Compounds > isobutyl nitrite

Page last updated: 2024-12-05

isobutyl nitrite

Description Research Excerpts Clinical Trials Roles Classes Pathways Study Profile Bioassays Related Drugs Related Conditions Protein Interactions Research Growth

Description

isobutyl nitrite: ''recreational'' drug of abuse, sniffed. [Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), National Library of Medicine, extracted Dec-2023]

Cross-References

ID Source	ID
PubMed CID	10958
CHEMBL ID	1526886
CHEBI ID	46643
SCHEMBL ID	190439
MeSH ID	M0069308

Synonyms (52)

Synonym
LS-13005
isobutyl nitrite
(ch3)2chch2ono
542-56-3
NCGC00091558-01
blackjack
einecs 208-819-7
nci-c61052
ccris 1099
hsdb 4368
brn 1699518
nitrous acid, 2-methylpropyl ester
nitrous acid, isobutyl ester
2-methylpropyl nitrite
IBN ,
CHEBI:46643 ,
isobutylnitrit
isobutyl nitrite, 95%
I0528
NCGC00091558-02
isobutylnitrite
cas-542-56-3
tox21_302863
dtxcid70750
dtxsid3020750 ,
NCGC00256551-01
NCGC00259960-01
tox21_202411
nitrous acid 2-methylpropyl ester
A830069
gw9wab6qom ,
4-01-00-01595 (beilstein handbook reference)
unii-gw9wab6qom
AKOS015915458
SCHEMBL190439
i-butylnitrite
iso-butyl nitrite
2-methyl-1-nitrosooxy-propane
isobutyl nitrite [hsdb]
isobutyl nitrite [mart.]
isobutyl nitrite [iarc]
isobutyl nitrite [mi]
isobutyl nitrite stab. with potassium carbonate
CHEMBL1526886
J-802227
mfcd00002056
EN300-120670
isobutyl nitrite (\|a-methylpropyl nitrite)
isobutyl nitrile
Q1151479
AMY4012
?isobutylnitrite

Research Excerpts

Overview

Isobutyl nitrite is an effective nitrosating agent at acidic, neutral and basic pH in the presence of species arising from phosphate ion. It is a popular recreational drug among both homosexuals and heterosexuals as it is alleged to enhance sexual pleasure.

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Isobutyl nitrite is an effective nitrosating agent at acidic, neutral and basic pH in the presence of species arising from phosphate ion. "	( Nitrosation by alkyl nitrites. Catalysis by inorganic salts. Dabora, R; Molina, M; Ng, V; Tannenbaum, SR; Wishnok, JS, 1984)	1.71
"Isobutyl nitrite is a popular recreational drug among both homosexuals and heterosexuals as it is alleged to enhance sexual pleasure and prolong orgasm. "	( Fatal methemoglobinemia due to inhalation of isobutyl nitrite. Bradberry, SM; Parry, DA; Vale, JA; Whittington, RM, 1994)	1.99
"Isobutyl nitrite is an inhalant abused principally by male homosexuals. "	( Acute exposure to the abused inhalant, isobutyl nitrite, reduced T cell responsiveness and spleen cellularity. Barnett, JB; Flick, JT; Guo, GL; Rose, D; Soderberg, LS, 2000)	2.02
"Isobutyl nitrite is a drug of abuse popular among male homosexuals and among adolescents. "	( Exposure to inhaled isobutyl nitrite reduces T cell blastogenesis and antibody responsiveness. Barnett, JB; Soderberg, LS, 1991)	2.05
"Isobutyl nitrite is a volatile liquid sold without a prescription as a "room odorizer" but is widely used as an inhalant to produce feelings of euphoria. "	( Abuse of isobutyl nitrite inhalation (Rush) by adolescents. Peary, P; Schwartz, RH, 1986)	2.13

Effects

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
"Isobutyl nitrite has recently become a popularly abused drug in the United States. "	( Severe tracheobronchitis from inhalation of an isobutyl nitrite preparation. Covalla, JR; Lech, JG; Strimlan, CV, 1981)	1.96

Toxicity

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" These data suggest that mild tissue injury, restricted to the lung, and methemoglobinemia are the major toxic effects observed following exposures of mice to IBN at concentrations up to 300 ppm for 18 wk."	( Subchronic inhalation toxicity of isobutyl nitrite in BALB/c mice. I. Systemic toxicity. Burg, JR; Chandler, FW; Khan, A; Kimbrough, RD; Lewis, DM; Lewis, TR; Lynch, DW; Moorman, WJ; Phipps, FC; Spira, TJ, 1985)	0.55
" The toxic effects of this substances, either by ingestion or inhalation, are described as well as risks of use in "everyday life"."	( [Toxicity and dangers of volatile nitrites sold in sex shops]. Arditti, J; Brun, A; David, JM; Fauchier, R; Jean, P; Jouglard, J; Malavaud, A, 1983)	0.27

Pharmacokinetics

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" In this report, we applied the analytical method to obtain new pharmacokinetic information about ISBN."	( Analysis of isobutyl nitrite inhalant in rat and human blood: application for pharmacokinetic investigations. Bauer, JA; Fung, HL; Kielbasa, WB, 1999)	0.68

Bioavailability

Excerpt	Reference	Relevance
" Little is known regarding the bioavailability and disposition of volatile nitrites."	( Pharmacokinetics of a model organic nitrite inhalant and its alcohol metabolite in rats. Fung, HL; Kielbasa, W, 2000)	0.31

Dosage Studied

Excerpt	Relevance	Reference
" The hepatic microsomal metabolizing activity for nitriles was at a maximum 13 h after ethanol dosing (4."	( Influence of ethanol on the in vivo and in vitro metabolism of nitriles in mice. Hashimoto, K; Tanii, H, 1986)	0.27

[information is derived through text-mining from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Drug Classes (1)

Class	Description
nitrite esters
[compound class information is derived from Chemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI), Hastings J, Owen G, Dekker A, Ennis M, Kale N, Muthukrishnan V, Turner S, Swainston N, Mendes P, Steinbeck C. (2016). ChEBI in 2016: Improved services and an expanding collection of metabolites. Nucleic Acids Res]

Protein Targets (6)

Potency Measurements

Protein	Taxonomy	Measurement	Average (µ)	Min (ref.)	Avg (ref.)	Max (ref.)	Bioassay(s)
aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family, member A1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	31.6228	0.0112	12.4002	100.0000	AID1030
estrogen nuclear receptor alpha	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	8.1570	0.0002	29.3054	16,493.5996	AID743069; AID743075
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	20.9790	0.0010	24.5048	61.6448	AID743212
peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	44.6684	0.0010	19.4141	70.9645	AID588537
nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 isoform 1	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	37.5780	0.0006	27.2152	1,122.0200	AID651741
Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)	Potency	33.4915	0.0266	22.4482	66.8242	AID651802
[prepared from compound, protein, and bioassay information from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Biological Processes (13)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
negative regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
xenobiotic metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of glucose metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of steroid metabolic process	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
intracellular receptor signaling pathway	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
circadian regulation of gene expression	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
cellular response to sterol	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of circadian rhythm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of fat cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
positive regulation of DNA-templated transcription	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
adipose tissue development	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
T-helper 17 cell differentiation	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
regulation of transcription by RNA polymerase II	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Molecular Functions (10)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
RNA polymerase II cis-regulatory region sequence-specific DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription repressor activity, RNA polymerase II-specific	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
DNA-binding transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
protein binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
oxysterol binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
zinc ion binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
ligand-activated transcription factor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
sequence-specific double-stranded DNA binding	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear receptor activity	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Ceullar Components (4)

Process	via Protein(s)	Taxonomy
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleoplasm	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nuclear body	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
chromatin	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
nucleus	Nuclear receptor ROR-gamma	Homo sapiens (human)
[Information is prepared from geneontology information from the June-17-2024 release]

Research

Studies (73)

Timeframe	Studies, This Drug (%)	All Drugs %
pre-1990	25 (34.25)	18.7374
1990's	22 (30.14)	18.2507
2000's	16 (21.92)	29.6817
2010's	8 (10.96)	24.3611
2020's	2 (2.74)	2.80
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Study Types

Publication Type	This drug (%)	All Drugs (%)
Trials	0 (0.00%)	5.53%
Reviews	4 (5.19%)	6.00%
Case Studies	18 (23.38%)	4.05%
Observational	0 (0.00%)	0.25%
Other	55 (71.43%)	84.16%
[information is prepared from research data collected from National Library of Medicine (NLM), extracted Dec-2023]

Substance	Relationship Strength	Studies	Classes	Roles
dimethyl sulfoxide Dimethyl Sulfoxide: A highly polar organic liquid, that is used widely as a chemical solvent. Because of its ability to penetrate biological membranes, it is used as a vehicle for topical application of pharmaceuticals. It is also used to protect tissue during CRYOPRESERVATION. Dimethyl sulfoxide shows a range of pharmacological activity including analgesia and anti-inflammation.. dimethyl sulfoxide : A 2-carbon sulfoxide in which the sulfur atom has two methyl substituents.	2	1	sulfoxide; volatile organic compound	alkylating agent; antidote; Escherichia coli metabolite; geroprotector; MRI contrast agent; non-narcotic analgesic; polar aprotic solvent; radical scavenger
nitrates Nitrates: Inorganic or organic salts and esters of nitric acid. These compounds contain the NO3- radical.	2.66	3	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species
nitrites Nitrites: Salts of nitrous acid or compounds containing the group NO2-. The inorganic nitrites of the type MNO2 (where M=metal) are all insoluble, except the alkali nitrites. The organic nitrites may be isomeric, but not identical with the corresponding nitro compounds. (Grant & Hackh's Chemical Dictionary, 5th ed)	7.8	73	monovalent inorganic anion; nitrogen oxoanion; reactive nitrogen species	human metabolite
nitrous oxide Nitrous Oxide: Nitrogen oxide (N2O). A colorless, odorless gas that is used as an anesthetic and analgesic. High concentrations cause a narcotic effect and may replace oxygen, causing death by asphyxia. It is also used as a food aerosol in the preparation of whipping cream.. dinitrogen oxide : A nitrogen oxide consisting of linear unsymmetrical molecules with formula N2O. While it is the most used gaseous anaesthetic in the world, its major commercial use, due to its solubility under pressure in vegetable fats combined with its non-toxicity in low concentrations, is as an aerosol spray propellant and aerating agent for canisters of 'whipped' cream.	2.38	2	gas molecular entity; nitrogen oxide	analgesic; bacterial metabolite; food packaging gas; food propellant; general anaesthetic; greenhouse gas; inhalation anaesthetic; NMDA receptor antagonist; raising agent; refrigerant; vasodilator agent
nitroglycerin Nitroglycerin: A volatile vasodilator which relieves ANGINA PECTORIS by stimulating GUANYLATE CYCLASE and lowering cytosolic calcium. It is also sometimes used for TOCOLYSIS and explosives.. nitroglycerol : A nitrate ester that is glycerol in which nitro group(s) replace the hydrogen(s) attached to one or more of the hydroxy groups.. nitroglycerin : A nitroglycerol that is glycerol in which the hydrogen atoms of all three hydroxy groups are replaced by nitro groups. It acts as a prodrug, releasing nitric oxide to open blood vessels and so alleviate heart pain.	2.67	3	nitroglycerol	explosive; muscle relaxant; nitric oxide donor; prodrug; tocolytic agent; vasodilator agent; xenobiotic
cyanides Cyanides: Inorganic salts of HYDROGEN CYANIDE containing the -CN radical. The concept also includes isocyanides. It is distinguished from NITRILES, which denotes organic compounds containing the -CN radical.. cyanides : Salts and C-organyl derivatives of hydrogen cyanide, HC#N.. isocyanide : The isomer HN(+)#C(-) of hydrocyanic acid, HC#N, and its hydrocarbyl derivatives RNC (RN(+)#C(-)).. cyanide : A pseudohalide anion that is the conjugate base of hydrogen cyanide.	2	1	pseudohalide anion	EC 1.9.3.1 (cytochrome c oxidase) inhibitor
phenylephrine Phenylephrine: An alpha-1 adrenergic agonist used as a mydriatic, nasal decongestant, and cardiotonic agent.. phenylephrine : A member of the class of the class of phenylethanolamines that is (1R)-2-(methylamino)-1-phenylethan-1-ol carrying an additional hydroxy substituent at position 3 on the phenyl ring.	1.97	1	phenols; phenylethanolamines; secondary amino compound	alpha-adrenergic agonist; cardiotonic drug; mydriatic agent; nasal decongestant; protective agent; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent
tyrosine Tyrosine: A non-essential amino acid. In animals it is synthesized from PHENYLALANINE. It is also the precursor of EPINEPHRINE; THYROID HORMONES; and melanin.. tyrosine : An alpha-amino acid that is phenylalanine bearing a hydroxy substituent at position 4 on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	amino acid zwitterion; erythrose 4-phosphate/phosphoenolpyruvate family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid; tyrosine	EC 1.3.1.43 (arogenate dehydrogenase) inhibitor; fundamental metabolite; micronutrient; nutraceutical
methylene blue Methylene Blue: A compound consisting of dark green crystals or crystalline powder, having a bronze-like luster. Solutions in water or alcohol have a deep blue color. Methylene blue is used as a bacteriologic stain and as an indicator. It inhibits GUANYLATE CYCLASE, and has been used to treat cyanide poisoning and to lower levels of METHEMOGLOBIN.. methylene blue : An organic chloride salt having 3,7-bis(dimethylamino)phenothiazin-5-ium as the counterion. A commonly used dye that also exhibits antioxidant, antimalarial, antidepressant and cardioprotective properties.	4.17	5	organic chloride salt	acid-base indicator; antidepressant; antimalarial; antimicrobial agent; antioxidant; cardioprotective agent; EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor; EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor; EC 4.6.1.2 (guanylate cyclase) inhibitor; fluorochrome; histological dye; neuroprotective agent; physical tracer
dimethylnitrosamine Dimethylnitrosamine: A nitrosamine derivative with alkylating, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties. It causes serious liver damage and is a hepatocarcinogen in rodents.	2.03	1	nitrosamine	geroprotector; mutagen
n-pentanol n-pentanol: RN given refers to parent cpd. pentan-1-ol : A short-chain primary fatty alcohol that is pentane in which a hydrogen of one of the methyl groups is substituted by a hydroxy group. It has been isolated from Melicope ptelefolia.	1.96	1	pentanol; short-chain primary fatty alcohol	human metabolite; plant metabolite
1,1,1-trichloroethane Trichloroethanes: Chlorinated ethanes which are used extensively as industrial solvents. They have been utilized in numerous home-use products including spot remover preparations and inhalant decongestant sprays. These compounds cause central nervous system and cardiovascular depression and are hepatotoxic. Include 1,1,1- and 1,1,2-isomers.. 1,1,1-trichloroethane : A member of the class of chloroethanes carrying three chloro substituents at position 1.	1.98	1	chloroethanes	polar solvent
arginine Arginine: An essential amino acid that is physiologically active in the L-form.. arginine : An alpha-amino acid that is glycine in which the alpha-is substituted by a 3-guanidinopropyl group.	1.98	1	arginine; glutamine family amino acid; L-alpha-amino acid; proteinogenic amino acid	biomarker; Escherichia coli metabolite; micronutrient; mouse metabolite; nutraceutical
dichlorodifluoromethane dichlorodifluoromethane: refrigerant,aerosol propellant	1.98	1
isobutyraldehyde isobutyraldehyde : A member of the class of propanals that is propanal substituted by a methyl group at position 2.	1.98	1	2-methyl-branched fatty aldehyde; propanals	Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite
tolonium chloride Tolonium Chloride: A phenothiazine that has been used as a hemostatic, a biological stain, and a dye for wool and silk. Tolonium chloride has also been used as a diagnostic aid for oral and gastric neoplasms and in the identification of the parathyroid gland in thyroid surgery.. tolonium chloride : An organic chloride salt having 3-amino-7-(dimethylamino)-2-methylphenothiazin-5-ium (tolonium) as the counterion. It is a blue nuclear counterstain that can be used to demonstrate Nissl substance and is also useful for staining mast cell granules, both in metachromatic and orthochromatic techniques.	2.03	1
methylenebis(chloroaniline) Methylenebis(chloroaniline): Aromatic diamine used in the plastics industry as curing agent for epoxy resins and urethane rubbers. It causes bladder, liver, lung, and other neoplasms.. 4,4'-methylene-bis-(2-chloroaniline) : A chloroaniline that consists of two 2-chloroaniline units joined by a methylene bridge.	2.03	1	chloroaniline	metabolite
propionitrile propionitrile: structure. propionitrile : A nitrile that is acrylonitrile in which the carbon-carbon double bond has been reduced to a single bond.	1.96	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	polar aprotic solvent
acrylonitrile [no description available]	1.96	1	aliphatic nitrile; volatile organic compound	antifungal agent; carcinogenic agent; fungal metabolite; mutagen; polar aprotic solvent
3-methylpyridine 3-methylpyridine : A methylpyridine that is pyridine substituted by a methyl group at position 3.	2.17	1	methylpyridine
isoamyl nitrite isoamyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having isopentyl as the alkyl group.	4.07	4	nitrite esters	antihypertensive agent; vasodilator agent
hydrazine diamine : Any polyamine that contains two amino groups.	2.03	1	azane; hydrazines	EC 4.3.1.10 (serine-sulfate ammonia-lyase) inhibitor
n-pentyl nitrite Amyl Nitrite: A vasodilator that is administered by inhalation. It is also used recreationally due to its supposed ability to induce euphoria and act as an aphrodisiac.. n-pentyl nitrite : A nitrite ester having n-pentyl as the alkyl group.	5.55	9	nitrite esters	vasodilator agent
tetranitromethane [no description available]	2.03	1	organonitrogen compound
isobutyl nitrate [no description available]	6.97	1
n-butyl nitrite n-butyl nitrite: RN given refers to parent cpd; structure in Merck Index, 9th ed, #1570	5.21	9	nitroso compound
cadmium sulfate cadmium sulfate: RN given refers to cpd with MF of Cd-H2SO4	2.03	1	cadmium salt
amyl nitrate [no description available]	1.96	1
cathinone cathinone: alkaloid from khat shrub, Catha edulis; RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. cathinone : The S stereoisomer of 2-aminopropiophenone.	3.18	1	2-aminopropiophenone; monoamine alkaloid	central nervous system stimulant; psychotropic drug
peroxynitrous acid Peroxynitrous Acid: A potent oxidant synthesized by the cell during its normal metabolism. Peroxynitrite is formed from the reaction of two free radicals, NITRIC OXIDE and the superoxide anion (SUPEROXIDES).	2.01	1	nitrogen oxoacid
omega-n-methylarginine omega-N-Methylarginine: A competitive inhibitor of nitric oxide synthetase.. N(omega)-methyl-L-arginine : A L-arginine derivative with a N(omega)-methyl substituent.	1.98	1	amino acid zwitterion; arginine derivative; guanidines; L-arginine derivative; non-proteinogenic L-alpha-amino acid
3-nitrotyrosine 3-nitrotyrosine: RN given refers to parent cpd without isomeric designation. 3-nitrotyrosine : A nitrotyrosine comprising tyrosine having a nitro group at the 3-position on the phenyl ring.	2.01	1	2-nitrophenols; C-nitro compound; nitrotyrosine; non-proteinogenic alpha-amino acid
cocaine Cocaine: An alkaloid ester extracted from the leaves of plants including coca. It is a local anesthetic and vasoconstrictor and is clinically used for that purpose, particularly in the eye, ear, nose, and throat. It also has powerful central nervous system effects similar to the amphetamines and is a drug of abuse. Cocaine, like amphetamines, acts by multiple mechanisms on brain catecholaminergic neurons; the mechanism of its reinforcing effects is thought to involve inhibition of dopamine uptake.. cocaine : A tropane alkaloid obtained from leaves of the South American shrub Erythroxylon coca.	1.98	1	benzoate ester; methyl ester; tertiary amino compound; tropane alkaloid	adrenergic uptake inhibitor; central nervous system stimulant; dopamine uptake inhibitor; environmental contaminant; local anaesthetic; mouse metabolite; plant metabolite; serotonin uptake inhibitor; sodium channel blocker; sympathomimetic agent; vasoconstrictor agent; xenobiotic
nitrogen dioxide Nitrogen Dioxide: Nitrogen oxide (NO2). A highly poisonous gas. Exposure produces inflammation of lungs that may only cause slight pain or pass unnoticed, but resulting edema several days later may cause death. (From Merck, 11th ed) It is a major atmospheric pollutant that is able to absorb UV light that does not reach the earth's surface.	3.07	1	nitrogen oxide
cysteine Cysteine: A thiol-containing non-essential amino acid that is oxidized to form CYSTINE.. L-cysteinium : The L-enantiomer of cysteinium.. cysteine : A sulfur-containing amino acid that is propanoic acid with an amino group at position 2 and a sulfanyl group at position 3.	1.97	1	cysteinium	fundamental metabolite
sodium nitrite Sodium Nitrite: Nitrous acid sodium salt. Used in many industrial processes, in meat curing, coloring, and preserving, and as a reagent in ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY TECHNIQUES. It is used therapeutically as an antidote in cyanide poisoning. The compound is toxic and mutagenic and will react in vivo with secondary or tertiary amines thereby producing highly carcinogenic nitrosamines.. sodium nitrite : An inorganic sodium salt having nitrite as the counterion. Used as a food preservative and antidote to cyanide poisoning.	2.37	2	inorganic sodium salt; nitrite salt	antidote to cyanide poisoning; antihypertensive agent; antimicrobial food preservative; food antioxidant; poison
epidermal growth factor Epidermal Growth Factor: A 6-kDa polypeptide growth factor initially discovered in mouse submaxillary glands. Human epidermal growth factor was originally isolated from urine based on its ability to inhibit gastric secretion and called urogastrone. Epidermal growth factor exerts a wide variety of biological effects including the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal and EPITHELIAL CELLS. It is synthesized as a transmembrane protein which can be cleaved to release a soluble active form.	1.99	1
concanavalin a Concanavalin A: A MANNOSE/GLUCOSE binding lectin isolated from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis). It is a potent mitogen used to stimulate cell proliferation in lymphocytes, primarily T-lymphocyte, cultures.	1.97	1

Condition	Relationship Strength	Studies
Arrhythmia [description not available]	2.6	1
Arrhythmias, Cardiac Any disturbances of the normal rhythmic beating of the heart or MYOCARDIAL CONTRACTION. Cardiac arrhythmias can be classified by the abnormalities in HEART RATE, disorders of electrical impulse generation, or impulse conduction.	2.6	1
Ventricular Fibrillation A potentially lethal cardiac arrhythmia that is characterized by uncoordinated extremely rapid firing of electrical impulses (400-600/min) in HEART VENTRICLES. Such asynchronous ventricular quivering or fibrillation prevents any effective cardiac output and results in unconsciousness (SYNCOPE). It is one of the major electrocardiographic patterns seen with CARDIAC ARREST.	7.6	1
Allergic Contact Dermatitis [description not available]	2.31	1
Facial Dermatoses Skin diseases involving the FACE.	2.31	1
Dermatitis, Allergic Contact A contact dermatitis due to allergic sensitization to various substances. These substances subsequently produce inflammatory reactions in the skin of those who have acquired hypersensitivity to them as a result of prior exposure.	2.31	1
Retinal Diseases Diseases involving the RETINA.	2.51	2
Chemical Dependence [description not available]	4.12	16
Age-Related Macular Degeneration [description not available]	2.52	2
Vision, Diminished [description not available]	2.1	1
Macular Degeneration Degenerative changes in the RETINA usually of older adults which results in a loss of vision in the center of the visual field (the MACULA LUTEA) because of damage to the retina. It occurs in dry and wet forms.	2.52	2
Substance-Related Disorders Disorders related to substance use or abuse.	4.12	16
CADASILM A subvariety of CADASIL characterized by the high frequency of MIGRAINE. The acronym stands for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts, Leukoencephalopathy, and Migraine.	2.13	1
Scotoma A localized defect in the visual field bordered by an area of normal vision. This occurs with a variety of EYE DISEASES (e.g., RETINAL DISEASES and GLAUCOMA); OPTIC NERVE DISEASES, and other conditions.	2.13	1
CADASIL A familial, cerebral arteriopathy mapped to chromosome 19q12, and characterized by the presence of granular deposits in small CEREBRAL ARTERIES producing ischemic STROKE; PSEUDOBULBAR PALSY; and multiple subcortical infarcts (CEREBRAL INFARCTION). CADASIL is an acronym for Cerebral Autosomal Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy. CADASIL differs from BINSWANGER DISEASE by the presence of MIGRAINE WITH AURA and usually by the lack of history of arterial HYPERTENSION. (From Bradley et al, Neurology in Clinical Practice, 2000, p1146)	2.13	1
Ataxia Impairment of the ability to perform smoothly coordinated voluntary movements. This condition may affect the limbs, trunk, eyes, pharynx, larynx, and other structures. Ataxia may result from impaired sensory or motor function. Sensory ataxia may result from posterior column injury or PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES. Motor ataxia may be associated with CEREBELLAR DISEASES; CEREBRAL CORTEX diseases; THALAMIC DISEASES; BASAL GANGLIA DISEASES; injury to the RED NUCLEUS; and other conditions.	2.13	1
Day Blindness [description not available]	2.07	1
Cyanosis A bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to an increase in the amount of deoxygenated hemoglobin in the blood or a structural defect in the hemoglobin molecule.	2.7	3
Methemoglobinemia The presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. A small amount of methemoglobin is present in the blood normally, but injury or toxic agents convert a larger proportion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin, which does not function reversibly as an oxygen carrier. Methemoglobinemia may be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in hemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). (Dorland, 27th ed)	4.84	13
Drug Overdose Accidental or deliberate use of a medication or street drug in excess of normal dosage.	2.42	2
Benign Neoplasms [description not available]	2.01	1
Neoplasms New abnormal growth of tissue. Malignant neoplasms show a greater degree of anaplasia and have the properties of invasion and metastasis, compared to benign neoplasms.	2.01	1
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	3.98	5
Innate Inflammatory Response [description not available]	2.41	2
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome An acquired defect of cellular immunity associated with infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a CD4-positive T-lymphocyte count under 200 cells/microliter or less than 14% of total lymphocytes, and increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections and malignant neoplasms. Clinical manifestations also include emaciation (wasting) and dementia. These elements reflect criteria for AIDS as defined by the CDC in 1993.	3.98	5
Inflammation A pathological process characterized by injury or destruction of tissues caused by a variety of cytologic and chemical reactions. It is usually manifested by typical signs of pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function.	7.41	2
Adenocarcinoma, Basal Cell [description not available]	2.03	1
Cancer of Lung [description not available]	2.41	2
Adenocarcinoma A malignant epithelial tumor with a glandular organization.	2.03	1
Lung Neoplasms Tumors or cancer of the LUNG.	2.41	2
Disease Models, Animal Naturally-occurring or experimentally-induced animal diseases with pathological processes analogous to human diseases.	1.96	1
Germinoblastoma [description not available]	1.96	1
Lymphoma A general term for various neoplastic diseases of the lymphoid tissue.	1.96	1
Infection [description not available]	1.96	1
P carinii Pneumonia [description not available]	1.96	1
Kaposi Sarcoma [description not available]	4.45	5
Infections Invasion of the host organism by microorganisms or their toxins or by parasites that can cause pathological conditions or diseases.	1.96	1
Pneumonia, Pneumocystis A pulmonary disease in humans occurring in immunodeficient or malnourished patients or infants, characterized by DYSPNEA, tachypnea, and HYPOXEMIA. Pneumocystis pneumonia is a frequently seen opportunistic infection in AIDS. It is caused by the fungus PNEUMOCYSTIS JIROVECII. The disease is also found in other MAMMALS where it is caused by related species of Pneumocystis.	1.96	1
Sarcoma, Kaposi A multicentric, malignant neoplastic vascular proliferation characterized by the development of bluish-red cutaneous nodules, usually on the lower extremities, most often on the toes or feet, and slowly increasing in size and number and spreading to more proximal areas. The tumors have endothelium-lined channels and vascular spaces admixed with variably sized aggregates of spindle-shaped cells, and often remain confined to the skin and subcutaneous tissue, but widespread visceral involvement may occur. Kaposi's sarcoma occurs spontaneously in Jewish and Italian males in Europe and the United States. An aggressive variant in young children is endemic in some areas of Africa. A third form occurs in about 0.04% of kidney transplant patients. There is also a high incidence in AIDS patients. (From Dorland, 27th ed & Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 3d ed, pp2105-7) HHV-8 is the suspected cause.	4.45	5
Tracheitis INFLAMMATION of the TRACHEA that is usually associated with RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS.	1.96	1
Bronchitis Inflammation of the large airways in the lung including any part of the BRONCHI, from the PRIMARY BRONCHI to the TERTIARY BRONCHI.	6.96	1
Cell Transformation, Neoplastic Cell changes manifested by escape from control mechanisms, increased growth potential, alterations in the cell surface, karyotypic abnormalities, morphological and biochemical deviations from the norm, and other attributes conferring the ability to invade, metastasize, and kill.	1.98	1
Anoxemia [description not available]	1.98	1
Hypoxia Sub-optimal OXYGEN levels in the ambient air of living organisms.	1.98	1
Body Weight The mass or quantity of heaviness of an individual. It is expressed by units of pounds or kilograms.	2.66	3
Antibody Deficiency Syndrome [description not available]	2.39	2
Leukocytopenia [description not available]	1.99	1
Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes Syndromes in which there is a deficiency or defect in the mechanisms of immunity, either cellular or humoral.	2.39	2
Leukopenia A decrease in the number of LEUKOCYTES in a blood sample below the normal range (LEUKOCYTE COUNT less than 4000).	6.99	1
Disease, Pulmonary [description not available]	1.99	1
Lung Diseases Pathological processes involving any part of the LUNG.	1.99	1
EHS Tumor [description not available]	2	1
Paraphilias [description not available]	1.98	1
Muscle Relaxation That phase of a muscle twitch during which a muscle returns to a resting position.	1.97	1
Cocarcinogenesis The combination of two or more different factors in the production of cancer.	1.97	1
Dizzyness [description not available]	1.96	1
Dizziness An imprecise term which may refer to a sense of spatial disorientation, motion of the environment, or lightheadedness.	1.96	1

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