophagy inducer; fundamental metabolite; geroprotector
taurine [no description available]	3.48	8	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	antioxidant; Escherichia coli metabolite; glycine receptor agonist; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; nutrient; radical scavenger; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
urea pseudourea: clinical use; structure. isourea : A carboximidic acid that is the imidic acid tautomer of urea, H2NC(=NH)OH, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives.	3.06	1	0	isourea; monocarboxylic acid amide; one-carbon compound	Daphnia magna metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; fertilizer; flour treatment agent; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate: The D-enantiomer is a potent and specific antagonist of NMDA glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). The L form is inactive at NMDA receptors but may affect the AP4 (2-amino-4-phosphonobutyrate; APB) excitatory amino acid receptors.	2.71	3	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	NMDA receptor antagonist
alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid alpha-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic Acid: An IBOTENIC ACID homolog and glutamate agonist. The compound is the defining agonist for the AMPA subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, AMPA). It has been used as a radionuclide imaging agent but is more commonly used as an experimental tool in cell biological studies.	2.44	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid 3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)propyl-1-phosphonic acid: structure given in first source; NMDA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0
ibotenic acid Ibotenic Acid: A neurotoxic isoxazole (similar to KAINIC ACID and MUSCIMOL) found in AMANITA mushrooms. It causes motor depression, ataxia, and changes in mood, perceptions and feelings, and is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist.	2.36	2	0	non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	neurotoxin
2-hydroxysaclofen 2-hydroxysaclofen: structure given in first source	2	1	0	organochlorine compound
phaclofen phaclofen: peripheral & central baclofen & GABA antagonist; structure given in first source	4.18	5	0	organophosphate oxoanion; zwitterion
tramiprosate tramiprosate: GABA receptor agonist and a glycosaminoglycan mimetic; has nootropic acitivity; structure; a sulfonate analog of GABA. 3-aminopropanesulfonic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the 3-amino derivative of propanesulfonic acid.	3.22	6	0	amino sulfonic acid; zwitterion	algal metabolite; anti-inflammatory agent; anticonvulsant; GABA agonist; nootropic agent
4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(4,5-c)pyridin-3-ol: inhibitor of GABA uptake systems; RN given refers to parent cpd	3.75	3	0
4-aminopyridine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	aminopyridine; aromatic amine	avicide; orphan drug; potassium channel blocker
homovanillic acid Homovanillic Acid: A 3-O-methyl ETHER of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid.. homovanillate : A hydroxy monocarboxylic acid anion which is obtained by deprotonation of the carboxy group of homovanillic acid.. homovanillic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is the 3-O-methyl ether of (3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)acetic acid. It is a catecholamine metabolite.	3.35	1	1	guaiacols; monocarboxylic acid	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
phenytoin [no description available]	1.96	1	0	imidazolidine-2,4-dione	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; sodium channel blocker; teratogenic agent
4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid 4-amino-3-hydroxybutyric acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. gamma-amino-beta-hydroxybutyric acid : A gamma-amino acid comprising 4-aminobutyric acid having a 2-hydroxy substituent.	1.96	1	0	3-hydroxy monocarboxylic acid; amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid
aspirin Aspirin: The prototypical analgesic used in the treatment of mild to moderate pain. It has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties and acts as an inhibitor of cyclooxygenase which results in the inhibition of the biosynthesis of prostaglandins. Aspirin also inhibits platelet aggregation and is used in the prevention of arterial and venous thrombosis. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p5). acetylsalicylate : A benzoate that is the conjugate base of acetylsalicylic acid, arising from deprotonation of the carboxy group.. acetylsalicylic acid : A member of the class of benzoic acids that is salicylic acid in which the hydrogen that is attached to the phenolic hydroxy group has been replaced by an acetoxy group. A non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity.	1.96	1	0	benzoic acids; phenyl acetates; salicylates	anticoagulant; antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; EC 1.1.1.188 (prostaglandin-F synthase) inhibitor; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; plant activator; platelet aggregation inhibitor; prostaglandin antagonist; teratogenic agent
baclofen [no description available]	7.15	70	0	amino acid zwitterion; gamma-amino acid; monocarboxylic acid; monochlorobenzenes; primary amino compound	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; muscle relaxant
bumetanide [no description available]	2.07	1	0	amino acid; benzoic acids; sulfonamide	diuretic; EC 3.6.3.49 (channel-conductance-controlling ATPase) inhibitor
buspirone Buspirone: An anxiolytic agent and serotonin receptor agonist belonging to the azaspirodecanedione class of compounds. Its structure is unrelated to those of the BENZODIAZAPINES, but it has an efficacy comparable to DIAZEPAM.. buspirone : An azaspiro compound that is 8-azaspiro[4.5]decane-7,9-dione substituted at the nitrogen atom by a 4-(piperazin-1-yl)butyl group which in turn is substituted by a pyrimidin-2-yl group at the N(4) position.	1.96	1	0	azaspiro compound; N-alkylpiperazine; N-arylpiperazine; organic heteropolycyclic compound; piperidones; pyrimidines	anxiolytic drug; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; sedative; serotonergic agonist
carbamazepine Carbamazepine: A dibenzazepine that acts as a sodium channel blocker. It is used as an anticonvulsant for the treatment of grand mal and psychomotor or focal SEIZURES. It may also be used in the management of BIPOLAR DISORDER, and has analgesic properties.. carbamazepine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine carrying a carbamoyl substituent at the azepine nitrogen, used as an anticonvulsant.	3.35	1	1	dibenzoazepine; ureas	analgesic; anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; drug allergen; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; glutamate transporter activator; mitogen; non-narcotic analgesic; sodium channel blocker; xenobiotic
chloral hydrate [no description available]	2.07	1	0	aldehyde hydrate; ethanediol; organochlorine compound	general anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; sedative; xenobiotic
chlordiazepoxide Chlordiazepoxide: An anxiolytic benzodiazepine derivative with anticonvulsant, sedative, and amnesic properties. It has also been used in the symptomatic treatment of alcohol withdrawal.. chlordiazepoxide : A benzodiazepine that is 3H-1,4-benzodiazepine 4-oxide substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a phenyl group at position 5 and a methylamino group at position 2.	2.65	3	0	benzodiazepine
chlorpromazine Chlorpromazine: The prototypical phenothiazine antipsychotic drug. Like the other drugs in this class chlorpromazine's antipsychotic actions are thought to be due to long-term adaptation by the brain to blocking DOPAMINE RECEPTORS. Chlorpromazine has several other actions and therapeutic uses, including as an antiemetic and in the treatment of intractable hiccup.. chlorpromazine : A substituted phenothiazine in which the ring nitrogen at position 10 is attached to C-3 of an N,N-dimethylpropanamine moiety.	1.96	1	0	organochlorine compound; phenothiazines; tertiary amine	anticoronaviral agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
citalopram Citalopram: A furancarbonitrile that is one of the serotonin uptake inhibitors used as an antidepressant. The drug is also effective in reducing ethanol uptake in alcoholics and is used in depressed patients who also suffer from TARDIVE DYSKINESIA in preference to tricyclic antidepressants, which aggravate dyskinesia.. citalopram : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-citalopram and its enantiomer, escitalopram. It is used as an antidepressant, although only escitalopram is active.. 1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile : A nitrile that is 1,3-dihydro-2-benzofuran-5-carbonitrile in which one of the hydrogens at position 1 is replaced by a p-fluorophenyl group, while the other is replaced by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group.	5.28	4	1	2-benzofurans; cyclic ether; nitrile; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound
clonazepam Clonazepam: An anticonvulsant used for several types of seizures, including myotonic or atonic seizures, photosensitive epilepsy, and absence seizures, although tolerance may develop. It is seldom effective in generalized tonic-clonic or partial seizures. The mechanism of action appears to involve the enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID receptor responses.. clonazepam : 1,3-Dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one in which the hydrogens at positions 5 and 7 are substituted by 2-chlorophenyl and nitro groups, respectively. It is used in the treatment of all types of epilepsy and seizures, as well as myoclonus and associated abnormal movements, and panic disorders. However, its use can be limited by the development of tolerance and by sedation.	3.47	2	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monochlorobenzenes	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABA modulator
clonidine Clonidine: An imidazoline sympatholytic agent that stimulates ALPHA-2 ADRENERGIC RECEPTORS and central IMIDAZOLINE RECEPTORS. It is commonly used in the management of HYPERTENSION.. clonidine (amino form) : A clonidine that is 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-amine in which one of the amino hydrogens is replaced by a 2,6-dichlorophenyl group.	2.65	3	0	clonidine; imidazoline
cyclothiazide cyclothiazide: inhibits the desensitization of AMPA-type receptors; structure. cyclothiazide : 3,4-Dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine 1,1-dioxide substituted at positions 3, 5 and 6 by a 2-norbornen-5-yl group, chlorine, and a sulfonamide group, respectively. A thiazide diuretic, it has been used in the management of hypertension and oedema.	2.49	2	0	benzothiadiazine	antihypertensive agent; diuretic
cyproheptadine Cyproheptadine: A serotonin antagonist and a histamine H1 blocker used as antipruritic, appetite stimulant, antiallergic, and for the post-gastrectomy dumping syndrome, etc.. cyproheptadine : The product resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of position 5 of 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene with position 4 of 1-methylpiperidine resulting in the formation of a double bond between the two fragments. It is a sedating antihistamine with antimuscarinic and calcium-channel blocking actions. It is used (particularly as the hydrochloride sesquihydrate) for the relief of allergic conditions including rhinitis, conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens and foods, urticaria and angioedema, and in pruritic skin disorders. Unlike other antihistamines, it is also a seratonin receptor antagonist, making it useful in conditions such as vascular headache and anorexia.	1.96	1	0	piperidines; tertiary amine	anti-allergic agent; antipruritic drug; gastrointestinal drug; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
dapi DAPI: RN given refers to parent cpd.	2.02	1	0	indoles	fluorochrome
desipramine Desipramine: A tricyclic dibenzazepine compound that potentiates neurotransmission. Desipramine selectively blocks reuptake of norepinephrine from the neural synapse, and also appears to impair serotonin transport. This compound also possesses minor anticholinergic activity, through its affinity to muscarinic receptors.. desipramine : A dibenzoazepine consisting of 10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted on nitrogen with a 3-(methylamino)propyl group.	2.37	2	0	dibenzoazepine; secondary amino compound	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; alpha-adrenergic antagonist; antidepressant; cholinergic antagonist; drug allergen; EC 3.1.4.12 (sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase) inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; H1-receptor antagonist; serotonin uptake inhibitor
amphetamine Amphetamine: A powerful central nervous system stimulant and sympathomimetic. Amphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulation of release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. Amphetamine is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic. The l- and the d,l-forms are included here. The l-form has less central nervous system activity but stronger cardiovascular effects. The d-form is DEXTROAMPHETAMINE.. 1-phenylpropan-2-amine : A primary amine that is isopropylamine in which a hydrogen attached to one of the methyl groups has been replaced by a phenyl group.. amphetamine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)-amphetamine (also known as levamphetamine or levoamphetamine) and (S)-amphetamine (also known as dexamfetamine or dextroamphetamine.	2.38	2	0	primary amine
eflornithine Eflornithine: An inhibitor of ORNITHINE DECARBOXYLASE, the rate limiting enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic pathway.. eflornithine : A fluoroamino acid that is ornithine substituted by a difluoromethyl group at position 2.	2.39	2	0	alpha-amino acid; fluoroamino acid	trypanocidal drug
diazepam Diazepam: A benzodiazepine with anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, sedative, muscle relaxant, and amnesic properties and a long duration of action. Its actions are mediated by enhancement of GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID activity.. diazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a chloro group at position 7, a methyl group at position 1 and a phenyl group at position 5.	7.51	41	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; environmental contaminant; sedative; xenobiotic
ddt 1,1-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-2,2,2-trichloroethane: structure in first source	3.06	1	0	benzenoid aromatic compound; chlorophenylethane; monochlorobenzenes; organochlorine insecticide	bridged diphenyl acaricide; carcinogenic agent; endocrine disruptor; persistent organic pollutant
valproic acid Valproic Acid: A fatty acid with anticonvulsant and anti-manic properties that is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY and BIPOLAR DISORDER. The mechanisms of its therapeutic actions are not well understood. It may act by increasing GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID levels in the brain or by altering the properties of VOLTAGE-GATED SODIUM CHANNELS.. valproic acid : A branched-chain saturated fatty acid that comprises of a propyl substituent on a pentanoic acid stem.	7.99	12	2	branched-chain fatty acid; branched-chain saturated fatty acid	anticonvulsant; antimanic drug; EC 3.5.1.98 (histone deacetylase) inhibitor; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; psychotropic drug; teratogenic agent
2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid 2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoic acid: (D)-isomer active as an antagonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate excitation of central neurons; (L)-isomer inactive; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	2	1	0
etazolate Etazolate: A potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor proposed as an antipsychotic agent.. etazolate : A pyrazolopyridine that is 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine which is substituted at positions 1, 4, and 5 by ethyl, 2-isopropylidenehydrazino, and ethoxycarbonyl groups, respectively. A phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor with antidepressant and anxiolytic properties.	1.96	1	0	ethyl ester; hydrazone; pyrazolopyridine	alpha-secretase activator; antidepressant; antipsychotic agent; anxiolytic drug; GABA agent; neuroprotective agent; phosphodiesterase IV inhibitor
ethosuximide Ethosuximide: An anticonvulsant especially useful in the treatment of absence seizures unaccompanied by other types of seizures.. ethosuximide : A dicarboximide that is pyrrolidine-2,5-dione in which the hydrogens at position 3 are substituted by one methyl and one ethyl group. An antiepileptic, it is used in the treatment of absence seizures and may be used for myoclonic seizures, but is ineffective against tonic-clonic seizures.	2.37	2	0	dicarboximide; pyrrolidinone	anticonvulsant; geroprotector; T-type calcium channel blocker
fluphenazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; phenothiazines	anticoronaviral agent; dopaminergic antagonist; phenothiazine antipsychotic drug
flumazenil Flumazenil: A potent benzodiazepine receptor antagonist. Since it reverses the sedative and other actions of benzodiazepines, it has been suggested as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdoses.. flumazenil : An organic heterotricyclic compound that is 5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted at positions 3, 5, 6, and 8 by ethoxycarbonyl, methyl, oxo, and fluoro groups, respectively. It is used as an antidote to benzodiazepine overdose.	3.51	8	0	ethyl ester; imidazobenzodiazepine; organofluorine compound	antidote to benzodiazepine poisoning; GABA antagonist
flunitrazepam Flunitrazepam: A benzodiazepine with pharmacologic actions similar to those of DIAZEPAM that can cause ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA. Some reports indicate that it is used as a date rape drug and suggest that it may precipitate violent behavior. The United States Government has banned the importation of this drug.. flunitrazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is nitrazepam substituted by a methyl group at position 1 and by a fluoro group at position 2'. It is a potent hypnotic, sedative, and amnestic drug used to treat chronic insomnia.	3.92	13	0	1,4-benzodiazepinone; C-nitro compound; monofluorobenzenes	anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluoxetine Fluoxetine: The first highly specific serotonin uptake inhibitor. It is used as an antidepressant and often has a more acceptable side-effects profile than traditional antidepressants.. fluoxetine : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of (R)- and (S)-fluoxetine. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of depression (and the depressive phase of bipolar disorder), bullimia nervosa, and obsessive-compulsive disorder.. N-methyl-3-phenyl-3-[4-(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]propan-1-amine : An aromatic ether consisting of 4-trifluoromethylphenol in which the hydrogen of the phenolic hydroxy group is replaced by a 3-(methylamino)-1-phenylpropyl group.	2.03	1	0	(trifluoromethyl)benzenes; aromatic ether; secondary amino compound
flurazepam Flurazepam: A benzodiazepine derivative used mainly as a hypnotic.. flurazepam : A 1,4-benzodiazepinone that is 1,3-dihydro-2H-1,4-benzodiazepin-2-one substituted by a 2-(diethylamino)ethyl group, 2-fluorophenyl group and chloro group at positions 1, 5 and 7, respectively. It is a partial agonist of GABAA receptors and used for the treatment of insomnia.	10.73	6	1	1,4-benzodiazepinone; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound; tertiary amino compound	anticonvulsant; anxiolytic drug; GABAA receptor agonist; sedative
fluspirilene Fluspirilene: A long-acting injectable antipsychotic agent used for chronic schizophrenia.	1.96	1	0	diarylmethane
furosemide Furosemide: A benzoic-sulfonamide-furan. It is a diuretic with fast onset and short duration that is used for EDEMA and chronic RENAL INSUFFICIENCY.. furosemide : A chlorobenzoic acid that is 4-chlorobenzoic acid substituted by a (furan-2-ylmethyl)amino and a sulfamoyl group at position 2 and 5 respectively. It is a diuretic used in the treatment of congestive heart failure.	2.05	1	0	chlorobenzoic acid; furans; sulfonamide	environmental contaminant; loop diuretic; xenobiotic
gabapentin Gabapentin: A cyclohexane-gamma-aminobutyric acid derivative that is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES; NEURALGIA; and RESTLESS LEGS SYNDROME.. gabapentin : A gamma-amino acid that is cyclohexane substituted at position 1 by aminomethyl and carboxymethyl groups. Used for treatment of neuropathic pain and restless legs syndrome.	3.8	3	0	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; calcium channel blocker; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
4-amino-5-hexynoic acid 4-amino-5-hexynoic acid: structure	6.53	15	1
vanoxerine vanoxerine: structure given in first source. vanoxerine : An N-alkylpiperazine that consists of piperazine bearing 2-bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl and 3-phenylpropyl groups at positions 1 and 4 respectively. Potent, competitive inhibitor of dopamine uptake (Ki = 1 nM for inhibition of striatal dopamine uptake). Has > 100-fold lower affinity for the noradrenalin and 5-HT uptake carriers. Also a potent sigma ligand (IC50 = 48 nM). Centrally active following systemic administration.	1.99	1	0	ether; N-alkylpiperazine; organofluorine compound; tertiary amino compound	dopamine uptake inhibitor
guvacine guvacine: RN given refers to parent cpd. guvacine : A alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is nicotinic acid which has been hydrogenated at the 1-2 and 5-6 positions of the pyridine ring.	2.13	1	0	alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid; beta-amino acid; pyridine alkaloid; secondary amino compound; tetrahydropyridine	GABA reuptake inhibitor; plant metabolite
haloperidol Haloperidol: A phenyl-piperidinyl-butyrophenone that is used primarily to treat SCHIZOPHRENIA and other PSYCHOSES. It is also used in schizoaffective disorder, DELUSIONAL DISORDERS, ballism, and TOURETTE SYNDROME (a drug of choice) and occasionally as adjunctive therapy in INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY and the chorea of HUNTINGTON DISEASE. It is a potent antiemetic and is used in the treatment of intractable HICCUPS. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p279). haloperidol : A compound composed of a central piperidine structure with hydroxy and p-chlorophenyl substituents at position 4 and an N-linked p-fluorobutyrophenone moiety.	2.88	4	0	aromatic ketone; hydroxypiperidine; monochlorobenzenes; organofluorine compound; tertiary alcohol	antidyskinesia agent; antiemetic; dopaminergic antagonist; first generation antipsychotic; serotonergic antagonist
halothane [no description available]	3.35	1	1	haloalkane; organobromine compound; organochlorine compound; organofluorine compound	inhalation anaesthetic
hexamethonium Hexamethonium: A nicotinic cholinergic antagonist often referred to as the prototypical ganglionic blocker. It is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and does not cross the blood-brain barrier. It has been used for a variety of therapeutic purposes including hypertension but, like the other ganglionic blockers, it has been replaced by more specific drugs for most purposes, although it is widely used a research tool.	1.96	1	0	quaternary ammonium salt
tele-methylhistamine tele-methylhistamine: histamine methyltransferase antagonist. N(tele)-methylhistamine : A primary amino compound that is the N(tele)-methyl derivative of histamine.	1.96	1	0	imidazoles; primary amino compound	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
ibuprofen Midol: combination of cinnamedrine, phenacetin, aspirin & caffeine	1.96	1	0	monocarboxylic acid	antipyretic; cyclooxygenase 1 inhibitor; cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; non-narcotic analgesic; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug; radical scavenger; xenobiotic
lidocaine Lidocaine: A local anesthetic and cardiac depressant used as an antiarrhythmia agent. Its actions are more intense and its effects more prolonged than those of PROCAINE but its duration of action is shorter than that of BUPIVACAINE or PRILOCAINE.. lidocaine : The monocarboxylic acid amide resulting from the formal condensation of N,N-diethylglycine with 2,6-dimethylaniline.	1.98	1	0	benzenes; monocarboxylic acid amide; tertiary amino compound	anti-arrhythmia drug; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; xenobiotic
ifenprodil ifenprodil: NMDA receptor antagonist	2.21	1	0	piperidines
imipramine Imipramine: The prototypical tricyclic antidepressant. It has been used in major depression, dysthymia, bipolar depression, attention-deficit disorders, agoraphobia, and panic disorders. It has less sedative effect than some other members of this therapeutic group.. imipramine : A dibenzoazepine that is 5H-dibenzo[b,f]azepine substituted by a 3-(dimethylamino)propyl group at the nitrogen atom.	2.37	2	0	dibenzoazepine	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antidepressant; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor
isoguvacine isoguvacine: A GABA agonist; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	6.48	25	0	tetrahydropyridine
4-piperidinecarboxylic acid 4-piperidinecarboxylic acid: structure in first source	3.1	1	0
ketamine Ketamine: A cyclohexanone derivative used for induction of anesthesia. Its mechanism of action is not well understood, but ketamine can block NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) and may interact with sigma receptors.. ketamine : A member of the class of cyclohexanones in which one of the hydrogens at position 2 is substituted by a 2-chlorophenyl group, while the other is substituted by a methylamino group.	2.93	4	0	cyclohexanones; monochlorobenzenes; secondary amino compound	analgesic; environmental contaminant; intravenous anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; xenobiotic
kojic amine kojic amine: author refers to above as GABA analog; RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	3.06	5	0
kynurenic acid Kynurenic Acid: A broad-spectrum excitatory amino acid antagonist used as a research tool.. kynurenic acid : A quinolinemonocarboxylic acid that is quinoline-2-carboxylic acid substituted by a hydroxy group at C-4.	2.13	1	0	monohydroxyquinoline; quinolinemonocarboxylic acid	G-protein-coupled receptor agonist; human metabolite; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
lorazepam Lorazepam: A benzodiazepine used as an anti-anxiety agent with few side effects. It also has hypnotic, anticonvulsant, and considerable sedative properties and has been proposed as a preanesthetic agent.	2.91	4	0	benzodiazepine
methylphenidate Methylphenidate: A central nervous system stimulant used most commonly in the treatment of ATTENTION DEFICIT DISORDER in children and for NARCOLEPSY. Its mechanisms appear to be similar to those of DEXTROAMPHETAMINE. The d-isomer of this drug is referred to as DEXMETHYLPHENIDATE HYDROCHLORIDE.. methylphenidate : A racemate comprising equimolar amounts of the two threo isomers of methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate. A central stimulant and indirect-acting sympathomimetic, is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) in the treatment of hyperactivity disorders in children and for the treatment of narcolepsy.. methyl phenyl(piperidin-2-yl)acetate : A amino acid ester that is methyl phenylacetate in which one of the hydrogens alpha to the carbonyl group is replaced by a piperidin-2-yl group.	3.46	2	0	beta-amino acid ester; methyl ester; piperidines
midazolam Midazolam: A short-acting hypnotic-sedative drug with anxiolytic and amnestic properties. It is used in dentistry, cardiac surgery, endoscopic procedures, as preanesthetic medication, and as an adjunct to local anesthesia. The short duration and cardiorespiratory stability makes it useful in poor-risk, elderly, and cardiac patients. It is water-soluble at pH less than 4 and lipid-soluble at physiological pH.. midazolam : An imidazobenzodiazepine that is 4H-imidazo[1,5-a][1,4]benzodiazepine which is substituted by a methyl, 2-fluorophenyl and chloro groups at positions 1, 6 and 8, respectively.	3.39	7	0	imidazobenzodiazepine; monofluorobenzenes; organochlorine compound	anticonvulsant; antineoplastic agent; anxiolytic drug; apoptosis inducer; central nervous system depressant; GABAA receptor agonist; general anaesthetic; muscle relaxant; sedative
muscimol Muscimol: A neurotoxic isoxazole isolated from species of AMANITA. It is obtained by decarboxylation of IBOTENIC ACID. Muscimol is a potent agonist of GABA-A RECEPTORS and is used mainly as an experimental tool in animal and tissue studies.. muscimol : A member of the class of isoxazoles that is 1,2-oxazol-3(2H)-one substituted by an aminomethyl group at position 5. It has been isolated from mushrooms of the genus Amanita.	10.57	117	1	alkaloid; isoxazoles; primary amino compound	fungal metabolite; GABA agonist; oneirogen; psychotropic drug
ethylmaleimide Ethylmaleimide: A sulfhydryl reagent that is widely used in experimental biochemical studies.	1.99	1	0	maleimides	anticoronaviral agent; EC 1.3.1.8 [acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor; EC 2.1.1.122 [(S)-tetrahydroprotoberberine N-methyltransferase] inhibitor; EC 2.7.1.1 (hexokinase) inhibitor
nifedipine Nifedipine: A potent vasodilator agent with calcium antagonistic action. It is a useful anti-anginal agent that also lowers blood pressure.	2.38	2	0	C-nitro compound; dihydropyridine; methyl ester	calcium channel blocker; human metabolite; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent
nipecotic acid nipecotic acid: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotic acid : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is piperidine in which one of the hydrogens at position 3 is substituted by a carboxylic acid group.	3.23	6	0	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid
nomifensine Nomifensine: An isoquinoline derivative that prevents dopamine reuptake into synaptosomes. The maleate was formerly used in the treatment of depression. It was withdrawn worldwide in 1986 due to the risk of acute hemolytic anemia with intravascular hemolysis resulting from its use. In some cases, renal failure also developed. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th ed, p266). nomifensine : An N-methylated tetrahydroisoquinoline carrying phenyl and amino substituents at positions C-4 and C-8, respectively.	1.96	1	0	isoquinolines	dopamine uptake inhibitor
ondansetron Ondansetron: A competitive serotonin type 3 receptor antagonist. It is effective in the treatment of nausea and vomiting caused by cytotoxic chemotherapy drugs, including cisplatin, and has reported anxiolytic and neuroleptic properties.	3.1	1	0	carbazoles
oxidopamine Oxidopamine: A neurotransmitter analogue that depletes noradrenergic stores in nerve endings and induces a reduction of dopamine levels in the brain. Its mechanism of action is related to the production of cytolytic free-radicals.. oxidopamine : A benzenetriol that is phenethylamine in which the hydrogens at positions 2, 4, and 5 on the phenyl ring are replaced by hydroxy groups. It occurs naturally in human urine, but is also produced as a metabolite of the drug DOPA (used for the treatment of Parkinson's disease).	2.17	1	0	benzenetriol; catecholamine; primary amino compound	drug metabolite; human metabolite; neurotoxin
oxotremorine Oxotremorine: A non-hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist used as a research tool.	1.96	1	0	N-alkylpyrrolidine
pentobarbital Pentobarbital: A short-acting barbiturate that is effective as a sedative and hypnotic (but not as an anti-anxiety) agent and is usually given orally. It is prescribed more frequently for sleep induction than for sedation but, like similar agents, may lose its effectiveness by the second week of continued administration. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1994, p236). pentobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and sec-pentyl groups.	3.7	10	0	barbiturates	GABAA receptor agonist
phenobarbital Phenobarbital: A barbituric acid derivative that acts as a nonselective central nervous system depressant. It potentiates GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID action on GABA-A RECEPTORS, and modulates chloride currents through receptor channels. It also inhibits glutamate induced depolarizations.. phenobarbital : A member of the class of barbiturates, the structure of which is that of barbituric acid substituted at C-5 by ethyl and phenyl groups.	2.37	2	0	barbiturates	anticonvulsant; drug allergen; excitatory amino acid antagonist; sedative
piperidine-4-sulfonic acid piperidine-4-sulfonic acid: specific GABA agonist	4.78	10	0
piracetam Piracetam: A compound suggested to be both a nootropic and a neuroprotective agent.	1.96	1	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
potassium chloride Potassium Chloride: A white crystal or crystalline powder used in BUFFERS; FERTILIZERS; and EXPLOSIVES. It can be used to replenish ELECTROLYTES and restore WATER-ELECTROLYTE BALANCE in treating HYPOKALEMIA.. potassium chloride : A metal chloride salt with a K(+) counterion.	1.98	1	0	inorganic chloride; inorganic potassium salt; potassium salt	fertilizer
propidium Propidium: Quaternary ammonium analog of ethidium; an intercalating dye with a specific affinity to certain forms of DNA and, used as diiodide, to separate them in density gradients; also forms fluorescent complexes with cholinesterase which it inhibits.	2.01	1	0	phenanthridines; quaternary ammonium ion	fluorochrome; intercalator
propofol Propofol: An intravenous anesthetic agent which has the advantage of a very rapid onset after infusion or bolus injection plus a very short recovery period of a couple of minutes. (From Smith and Reynard, Textbook of Pharmacology, 1992, 1st ed, p206). Propofol has been used as ANTICONVULSANTS and ANTIEMETICS.. propofol : A phenol resulting from the formal substitution of the hydrogen at the 2 position of 1,3-diisopropylbenzene by a hydroxy group.	2.76	3	0	phenols	anticonvulsant; antiemetic; intravenous anaesthetic; radical scavenger; sedative
propranolol Propranolol: A widely used non-cardioselective beta-adrenergic antagonist. Propranolol has been used for MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION; ARRHYTHMIA; ANGINA PECTORIS; HYPERTENSION; HYPERTHYROIDISM; MIGRAINE; PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA; and ANXIETY but adverse effects instigate replacement by newer drugs.. propranolol : A propanolamine that is propan-2-ol substituted by a propan-2-ylamino group at position 1 and a naphthalen-1-yloxy group at position 3.	2.37	2	0	naphthalenes; propanolamine; secondary amine	anti-arrhythmia drug; antihypertensive agent; anxiolytic drug; beta-adrenergic antagonist; environmental contaminant; human blood serum metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
ro 15-4513 Ro 15-4513: a partial inverse agonist of benzodiazepine receptors	2.73	3	0	organic heterotricyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
saccharin Saccharin: Flavoring agent and non-nutritive sweetener.. saccharin : A 1,2-benzisothiazole having a keto-group at the 3-position and two oxo substituents at the 1-position. It is used as an artificial sweetening agent.	2.02	1	0	1,2-benzisothiazole; N-sulfonylcarboxamide	environmental contaminant; sweetening agent; xenobiotic
sk&f 97541 3-aminopropyl(methyl)phosphinic acid: structure given in first source; GABA-A receptor antagonist	2.47	2	0
sulpiride Sulpiride: A dopamine D2-receptor antagonist. It has been used therapeutically as an antidepressant, antipsychotic, and as a digestive aid. (From Merck Index, 11th ed). sulpiride : A member of the class of benzamides obtained from formal condensation between the carboxy group of 2-methoxy-5-sulfamoylbenzoic acid and the primary amino group of (1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)methylamine.	1.99	1	0	benzamides; N-alkylpyrrolidine; sulfonamide	antidepressant; antiemetic; antipsychotic agent; dopaminergic antagonist
(1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid (1,2,5,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)methylphosphinic acid: a GABA-C receptor antagonist; structure in first source	4.38	6	0
triazolam Triazolam: A short-acting benzodiazepine used in the treatment of insomnia. Some countries temporarily withdrew triazolam from the market because of concerns about adverse reactions, mostly psychological, associated with higher dose ranges. Its use at lower doses with appropriate care and labeling has been reaffirmed by the FDA and most other countries.	2.02	1	0	triazolobenzodiazepine	sedative
urethane [no description available]	2.07	1	0	carbamate ester	fungal metabolite; mutagen
vigabatrin [no description available]	6.72	10	2	gamma-amino acid	anticonvulsant; EC 2.6.1.19 (4-aminobutyrate--2-oxoglutarate transaminase) inhibitor
zinc chloride zinc chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. zinc dichloride : A compound of zinc and chloride ions in the ratio 1:2. It exists in four crystalline forms, in each of which the Zn(2+) ions are trigonal planar coordinated to four chloride ions.	2.02	1	0	inorganic chloride; zinc molecular entity	astringent; disinfectant; EC 5.3.3.5 (cholestenol Delta-isomerase) inhibitor; Lewis acid
zolpidem Zolpidem: An imidazopyridine derivative and short-acting GABA-A receptor agonist that is used for the treatment of INSOMNIA.. zolpidem : An imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine compound having a 4-tolyl group at the 2-position, an N,N-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl group at the 3-position and a methyl substituent at the 6-position.	7.73	20	9	imidazopyridine	central nervous system depressant; GABA agonist; sedative
zopiclone zopiclone: S(+)-enantiomer of racemic zopiclone; azabicyclo(4.3.0)nonane; a nonbenzodiazepine; one of the so-called of Z drugs (zopiclone, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and zaleplon) for which there is some correlation with tumors; was term of zopiclone 2004-2007. zopiclone : A pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyrazine compound having a 4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxyl group at the 5-position, a 5-chloropyridin-2-yl group at the 6-position and an oxo-substituent at the 7-position.	7.93	4	0	monochloropyridine; pyrrolopyrazine	central nervous system depressant; sedative
reserpine Reserpine: An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria. Reserpine inhibits the uptake of norepinephrine into storage vesicles resulting in depletion of catecholamines and serotonin from central and peripheral axon terminals. It has been used as an antihypertensive and an antipsychotic as well as a research tool, but its adverse effects limit its clinical use.. reserpine : An alkaloid found in the roots of Rauwolfia serpentina and R. vomitoria.	2.7	3	0	alkaloid ester; methyl ester; yohimban alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; antihypertensive agent; EC 3.4.21.26 (prolyl oligopeptidase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; first generation antipsychotic; plant metabolite; xenobiotic
phentolamine Phentolamine: A nonselective alpha-adrenergic antagonist. It is used in the treatment of hypertension and hypertensive emergencies, pheochromocytoma, vasospasm of RAYNAUD DISEASE and frostbite, clonidine withdrawal syndrome, impotence, and peripheral vascular disease.. phentolamine : A substituted aniline that is 3-aminophenol in which the hydrogens of the amino group are replaced by 4-methylphenyl and 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-ylmethyl groups respectively. An alpha-adrenergic antagonist, it is used for the treatment of hypertension.	1.98	1	0	imidazoles; phenols; substituted aniline; tertiary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; vasodilator agent
thyroxine Thyroxine: The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (MONOIODOTYROSINE) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (DIIODOTYROSINE) in the THYROGLOBULIN. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form TRIIODOTHYRONINE which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.. thyroxine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'-, 5- and 5'-positions.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; iodophenol; L-phenylalanine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thyroxine zwitterion; thyroxine	antithyroid drug; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
dextroamphetamine Dextroamphetamine: The d-form of AMPHETAMINE. It is a central nervous system stimulant and a sympathomimetic. It has also been used in the treatment of narcolepsy and of attention deficit disorders and hyperactivity in children. Dextroamphetamine has multiple mechanisms of action including blocking uptake of adrenergics and dopamine, stimulating release of monamines, and inhibiting monoamine oxidase. It is also a drug of abuse and a psychotomimetic.. (S)-amphetamine : A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.	2.65	3	0	1-phenylpropan-2-amine	adrenergic agent; adrenergic uptake inhibitor; dopamine uptake inhibitor; dopaminergic agent; neurotoxin; sympathomimetic agent
dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone: A major C19 steroid produced by the ADRENAL CORTEX. It is also produced in small quantities in the TESTIS and the OVARY. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) can be converted to TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE. Most of DHEA is sulfated (DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE SULFATE) before secretion.. dehydroepiandrosterone : An androstanoid that is androst-5-ene substituted by a beta-hydroxy group at position 3 and an oxo group at position 17. It is a naturally occurring steroid hormone produced by the adrenal glands.	2.05	1	0	17-oxo steroid; 3beta-hydroxy-Delta(5)-steroid; androstanoid	androgen; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
pilocarpine Pilocarpine: A slowly hydrolyzed muscarinic agonist with no nicotinic effects. Pilocarpine is used as a miotic and in the treatment of glaucoma.. (+)-pilocarpine : The (+)-enantiomer of pilocarpine.	2.11	1	0	pilocarpine	antiglaucoma drug
pentylenetetrazole Pentylenetetrazole: A pharmaceutical agent that displays activity as a central nervous system and respiratory stimulant. It is considered a non-competitive GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID antagonist. Pentylenetetrazole has been used experimentally to study seizure phenomenon and to identify pharmaceuticals that may control seizure susceptibility.. pentetrazol : An organic heterobicyclic compound that is 1H-tetrazole in which the hydrogens at positions 1 and 5 are replaced by a pentane-1,5-diyl group. A central and respiratory stimulant, it was formerly used for the treatment of cough and other respiratory tract disorders, cardiovascular disorders including hypotension, and pruritis.	4.58	8	0	organic heterobicyclic compound; organonitrogen heterocyclic compound
triiodothyronine Triiodothyronine: A T3 thyroid hormone normally synthesized and secreted by the thyroid gland in much smaller quantities than thyroxine (T4). Most T3 is derived from peripheral monodeiodination of T4 at the 5' position of the outer ring of the iodothyronine nucleus. The hormone finally delivered and used by the tissues is mainly T3.. 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine : An iodothyronine compound having iodo substituents at the 3-, 3'- and 5-positions. Although some is produced in the thyroid, most of the 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine in the body is generated by mono-deiodination of L-thyroxine in the peripheral tissues. Its metabolic activity is about 3 to 5 times that of L-thyroxine. The sodium salt is used in the treatment of hypothyroidism.	3.1	1	0	2-halophenol; amino acid zwitterion; iodophenol; iodothyronine	human metabolite; mouse metabolite; thyroid hormone
aspartic acid Aspartic Acid: One of the non-essential amino acids commonly occurring in the L-form. It is found in animals and plants, especially in sugar cane and sugar beets. It may be a neurotransmitter.. aspartic acid : An alpha-amino acid that consists of succinic acid bearing a single alpha-amino substituent. L-aspartic acid : The L-enantiomer of aspartic acid.	4.17	5	0	aspartate family amino acid; aspartic acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter
lysine Lysine: An essential amino acid. It is often added to animal feed.. lysine : A diamino acid that is caproic (hexanoic) acid bearing two amino substituents at positions 2 and 6.. L-lysine : An L-alpha-amino acid; the L-isomer of lysine.	2.04	1	0	aspartate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; lysine; organic molecular entity; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; anticonvulsant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
physostigmine Physostigmine: A cholinesterase inhibitor that is rapidly absorbed through membranes. It can be applied topically to the conjunctiva. It also can cross the blood-brain barrier and is used when central nervous system effects are desired, as in the treatment of severe anticholinergic toxicity.	2.37	2	0	carbamate ester; indole alkaloid	antidote to curare poisoning; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; miotic
sucrose Saccharum: A plant genus of the family POACEAE widely cultivated in the tropics for the sweet cane that is processed into sugar.	2.13	1	0	glycosyl glycoside	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; osmolyte; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite; sweetening agent
tubocurarine Tubocurarine: A neuromuscular blocker and active ingredient in CURARE; plant based alkaloid of Menispermaceae.. tubocurarine : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid muscle relaxant which constitutes the active component of curare.. isoquinoline alkaloid : Any alkaloid that has a structure based on an isoquinoline nucleus. They are derived from the amino acids like tyrosine and phenylalanine.	1.96	1	0	bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid	drug allergen; muscle relaxant; nicotinic antagonist
apomorphine Apomorphine: A derivative of morphine that is a dopamine D2 agonist. It is a powerful emetic and has been used for that effect in acute poisoning. It has also been used in the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism, but its adverse effects limit its use.	3.22	6	0	aporphine alkaloid	alpha-adrenergic drug; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopamine agonist; emetic; serotonergic drug
benzoxazolone benzoxazolone: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 2-benzoxazolinone : A member of the class of benzoxazoles that is 2,3-dihydro-1,3-benzoxazole carrying an oxo group at position 2.	2.17	1	0	benzoxazole	allelochemical; phytoalexin
levodopa Levodopa: The naturally occurring form of DIHYDROXYPHENYLALANINE and the immediate precursor of DOPAMINE. Unlike dopamine itself, it can be taken orally and crosses the blood-brain barrier. It is rapidly taken up by dopaminergic neurons and converted to DOPAMINE. It is used for the treatment of PARKINSONIAN DISORDERS and is usually given with agents that inhibit its conversion to dopamine outside of the central nervous system.. L-dopa : An optically active form of dopa having L-configuration. Used to treat the stiffness, tremors, spasms, and poor muscle control of Parkinson's disease	2.17	1	0	amino acid zwitterion; dopa; L-tyrosine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid	allelochemical; antidyskinesia agent; antiparkinson drug; dopaminergic agent; hapten; human metabolite; mouse metabolite; neurotoxin; plant growth retardant; plant metabolite; prodrug
desoxycorticosterone Desoxycorticosterone: A steroid metabolite that is the 11-deoxy derivative of CORTICOSTERONE and the 21-hydroxy derivative of PROGESTERONE	3.17	5	0	20-oxo steroid; 21-hydroxy steroid; 3-oxo-Delta(4) steroid; mineralocorticoid; primary alpha-hydroxy ketone	human metabolite; mouse metabolite
colchicine (S)-colchicine : A colchicine that has (S)-configuration. It is a secondary metabolite, has anti-inflammatory properties and is used to treat gout, crystal-induced joint inflammation, familial Mediterranean fever, and many other conditions.	1.97	1	0	alkaloid; colchicine	anti-inflammatory agent; gout suppressant; mutagen
cycloheximide Cycloheximide: Antibiotic substance isolated from streptomycin-producing strains of Streptomyces griseus. It acts by inhibiting elongation during protein synthesis.. cycloheximide : A dicarboximide that is 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperidine-2,6-dione in which one of the hydrogens attached to the carbon bearing the hydroxy group is replaced by a 3,5-dimethyl-2-oxocyclohexyl group. It is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces griseus.	1.97	1	0	antibiotic fungicide; cyclic ketone; dicarboximide; piperidine antibiotic; piperidones; secondary alcohol	anticoronaviral agent; bacterial metabolite; ferroptosis inhibitor; neuroprotective agent; protein synthesis inhibitor
egtazic acid Egtazic Acid: A chelating agent relatively more specific for calcium and less toxic than EDETIC ACID.. ethylene glycol bis(2-aminoethyl)tetraacetic acid : A diether that is ethylene glycol in which the hydrogens of the hydroxy groups have been replaced by 2-[bis(carboxymethyl)amino]ethyl group respectively.	2.11	1	0	diether; tertiary amino compound; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
cycloserine Cycloserine: Antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces garyphalus.. D-cycloserine : A 4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one that has R configuration. It is an antibiotic produced by Streptomyces garyphalus or S. orchidaceus and is used as part of a multi-drug regimen for the treatment of tuberculosis when resistance to, or toxicity from, primary drugs has developed. An analogue of D-alanine, it interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis in the cytoplasm by competitive inhibition of L-alanine racemase (which forms D-alanine from L-alanine) and D-alanine--D-alanine ligase (which incorporates D-alanine into the pentapeptide required for peptidoglycan formation and bacterial cell wall synthesis).	1.96	1	0	4-amino-1,2-oxazolidin-3-one; organonitrogen heterocyclic antibiotic; organooxygen heterocyclic antibiotic; zwitterion	antiinfective agent; antimetabolite; antitubercular agent; metabolite; NMDA receptor agonist
cytarabine [no description available]	2.41	2	0	beta-D-arabinoside; monosaccharide derivative; pyrimidine nucleoside	antimetabolite; antineoplastic agent; antiviral agent; immunosuppressive agent
valine Valine: A branched-chain essential amino acid that has stimulant activity. It promotes muscle growth and tissue repair. It is a precursor in the penicillin biosynthetic pathway.. valine : A branched-chain amino acid that consists of glycine in which one of the hydrogens attached to the alpha-carbon is substituted by an isopropyl group.. L-valine : The L-enantiomer of valine.	2.11	1	0	L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; pyruvate family amino acid; valine	algal metabolite; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tryptophan Tryptophan: An essential amino acid that is necessary for normal growth in infants and for NITROGEN balance in adults. It is a precursor of INDOLE ALKALOIDS in plants. It is a precursor of SEROTONIN (hence its use as an antidepressant and sleep aid). It can be a precursor to NIACIN, albeit inefficiently, in mammals.. tryptophan : An alpha-amino acid that is alanine bearing an indol-3-yl substituent at position 3.	7.46	2	0	erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tryptophan zwitterion; tryptophan	antidepressant; Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; plant metabolite; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
phencyclidine Phencyclidine: A hallucinogen formerly used as a veterinary anesthetic, and briefly as a general anesthetic for humans. Phencyclidine is similar to KETAMINE in structure and in many of its effects. Like ketamine, it can produce a dissociative state. It exerts its pharmacological action through inhibition of NMDA receptors (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE). As a drug of abuse, it is known as PCP and Angel Dust.. phencyclidine : A member of the class of piperidines that is piperidine in which the nitrogen is substituted with a 1-phenylcyclohexyl group. Formerly used as an anaesthetic agent, it exhibits both hallucinogenic and neurotoxic effects.	2.67	3	0	benzenes; piperidines	anaesthetic; neurotoxin; NMDA receptor antagonist; psychotropic drug
quinoxalines quinoxaline : A naphthyridine in which the nitrogens are at positions 1 and 4.	2.49	2	0	mancude organic heterobicyclic parent; naphthyridine; ortho-fused heteroarene
isatin tribulin: endogenous MONOAMINE OXIDASE inhibitory activity extractable into ethyl acetate found in brain and many mammalian tissues and fluids; ISATIN is a major component; produced in excess following alcohol withdrawal;	2.17	1	0	indoledione	EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; plant metabolite
4-butyrolactone 4-Butyrolactone: One of the FURANS with a carbonyl thereby forming a cyclic lactone. It is an endogenous compound made from gamma-aminobutyrate and is the precursor of gamma-hydroxybutyrate. It is also used as a pharmacological agent and solvent.. tetrahydrofuranone : Any oxolane having an oxo- substituent at any position on the tetrahydrofuran ring.. gamma-butyrolactone : A butan-4-olide that is tetrahydrofuran substituted by an oxo group at position 2.	1.97	1	0	butan-4-olide	metabolite; neurotoxin
thiophenes Thiophenes: A monocyclic heteroarene furan in which the oxygen atom is replaced by a sulfur.. thiophenes : Compounds containing at least one thiophene ring.	2.04	1	0	mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene; thiophenes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
2-aminobenzothiazole [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzothiazoles
yohimbine Yohimbine: A plant alkaloid with alpha-2-adrenergic blocking activity. Yohimbine has been used as a mydriatic and in the treatment of ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION.. yohimbine : An indole alkaloid with alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist activity. It is produced by Corynanthe johimbe and Rauwolfia serpentina.	1.98	1	0	methyl 17-hydroxy-20xi-yohimban-16-carboxylate	alpha-adrenergic antagonist; dopamine receptor D2 antagonist; serotonergic antagonist
cyclopentane Cyclopentanes: A group of alicyclic hydrocarbons with the general formula R-C5H9.. cyclopentanes : Cyclopentane and its derivatives formed by substitution.	3.08	1	0	cycloalkane; cyclopentanes; volatile organic compound	non-polar solvent
isoxazoles Isoxazoles: Azoles with an OXYGEN and a NITROGEN next to each other at the 1,2 positions, in contrast to OXAZOLES that have nitrogens at the 1,3 positions.. isoxazole : A monocyclic heteroarene with a structure consisting of a 5-membered ring containing three carbon atoms and an oxygen and nitrogen atom adjacent to each other. It is the parent of the class of isoxazoles.. isoxazoles : Oxazoles in which the N and O atoms are adjacent.	18.87	478	36	isoxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
oxazoles Oxazoles: Five-membered heterocyclic ring structures containing an oxygen in the 1-position and a nitrogen in the 3-position, in distinction from ISOXAZOLES where they are at the 1,2 positions.. 1,3-oxazole : A five-membered monocyclic heteroarene that is an analogue of cyclopentadiene with O in place of CH2 at position 1 and N in place of CH at position 3.. oxazole : An azole based on a five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton containing one N and one O atom.	10.84	92	7	1,3-oxazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
thiazoles [no description available]	2.44	2	0	1,3-thiazoles; mancude organic heteromonocyclic parent; monocyclic heteroarene
pyrazines Pyrazines: A heterocyclic aromatic organic compound with the chemical formula C4H4N2.. pyrazine : A diazine that is benzene in which the carbon atoms at positions 1 and 4 have been replaced by nitrogen atoms.	1.96	1	0	diazine; pyrazines	Daphnia magna metabolite
thiocyanate thiocyanate: RN given refers to parent cpd. thiocyanate : A pseudohalide anion obtained by deprotonation of the thiol group of thiocyanic acid.	1.96	1	0	pseudohalide anion; sulfur molecular entity	human metabolite
flurothyl Flurothyl: A convulsant primarily used in experimental animals. It was formerly used to induce convulsions as a alternative to electroshock therapy.	2.39	2	0	ether
phenylbenzoquinone phenylbenzoquinone: RN given refers to parent cpd	2.65	3	0
trans-1,4-bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane dihydrochloride trans-1,4-Bis(2-chlorobenzaminomethyl)cyclohexane Dihydrochloride: An anti-cholesteremic agent that inhibits delta 7-reductase, delta 14 reductase, and sterol biosynthesis.	3.08	1	0
nuciferine nuciferine: CNS depressant; glutamic acid antagonist; RN given refers to (R)-isomer; structure	1.96	1	0
bicuculline Bicuculline: An isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Dicentra cucullaria and other plants. It is a competitive antagonist for GABA-A receptors.. bicuculline : A benzylisoquinoline alkaloid that is 6-methyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydro[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-g]isoquinoline which is substituted at the 5-pro-S position by a (6R)-8-oxo-6,8-dihydrofuro[3,4-e][1,3]benzodioxol-6-yl group. A light-sensitive competitive antagonist of GABAA receptors. It was originally identified in 1932 in plant alkaloid extracts and has been isolated from Dicentra cucullaria, Adlumia fungosa, Fumariaceae, and several Corydalis species.	7.66	83	0	benzylisoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinoline alkaloid; isoquinolines	agrochemical; central nervous system stimulant; GABA-gated chloride channel antagonist; GABAA receptor antagonist; neurotoxin
kainic acid Kainic Acid: (2S-(2 alpha,3 beta,4 beta))-2-Carboxy-4-(1-methylethenyl)-3-pyrrolidineacetic acid. Ascaricide obtained from the red alga Digenea simplex. It is a potent excitatory amino acid agonist at some types of excitatory amino acid receptors and has been used to discriminate among receptor types. Like many excitatory amino acid agonists it can cause neurotoxicity and has been used experimentally for that purpose.	3.08	5	0	dicarboxylic acid; L-proline derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; pyrrolidinecarboxylic acid	antinematodal drug; excitatory amino acid agonist
2-hydroxy benzimidazole 2-hydroxy benzimidazole: structure in first source	2.17	1	0
dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate: The circulating form of a major C19 steroid produced primarily by the ADRENAL CORTEX. DHEA sulfate serves as a precursor for TESTOSTERONE; ANDROSTENEDIONE; ESTRADIOL; and ESTRONE.. dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate : A steroid sulfate that is the 3-sulfooxy derivative of dehydroepiandrosterone.	2.71	3	0	17-oxo steroid; steroid sulfate	EC 2.7.1.33 (pantothenate kinase) inhibitor; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid 4-amino-3-phenylbutyric acid: phenyl deriv of GABA; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation; structure	2.4	2	0	organonitrogen compound; organooxygen compound
n-methylaspartate N-Methylaspartate: An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid : An aspartic acid derivative having an N-methyl substituent and D-configuration.	2.74	3	0	amino dicarboxylic acid; D-alpha-amino acid; D-aspartic acid derivative; secondary amino compound	neurotransmitter agent
lanthanum [no description available]	2.43	2	0	f-block element atom; lanthanoid atom; scandium group element atom
cesium chloride cesium chloride: RN given refers to unlabeled cpd. caesium chloride : The inorganic chloride salt of caesium; each caesium ion is coordinated by eight chlorine ions.	1.97	1	0	inorganic caesium salt; inorganic chloride	phase-transfer catalyst; vasoconstrictor agent
chlorine Chlorine: An element with atomic symbol Cl, atomic number 17, and atomic weight 35, and member of the halogen family.	1.98	1	0	diatomic chlorine; gas molecular entity	bleaching agent
barium chloride barium chloride: RN given refers to parent cpd. barium chloride : The inorganic dichloride salt of barium.	1.97	1	0	barium salt; inorganic chloride	potassium channel blocker
cysteic acid Cysteic Acid: Beta-Sulfoalanine. An amino acid with a C-terminal sulfonic acid group which has been isolated from human hair oxidized with permanganate. It occurs normally in the outer part of the sheep's fleece, where the wool is exposed to light and weather.. cysteic acid : An amino sulfonic acid that is the sulfonic acid analogue of cysteine.	1.96	1	0	alanine derivative; amino sulfonic acid; carboxyalkanesulfonic acid; cysteine derivative; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid	animal metabolite
phenyl acetate phenyl acetate: The ester formed between phenol and acetic acid. Don't confuse with phenylacetic acid derivatives listed under PHENYLACETATES.. phenyl acetate : An acetate ester obtained by the formal condensation of phenol with acetic acid.	3.47	2	0	benzenes; phenyl acetates
pregnanolone Pregnanolone: A pregnane found in the urine of pregnant women and sows. It has anesthetic, hypnotic, and sedative properties.. 3alpha-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one : The 3alpha-stereoisomer of 3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one.	4.25	17	0	3-hydroxy-5beta-pregnan-20-one; 3alpha-hydroxy steroid	human metabolite; intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
glutamic acid Glutamic Acid: A non-essential amino acid naturally occurring in the L-form. Glutamic acid is the most common excitatory neurotransmitter in the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM.. glutamic acid : An alpha-amino acid that is glutaric acid bearing a single amino substituent at position 2.	3.23	6	0	glutamic acid; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	Escherichia coli metabolite; ferroptosis inducer; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; neurotransmitter; nutraceutical
azides Azides: Organic or inorganic compounds that contain the -N3 group.. azide : Any nitrogen molecular entity containing the group -N3.	2.73	3	0	pseudohalide anion	mitochondrial respiratory-chain inhibitor
oxcarbazepine Oxcarbazepine: A carbamazepine derivative that acts as a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker. It is used for the treatment of PARTIAL SEIZURES with or without secondary generalization. It is also an inducer of CYTOCHROME P-450 CYP3A4.. oxcarbazepine : A dibenzoazepine derivative, having a carbamoyl group at the ring nitrogen, substituted with an oxo group at C-4 of the azepeine ring which is also hydrogenated at C-4 and C-5. It is a anticholinergic anticonvulsant and mood stabilizing drug, used primarily in the treatment of epilepsy.	3.35	1	1	cyclic ketone; dibenzoazepine	anticonvulsant; drug allergen
substance p [no description available]	1.96	1	0	peptide	neurokinin-1 receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; vasodilator agent
gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester gamma-aminobutyric acid cetyl ester: RN given refers to parent cpd	1.96	1	0
cartazolate cartazolate: structure	1.96	1	0
phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate Phorbol 12,13-Dibutyrate: A phorbol ester found in CROTON OIL which, in addition to being a potent skin tumor promoter, is also an effective activator of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C). Due to its activation of this enzyme, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate profoundly affects many different biological systems.	2.13	1	0	butyrate ester; phorbol ester; tertiary alpha-hydroxy ketone
dihydroalprenolol Dihydroalprenolol: Hydrogenated alprenolol derivative where the extra hydrogens are often tritiated. This radiolabeled form of ALPRENOLOL, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used to label the beta-adrenergic receptor for isolation and study.	2.37	2	0
progabide acid progabide acid: RN given refers to NA salt; structure	2.37	2	0
progabide progabide: GABA agonist; structure	5.01	13	0	diarylmethane
finasteride Finasteride: An orally active 3-OXO-5-ALPHA-STEROID 4-DEHYDROGENASE inhibitor. It is used as a surgical alternative for treatment of benign PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA.. finasteride : An aza-steroid that is a synthetic drug for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.	7.06	1	0	3-oxo steroid; aza-steroid; delta-lactam	androgen antagonist; antihyperplasia drug; EC 1.3.1.22 [3-oxo-5alpha-steroid 4-dehydrogenase (NADP(+))] inhibitor
tiagabine Tiagabine: A nipecotic acid derivative that acts as a GABA uptake inhibitor and anticonvulsant agent. It is used in the treatment of EPILEPSY, for refractory PARTIAL SEIZURES.. tiagabine : A piperidinemonocarboxylic acid that is (R)-nipecotic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by a 1,1-bis(3-methyl-2-thienyl)but-1-en-4-yl group. A GABA reuptake inhibitor, it is used (generally as the hydrochloride salt) for the treatment of epilepsy.	11.28	6	1	beta-amino acid; piperidinemonocarboxylic acid; tertiary amino compound; thiophenes	anticonvulsant; GABA reuptake inhibitor
thiazolyl blue thiazolyl blue: RN & II refers to bromide. 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide : The bromide salt of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium.	1.99	1	0	organic bromide salt	colorimetric reagent; dye
tetraiodothyroacetic acid tetraiodothyroacetic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. 3,3',5,5'-tetraiodothyroacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is thyroacetic acid carrying four iodo substituents at positions 3, 3', 5 and 5'.	2.08	1	0	2-halophenol; aromatic ether; iodophenol; monocarboxylic acid	apoptosis inducer; human metabolite; thyroid hormone
triazoles Triazoles: Heterocyclic compounds containing a five-membered ring with two carbon atoms and three nitrogen atoms with the molecular formula C2H3N3.. triazoles : An azole in which the five-membered heterocyclic aromatic skeleton contains three N atoms and two C atoms.	6.76	6	1	1,2,3-triazole
diazobenzenesulfonic acid diazobenzenesulfonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure	1.96	1	0
sertraline Sertraline: A selective serotonin uptake inhibitor that is used in the treatment of depression.. sertraline : A member of the class of tetralins that is tetralin which is substituted at positions 1 and 4 by a methylamino and a 3,4-dichlorophenyl group, respectively (the S,S diastereoisomer). A selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), it is administered orally as the hydrochloride salt as an antidepressant for the treatment of depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.	2.08	1	0	dichlorobenzene; secondary amino compound; tetralins	antidepressant; serotonin uptake inhibitor
pirlindole pirlindole: RN given refers to parent cpd; synonym pyrazidol refers to mono-HCl; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #2812	3.1	1	0	carbazoles
4-aminopyrimidine [no description available]	2.11	1	0	aminopyrimidine
triheptanoin [no description available]	2.25	1	0
ethanolamine o-sulfate [no description available]	1.96	1	0
dipropylacetamide dipropylacetamide: structure. valpromide : A fatty amide derived from valproic acid.	1.96	1	0	fatty amide	geroprotector; metabolite; teratogenic agent
leupeptin [no description available]	2.13	1	0	aldehyde; tripeptide	bacterial metabolite; calpain inhibitor; cathepsin B inhibitor; EC 3.4.21.4 (trypsin) inhibitor; serine protease inhibitor
oxazolidin-2-one Oxazolidinones: Derivatives of oxazolidin-2-one. They represent an important class of synthetic antibiotic agents.. oxazolidin-2-one : An oxazolidinone that is 1,3-oxazolidine with an oxo substituent at position 2.. oxazolidinone : An oxazolidine containing one or more oxo groups.	2.38	2	0	carbamate ester; oxazolidinone	metabolite
3-indazolinone 3-indazolinone: structure given in first source	2.17	1	0
biocytin biocytin : A monocarboxylic acid amide that results from the formal condensation of the carboxylic acid group of biotin with the N(6)-amino group of L-lysine.	2.04	1	0	azabicycloalkane; L-alpha-amino acid zwitterion; L-lysine derivative; monocarboxylic acid amide; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid; thiabicycloalkane; ureas	mouse metabolite
5-Chloro-1H-indole-2,3-dione [no description available]	2.17	1	0	indoles	anticoronaviral agent
glycyltyrosine Gly-Tyr : A dipeptide composed of glycine and L-tyrosine joined by a peptide linkage.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide	metabolite
glycyl-l-phenylalanine glycylphenylalanine: RN given refers to (DL)-isomer. Gly-Phe : A dipeptide formed from glycine and L-phenylalanine residues.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	human metabolite; metabolite
nipecotic acid amide nipecotic acid amide: RN & N1 form 9th CI Form Index; RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation. nipecotamide : The amide resulting from the formal condensation of nipecotic acid with ammonia.	1.96	1	0	piperidinecarboxamide
glycylsarcosine glycylsarcosine : A dipeptide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of glycine with the amino group of sarcosine.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide
imidazoleacetic acid imidazoleacetic acid: RN given refers to cpd without specific location of acetic acid attachment identified; structure. imidazol-5-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-5-yl group.. imidazol-4-ylacetic acid : A monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens has been replaced by an imidazol-4-yl group.	5.33	7	0	imidazoles; monocarboxylic acid	metabolite; mouse metabolite
3-aminopropylphosphonic acid 3-aminopropylphosphonic acid: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure. (3-aminopropyl)phosphonic acid : A phosphonic acid in which the hydrogen attached to the phosphorus of phosphonic acid is substituted by a 3-aminopropyl group. It is a partial agonist of GABAB receptors.	3.1	1	0	phosphonic acids; primary amino compound; zwitterion	GABAB receptor agonist
nipecotic acid ethyl ester nipecotic acid ethyl ester: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5beta)-isomer	3.17	5	0	21-hydroxy steroid
1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-n,n,n',n'-tetraacetic acid 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid: structure in first source	2.11	1	0	polyamino carboxylic acid; tetracarboxylic acid	chelator
tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate tert-butylbicyclophosphorothionate: binds to GABA & ion recognition sites; structure given in first source	2.04	1	0	organic thiophosphate
alphaxalone alphaxalone: RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer; structure	2.43	2	0	corticosteroid hormone
bicuculline methiodide [no description available]	3.57	9	0
2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5h)-one 2-phenylpyrazolo(4,3-c)quinolin-3(5H)-one: a mixed agonist/antagonist of the benzodiazepine receptor	2.39	2	0
methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate methyl 6,7-dimethoxy-4-ethyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: structure given in first source	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
(3h)2-carbomethoxy-3-(4-fluorophenyl)tropane (1R-(exo,exo))-3-(4-fluorophenyl)-8-methyl-8- azabicyclo(3.2.1)octane-2-carboxylic acid, methyl ester: RN given refers to (1R-(exo,exo))-isomer	1.99	1	0
beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester: isolated from brain tissue & urine; extremely potent displacer of diazepam from brain benzodiazepam receptors; structure in first source	1.96	1	0	beta-carbolines
sr 95531 [no description available]	5.42	19	0	methoxybenzenes
bretazenil bretazenil: RN given for (S) isomer	7.04	1	0
cl 218872 CL 218872: shows specific action on benzodiazepine receptors; structure	1.96	1	0	pyridazines; ring assembly
6-chloro-2-(1-piperazinyl)pyrazine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	N-arylpiperazine
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3h)-one 2-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,5-dihydropyrazolo(4,3-c)quinoline-3(3H)-one: inhibits binding of benzodiazepine cpds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain	1.96	1	0
deoxyglucose Deoxyglucose: 2-Deoxy-D-arabino-hexose. An antimetabolite of glucose with antiviral activity.. deoxyglucose : A deoxyhexose comprising glucose having at least one hydroxy group replaced by hydrogen.	2.37	2	0
tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate tert-butyl beta-carboline-3-carboxylate: benzodiazepine receptor antagonist	2.05	1	0
5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol 5-(4-piperidyl)isoxazol-3-ol: structure given in first source; a partial agonist at the GABA-A receptor on cultured hippocampal neurones; antagonizes muscimol-stimulated benzodiazepine binding to rat cortical membranes	4.49	7	0	piperidines
cgp 36742 (3-aminopropyl)(n-butyl)phosphinic acid: interacts preferably with GABA-B RECEPTORS (IC50=38 μM) and GABA-C receptors (IC50=62 μM) over GABA-A RECEPTORS (IC50=508 μM)	3.53	2	0
sk&f 100330-a SK&F 100330-A: structure given in first source	2.38	2	0
proline Proline: A non-essential amino acid that is synthesized from GLUTAMIC ACID. It is an essential component of COLLAGEN and is important for proper functioning of joints and tendons.. proline : An alpha-amino acid that is pyrrolidine bearing a carboxy substituent at position 2.	3.5	8	0	amino acid zwitterion; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proline; proteinogenic amino acid	algal metabolite; compatible osmolytes; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical; Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
pk 9084 PK 9084: anticonflict & anticonvulsant quinoline derivative; structure given in first source	1.96	1	0
5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4h-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol 5,6,7,8-tetrahydro-4H-isoxazolo(4,5-d)azepin-3-ol: glycine antagonist; see also record for (4,5-c) cpd; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.37	2	0
atropine tropan-3alpha-yl 3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoate : A tropane alkaloid that is (1R,5)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane substituted by a (3-hydroxy-2-phenylpropanoyl)oxy group at position 3.	3.22	6	0
alpha-fluoromethylhistidine alpha-fluoromethylhistidine: RN given refers to cpd without isomeric designation	1.96	1	0
hydrastine [no description available]	1.99	1	0	isoquinolines	metabolite
5-Fluoroisatin [no description available]	2.17	1	0	indoles	anticoronaviral agent
3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid 3-aminocyclopentane-1-carboxylic acid: structure given in first source; a selective GABA-A agonist; a cyclopentane analog of GABA; RN given for (trans)-isomer	3.08	1	0
leupeptins Leupeptins: A group of acylated oligopeptides produced by Actinomycetes that function as protease inhibitors. They have been known to inhibit to varying degrees trypsin, plasmin, KALLIKREINS, papain and the cathepsins.	2.13	1	0
nitroarginine Nitroarginine: An inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase which has been shown to prevent glutamate toxicity. Nitroarginine has been experimentally tested for its ability to prevent ammonia toxicity and ammonia-induced alterations in brain energy and ammonia metabolites. (Neurochem Res 1995:200(4):451-6). N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine : An L-arginine derivative that is L-arginine in which the terminal nitrogen of the guanidyl group is replaced by a nitro group.	2.02	1	0	guanidines; L-arginine derivative; N-nitro compound; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
strychnine Strychnine: An alkaloid found in the seeds of STRYCHNOS NUX-VOMICA. It is a competitive antagonist at glycine receptors and thus a convulsant. It has been used as an analeptic, in the treatment of nonketotic hyperglycinemia and sleep apnea, and as a rat poison.. strychnine : A monoterpenoid indole alkaloid that is strychnidine bearing a keto substituent at the 10-position.	4.33	6	0	monoterpenoid indole alkaloid; organic heteroheptacyclic compound	avicide; cholinergic antagonist; glycine receptor antagonist; neurotransmitter agent; rodenticide
monensin Monensin: An antiprotozoal agent produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. It exerts its effect during the development of first-generation trophozoites into first-generation schizonts within the intestinal epithelial cells. It does not interfere with hosts' development of acquired immunity to the majority of coccidial species. Monensin is a sodium and proton selective ionophore and is widely used as such in biochemical studies.. monensin A : A spiroketal, monensin A is the major component of monensin, a mixture of antibiotic substances produced by Streptomyces cinnamonensis. An antiprotozoal, it is used as the sodium salt as a feed additive for the prevention of coccidiosis in poultry and as a growth promoter in cattle.	1.97	1	0	cyclic hemiketal; monocarboxylic acid; polyether antibiotic; spiroketal	antifungal agent; coccidiostat; ionophore
cyanoginosin lr cyanoginosin LR: cyclic heptapeptide from cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. microcystin-LR : A microcystin consisting of D-alanyl, L-leucyl, (3S)-3-methyl-D-beta-aspartyl,L-arginyl, 2S,3S,4E,6E,8S,9S)-3-amino-4,5,6,7-tetradehydro-9-methoxy-2,6,8-trimethyl-10-phenyldecanoyl, D-gamma-glutamyl, and 2,3-didehydro-N-methylalanyl residues joined into a 25-membered macrocycle. Produced by the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, it is the most studied of the microcystins.	1.99	1	0	microcystin	bacterial metabolite; EC 3.1.3.16 (phosphoprotein phosphatase) inhibitor; environmental contaminant; xenobiotic
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	9.03	4	0	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
h 89 N-(2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide: structure given in first source. N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A member of the class of isoquinolines that is the sulfonamide obtained by formal condensation of the sulfo group of isoquinoline-5-sulfonic acid with the primary amino group of N(1)-[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-en-1-yl]ethane-1,2-diamine. It is a protein kinase A inhibitor.. (E)-N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide : A N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide in which the double bond adopts a trans-configuration.	1.98	1	0	N-[2-(4-bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]isoquinoline-5-sulfonamide
dactinomycin Dactinomycin: A compound composed of a two CYCLIC PEPTIDES attached to a phenoxazine that is derived from STREPTOMYCES parvullus. It binds to DNA and inhibits RNA synthesis (transcription), with chain elongation more sensitive than initiation, termination, or release. As a result of impaired mRNA production, protein synthesis also declines after dactinomycin therapy. (From AMA Drug Evaluations Annual, 1993, p2015)	1.97	1	0	actinomycin	mutagen
enkephalin, leucine Enkephalin, Leucine: One of the endogenous pentapeptides with morphine-like activity. It differs from MET-ENKEPHALIN in the LEUCINE at position 5. Its first four amino acid sequence is identical to the tetrapeptide sequence at the N-terminal of BETA-ENDORPHIN.. Leu-enkephalin : A pentapeptide comprising L-tyrosine, glycine, glycine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine residues joined in sequence by peptide linkages. It is an endogenous opioid peptide produced in vertebrate species, including rodents, primates and humans that results from decomposition of proenkephalin or dynorphin and exhibits antinociceptive properties.	2.38	2	0	pentapeptide; peptide zwitterion	analgesic; delta-opioid receptor agonist; human metabolite; mu-opioid receptor agonist; neurotransmitter; rat metabolite
methylatropine methylatropine: RN given refers to endo-(+-)-isomer; structure in Negwer, 5th ed, #3766	1.97	1	0
alphaxalone RU 5135: powerful antagonist of GABA stimulation of diazepam binding; structure in first source	2.66	3	0	11-oxo steroid
etomidate Etomidate: Imidazole derivative anesthetic and hypnotic with little effect on blood gases, ventilation, or the cardiovascular system. It has been proposed as an induction anesthetic.. etomidate : The ethyl ester of 1-[(1R)-1-phenylethyl]-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acid. It is an intravenous general anaesthetic with no analgesic activity.	2.92	4	0	ethyl ester; imidazoles	intravenous anaesthetic; sedative
2-mercaptobenzimidazole 2-mercaptobenzimidazole: purine synthesis antimetabolite; RN given refers to parent cpd	2.17	1	0
3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1h)-one 3-hydroxyquinolin-2(1H)-one: structure in first source. dihydroxyquinoline : Any hydroxyquinoline in which the number of hydroxy substituents is specified as two.	2.17	1	0	hydroxyquinoline; quinolone
6-Chlorobenzo[d]isoxazol-3-ol [no description available]	2.17	1	0	benzisoxazole
glycylproline Gly-Pro : A dipeptide consisting of L-proline having a glycyl residue attached to its alpha-amino group.	2.07	1	0	dipeptide zwitterion; dipeptide	metabolite
quinine [no description available]	2.02	1	0	cinchona alkaloid	antimalarial; muscle relaxant; non-narcotic analgesic
sch 23390 SCH 23390: a selective D1-receptor antagonist. SCH 23390 : A benzazepine that is 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-3-benzazepine bearing a phenyl substituent at position 1, a methyl substituent at position 3, a chloro substituent at position 7 and a hydroxy substituent at position 8.	2.17	1	0	benzazepine
isothaz isothaz: muscimol antagonist	2.37	2	0
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	2.41	2	0
2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline 2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-7-sulfamoylbenzo(f)quinoxaline: structure given in first source; neuroprotectant for cerebral ischemia; AMPA receptor antagonist	2.06	1	0	naphthalenes; sulfonic acid derivative
6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione: A potent excitatory amino acid antagonist with a preference for non-NMDA iontropic receptors. It is used primarily as a research tool.	2.43	2	0	quinoxaline derivative
fg 9041 FG 9041: structure given in first source	2.11	1	0	quinoxaline derivative
gossypin gossypin: do not confuse with gossypin(e) which is synonym for choline. gossypin : A glycosyloxyflavone that is gossypetin attached to a beta-D-glucopyranosyl residue at position 8 via a glycosidic linkage.	1.98	1	0	7-hydroxyflavonol; glycosyloxyflavone; monosaccharide derivative; pentahydroxyflavone	neuroprotective agent; plant metabolite
iobenguane (131i) 3-((aminoiminomethyl)thio)-2-propenoic acid: potent agonist at GABA-receptors; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; RN for cpd without isomeric designation not available 3/89	3.49	2	0
4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid 4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic Acid: A non-penetrating amino reagent (commonly called SITS) which acts as an inhibitor of anion transport in erythrocytes and other cells.	1.96	1	0	stilbenoid
oleylamide oleylamide: plastic additive; can cause contact urticaria; RN given refers to (Z)-isomer; a sleep inducing factor. aliphatic amide : A carboxamide in which the amide linkage is bonded directly to an aliphatic system.. oleamide : A fatty amide derived from oleic acid.	3.1	1	0	primary fatty amide	human metabolite; plant metabolite
codeine [no description available]	1.96	1	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound	antitussive; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; opioid analgesic; opioid receptor agonist; prodrug; xenobiotic
naloxone Naloxone: A specific opiate antagonist that has no agonist activity. It is a competitive antagonist at mu, delta, and kappa opioid receptors.. naloxone : A synthetic morphinane alkaloid that is morphinone in which the enone double bond has been reduced to a single bond, the hydrogen at position 14 has been replaced by a hydroxy group, and the methyl group attached to the nitrogen has been replaced by an allyl group. A specific opioid antagonist, it is used (commonly as its hydrochloride salt) to reverse the effects of opioids, both following their use of opioids during surgery and in cases of known or suspected opioid overdose.	2.89	4	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary alcohol	antidote to opioid poisoning; central nervous system depressant; mu-opioid receptor antagonist
sirolimus Sirolimus: A macrolide compound obtained from Streptomyces hygroscopicus that acts by selectively blocking the transcriptional activation of cytokines thereby inhibiting cytokine production. It is bioactive only when bound to IMMUNOPHILINS. Sirolimus is a potent immunosuppressant and possesses both antifungal and antineoplastic properties.. sirolimus : A macrolide lactam isolated from Streptomyces hygroscopicus consisting of a 29-membered ring containing 4 trans double bonds, three of which are conjugated. It is an antibiotic, immunosupressive and antineoplastic agent.	2.13	1	0	antibiotic antifungal drug; cyclic acetal; cyclic ketone; ether; macrolide lactam; organic heterotricyclic compound; secondary alcohol	antibacterial drug; anticoronaviral agent; antineoplastic agent; bacterial metabolite; geroprotector; immunosuppressive agent; mTOR inhibitor
morphine Meconium: The thick green-to-black mucilaginous material found in the intestines of a full-term fetus. It consists of secretions of the INTESTINAL GLANDS; BILE PIGMENTS; FATTY ACIDS; AMNIOTIC FLUID; and intrauterine debris. It constitutes the first stools passed by a newborn.	5.63	25	0	morphinane alkaloid; organic heteropentacyclic compound; tertiary amino compound	anaesthetic; drug allergen; environmental contaminant; geroprotector; mu-opioid receptor agonist; opioid analgesic; plant metabolite; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
4-aminocrotonic acid [no description available]	4.87	6	0
cesium Cesium: A member of the alkali metals. It has an atomic symbol Cs, atomic number 50, and atomic weight 132.91. Cesium has many industrial applications, including the construction of atomic clocks based on its atomic vibrational frequency.	1.97	1	0	alkali metal atom
barium Barium: An element of the alkaline earth group of metals. It has an atomic symbol Ba, atomic number 56, and atomic weight 138. All of its acid-soluble salts are poisonous.	1.97	1	0	alkaline earth metal atom; elemental barium
enkephalin, ala(2)-mephe(4)-gly(5)- Enkephalin, Ala(2)-MePhe(4)-Gly(5)-: An enkephalin analog that selectively binds to the MU OPIOID RECEPTOR. It is used as a model for drug permeability experiments.	2.07	1	0
tetrodotoxin Tetrodotoxin: An aminoperhydroquinazoline poison found mainly in the liver and ovaries of fishes in the order TETRAODONTIFORMES, which are eaten. The toxin causes paresthesia and paralysis through interference with neuromuscular conduction.. tetrodotoxin : A quinazoline alkaloid that is a marine toxin isolated from fish such as puffer fish. It has been shown to exhibit potential neutotoxicity due to its ability to block voltage-gated sodium channels.	2.42	2	0	azatetracycloalkane; oxatetracycloalkane; quinazoline alkaloid	animal metabolite; bacterial metabolite; marine metabolite; neurotoxin; voltage-gated sodium channel blocker
dizocilpine maleate Dizocilpine Maleate: A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.. dizocilpine maleate : A maleate salt obtained by reaction of dizocilpine with one equivalent of maleic acid.	2.46	2	0	maleate salt; tetracyclic antidepressant	anaesthetic; anticonvulsant; neuroprotective agent; nicotinic antagonist; NMDA receptor antagonist
antimycin a Antimycin A: An antibiotic substance produced by Streptomyces species. It inhibits mitochondrial respiration and may deplete cellular levels of ATP. Antimycin A1 has been used as a fungicide, insecticide, and miticide. (From Merck Index, 12th ed). antimycin A : A nine-membered bis-lactone having methyl substituents at the 2- and 6-positions, an n-hexyl substituent at the 8-position, an acyloxy substituent at the 7-position and an aroylamido substituent at the 3-position. It is produced by Streptomyces bacteria and has found commercial use as a fish poison.	1.99	1	0	amidobenzoic acid
indiplon indiplon: structure in first source	2.04	1	0	pyrimidines
n(4)-chloroacetylcytosine arabinoside [no description available]	3.81	3	0
bicuculline methobromide [no description available]	3.08	5	0
ganaxolone ganaxolone: a selective, high-affinity, steroid modulator of the GABA(A) receptor; structure given in first source; RN given refers to (3alpha,5alpha)-isomer	3.18	5	0	corticosteroid hormone
bis(7)-tacrine [no description available]	3.1	1	0	secondary amino compound	apoptosis inhibitor; EC 1.14.13.39 (nitric oxide synthase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.7 (acetylcholinesterase) inhibitor; neuroprotective agent
bicuculline methochloride bicuculline methochloride: guaternary analog of bicuculline; specific GABA antagonist in spinal cord; structure	2.39	2	0
scopolamine hydrobromide [no description available]	1.96	1	0
omega-conotoxin (conus magus) Conus magus toxin: from marine mollusk Conus magus; 25-27 amino acid peptide; MW 3 kDa	1.98	1	0
ns 11394 3'-(5-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)benzoimidazol-1-yl)biphenyl-2-carbonitrile: an anxiolytic agent; structure in first source	2.04	1	0
sodium oxybate Sodium Oxybate: The sodium salt of 4-hydroxybutyric acid. It is used for both induction and maintenance of ANESTHESIA.	3.47	2	0
picrotoxin Picrotoxin: A noncompetitive antagonist at GABA-A receptors and thus a convulsant. Picrotoxin blocks the GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID-activated chloride ionophore. Although it is most often used as a research tool, it has been used as a CNS stimulant and an antidote in poisoning by CNS depressants, especially the barbiturates.. picrotoxin : A mixture consisting of equimolar amounts of picrotoxinin and picrotin found in the climbing plant Anamirta cocculus.	4.42	22	0
suvorexant suvorexant: an orexin receptor antagonist; structure in first source. suvorexant : An aromatic amide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 5-methyl-2-(2H-1,2,3-triazol-2-yl)benzoic acid with the secondary amino group of 5-chloro-2-[(5R)-5-methyl-1,4-diazepan-1-yl]-1,3-benzoxazole. An orexin receptor antagonist used for the management of insomnia.	6.63	5	1	1,3-benzoxazoles; aromatic amide; diazepine; organochlorine compound; triazoles	central nervous system depressant; orexin receptor antagonist
piperidines Piperidines: A family of hexahydropyridines.	5.04	13	0
sr1001 SR1001: a selective RORalpha and RORgamma inverse agonist; structure in first source	2.11	1	0	sulfonamide
vasoactive intestinal peptide Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide: A highly basic, 28 amino acid neuropeptide released from intestinal mucosa. It has a wide range of biological actions affecting the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems and is neuroprotective. It binds special receptors (RECEPTORS, VASOACTIVE INTESTINAL PEPTIDE).	1.96	1	0
okadaic acid Okadaic Acid: A specific inhibitor of phosphoserine/threonine protein phosphatase 1 and 2a. It is also a potent tumor promoter. It is produced by DINOFLAGELLATES and causes diarrhetic SHELLFISH POISONING.. okadaic acid : A polycyclic ether that is produced by several species of dinoflagellates, and is known to accumulate in both marine sponges and shellfish. A polyketide, polyether derivative of a C38 fatty acid, it is one of the primary causes of diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP). It is a potent inhibitor of specific protein phosphatases and is known to have a variety of negative effects on cells.	1.99	1	0	ketal
guanosine triphosphate Guanosine Triphosphate: Guanosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). A guanine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety.	1.97	1	0	guanosine 5'-phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; mouse metabolite; uncoupling protein inhibitor
inosine triphosphate Inosine Triphosphate: Inosine 5'-(tetrahydrogen triphosphate). An inosine nucleotide containing three phosphate groups esterified to the sugar moiety. Synonym: IRPPP.	1.97	1	0	inosine phosphate; purine ribonucleoside 5'-triphosphate	Escherichia coli metabolite; human metabolite; mouse metabolite
guanosine 5'-o-(3-thiotriphosphate) Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate): Guanosine 5'-(trihydrogen diphosphate), monoanhydride with phosphorothioic acid. A stable GTP analog which enjoys a variety of physiological actions such as stimulation of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, phosphoinositide hydrolysis, cyclic AMP accumulation, and activation of specific proto-oncogenes.	1.97	1	0	nucleoside triphosphate analogue

Condition	Indicated	Relationship Strength	Studies	Trials
Anemia, Fanconi [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Fanconi Anemia Congenital disorder affecting all bone marrow elements, resulting in ANEMIA; LEUKOPENIA; and THROMBOPENIA, and associated with cardiac, renal, and limb malformations as well as dermal pigmentary changes. Spontaneous CHROMOSOME BREAKAGE is a feature of this disease along with predisposition to LEUKEMIA. There are at least 7 complementation groups in Fanconi anemia: FANCA, FANCB, FANCC, FANCD1, FANCD2, FANCE, FANCF, FANCG, and FANCL. (from Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=227650, August 20, 2004)	0	2.13	1	0
Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	0	6.03	26	0
Itching [description not available]	0	2.21	1	0
Dermatitis, Contact A type of acute or chronic skin reaction in which sensitivity is manifested by reactivity to materials or substances coming in contact with the skin. It may involve allergic or non-allergic mechanisms.	0	2.21	1	0
Pruritus An intense itching sensation that produces the urge to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief.	0	2.21	1	0
Congenital Zika Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Zika Virus Infection A viral disease transmitted by the bite of AEDES mosquitoes infected with ZIKA VIRUS. Its mild DENGUE-like symptoms include fever, rash, headaches and ARTHRALGIA. The viral infection during pregnancy, in rare cases, is associated with congenital brain and ocular abnormalities, called Congenital Zika Syndrome, including MICROCEPHALY and may also lead to GUILLAIN-BARRE SYNDROME.	0	2.25	1	0
Child Mental Disorders [description not available]	0	3.23	1	0
Happy Puppet Syndrome [description not available]	0	6.32	4	1
Angelman Syndrome A syndrome characterized by multiple abnormalities, MENTAL RETARDATION, and movement disorders. Present usually are skull and other abnormalities, frequent infantile spasms (SPASMS, INFANTILE); easily provoked and prolonged paroxysms of laughter (hence happy); jerky puppetlike movements (hence puppet); continuous tongue protrusion; motor retardation; ATAXIA; MUSCLE HYPOTONIA; and a peculiar facies. It is associated with maternal deletions of chromosome 15q11-13 and other genetic abnormalities. (From Am J Med Genet 1998 Dec 4;80(4):385-90; Hum Mol Genet 1999 Jan;8(1):129-35)	1	13.32	4	1
Neurodevelopmental Disorders These are a group of conditions with onset in the developmental period. The disorders typically manifest early in development, often before the child enters grade school, and are characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning. (From DSM-5).	0	3.23	1	0
Chronic Insomnia [description not available]	0	14.75	40	18
Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders Disorders characterized by impairment of the ability to initiate or maintain sleep. This may occur as a primary disorder or in association with another medical or psychiatric condition.	1	16.75	40	18
Adult Spinal Muscular Atrophy [description not available]	0	2.25	1	0
Muscular Atrophy, Spinal A group of disorders marked by progressive degeneration of motor neurons in the spinal cord resulting in weakness and muscular atrophy, usually without evidence of injury to the corticospinal tracts. Diseases in this category include Werdnig-Hoffmann disease and later onset SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHIES OF CHILDHOOD, most of which are hereditary. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1089)	0	2.25	1	0
Amnesia-Memory Loss [description not available]	0	2.31	1	0
Amnesia Pathologic partial or complete loss of the ability to recall past experiences (AMNESIA, RETROGRADE) or to form new memories (AMNESIA, ANTEROGRADE). This condition may be of organic or psychologic origin. Organic forms of amnesia are usually associated with dysfunction of the DIENCEPHALON or HIPPOCAMPUS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp426-7)	0	2.31	1	0
Ache [description not available]	0	3.58	9	0
Pain An unpleasant sensation induced by noxious stimuli which are detected by NERVE ENDINGS of NOCICEPTIVE NEURONS.	0	3.58	9	0
Dyskinesia, Medication-Induced [description not available]	0	7.05	7	3
Dyskinesia, Drug-Induced Abnormal movements, including HYPERKINESIS; HYPOKINESIA; TREMOR; and DYSTONIA, associated with the use of certain medications or drugs. Muscles of the face, trunk, neck, and extremities are most commonly affected. Tardive dyskinesia refers to abnormal hyperkinetic movements of the muscles of the face, tongue, and neck associated with the use of neuroleptic agents (see ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS). (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1199)	0	7.05	7	3
Autism Spectrum Disorder Wide continuum of associated cognitive and neurobehavioral disorders, including, but not limited to, three core-defining features: impairments in socialization, impairments in verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors. (from DSM-V)	0	2.21	1	0
Aura [description not available]	0	4.63	6	1
Absence Seizure [description not available]	0	5.25	20	0
Epilepsy A disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of paroxysmal brain dysfunction due to a sudden, disorderly, and excessive neuronal discharge. Epilepsy classification systems are generally based upon: (1) clinical features of the seizure episodes (e.g., motor seizure), (2) etiology (e.g., post-traumatic), (3) anatomic site of seizure origin (e.g., frontal lobe seizure), (4) tendency to spread to other structures in the brain, and (5) temporal patterns (e.g., nocturnal epilepsy). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p313)	0	4.63	6	1
Seizures Clinical or subclinical disturbances of cortical function due to a sudden, abnormal, excessive, and disorganized discharge of brain cells. Clinical manifestations include abnormal motor, sensory and psychic phenomena. Recurrent seizures are usually referred to as EPILEPSY or seizure disorder.	0	5.25	20	0
Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Child Development Deviations [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Delayed Effects, Prenatal Exposure [description not available]	0	2.1	1	0
Developmental Disabilities Disorders in which there is a delay in development based on that expected for a given age level or stage of development. These impairments or disabilities originate before age 18, may be expected to continue indefinitely, and constitute a substantial impairment. Biological and nonbiological factors are involved in these disorders. (From American Psychiatric Glossary, 6th ed)	0	2.1	1	0
Pregnancy The status during which female mammals carry their developing young (EMBRYOS or FETUSES) in utero before birth, beginning from FERTILIZATION to BIRTH.	0	2.1	1	0
Akinetic-Rigid Variant of Huntington Disease [description not available]	0	4.06	3	1
Huntington Disease A familial disorder inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and characterized by the onset of progressive CHOREA and DEMENTIA in the fourth or fifth decade of life. Common initial manifestations include paranoia; poor impulse control; DEPRESSION; HALLUCINATIONS; and DELUSIONS. Eventually intellectual impairment; loss of fine motor control; ATHETOSIS; and diffuse chorea involving axial and limb musculature develops, leading to a vegetative state within 10-15 years of disease onset. The juvenile variant has a more fulminant course including SEIZURES; ATAXIA; dementia; and chorea. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1060-4)	0	4.06	3	1
Anxiety Feelings or emotions of dread, apprehension, and impending disaster but not disabling as with ANXIETY DISORDERS.	0	3.28	6	0
Depression Depressive states usually of moderate intensity in contrast with MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER present in neurotic and psychotic disorders.	0	2.77	3	0
Fra(X) Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.76	3	0
Fragile X Syndrome A condition characterized genotypically by mutation of the distal end of the long arm of the X chromosome (at gene loci FRAXA or FRAXE) and phenotypically by cognitive impairment, hyperactivity, SEIZURES, language delay, and enlargement of the ears, head, and testes. INTELLECTUAL DISABILITY occurs in nearly all males and roughly 50% of females with the full mutation of FRAXA. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p226)	1	4.76	3	0
Alcohol Drinking Behaviors associated with the ingesting of ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, including social drinking.	0	3.64	9	0
Astrocytoma, Grade IV [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Glioblastoma A malignant form of astrocytoma histologically characterized by pleomorphism of cells, nuclear atypia, microhemorrhage, and necrosis. They may arise in any region of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the cerebral hemispheres, basal ganglia, and commissural pathways. Clinical presentation most frequently occurs in the fifth or sixth decade of life with focal neurologic signs or seizures.	0	2.11	1	0
Absence Status [description not available]	0	2.11	1	0
Status Epilepticus A prolonged seizure or seizures repeated frequently enough to prevent recovery between episodes occurring over a period of 20-30 minutes. The most common subtype is generalized tonic-clonic status epilepticus, a potentially fatal condition associated with neuronal injury and respiratory and metabolic dysfunction. Nonconvulsive forms include petit mal status and complex partial status, which may manifest as behavioral disturbances. Simple partial status epilepticus consists of persistent motor, sensory, or autonomic seizures that do not impair cognition (see also EPILEPSIA PARTIALIS CONTINUA). Subclinical status epilepticus generally refers to seizures occurring in an unresponsive or comatose individual in the absence of overt signs of seizure activity. (From N Engl J Med 1998 Apr 2;338(14):970-6; Neurologia 1997 Dec;12 Suppl 6:25-30)	0	2.11	1	0
Acute Confusional Senile Dementia [description not available]	0	3.79	2	1
Alzheimer Disease A degenerative disease of the BRAIN characterized by the insidious onset of DEMENTIA. Impairment of MEMORY, judgment, attention span, and problem solving skills are followed by severe APRAXIAS and a global loss of cognitive abilities. The condition primarily occurs after age 60, and is marked pathologically by severe cortical atrophy and the triad of SENILE PLAQUES; NEUROFIBRILLARY TANGLES; and NEUROPIL THREADS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp1049-57)	0	3.79	2	1
Autism-Dementia-Ataxia-Loss of Purposeful Hand Use Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.53	2	0
Rett Syndrome An inherited neurological developmental disorder that is associated with X-LINKED INHERITANCE and may be lethal in utero to hemizygous males. The affected female is normal until the age of 6-25 months when progressive loss of voluntary control of hand movements and communication skills; ATAXIA; SEIZURES; autistic behavior; intermittent HYPERVENTILATION; and HYPERAMMONEMIA appear. (From Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p199)	0	2.53	2	0
Alloxan Diabetes [description not available]	0	2.44	2	0
Acute Brain Injuries [description not available]	0	2.79	3	0
Brain Injuries Acute and chronic (see also BRAIN INJURIES, CHRONIC) injuries to the brain, including the cerebral hemispheres, CEREBELLUM, and BRAIN STEM. Clinical manifestations depend on the nature of injury. Diffuse trauma to the brain is frequently associated with DIFFUSE AXONAL INJURY or COMA, POST-TRAUMATIC. Localized injuries may be associated with NEUROBEHAVIORAL MANIFESTATIONS; HEMIPARESIS, or other focal neurologic deficits.	0	2.79	3	0
Binge Alcohol Consumption [description not available]	0	2.13	1	0
Becker Muscular Dystrophy [description not available]	0	2.5	2	0
Muscular Dystrophy, Duchenne An X-linked recessive muscle disease caused by an inability to synthesize DYSTROPHIN, which is involved with maintaining the integrity of the sarcolemma. Muscle fibers undergo a process that features degeneration and regeneration. Clinical manifestations include proximal weakness in the first few years of life, pseudohypertrophy, cardiomyopathy (see MYOCARDIAL DISEASES), and an increased incidence of impaired mentation. Becker muscular dystrophy is a closely related condition featuring a later onset of disease (usually adolescence) and a slowly progressive course. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1415)	0	2.5	2	0
Pain, Chronic [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Allodynia [description not available]	0	2.15	1	0
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	0	2.48	2	0
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	0	2.48	2	0
Chronic Pain Aching sensation that persists for more than a few months. It may or may not be associated with trauma or disease, and may persist after the initial injury has healed. Its localization, character, and timing are more vague than with acute pain.	0	2.15	1	0
Aging The gradual irreversible changes in structure and function of an organism that occur as a result of the passage of time.	0	2.92	4	0
Lassitude [description not available]	0	3.43	1	1
Daytime Sleepiness [description not available]	0	9.39	2	2
Inadequate Sleep [description not available]	0	4.75	2	1
Fatigue The state of weariness following a period of exertion, mental or physical, characterized by a decreased capacity for work and reduced efficiency to respond to stimuli.	0	3.43	1	1
Disorders of Excessive Somnolence Disorders characterized by hypersomnolence during normal waking hours that may impair cognitive functioning. Subtypes include primary hypersomnia disorders (e.g., IDIOPATHIC HYPERSOMNOLENCE; NARCOLEPSY; and KLEINE-LEVIN SYNDROME) and secondary hypersomnia disorders where excessive somnolence can be attributed to a known cause (e.g., drug affect, MENTAL DISORDERS, and SLEEP APNEA SYNDROME). (From J Neurol Sci 1998 Jan 8;153(2):192-202; Thorpy, Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 2nd ed, p320)	0	4.39	2	2
Nerve Pain [description not available]	0	2.96	4	0
Neuralgia Intense or aching pain that occurs along the course or distribution of a peripheral or cranial nerve.	0	2.96	4	0
Acute Disease Disease having a short and relatively severe course.	0	2.05	1	0
Drug Withdrawal Symptoms [description not available]	0	4.48	5	1
Substance Withdrawal Syndrome Physiological and psychological symptoms associated with withdrawal from the use of a drug after prolonged administration or habituation. The concept includes withdrawal from smoking or drinking, as well as withdrawal from an administered drug.	0	4.48	5	1
Alcohol Withdrawal Associated Autonomic Hyperactivity [description not available]	0	2.05	1	0
Adverse Drug Event [description not available]	0	7.48	4	4
Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions Disorders that result from the intended use of PHARMACEUTICAL PREPARATIONS. Included in this heading are a broad variety of chemically-induced adverse conditions due to toxicity, DRUG INTERACTIONS, and metabolic effects of pharmaceuticals.	0	7.48	4	4
Dementia Praecox [description not available]	0	4.62	3	2
Schizophrenia A severe emotional disorder of psychotic depth characteristically marked by a retreat from reality with delusion formation, HALLUCINATIONS, emotional disharmony, and regressive behavior.	0	4.62	3	2
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	0	7.7	3	0
Asthma, Bronchial [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Asthma A form of bronchial disorder with three distinct components: airway hyper-responsiveness (RESPIRATORY HYPERSENSITIVITY), airway INFLAMMATION, and intermittent AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION. It is characterized by spasmodic contraction of airway smooth muscle, WHEEZING, and dyspnea (DYSPNEA, PAROXYSMAL).	0	2.07	1	0
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	0	2.4	2	0
Depression, Involutional Form of depression in those MIDDLE AGE with feelings of ANXIETY.	0	4.37	1	1
Depressive Disorder, Major Disorder in which five (or more) of the following symptoms have been present during the same 2-week period and represent a change from previous functioning; at least one of the symptoms is either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure. Symptoms include: depressed mood most of the day, nearly every daily; markedly diminished interest or pleasure in activities most of the day, nearly every day; significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain; Insomnia or hypersomnia nearly every day; psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day; fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day; feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt; diminished ability to think or concentrate, or indecisiveness, nearly every day; or recurrent thoughts of death, recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a suicide attempt. (DSM-5)	1	6.37	1	1
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	0	2.41	2	0
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	0	2.41	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injury [description not available]	0	2.46	2	0
Peripheral Nerve Injuries Injuries to the PERIPHERAL NERVES.	0	2.46	2	0
Pyrexia [description not available]	0	2.07	1	0
Fever An abnormal elevation of body temperature, usually as a result of a pathologic process.	0	2.07	1	0
Central Nervous System Disease [description not available]	0	2.92	1	0
Central Nervous System Diseases Diseases of any component of the brain (including the cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brain stem, and cerebellum) or the spinal cord.	0	2.92	1	0
Premenstrual Tension A term used to describe the psychological aspects of PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME, such as the indescribable tension, depression, hostility, and increased seizure activity in women with seizure disorder.	0	2.01	1	0
Premenstrual Syndrome A combination of distressing physical, psychologic, or behavioral changes that occur during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Symptoms of PMS are diverse (such as pain, water-retention, anxiety, cravings, and depression) and they diminish markedly 2 or 3 days after the initiation of menses.	0	2.01	1	0
Anesthesia A state characterized by loss of feeling or sensation. This depression of nerve function is usually the result of pharmacologic action and is induced to allow performance of surgery or other painful procedures.	0	2.89	4	0
Alcohol Abuse [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Alcoholism A primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. The disease is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized by impaired control over drinking, preoccupation with the drug alcohol, use of alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, most notably denial. Each of these symptoms may be continuous or periodic. (Morse & Flavin for the Joint Commission of the National Council on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence and the American Society of Addiction Medicine to Study the Definition and Criteria for the Diagnosis of Alcoholism: in JAMA 1992;268:1012-4)	0	2.43	2	0
Long Sleeper Syndrome [description not available]	0	2.43	2	0
Sleep Wake Disorders Abnormal sleep-wake schedule or pattern associated with the CIRCADIAN RHYTHM which affect the length, timing, and/or rigidity of the sleep-wake cycle relative to the day-night cycle.	0	2.43	2	0
Axonotmesis [description not available]	0	2.02	1	0
Trauma, Nervous System Traumatic injuries to the brain, cranial nerves, spinal cord, autonomic nervous system, or neuromuscular system, including iatrogenic injuries induced by surgical procedures.	0	2.02	1	0
Developmental Coordination Disorder [description not available]	0	2.03	1	0
Bilateral Headache [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Tachyarrhythmia [description not available]	0	3.42	1	1
Headache The symptom of PAIN in the cranial region. It may be an isolated benign occurrence or manifestation of a wide variety of HEADACHE DISORDERS.	0	3.42	1	1
Nausea An unpleasant sensation in the stomach usually accompanied by the urge to vomit. Common causes are early pregnancy, sea and motion sickness, emotional stress, intense pain, food poisoning, and various enteroviruses.	0	3.42	1	1
Tachycardia Abnormally rapid heartbeat, usually with a HEART RATE above 100 beats per minute for adults. Tachycardia accompanied by disturbance in the cardiac depolarization (cardiac arrhythmia) is called tachyarrhythmia.	0	3.42	1	1
Benign Infantile Myoclonic Epilepsy [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Epilepsies, Myoclonic A clinically diverse group of epilepsy syndromes characterized either by myoclonic seizures or by myoclonus in association with other seizure types. Myoclonic epilepsy syndromes are divided into three subtypes based on etiology: familial, cryptogenic, and symptomatic.	0	1.96	1	0
Aggression Behavior which may be manifested by destructive and attacking action which is verbal or physical, by covert attitudes of hostility or by obstructionism.	0	3.22	6	0
Anochlesia [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Behavior Disorders [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Bewilderment [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Atherosclerotic Parkinsonism [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Emesis [description not available]	0	3.34	1	1
Mental Disorders Psychiatric illness or diseases manifested by breakdowns in the adaptational process expressed primarily as abnormalities of thought, feeling, and behavior producing either distress or impairment of function.	0	3.34	1	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	0	3.34	1	1
Parkinson Disease, Secondary Conditions which feature clinical manifestations resembling primary Parkinson disease that are caused by a known or suspected condition. Examples include parkinsonism caused by vascular injury, drugs, trauma, toxin exposure, neoplasms, infections and degenerative or hereditary conditions. Clinical features may include bradykinesia, rigidity, parkinsonian gait, and masked facies. In general, tremor is less prominent in secondary parkinsonism than in the primary form. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1998, Ch38, pp39-42)	0	3.34	1	1
Vomiting The forcible expulsion of the contents of the STOMACH through the MOUTH.	0	3.34	1	1
Electrolytes Substances that dissociate into two or more ions, to some extent, in water. Solutions of electrolytes thus conduct an electric current and can be decomposed by it (ELECTROLYSIS). (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	0	1.96	1	0
MS (Multiple Sclerosis) [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Clasp-Knife Spasticity [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Paralysis, Legs [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune disorder mainly affecting young adults and characterized by destruction of myelin in the central nervous system. Pathologic findings include multiple sharply demarcated areas of demyelination throughout the white matter of the central nervous system. Clinical manifestations include visual loss, extra-ocular movement disorders, paresthesias, loss of sensation, weakness, dysarthria, spasticity, ataxia, and bladder dysfunction. The usual pattern is one of recurrent attacks followed by partial recovery (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, RELAPSING-REMITTING), but acute fulminating and chronic progressive forms (see MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS, CHRONIC PROGRESSIVE) also occur. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p903)	0	1.96	1	0
Muscle Spasticity A form of muscle hypertonia associated with upper MOTOR NEURON DISEASE. Resistance to passive stretch of a spastic muscle results in minimal initial resistance (a free interval) followed by an incremental increase in muscle tone. Tone increases in proportion to the velocity of stretch. Spasticity is usually accompanied by HYPERREFLEXIA and variable degrees of MUSCLE WEAKNESS. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p54)	0	1.96	1	0
Paraplegia Severe or complete loss of motor function in the lower extremities and lower portions of the trunk. This condition is most often associated with SPINAL CORD DISEASES, although BRAIN DISEASES; PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DISEASES; NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES; and MUSCULAR DISEASES may also cause bilateral leg weakness.	0	1.96	1	0
Diathesis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Action Tremor [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Tremor Cyclical movement of a body part that can represent either a physiologic process or a manifestation of disease. Intention or action tremor, a common manifestation of CEREBELLAR DISEASES, is aggravated by movement. In contrast, resting tremor is maximal when there is no attempt at voluntary movement, and occurs as a relatively frequent manifestation of PARKINSON DISEASE.	0	1.96	1	0
Anxiety Neuroses [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Anxiety Disorders Persistent and disabling ANXIETY.	0	1.96	1	0
Affective Disorders [description not available]	0	3.75	2	1
Affective Psychosis, Bipolar [description not available]	0	3.35	1	1
Bipolar Disorder A major affective disorder marked by severe mood swings (manic or major depressive episodes) and a tendency to remission and recurrence.	0	3.35	1	1
Mood Disorders Those disorders that have a disturbance in mood as their predominant feature.	0	3.75	2	1
Hallucination of Body Sensation [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Psychoses, Drug [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Hallucinations Subjectively experienced sensations in the absence of an appropriate stimulus, but which are regarded by the individual as real. They may be of organic origin or associated with MENTAL DISORDERS.	0	1.96	1	0
Autotomy Human [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Decreased Muscle Tone [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Illness [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Chronic Disease Diseases which have one or more of the following characteristics: they are permanent, leave residual disability, are caused by nonreversible pathological alteration, require special training of the patient for rehabilitation, or may be expected to require a long period of supervision, observation, or care (Dictionary of Health Services Management, 2d ed). For epidemiological studies chronic disease often includes HEART DISEASES; STROKE; CANCER; and diabetes (DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2).	0	1.96	1	0
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	0	1.96	1	0
Myoclonic Jerk [description not available]	0	4.26	4	0
Adjuvant Arthritis [description not available]	0	1.96	1	0
Sensitivity and Specificity Binary classification measures to assess test results. Sensitivity or recall rate is the proportion of true positives. Specificity is the probability of correctly determining the absence of a condition. (From Last, Dictionary of Epidemiology, 2d ed)	0	1.98	1	0
Benign Psychomotor Epilepsy, Childhood [description not available]	0	4.33	2	2
Epilepsy, Temporal Lobe A localization-related (focal) form of epilepsy characterized by recurrent seizures that arise from foci within the TEMPORAL LOBE, most commonly from its mesial aspect. A wide variety of psychic phenomena may be associated, including illusions, hallucinations, dyscognitive states, and affective experiences. The majority of complex partial seizures (see EPILEPSY, COMPLEX PARTIAL) originate from the temporal lobes. Temporal lobe seizures may be classified by etiology as cryptogenic, familial, or symptomatic. (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p321).	0	4.33	2	2
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	0	1.98	1	0
Cerebral Ischemia [description not available]	0	2.68	3	0
Brain Ischemia Localized reduction of blood flow to brain tissue due to arterial obstruction or systemic hypoperfusion. This frequently occurs in conjunction with brain hypoxia (HYPOXIA, BRAIN). Prolonged ischemia is associated with BRAIN INFARCTION.	0	2.68	3	0
Conjugate Nystagmus [description not available]	0	1.99	1	0
Psychoses [description not available]	0	2	1	0
Psychotic Disorders Disorders in which there is a loss of ego boundaries or a gross impairment in reality testing with delusions or prominent hallucinations. (From DSM-IV, 1994)	0	2	1	0
Absence Seizure Disorder [description not available]	0	3.58	3	0
Epilepsy, Absence A seizure disorder usually occurring in childhood characterized by rhythmic electrical brain discharges of generalized onset. Clinical features include a sudden cessation of ongoing activity usually without loss of postural tone. Rhythmic blinking of the eyelids or lip smacking frequently accompanies the SEIZURES. The usual duration is 5-10 seconds, and multiple episodes may occur daily. Juvenile absence epilepsy is characterized by the juvenile onset of absence seizures and an increased incidence of myoclonus and tonic-clonic seizures. (Menkes, Textbook of Child Neurology, 5th ed, p736)	0	3.58	3	0
Nerve Degeneration Loss of functional activity and trophic degeneration of nerve axons and their terminal arborizations following the destruction of their cells of origin or interruption of their continuity with these cells. The pathology is characteristic of neurodegenerative diseases. Often the process of nerve degeneration is studied in research on neuroanatomical localization and correlation of the neurophysiology of neural pathways.	0	1.97	1	0
Anterior Circulation Transient Ischemic Attack [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Ischemic Attack, Transient Brief reversible episodes of focal, nonconvulsive ischemic dysfunction of the brain having a duration of less than 24 hours, and usually less than one hour, caused by transient thrombotic or embolic blood vessel occlusion or stenosis. Events may be classified by arterial distribution, temporal pattern, or etiology (e.g., embolic vs. thrombotic). (From Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, pp814-6)	0	1.97	1	0
Anoxemia [description not available]	0	2.88	1	0
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	0	2.88	1	0
Idiopathic Parkinson Disease [description not available]	0	1.97	1	0
Parkinson Disease A progressive, degenerative neurologic disease characterized by a TREMOR that is maximal at rest, retropulsion (i.e. a tendency to fall backwards), rigidity, stooped posture, slowness of voluntary movements, and a masklike facial expression. Pathologic features include loss of melanin containing neurons in the substantia nigra and other pigmented nuclei of the brainstem. LEWY BODIES are present in the substantia nigra and locus coeruleus but may also be found in a related condition (LEWY BODY DISEASE, DIFFUSE) characterized by dementia in combination with varying degrees of parkinsonism. (Adams et al., Principles of Neurology, 6th ed, p1059, pp1067-75)	0	1.97	1	0

gaboxadol

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